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تحضير ودراسة بايلوجية ونظرية لبعض مركبات التلوريوم العضوية الجديدة

Author name: رافد حميدان الاسدي
Supervisor name: طارق علي فهد | بهجت علي سعيد
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Basrah

دراسة لتقدير بعض الايونات السالبة والموجبة في عينات المياه المختلفة بتقنية الكرموتوغرافيا الايون == STUDY FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SOME ANIONS & CATIONS IN VARIOUS WATER SAMPLES BY ION CHROMATOGRAPHY TECHNIQUE

Author name: حسن محمد لعيبي
Supervisor name: REDHA I. ALBAYATI | MAHMOOD M. BARBOOTI
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Baghdad

التنميط الجيني للبيروكسيريدوكسين 6 والاراشيدونك 12 لايبوكسجينيز وعلاقته مع مضادات الاكسدة في مرضى اعتلال الكلية السكري النوع الثاني == The association of peroxiredoxin 6 and Arachidonate 12 - lipoxygenase genes polymorphisms with antioxidant status in type 2 diabetics with nephropathy

Author name: سيناء كاظم علي محمد
Supervisor name: محمود حسين هدوان فلفل
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Babylon

دراسة النمذجة الجزيئية لمعقدات البلاتين السداسي الجديدة كعلاج كيميائي مضاد للسرطان == Molecular Modeling Study of New Platinum(VI)Complexes as Anticancer Chemotherapy

Author name: لقاء حسين كاظم عبد الجيلاوي
Supervisor name: عباس عبد علي دريع
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Babylon

تخليق وتشخيص والتقييم البايولوجي لبعض مشتقات السبروفلوكساسين == SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF SOME CIPROFLOXACIN DERIVATIVES

Author name: نادية صادق مجيد البوعبيد
Supervisor name: ناظر نجم عبد الله
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Babylon
Abstract: الفصل الاول : يصف الاهمية الدوائية لدواء السبروفلوكساسين ومشتقاته كدواء مضاد للالتهابات ونبذه تاريخية لكل ما يتعلق بتحضير الامايدات والاسترات والثايواستر والهيدرازايد بالاضافه الى تفاعل سازوكي بطريقة حديثة وذلك باستخدام طريقة التشعيع باستعمال المايكرويف (MWI) في التحضيروتم التطرق ايضا الى اهم التطبيقات البايولوجية. | الفصل الثاني : تطرق بالتفصيل الى الجزء العملي وطرق التحضير العامة وكذلك تضمن التحليل لاطياف الاشعة تحت الحمراء FT-IR واطياف الرنين النووي المغناطيسي للبروتون 1 1H-NMR ونظيرالكاربون13 13C-NMR اضافة الى التحليل الدقيق للعناصر (CHNS). | الفصل الثالث : تطرق بالتفصيل الى النتائج ومناقشتها وتفسيرات الاطياف كما تطرق الفصل الى الفعالية البايولوجية للمركبات المحضرة من خلال ست مسارات : - | المسار الاول : يضم تحضير مشتقات استرية للسبروفلوكساسين (2-6) عن طريق تفاعل السبروفلوكساسين مع خمس انواع من الكحولات الاليفاتية بالتعاقب (الميثانول, الايثانول, البروبانول | البيوتانول والبنتانول) بوجود حامض الكبرتيك المركز كعامل مساعد في التفاعل وباستخدام تقنية MWI) ). مخطط (1) | المسار الثاني : تضمن تحضير مشتقات الثايواستر للسبروفلوكاسين (7-11)من تفاعل السبروفلوكاسين مع مركبات عديدة للثايو بوجود DMF كمذيب وباستعمال تقنية MWI . مخطط (2 ) | المسار الثالث : تضمن تحضير مشتقات الهيدرازايد للسبروفلوكاسين (12-15) من تفاعل السبروفلوكاسين مع مشتقات الهيدرازين بعد تحضير الاستر(3) كمركب وسطي في التفاعل باستخدام تقنية (MWI). مخطط (3 ) | المسار الرابع : يضم تحضير مشتقات امايدية للسبروفلوكساسين (16-29) باستعمال تقنية (MWI) مع مشتقات الامين الاليفاتية والاروماتية بعد تكوين مشتق الاستر (3) كمركب وسطي في التفاعل. مخطط (4 ) | المسار الخامس : تطرق الى تخليق مشتقات جديده لدواء السبروفلوكاسين من تفاعل ازدواج سازوكي (30-43) والتي تم تحضيرها من تفاعل مشتق السبروفلوكاسين (17) مع مختلف حوامض البورون الاروماتية المعوضة وباستعمال palladium-tetrakis(triphenyl phosphine) كعامل مساعد بواسطة التفاعل النيوكليوفليي البسيط . مخطط ( 5 ) | ان جميع هذه المركبات قد تم تحليلها وتشخيصها بواسطة طيف الاشعة تحت الحمراء وطيف الرنين النووي المغناطيسي للبروتون 1 ونظير الكاربون 13 وكذلك بواسطة التحليل الدقيق للعناصر (CHNS) كما وتم متابعة سير التفاعلات الكيميائية باستعمال تقنية TLC بوجود نوعين من المذيبات Hexane : Ethyl acetate) ) بنسبه (2 : 3) باستعمال جهاز الUV عند الطول الموجي 254 نانوميتر. | المسارالسادس : تم قياس الفعالية البايولوجية للمركبات المحضره على اربعة انواع من البكتريا المرضية (staphylococas aurans and Grantice tella adiacens) gram positive and (E.coli, protens mirabilis) gram negative | واظهرت جميع المشتقات فعالية بايولوجية عالية تجاه هذه الانواع من البكتريا تفوق فعالية دواء السبروفلوكساسين الاصلي. | == First chapter described the pharmacological importance of ciprofloxacin drug and its derivatives as anti-inflammatory drug and the literature review about the most significant process of synthesis amides, esters, carbothioate and carbohydrazide as well as Suzuki reaction by new method using microwave irradiation technique, Some of the biological applications of these compounds were studied | Second chapter described all compounds (2-43) in details the experimental work and the general procedures of preparation as well as including the analysis of FT-IR, 1H-MMR, 13C-NMR and C.H.N.S analysis. | Third chapter described in details the results and discussion for all prepared derivatives as well as explaining the result of biological activity and included six paths : | First path contains the synthesis of ester Ciprofloxacin derivatives (2-6) by reacting Ciprofloxacin drug with five types of aliphatic alcohols (Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, Butanol and Pentanol) respectively in the presence of sulphuric acid as a catalyst by using MWI. Scheme (1) | Second path contains the preparation of carbothioate derivatives of Ciprofloxacin (7-11) by reaction Ciprofloxacin with various thio compounds in the presence of DMF as solvent by using MWI. Scheme(2) | Third path includes the preparation of carbohydrazide derivatives of Ciprofloxacin (12-15) by reacting Ciprofloxacin with different substituted | hydrazine compounds after synthesis of Ciprofloxacin derivatives (3) as an intermediate compound in this reaction by using MWI. Scheme (3) | Fourth path contains synthesis of amide Ciprofloxacin derivatives (16-29) by using microwave irradiation with aliphatic and aromatic amine derivatives after forming ester derivative (3) as intermediate compound in this reaction. Scheme (4) | Fifth path describes the synthesis of new Ciprofloxacin derivatives by Suzuki coupling reaction (30-43) during treatment ciprofloxacin derivative (17) with different substituted aryl boronic acid by using pd(pph3)4 palladium-tetrakis(triphenyl phosphine) as a catalyst via oxidation, transformation and reduction steps. Scheme (5) | All these synthesized compounds(2-43) were analyzed by the FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR spectra and (C.H.N.S) analysis as well as the follow up the progress of chemical reactions by using TLC technique. | Sixth path included the assay of biological activity of the synthesized compounds against four types of bacteria (staphylococcus aureus, Granutice tella adiacens) gram positive and (E. coli, Proteus mirabilis) gram negative the results exhibited excellent biological activity of all these synthesized compounds of these microorganisms much higher than the effectiveness of Ciprofloxacin drug. |

تحضير بعض مشتقات السكرين الحاوية على 3,2,1 - ترايازول و 3,2,1 - ترايازولين ودراسة الفعالية البايلوجية ومضادات الاكسدة == Synthesis Of Some Saccharin Derivatives containing 1,2,3 - Triazole And 1,2,3 - Triazoline And Studying Antibacterial And Antioxidant

Author name: مصطفى كطان شنيشل
Supervisor name: سعدون عبد الله عودة | احمد وحيد ناصر
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Babylon
Abstract: يتضمن البحث تحضير بعض المركبات الجديدة من 3,2,1-ترايازول و 3,2,1-ترايازولين المحضرة ابتداءا من سكرين الصوديوم (1) هذا المركب تفاعل مع كلوريد البروبرجيل والاليل ليكون سكرين البروبرجيل (2) وسكرين الاليل (3). | البحث يقسم الى ثلاثة اجزاء، خطوات كل جزء ملخصة كما يلي : | الجزء الاول : تحضير مشتقات 3,2,1-ترايازول المخطط (1) ويتضمن : | 1) تحضير N-[(1-alkyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl] saccharin (1a,b) من تفاعل سكرين البروبرجيل (2) مع ن-هبتيل ازيد و بنزيل ازيد حسب (click conditions). | 2) التحلل المائي للمركبات (1a,b) مع 10% هيدروكسيد الصوديوم كون مشتقات الحامض الكربوكسيلي (2a,b). | 3) تحضير مشتقات الاستر (3a,b) من خلال تفاعل مشتقات الحامض الكربوكسيلي (2a,b) مع كحول الايثانول المطلق بوجود حامض الكبريتيك. | 4) تحضير مشتقات البنزويك هيدرازايد (4a,b) من خلال تفاعل مشتقات الاستر (3a,b) مع الهيدرازين المائي بتركيز (80%). | 5) تفاعل المشتقات (4a,b) مع كلوريد البروبرجيل ليكون مشتقات (N'-propargyl benzoic hydrazide) (5a,b). | 6) تحضير مشتقات ثنائي-3,2,1-ترايازول (6a,b) حسب (click conditions) وذلك من خلال تفاعل المشتقات (5a,b) مع ن-هبتيل ازيد وبنزيل ازيد. | 7) تحضير مشتقات 5-امينو-3,2,1-ثايادايازول (7a,b) بتفاعل غلق حلقي للمشتقات (2a,b) مع ثايوسيمي كاربازايد بوجود اوكسي كلوريد الفوسفور. | 8) تحضير قواعد شف (8a,b) و(9a,b) و(10a,b) من خلال تكاثف المشتقات (4a,b) مع بعض الالديهايدات الاروماتية (بنزالديهايد و 4-مثيل بنزالديهايد و 4-ميثوكسي بنزالديهايد) بوجود بعض القطرات من حامض الخليك التلجي. | الجزء الثاني : تحضير مشتقات 3,2,1-ترايازولين المخطط (2) ويتضمن : | 1) تحضير N-[(1-alkyl-1,2,3-triazolin-4-yl)methyl] saccharin (1c,d) من تفاعل سكرين الاليل (3) مع ن-هبتيل ازيد و بنزيل ازيد. | 2) التحلل المائي للمركبات (1c,d) مع 10% هيدروكسيد الصوديوم كون مشتقات الحامض الكربوكسيلي (2c,d). | 3) تحضير مشتقات الاستر (3c,d) من خلال تفاعل مشتقات الحامض الكربوكسيلي (2c,d) مع كحول الايثانول المطلق بوجود حامض الكبريتيك. | 4) تحضير مشتقات البنزويك هيدرازايد (4c,d) من خلال تفاعل مشتقات الاستر (3c,d) مع الهيدرازين المائي بتركيز (80%). | 5) تفاعل المشتقات (4c,d) مع كلوريد الاليل ليكون مشتقات (N'-allyl benzoic hydrazide) (5c,d). | 6) تحضير مشتقات ثنائي-3,2,1-ترايازول (6c,d) وذلك من خلال تفاعل المشتقات (5c,d) مع ن-هبتيل ازيد وبنزيل ازيد. | 7) تحضير مشتقات 5-امينو-3,2,1-ثايادايازول (7c,d) بتفاعل غلق حلقي للمشتقات (2c,d) مع ثايوسيمي كاربازايد بوجود اوكسي كلوريد الفوسفور. | 8) تحضير قواعد شف (8c,d) و(9c,d) و(10c,d) من خلال تكاثف المشتقات (4c,d) مع بعض الالديهايدات الاروماتية (بنزالديهايد و 4-مثيل بنزالديهايد و 4-ميثوكسي بنزالديهايد) بوجود بعض القطرات من حامض الخليك التلجي. | المركبات الجديدة المحضرة تم تشخيصها بالوسائل الطيفية (طيف الاشعة تحت الحمراء، طيف الرنين النووي المغناطيسي، طيف الكتلة). | الجزء الثالث : دراسة الفعالية البيولوجية للمركبات المحضرة (مضادات البكتيريا ومضادات الاكسدة) بعض المركبات كانت ذات فعالية في حين البعض الاخر لم تكن ذات فعالية | == Throughout this work some of novel 1,2,3-triazole and 1,2,3-triazoline derivatives have been synthesized from sodium saccharin (1) as a starting material. This compound upon reaction with propargyl chloride and allyl chloride afforded N-propargyl saccharin (2) and N-allyl saccharin (3). | This work is divided into three parts; the steps for each part are summarized as shown below : | Part (1) : Synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole derivatives scheme (1) and involves : | 1) Synthesis of N-[(1-alkyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl] saccharin derivatives (1a,b) via click reaction of compound (2) with n-heptyl azide and benzyl azide. | 2) Hydrolysis of (1a,b) compounds using 10% NaOH to get carboxylic acid derivatives (2a,b). | 3) Synthesis of ester derivatives (3a,b) via the reaction of carboxylic acid derivatives (2a,b) with absolute ethanol in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid. | 4) Synthesis of benzoic hydrazide derivatives (4a,b) via the reaction of ester derivatives (3a,b) with 80% hydrazine hydrate. | 5) Reaction of (4a,b) compounds with propargyl chloride to afford N'-propargyl benzoic hydrazide derivatives (5a,b). | 6) Synthesis of bis-1,2,3-triazole derivatives (6a,b) via click reaction of (5a,b) compounds with n-heptyl azide and benzyl azide. | 7) Synthesis of 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives (7a,b) form the cyclization of (2a,b) compounds with thiosemicarbazide in the presence of phosphorous oxychloride. | 8) Synthesis of Schiff's bases (8a,b), (9a,b) and (10a,b) via the condensation of compounds (4a,b) with some aromatic aldehydes such as benzaldehyde, p-methyl benzaldehyde and p-methoxy benzaldehyde in the presence of few drops of glacial acetic acid | Part (2) : Synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoline derivatives scheme (2) and involves : | 1) Synthesis of N-((1-alkyl-1,2,3-triazolin-4-yl)methyl) saccharin derivatives (1c,d) via reaction of compound (3) with n-heptyl azide and benzyl azide. | 2) Hydrolysis of (1c,d) compounds using 10% NaOH to get carboxylic acid derivatives (2c,d). | 3) Synthesis of ester derivatives (3c,d) via the reaction of carboxylic acid derivatives (2c,d) with absolute ethanol in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid. | 4) Synthesis of benzoic hydrazide derivatives (4c,d) via the reaction of ester derivatives (3c,d) with 80% hydrazine hydrate. | 5) Reaction of (4c,d) compounds with allyl chloride to afford N'-allyl benzoic hydrazide derivatives (5c,d). | 6) Synthesis of bis-1,2,3-triazoline derivatives (6c,d) via reaction of (5c,d) compounds with n-heptyl azide and benzyl azide. | 7) Synthesis of 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives (7c,d) form the cyclization of (2c,d) compounds with thiosemicarbazide in the presence of phosphorous oxychloride. | 8) Synthesis of Schiff's bases (8c,d), (9c,d) and (10c,d) via the condensation of compounds (4c,d) with some aromatic aldehydes such as benzaldehyde, p-methyl benzaldehyde and p-methoxy benzaldehyde in the presence of few drops of glacial acetic acid. | The newly synthesized compounds have been identified by using FT.IR, 1-HNMR 13C-NMR and mass spectra. | Part 3 : Study the anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant activities : | The synthesized compounds were tested in vitro for their anti-oxidant (reducing activity) and anti-bacterial activity against one strain of Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus Aureus), and one strain Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) and some of them were active while the other were not.

تاثير بعض مكونات القهوة على فعالية انزيم ? - Galactosidases المستخلص من بكتريا الفم المرتبطة بالبخر الفموي == Effect of Some Coffee Components on The Activity of ? - Galactosidase Isolated From Oral Bacteria Associated with Halitosis

Author name: اميرة مريبي زرزور عبد الفضلي
Supervisor name: عودة مزعل الزاملي | قاسم نجم ثويني
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Babylon
Abstract: This study includes extraction and purification of α-galactosidase enzyme from Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae associated with halitosis infections & estimating the inhibition behaviors of some coffee components (caffeine and chlorogenic acid) on the activity of this enzyme. These isolates were collected from outpatients attending Dental Clinical in Al-Zahra Hospital , Al-Kut/ Wasit province, Iraq during (March to October 2014) with age of (21-60 years old ), clinically diagnosed as having halitosis; from 100 patients (30 : 30%) had positive bacterial culture. Thirteen (43.3%) of these 30 patients were females; (6 : 46.1%) of them with gram negative bacteria whereas (7 : 53.8 %) were having gram positive bacteria, while (17 : 56.6%) were collected from males, (8 : 47.0%) having gram negative bacteria, and ( 9 : 52.9%) with gram positive bacteria. Among the gram negative bacteria isolated, four(20.0%) isolates belonged to Veillonella spp., 3 to Porphyromonas endontalis (15.0%), and 2 to Prevotella intermedia (10.0%). Whereas gram-positive isolates were 4 belonged to Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (20.0%), 4 to Streptococcus salivariu ( 20.0%), and 3 to Streptococcus oralis (15.0%). Further identification of these isolates was performed depending on commercial systems (Api20E ), in addition to Vitek2 system which also has the ability to identify the ability of bacteria to produce galactosidase and determine its type (either α-galactosidase or β-galactosidase). So that Vitek2 system helped us to select an isolate with ability to produce α-galactosidase. | Identification of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiais was based on gram staining, colonial morphology, hemolytic and biochemical properties. Identification of the isolates was confirmed by Api20E system and automatic Vitek2 system. These 4 isolates were designated by the | II | researcher as E. rhusiopathiae IrqA1, E. rhusiopathiae IrqA2, E. rhusiopathiae IrqA3, and E. rhusiopathiae IrqA4. | Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae IrqA2 was used for extraction and purification of α -galactosidase. This isolate was selected because it had a higher enzyme activity (730 U/ml). α-galactosidase enzyme has been extracted from a selected Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae IrqA2 isolates and its concentration of protein was estimated to be 19.56 mg/ml as a crude protein. The activity of the enzyme was measured using ( p-nitrophenyl- α -D-galactopyranoside) as substrate , then purification steps included precipitation by 40% ammonium sulfate ( yielded 4.74mg/ml protein) with activity 515.2U/ml ,dialysis , DEAE- cellulose chromatography of partially purified α-galactosidase after ammonium sulfate precipitation showed one peak with maximum activity 331.15U/ml ( 0.537mg/ml of protein) .After ion-exchange chromatography, SDS-PAGE showed protein band at 55KDa) represented subunit of the partially purified enzyme . Kinetics parameter were calculated , Km (5.5 mM )& Vmax (8.3 μmol /min). The enzyme showed maximum activity at 45°C at pH 6.5 . | The effect of caffeine on partially purified α -galactosidase activity revealed non-competitive inhibition (decrease Vmax 6.2μmol/min, unchanged Km value 5.5 mM ). However, the effect of chlorogenic acid showed an uncompetitive inhibition on enzyme activity .Which reflected that the enzyme has a single catalytic site since the change in Km (3.1 mM ) & Vmax (4.1 μmol/min) was observed . Worldwide and based on literature review, this is the first study for extraction of α-galactosidase enzyme from this bacterium.

تحضير ودراسة الخواص التركيبية والثرموديناميكية لليكاندات قواعد شف الجديدة ومعقداتها == Synthesis and study coordination and Thermodynamics properties of new Schiff base ligands and Their Complexes

Author name: ابتهال كاظم كريم دوش
Supervisor name: ساجد محمود لطيف | عباس عبد علي دريع
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
Abstract: اجري العمل في جزئين : الجزء الاول : تضمن تحضير ثلاثة ليكاندات عضوية جديدة غير محضرة سابقا من قواعد شف مشتقة من 4- امينو انتي بايرين و بمسارين رئيسـين, اذ ضم المسار الاول مفاعلة 4- اميــنو انتي بايرين مـــع الازاتين لتحضير مــركب وســـطي 4-DMIA الذي تم مفاعلته لاحقا مع كل من الاثيلين ثنائي الامين و 2- اميـــنو فينول لتحضير قواعد شف النهائيـــة متعـــددة السن L1 و L2 نوع NNO و NO في حين ضم المسار الثاني مفاعلة 4- امينو انتي بايرين مــع 3- امينو فنيل امين لتحضير مركب وسطيDMAA الذي تم مفاعلته لاحقا مع الازاتين لتحضير قاعدة شف النهائيـــة متعـــددة السن L3 نوع NNO و NO . شخصت الليكاندات المحضرة جميعها بتقنيات الرنين النووي المغناطيسي ومطيافية الكتلة والتحليل الدقيق للعناصر و دراستها بمطيافية الاشعة تحت الحمراء فضلا عن مطيافية الاشعة فوق البنفسجية المرئية . حضرت ثلاثة معقدات فلزية كيليتية لكل من قواعد شف المحضرة مع ايونات Co(II) وNi(II)وCu(II) ودرست هذه المعقدات باستعمال تقنيات الاشعة فوق البنفسجية المرئية والاشعة تحت الحمراء والتوصيلية المولارية وشخصت بالتحليل الدقيق للعناصر والامتصاص الذري اللهبي والحساسية المغناطيسية . | وبناء على معطيات التقنيات السابقة تم اقتراح الاشكال الثمانية السطوح للمعقدات المحضرة لايونات كل من الكوبالت (II) والنيكل (II) بينما اتخذت معقدات النحاس (II) هياة المربع المستوي . | الجزء الثاني : الدراسة النظرية لليكاندات المحضرة لقواعد شف ومعقداتها , حيث استعملت طرق الحسابات النظرية لميكانيك الكم ( الطرق شبه التجريبية ونظرية دالة الكثافة ) لغرض اجراء الحسابات النظرية الخاصة بهذه الدراسة . | تم احتساب الفعالية الكيميائية والتاثر الكيميائي لجزيئات قواعد شف ومعقداتها مع الايونات الفلزية قيد الدراسة عن طريق حسابات الشحنة الذرية و الاوربيتالات الجزيئية المشغولة العليا و الاوربيتالات الجزيئية غير المشغولة الدنيا, وذلك لمعرفة المواقع الفعالة ذات الاحتمالية العليا في حدوث عملية التناسق كما تمت دراسة الحالات الانتقالية المحتملة التكون لكل من قواعد شف ومعقداتها بوساطة حسابات سطوح جهد الطاقة الكامنة وطاقة نقطة الصفر والتردد الخيالي لطيف الجزيئة الاهتزازي والتراكيب الفراغية محتملة التكون ,فضلا عن احتساب حاجز الطاقة لتفاعل تجزؤ الحالة الانتقالية المقترحة لتكوين كل قاعدة من قواعد شف قيد الدراسة وحسبت الطاقة الكلية والتغير بمحتوى حرارة التكوين والطاقات الحرة و الانثالبيات والطيف الاهتزازي والانتقالات الالكترونية لكل من قواعد شف و معقداتها المحضرة ومقارنة ما تم التوصل اليه نظريا مع النتائج العملية وملاحظة مدى التقارب الحاصل بالنتائج . | حيث وجد من الدراسة : | الحالة الانتقالية الاولى هي الاكثر احتمالا لقواعــــد شف الثلاثــــــة الجديدة L1 و L2 وL3 بالاعتماد علــى الطاقة الكلية التي كانت قيمتها مساوية الى -101855.120) kcal/mol و-115445.589 و (-112774.114 على التوالي كذلك بسبب امتلاكها اقل قيمة من حاجز طاقة 246.522)kcal/mol و 55.38 و(57.557 على التوالي . | لوحظ ان لمعقدي الكوبالت (II) والنحاس (II) مع قاعــــدة شف L1الحالة الانتقالية الرابعة هـــي الاكثر احتمالا بالاعتماد على الطاقة الكلية التي كانـــت قيــــمتها مساوية الى -207133.815)kcal/mol و(-212897.008 على التوالي في حين كانت الحالة الانتـقاليــة الاولى لمعقـد ايون النيكـل (II) مـــع قاعــدة شف L1 هـــي الاكثر احتمالا بالاعتماد على الطاقة الكلية التي كانت قيمتها مساوية الى -212897.008kcal/mol . | في حين لوحظ امتلاك معقدات قاعــــدة شف الثانية L2 مع الكوبالت (II) و النيكل (II) و النحاس (II) الحالة الانتقالية الثالثة والاولى والثانية هي الاكثر احتمالا بالاعتماد علــــى الطاقة الكليـة التي كانت قيمتها -234311.322)kcal/mol و -240086.528و (-243274.039 على التوالي . | اما معقدات قاعــــدة شف الثالثة L3 فقد لوحظ امتلاك كلا من معقدي الكوبالت(II) والنيكل (II) الحالة الانتقالية الاولى في حين امتلك معقد النحاس (II) الحالة الانتقالية الثانية هي الاكثر احتمالا بالاعتماد على الطاقة الكلية التي كانت قيمتها مساوية الى -228969.454)kcal/mol و -234742.250 و(-237930.119 على التوالي . | تم حساب التغير بالمحتوى الحراري لجزيئة قاعدة شف L1 عند درجة الحرارة القياسية 298.15K والتي كانت قيمتها 104.487kcal/mol وتدل القيمة الموجبة على ان التفاعل كان ماصا للحرارة. وبدرجة الحرارة القياسية نفسها تم حساب التغير في طاقة جبس الحرة والتي تساوي 94212kcal/mol- و القيمة السالبة تدل على ان التفاعل يسير بصورة تلقائية.. ولمعقدات قاعدة شف L1 مع الكوبالت (II)والنيكل(II) والنحاس(II) التغير بالمحتوى الحراري كانت قيمته تساوي kcal/mol(-194.303 و -91.646 و-97.461) على التوالي عند 298.15K وتدل القيمة السالبة لتفاعلات تحضير المعقدات الثلاثة بانها باعثة للحرارة . كما تـم حساب التغـير فـي طاقة جبـس الحرة والتي تساوي kcal/mol( -207157و -212918 و-216120) على التوالي و القيمة السالبة تدل على ان التفاعل يسير بصورة تلقائية . | تم حساب التغير بالمحتوى الحراري لجزيئة قاعدة شفL2 عند درجة الحرارة القياسية 298.15K والتي كانت قيمتها 81.338kacl/mol والقيمة الموجبة دلالة ان التفاعل ماصا للحرارة. وبدرجة الحرارة القياسية نفسها تم حساب التغير في طاقة جبس الحرة والتي تساوي 107795kcal/mol- ومن الملاحظ ان القيمة السالبة للتغيرفي طاقة جبس الحرة يعني ان التفاعل يسير بصورة تلقائية . و لمعقدات قاعدة شف L2 مع الكوبالت (II)والنيكل(II) والنحاس(II) التـــغير بالمحتوى الحراري كانت قيمــــته تساوي الــــى kcal/mol(-22.570 و -131.926 و 68.838) على التوالي عند درجة الحرارة القياسية 298.15K .القيمة السالبة لكل من معقدي الكوبالت والنيكل تشير الى ان تفاعل التعقيد باعث للحرارة في حين ان تفاعل تعقيد ايون النحاس مع قاعدة شف الجديدةL2 ماص للحرارة. وبدرجـــة الحرارة القياسية نفسها تم حساب التغير في طاقة جبس الحرة لتلك المعقـــدات والتي تساوي-234334)kcal/mol و -240109 و -243297) على التوالي وتدل القيمة السالبة للتغير في طاقة جبس الحرة ان التفاعل يسير بصورة تلقائية. | قيمة التغير بالمحتوى الحراري لجزيئة قاعدة شفL3 تم حسابها عند درجة الحرارة القياسية 298.15K والتي كانت 122.171kcal/mol وتدل القيمة الموجبة على ان التفاعل كان ماصا للحرارة .وبدرجة الحرارة القياسية نفسها تم حساب التغير في طاقة جبس الحرة والتي تساوي 105296kcal/mol- ومن الملاحظ ان القيمة السالبة للتغير في طاقة جبس الحرة يعني ان التفاعل يسير بصورة تلقائية . وعنـــد حساب التغير بالانثالبي لمعقدات الكوبالت (II)والنيكل(II) والنحاس(II) مـــع قاعدة شف L3وجــد ان التغيــر بالانثالبي يساوي kcal/mol( -142.222و -49.168و151.238) على التوالي عند درجة الحرارة القياسية 298.15K ونلاحظ ان القيمة السالبة لكل من معقدي الكوبالت والنيكل تشير الى ان تفاعل التعقيد باعث للحرارة في حين ان تفاعل تعقيد ايون النحاس مع قاعدة شف الجديدة L3 ماص للحرارة. كما تم حساب التغير فــي طاقة جبس الحرة لتلك المعقدات والتي تساوي -228980) kcal/mol و -234764 و -237938) على التوالي وتدل القيمة السالبة على ان التفاعل يسير بصورة تلقائية . | تم احتساب فجوة الطاقة Egap∆ لقواعد شف الجديدة L1 و L2 وL3 اذ تظهر قيمة فجوة الطاقة Egap∆ الواطئة لليكاند L2 مقدار فعالية هذه الليكاند تجاه المشاركة في التفاعلات الكيميائية مقارنة بالليكاندين L1و L3في حـين اظهر اللــيكاند L1 استقرارا" عاليا" في تركيبه الكيميائي , نتيجة لقيمة فجوة الطاقة.كما تم احتساب فجوة الطاقة Egap∆ لمعقدات الليكاندات L1 و L2 وL3 مع ايونات كل من الكوبالت(II) والنيكل(II) والنحاس(II) اذ اظهر معقد النحاس (II)مـــع الليكاند L1 قيمة Egap∆ قيمة عالية مقارنة بالمعقدات الصلبة المحضرة الاخر مما يشير الى استقراريته العالية.. في حين ان معقد الكوبالت مع الليكاند L1 يمتلك اعلى فعالية تجاه المشاركة بالتفاعلات الكيميائية ,بسبب القيمة الواطئة لفجوة الطاقة . | | == This work was done in two parts : Part one : includes the synthesis of three new Schiff base organic ligands derived from 4- Amino Antipyrine divided into two routs , the first one includes the reaction of 4- Amino Antipyrine with Isatin to get an intermediate 4-DMIA which reacts later with ethylene di amine and 2- Aminophenol to synthesize the final poly dentate Schiff bases L1 and L2 with different donor atom system type NNO and NO, the second rout depends on the reaction of 4- Amino Antipyrine with 3- Amino phenyl amine to get an intermediate DMAA which reacts later with Isatin to give the final poly dentate Schiff base L3 with different donor atom system type NNO ,NO .All the synthesized ligands were characterized using 1H,13CNMR, Mass Spectra, C.H.N. microanalysis and studied by FTIR, UV.-Vis. techniques. | Three chelating metal complexes were synthesized for each ligand with Co(II), Ni(II)and Cu(II) ions and studied by FTIR, UV.-Vis. and molar conductivity and characterized by C.H.N. microanalysis , magnetic moment effect and Flame atomic absorption . | According to above studies : octahedral geometry was suggested for synthesized complexes of Co(II) and Ni(II) ions and square planer geometry was suggested for Cu(II) complexes as showed below : | |   | Part two : Theoretical simulation of complexes synthesized by the reaction of New prepared Schiff bases with some transition metals. Theoretical quantum methods (like semi-empirical & DFT) have been conducted by using reliable well-known programs (Hyperchem 8.09) , which includes most of quantum mechanics treatments. | Chemical reactivity, and chemical interaction have been studied for new Schiff bases ligands and their Complexes with Co(II) ,Ni(II) and Cu(II) Ions by calculating atomic charge , electrostatic potential and molecular orbital (HOMO and LUMO) to estimate the highest probable active sites in coordination . | The probable suggested transition states for Schiff bases ligands and their Complexes with Co(II) ,Ni(II) and Cu(II) Ions have been studied through surface potential energy, zero point energy, and first negative frequency of molecular vibration spectrum . | Total Energy , Enthalpy, Heat of formation, Entropy, Free energy, and Vibration spectrum have been calculated for Schiff bases ligands and their Complexes with Co(II) ,Ni(II) and Cu(II) Ions . | The Comparative between the theoretical and experimental values has been studied and notes the closeness of the results . | From this study we found that : | The first transition state of three Schiff bases L1,L2 and L3 were the most probable depending on the total Energy which the values were equal to ( -101855.120 , -115445.589 , -112774.114)kcal/mol respectively also had the smallest values of Energy barrier (246.522 ,55.38 ,57.557) kcal /mol respectively. | For the complexes of Cobalt (II) and Copper (II) with Schiff base L1 the fourth transition state was the most probable depending on the total Energy which the values were equal to -207133.815 kcal/mol and -212897.008 kcal/mol respectively . | The first transition state of the complex of Nickel (II) with Schiff base L1 was the most probable depending on the total Energy which the value was equal to -212897.008kcal/mol. | For the complexes of Cobalt (II), Nickel (II) and Copper (II) with Schiff base L2 The third ,first and second transition states were the most probable the complexes depending on the total Energy which the values were equal to -234311.322kcal/mol. | For the complex of Cobalt (II) and Nickel (II) with Schiff base L3 the first transition state was the most probable depending on the total Energy which the values were equals to -228969.454kcal/mol and -234742.250 kcal/mol respectively .While the complex of Copper (II) with Schiff base L3 the second transition state was the most probable depending on the total Energy which the value was equal to -237930.119 kcal/mol. | The change of Enthalpy was calculated for Schiff base L1 molecule at the Standard Temperature Degree 298.15K which the value was equal to 104.487kcal/mol .The positive value refers to Endothermic reaction .at the same Standard Temperature degree the change of Gibbs free Energy was calculated which the value was equal to -94212kcal/mol. the Negative value refers to Spontaneous reaction. | For complexes of Schiff base L1 with Co(II),Ni(II) and Cu(II) The change of Enthalpy was equal to(-194.303 , -91.646 ,-97.461)kcal /mol at 298.15 K .The Negative value refers that the preparation reaction of the three complexes were Exothermic. at the same Standard Temperature degree the changes of Gibbs free Energy were calculated for all complexes which the values were equal to ( -207157,-212918 , -216120) kcal/mol . the Negative values refer to Spontaneous reaction. | The change of Enthalpy was calculated for Schiff base L2 molecule at the Standard Temperature Degree 298.15K which the value was equal to 81.338 kacl/mol. The positive value refers to Endothermic reaction .at the same Standard Temperature degree the change of Gibbs free Energy was calculated which the value was equal to -107795 kcal/mol. The Negative value refers to Spontaneous reaction. | For complexes of Schiff base L2 with Co(II),Ni(II) and Cu(II) The changes of Enthalpy were equal to(-22.570 , -131.926,68.838)kcal /mol at 298.15 K .The Negative values of Cobalt and Nickel complexes refer that the Complexation reaction were Exothermic while the Complexation reaction of Copper ion was Endothermic. At the same Standard Temperature degree the changes of Gibbs free Energy were calculated for all complexes which the values were equal to (-234334,-24010 , -243297) kcal/mol. the Negative values refer to Spontaneous reaction. | The change of Enthalpy was calculated for Schiff base L3 molecule at the Standard Temperature Degree 298.15K which the value was equal to 122.171kacl/mol. The positive value refers to Endothermic reaction .at the same Standard Temperature degree the change of Gibbs free Energy was calculated which the value was equal to -105296kcal/mol. the Negative value refer to Spontaneous reaction. | For complexes of Schiff base L3 with Co(II),Ni(II) and Cu(II) The changes of Enthalpy were equal to( -142.222و -49.168و151.238) kcal /mol at 298.15 K .The Negative values of Cobalt and Nickel complexes refer that the Complexation reaction were Exothermic .While the Complexation reaction of Copper ion was Endothermic. at the same Standard Temperature degree the changes of Gibbs free Energy were calculated for all complexes which the values were equal to ( -228980 , -234764 , -237938) kcal/mol. the Negative values refers to Spontaneous reaction. | The Energy Gap for new Schiff bases L1 ,L2 and L3 . The low value of Energy Gap of L2 refers to the activity value of this ligand against the participation of the chemical reactions comparative with the other two ligands L1 and L3. | While L1 shows higher stability in the chemical reactions as result of Energy Gap value.. | The Energy Gap for the complexes of the ligands L1 ,L2 and L3 with Co(II),Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions were calculated. The complex of Copper with the ligand L1 shows higher value of ∆Egap comparative with the other prepared complexes that refer to the higher stability while the complex of Cobalt with the ligand L1 had the higher activity in the participation of the chemical reactions because of the low value of Energy Gap. |

تحضير وتشخيص ليكاندات جديدة لثنائي ثايوكارباميت ومعقداتها مع بعض الايونات الفلزية ودراسة فعاليتها البكتيرية == Preparation ,characterization of New ligands Dithiocarbamate and Studying their Complexes with Some transition metal ions and Studying Bacteria Activity

Author name: اشواق صالح حسين
Supervisor name: حسين عبد محمد صالح | احمد ثابت نعمان
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
Abstract: تضمن البحث تحضير وتشخيص ثلاث ليكاندات ثنائي ثايوكارباميت جديدة هي : | KL1= Potassium3-acetyl phenyl (3,3-dimethyl-5-oxocyclohex-1-enyl) carbamoithioate | KL2= 5,5-dimethyl-3-oxocyclohex-1-enyl(3- hydroxyphenyl) carbamodithoate | KL3= 5,5-dimdthyl-3-oxocyclohex-1-enyl( pyrimidin-2- yl) crbamodithioate | اشتملت طريقة تحضير الليكاندات علىخطوتين من التفاعل حيث تضمنت الخطوة الاولي تحضير الامين الثانوي من تفاعل ثنائي الكيتون مع الامين الاولي ثم تفاعله مع ثنائي كبريتيد الكاربون بوجود هيدروكسيد البوتاسيوم كقاعدة للحصول على الليكاندات ثنائي ثايوكارباميت . تم تشخيص الليكاندات المحضرة باستخدام طيف الرنين النووي المغناطيسي للبروتون وللكاربون و طيف الكتلة وطيف الاشعة تحت الحمراء وطيف الاشعة فوق البنفسجية والتحليل الدقيق للعناصر. | تم تفاعل الليكاندات المحضرة مع الايونات الفلزية لتحضير المعقدات التي لها الصيغة العامة [M (Ln)2] حيث ان | M= Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) n=1,2,3 | اما معقدات مزيج الليكاند فحضرت بنسبة (1 : 1 : 1) من الليكاندات ثنائي ثايوكارباميت المحضرة مع الليكاند المشارك 8-هايدروكسي كوينولين (Q) والاملاح الفلزية لتصبح الصيغة العامة للمعقدات كالاتي : [MII(Ln)(Q)] حيث M= Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) | شخصت المعقدات المحضرة باستخدام طيف الاشعة تحت الحمراء وطيف الاشعة فوق البنفسجية- المرئية والتحليل الدقيق للعناصروالتوصيلية المولارية والحساسية المغناطيسية وبعض المعقدات باستخدام طيف الرنين النووي المغناطيسي للبروتون وللكاربون وطيف الكتلة . | قيست التوصيلية المولارية لمحاليل المعقدات الفلزية لليكاندات المحضرة في مذيب ثنائي مثيل سلفوكسيد (DMSO) وبتركيز (1× 10 -3) M عند درجة حرارة المختبر وعند ملاحظة قيم التوصيلية المولارية التي تم الحصول عليها للمعقدات المحضرة والمبينة في الجدول (3-18) تبين انعدام الصفة الالكتروليتية لجميع تلك المعقدات المحضرة وجد انها تتفق مع تلك القيم المستحصلة لكثير من المعقدات الفلزية التي لاتمتلك اي سلوك الكتروليتي . | من خلال قياسات المجال المغناطيسي تبين ان قيم العزوم المغناطيسية لجميع المعقدات المحضرة تتفق مع قيمتها في المعقدات رباعية السطوح ماعدا معقدات النحاس ذات شكل مربع مستوي كما تبين النتائج المدرجة في الجدوال (3-20)- (3-22 ) . | تم تقيم الفعالية الحيوية لبعض الليكاندات والمعقدات,[MII(L)(Q)] ,[MII(Ln)2]المحضرة باستخدام طريقة الانتشار diffusion. ولقد اثبتت النتائج ان بعض الليكاندات والمعقدات المحضرة تكون اكثر تثبيطا للبكتريا المدروسة. | == This study deals with the synthesis and characterization of three new of dithiocarbamate (dtc) ligands : - | KL1= Potassium3-acetyl phenyl (3,3-dimethyl-5-oxocyclohex-1-enyl) carbamoithioate | KL2= 5,5-dimethyl-3-oxocyclohex-1-enyl(3- hydroxyphenyl) carbamodithoate | KL3= 5,5-dimdthyl-3-oxocyclohex-1-enyl( pyrimidin-2- yl) crbamodithioate | Two steps synthetic procedures were used to obtain the above free legends and this was based on the preparation of amine precursors that reacted with carbon disulphide in presence of KOH to get the ligands . All the prepared ligands were characterized using 1HNMR,13CNMR,Mass,FTIR, C.H.N.S, UV-Vis. The reaction of the dtc ligands with some metal ions produce complexes of general formula [M (Ln)2] | Where M = (Co(II) ,Ni(II) ,Cu(II) ,Zn(II)) using ethanol as a solvent. | The mixed ligand complexes were also prepared from of ditiocarbamate salts , 8-hydroxyquinoline and metal ion M | Where M= (Co(II) ,Ni(II) ,Cu(II) ,Zn(II)) using ethanol as a solvent and KOH as a base . | The complexes of the composition [M(Ln)(Q)] with (1 : 1 : 1) Molar Ratio and characterized by FT-IR, UV-Vis , elemental analysis (A.A), melting point measurements, C.H.N.S, Conductivity , magnetic susceptibility 1HNMR ,13CNMR and Mass spectrum. | The molar conductance measurements of complexes in DMSO solutions (see Table (3.18), indicating their nonelectrolyte behavior . The data are in agreement of the magnetic moments value of µeff (see Table (3.20-3.22) indicating for tetrahedral geometry complexes and Square planar geometry about Cu (II) complexes. The biological activity of the some ligands and their complexes MLQ and ML were studied using inhibition zone method which showed that some of complexes are more active than the ligands . |

اغناء وفصل وتقدير كميات فوق النزرة لبعض العناصر الثقيلة والادوية باستخدام التقنيات الطيفية التفلورية == Preconcentration, Separation and Determination of Ultra Trace Quantities of Some Heavy Metals and Drugs by Spectroflourometric Techniques

Author name: احمد سعدون عباس وتوت
Supervisor name: قاسم حسن كاظم | عباس نور محمد
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Babylon
Abstract: Chapter One : explaining illustration of the importance of surfactants uses and types, and also known on cloud point extraction method in analytical chemistry , selection methods of its surfactant , phase mechanisms of its method and factor affecting on its . It also involves briefly review on the modern research of the cloud point extraction and applications for the determination of zinc, chromium, lead, cadmium, arsenic and organic compound (drugs) such as Doxycycline Hyclate and Furosemide . | Chapter Two : involved known on different instrumental techniques used , general apparatus and chemicals used in the cloud point extraction in the present work under study. The full analytical procedures for CPE which have been designed for the determination of analytes (elements and drugs) under study were made in the present work. | Chapter Three : contains the results and discussion including for the separation and preconcentration. First part , included separation and determination on nano gram amount for the metal ions which selected under study of an extraction method used surfactants environmental friendly and ability for its determination by preconcentration in a small volume of the surfactant rich phase and also its methods doesn't used the organic solvent that high expensive and toxicity , the second part include for the ability of determination of its drugs under study by its ion selected in part one and obtained a very low limit of detection, very high sensitivity and a high value of enrichment factors by using cloud point extraction joined with spectroflurimetric technique . | First part of chapter three, included the use of Doxycycline Hyclate (DOX-HYC) as an complexing agent for the establishment of ions-drug complex of Cr(III), Zn(II) and Cr(VI) in alkaline medium. This reaction was form by presence of a non-ionic surfactant in solution, in place of complexes organic reagents which have used in CPE in large field . Furosemide as an complexing reagent, on the other hand, was used for the formation of ion-drug complex Cd(II), As(III) and Pb(II) in acidic medium as a hydrophobic molecule suitable for its separation and preconcentration by CPE. Therefore , a spectrofluorimetric study for the determination of its ions to be exact (Cr(III),Zn(II) and Cr(VI)) of these forms in CPE system at λex. and λem. were 415nm and 511 nm respectively. Different boundaries have been optimized such as pH effective , surfactant amount, organic drug concentration, equilibration temperature and incubation(heating) time. | Under its optimum conditions , results showed that the enrichment factor of 70.42, 43.00 and 84.22 were achieved for each Cr(III),Zn(II) and Cr(VI) species respectively. The linear calibration curve at a linear range for Cr(III) was 0.025-1.0 ng mL-1 with detection limit of 0.0034 ng mL-1, for Zn(II) was 10.0-100.0 ng mL-1 with detection limit of 0.182 ng mL-1, and for Cr(VI) was 0.1-1.0 with detection limit of 0.0019 ng mL-1. The precision for (n=7) at 0.1, 50 and 0.5 ng mL-1 Cr(III),Zn(II) and Cr(VI) were of 2.40% , 0.63 % and 1.41% . Because of the lowest detection limit obtained , the developed method was applied for the determination micro amounts of Cr(III),Cr (VI) and Zn(II) in tap water , R.O and honey samples respectively. The proposed method is compared statistically with GFAAS technique in our laboratory using paired t-test , F test and the results have shown that no significant differences at p=0.05 in accuracy and precision. | On the other hand , this proposed method was used for determination of nano gram amounts of Pb(II), As(III) and Cd(II) using cloud point extraction technique . This method involved the formation of an ion - complex between its ions and Furosemide drug (FUR) in acidic solution and the complex is extracted into the non-ionic surfactant (Triton X-114) at optimum conditions. The surfactant-rich phase which contains ions-complex is dissolved with solvent and the solution was measured spectrofluorimeterically at λex and λem = 363 and 409 nm respectively. The effects of the several variables which affect the CPE efficiency are optimized and the thermodynamic study was also examined for all complexes in a non-ionic surfactant under study. The enrichment factor of 62.44, 149.00 and 42.34 for each Pb(II), As(III) and Cd(II) respectively obtained leading to detection limits of 0.0953, 0.0000892 and 0.321 ng mL-1 in aqueous solution for each Pb(II), As(III) and Cd(II) respectively . | The concentrations range obey Beers law of 1.25-15.0 , 0.01-0.1 and 6.75-50.0 ng mL-1 for each Pb(II), As(III) and Cd(II) respectively. The precision for (n=7) at 5, 0.08 and 10 ng mL-1 Pb(II), As(III) and Cd(II) were of 1.96% , 1.52 % and 1.73% . The developed method was used for the determination of its ions in honey, and for Pb(II) and Cd(II) in powder and liquid milk samples, and the results were compared statistically with HGAAS, and GFAAS technique using paired t-test and F -test at p=0.05 concluding there are no significant differences in accuracy and precision. | The second part of this chapter includes, a new spectroflurimetric method has been developed for the determination of its drugs, ( Doxycycline Hyclate and Furosemide) by cloud point extraction system. These determinations were obtained under the optimum conditions and the concentration for the selected drugs were measured using spectroflurimetic at each λem. It was found that the enrichment factors of 74.87, 93.47 and 172.69 for Doxy-Zn(II), Cr(III) and Cr(VI) were achieved leading to the very low limit of detection of 2.2×10-8, 1.3×10-9 and 1.1×10-9 ng mL-1 respectively. While for the complexes of Furo-Pb(II), As(III) and Cd(II) were 111.32, 184.33 and 166.80 respectively, were achieved leading to the low limit of detection of 1.1×10-9, 1.4×10-11 and 2.5×10-11 ng mL-1 respectively . | The established method showed linear calibrations in the range for Doxy-Zn(II), Cr(III) and Cr(VI) were 2.0×10-6 -2.0×10-3 , 1.0×10-7 -1.0×10-3 and 2.0×10-7 -2.0×10-3 ng mL−1 respectively. Also for Furo-Pb(II), As(III) and Cd(II) were 1.0×10-7 -1.0×10-3 , 2.0×10-9 -2.0×10-4 and 2.0×10-9 -2.0×10-4 ng mL−1 respectively .The quantum yield for all complexes that extracted in surfactant rich phase were calculated .The developed method was applied for the determination of the Doxycycline Hyclate in blood serum samples |

تحضير وتشخيص بعض مونيمرات وبوليمرت جديدة محتوية على حلقات غير متجانسة ودراسة خواصها الحرارية والفعالية البايولوجية == Synthesis and Characterization of Some New Monomers and Polymers Containing Heterocyclic Rings and Study Their Thermal Properties and Biological Activity

Author name: غادة مهدي كامل الزبيدي
Supervisor name: هلال مسعود عبد الله | ابتسام خليفة جاسم
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يتضمن موضوع البحث تحضير مركبات حلقية غير متجانسة ثلاثية (الازردين و فنيل ازردين), خماسية (اوكسادايازول و ترايازول و تترازول), وخماسية ملتحمة (بنزوثايازول) والتي استخدمت لتحضير العديد من البوليمرات. | الجزء الاول : | يتضمن هذا الجزء تحضير مركب 2,3(1-ازردين)ماليك انهدريد[1] وبلمرته مع اثلين كلايكول و 1,3-بروبلين دايول و كليسيرول000الخ للحصول على رابطة استرية كما موضح بالشكل ادناه : | الجزء الثاني : | يتضمن هذا الجزء تحضير مركب 2,3(فنيل ازردين)ماليك انهدريد[12] وبلمرته مع اثلين كلايكول و 1,3-بروبلين دايول و كليسيرول000الخ للحصول على رابطة استرية كما موضح بالشكل ادناه : | الجزء الثالث : | يتضمن هذا الجزء تحضير مركب 3,2,ثنائي [2-مركبتو-5-يل-4,3,1-اوكسادايازول]1-ازردين [24] وبلمرته مع ثنائي كلوريدات الحامض للحصول على رابطة ثايواسترية كما موضح بالشكل ادناه : | الجزء الرابع : | يتضمن هذا الجزء تحضير مركب بنزوثنائي-2-امينوثايازول [29] وبلمرته مع ثنائي كلوريدات الحامض للحصول على رابطة امايدية كما موضح بالشكل ادناه : | الجزء الخامس : | يتضمن هذا الجزء تحضير مركب 4,1-ثنائي [3-مركبتو-4-(5-(بارا-فنيل)تترازولين)-5-يل-4,2,1-ترايازول] بيوتان [34] وبلمرته مع ثنائي كلوريدات الحامض للحصول على رابطة ثايواسترية كما موضح بالشكل ادناه : | * شخصت (المونمرات والبوليمرات) المحضرة باستخدام مطيافية FT.IR وUV/Vis و 1HNMR و 3CNMR وCHN كما قيست درجات انصهارها. | *درست اللزوجة و الصفات الحرارية لبعض البوليمرات المحضرة. | *كما تم تقييم الفعالية الحيوية لبعض البوليمرات المحضرة لتحديد امكانية استخدامها كمركبات ذات تطبيقات طبية. | == This work involves synthesis of different three (Aziridine, Phenyl azridine), five (Oxadiazole, Triazole, Tetrazole), and fused five (benzothiazole) member heterocyclic rings which used as a monomer for preparing many different polymers. | First part : | This part involves the synthesis of 2,3[1H-aziridine]maleic anhydride[1] and polymerized with ethylene glycol, 1,3-propylene diol, glycerol,…..etc. to get the polymers having ester linkage as shown below | This part includes the synthesis of 2,3[1-phenyl-aziridine]maleic anhydride[12] and polymerized with ethylene glycol, 1.3-propylene diol, glycerol,…..etc. to get the polymers having ester linkage as shown below This part includes the synthesis of 2,3-Bis[2-mercapto-5-yl-1,3,4-oxadiazole]1H-aziridine[24] and polymerized with diacid chlorides to get the polymers having thioester linkage as shown belowThis part contains the preparation of five member rings fused with benzene ring, its Benzobis-2-aminothiazole [29] and polymerized with diacid chlorides to get the polymers having amide linkage as shown belowIn this part, the compound 1,4- Bis[3-mercapto-4-(5-(p-substituted phenyl)tetrazolin)-5-yl-1,2,4-triazole]butane [37], [38] and polymerized with different diacid chlorides to get the polymers having thioester linkage as shown below In this part, the compound 1,4- Bis[3-mercapto-4-(5-(p-substituted phenyl)tetrazolin)-5-yl-1,2,4-triazole]butane [37], [38] and polymerized with different diacid chlorides to get the polymers having thioester linkage as shown below

التبادل الايوني السائل لاستخلاص بعض العناصر باستعمال مركبات عضوية وتطبيق الطريقة على فصل وقياس العناصر في نماذج بيئية وحياتية == Liquid Ion Exchange to Extract Certain Elements Using Organic Compounds and the Application of the Method on the Separation and Measurement of the Elements in Environmental and Vital Samples

Author name: صفاء مجيد حميد الحساني
Supervisor name: رافع قدوري الكبيسي | خليل ابراهيم حسين
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: iquid ion exchange method is one of solvent extraction applications used for separation and spectrophotometric determination of Lead (II) and Aluminium (III) as chloroanion complexes (PbCl4=, PbCl3 - , AlCl4 - ) byusing the crown ether 15C5 dissolved in chloroform as organic reagent.Where Pb(II) is extracted from HCl media whilst Al(III) is extracted from neutral NaCl media. The first step determined the maximum absorbance wave length for ion pair association complex extracted to the organic phase the results were λmax=241nm for Pb(II) and λmax=240nm for Al (III) by using crown ether 15C5 dissolved in chloroform as a blank, these wave lengths are used for absorbance measurements which belong to ion pair association complex extracted to organic phase. On the other hand prepared calibrationcurve for each ion according to its spectrophotometric method.Results demonstrated that the optimum concentration of HCl in aqueous phase (2M) was necessary to the formation and stability of Lead chloroanion complex (PbCl4 =, PbCl3 - ) as well as effect to increase stability of liquid ion exchanger [Na15C5]+;Cl - in organic phase by common ion effect. While NaCl optimum concentration for Pb(II) was (0.4M) and for Al(III) (1.2M), NaCl contributed in the formation of Aluminium chloroanion complex AlCl4 - also it contributed in the formation of liquid anion exchanger [Na 15C5]+;Cl - in the organic phase. Liquid ion exchange was based on thermodynamic equilibrium and metal ion concentration in aqueous phase which was one of thermodynamic value which rolled the equilibrium of extraction process where this concentration of metal ion is converted to chloroanion complex and participates in the liquid ion exchange method with Cl - which is found on liquid ion exchanger. The optimum concentration of Pb(II) was (50μg/5mL) and for Al(III) was (100μg/5mL).Solvent extraction was indirect method depended on thermodynamic and kinetic laws so we determined optimum shaking time of the two immiscible phases, the results showed that (10min.) was the optimum shaking time for each ions. Stoichiometry of ion pair association complexes was demonstrated by two methods : slope analysis method and slope ratio method, the results clarified the extracted species for both ions were [1 : 1]+;anion - [metal : 15C5]+; anion - the most probable structure of Pb(II) complexes were [Na15C5]+; PbCl3 - or [Na15C5]+; HPbCl4 - and for Al(III) was [Na15C5]+; AlCl4 - . Other study was effect of the structure and polarity of organic solvents, the results showed that chloroform was the best solvent for both ions and there isn’t any linear relation between dielectric constant for organic solvent used and distribution ratio (D) values and there was an effect of organic solvent structure giving increase in distribution ratio (D) and absorbance values led to rising extraction efficiency by formation of contact ion pair or solvent separated ion pair.Thermodynamic study showed the liquid ion exchange was endothermic reaction and for both ions, from the high values of entropy reflects the reaction was entropic in region. Also study the effect of agreement between crown ether cavity size and alkali, alkaline earth metal cations, the results showed the major effect was for agreement, which gave higher distribution ratio (D) and absorbance values. As well study the interferences effect of some anions, all this anions gave interferences and cause reduces of distribution ratio (D) and absorbance values depending on anion nature and structure. Whilst electrolyte salts gave an increase in distribution ratio (D) and absorbance values where electrolyte salts destroyed the hydration shell of metal ion and enhancement of the chance to form chloroanion complex of metal ions and rising extraction efficiency. Methanol presence in aqueous phase increase distribution ratio (D) and absorbance values for both ions due to methanol decline water polarity and destroyed the hydration shell of metalions.Cryptands C221 and C222 were used as organic reagent to compare extraction efficiency with using of crown ether 15C5 as organic reagent firstly determined the maximum absorbance wave length for ion pair association complex extracted to the organic phase which was for Pb(II) λmax=277nm with C221 and λmax=276nm with C222, for Al(III) λmax=281nm with C221 and λmax=275nm with C222. Optimum concentration of HCl for Pb(II) was (0.8M) with C221 and (1.2M) with C222. And optimum concentration of KCl (0.4M) for Pb(II) with C221 and C222 and for Al(III) (0.8M) with C221 and (0.5M) with C222. While metal ion optimum concentration for Pb(II) was (80μg/5mL) with C221 and (70μg/5mL) with C222 and for Al(III) (50μg/5mL) with C221 and (40μg/5mL) with C222. Optimum shaking time was 15min. for Pb(II) and Al(III) with both cryptands C221 and C222.Stoichiometry by using two spectrophotometric method slope analysis method and slope ratio method showed that extracted species were [1 : 1]+;anion - [metal : Cryp.]+; anion - for Pb(II) and Al(III) with both cryptands C221 and C222. In addition to study the effect of agreement between cryptands cage size and alkali, alkaline earth metal cations, the results showed the major effect was for agreement, which gave higher distribution ratio (D) and absorbance values. The distribution ratio (D) and absorbance values by usingcryptands were higher than those obtained by using crown ether due to cryptate effect.For spectrophotometric determination of elements study in different environmental and vital samples prepared calibration curves for each ions at optimum conditions by using 15C5 at optimum condition for liquid ion exchange method of each metal ion, samples solution prepared according to wet digestion method and spectrophotometric determination were carried out optimum condition for liquid ion exchange method of each metal ion. By return to calibration curves determined Lead and Aluminium amount in these samples.

الاستخلاص والتقدير الطيفي لايونات Zn (II) وLa (III) وCe (III) باستعمال كواشف عضويه جديدة في نماذج تحليله مختلفة == Extraction and Spectrophotometric determination of Zn(II),La(III) and Ce(III) Ions using New Organic Reagent in Different analytical Samples

Author name: سحر عقيل حسين الاعسم
Supervisor name: رافع قدوري الكبيسي | تغريد هاشم النور
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Three organic reagents were synthesized 2 - [4 - bromo - 3,5 - diethyl phenyl azo] - 4,5diphenylimidazole(BDPI) , 2 - [(4 - Benzyloxy phenyl)azo] - 5 - nitro - 4 - phenyl imidazol(BANI),4 - [N - (5 - methylisoxazol - 3 - yl) benzene sulfonamide azo] - 1 - Naphthol (AMBN) ,which are utilized for separation , extraction and spectrophotometric determination Zinc(II) ,Lanthanum(III) and Cerium(III) as cations according to liquid - liquid extraction method , depending on the measurement of absorption of ion pair complex extracted at maximum wavelength (λmax )and calculation distribution ratio (D).This study involves limitation of optimum conditions for complex formation as well extraction as pH. as well the experiment showes optimum pH for extraction Zn(II) with [(BDPI), (BANI),(AMBN)] (pH=8,9,9) respectively but for La(III) was (pH=11,10,10) with [(BANI) ,(BDPI), (AMBN)] respectively as well (pH=9,9,8) for Ce(III) with [(AMBN)(BDPI)(BANI)].The study about metal ions concentration effect on extraction methods illustrates 50μg/5mL Zn2+ appropriate concentration obtaining higher absorbance for ion pair complex extracted to organic solution as well higher distribution ratio (D) with all organic reagents , and for La3+ was 80μg/5mL with all organic reagents also 100μg/5mL Ce3+ all organic reagents.Kinetic energy has significant role in extraction. method according to liquid - liquid extraction , as well the study show effect of shaking time of two layers on qualify of extracted and explains 10 min which were appropriate shaking time for Zn(II), La(III) and Ce(III) with all organic reagents to give higher distribution ratio (D) as well higher absorbance of ion pair complex extracted to organic phase.Stoichiometry study about definition is more possible structure of ion pair complex extracted by the performance of four spectrophotometric method for extraction Zn2+ , La3+ and Ce3+ by [(BDPI), (BANI),(AMBN)] under optimum conditions as well all experiments show the structure of ion pair complex extracted was [1 : 1] [M : L][Zn (AMBN ) ] 1+ ;Cl - [Zn (BANI) ] 2+ ;2Cl - [Zn(BDPI )]2+ ;2Cl - [La(BDPI)]+3; 3NO3 - [La(AMBN)]+2; 2NO3 - [La (BANI)] 3+;3NO3 - [Ce(BANI) ]3+ ; 3NO3 - [Ce(BDPI) ]3+ ; 3NO3 - [Ce(AMBN )]2+ ;2NO3 - Organic solvent effect study shows there are not any linear relation between distribution ratio (D) and dielectric constant (ε) of organic solvents that means there is not any impact for polity of organic solvent on extraction method however there is an impact for organic solvent structure which is participation in the structure of ion pair complex extracted by formation loose ion pair or tight ion pair, and experiment result demonstrate organic solvent (CH3Cl) was the better organic solvent in extraction Zn(II) ,La(III) and Ce(III) by all organic reagents.Thermodynamic study involves temperature impact on extraction efficiency the experimental results explain the reactions were exothermic for Zn(II) ,La(III) and Ce(III) with all organic reagents [(BDPI), (BANI),(AMBN)] after calculating thermodynamic data ΔHex and ΔGex , ΔSex appear entropy values which were high that means complexation reaction is entropic in region .This study is about effect of methanol in aqueous phase on extraction method of metal in aqueous phase on extraction method of metal cation Zn2+, La3+ and Ce3+ by [(BDPI), (BANI),(AMBN)] the results show foundation of methanol in aqueous phase with metal cations obtaining enhancement in D as well this increase continues to reach optimum concentration of methanol next this value distribution ratio (D) decreases .The study of electrolytic salts is about extraction method of Zn2+ , La3+ and Ce3+ by [(BDPI), (BANI),(AMBN)] to clarify metal cations of firstgroup which gave high absorbance and distribution ratio D because they have high affinities towards the water withdrawing in sequence of Li+ > Na+ >K+. Since the ionic radius of lithium is very small and has high charge density, it has a hydration shell with more thickness than Na and K, thereby it has high capability for withdrawing of more water molecules from the hydration shell of metal. This case proved that the extraction efficiency increases with the decrease of ionic radius. Whilst for the salts which contain ions of second group like Mg and Ca, the extraction efficiency was found to be relatively less than that incase of first group of the electrolytic salts. This is because the thickness of hydration shell is less than of the first group ions despite the fact that the higher charge density on the second group ionThe study about synergism is by using (TBP) and (MBK) in the extraction the experimental results show TBP and MIBK which gave increase in distribution ratio (D) through participate molecular of these solvents in the structure of ion pair complex extracted install of water molecular in coordination shell of metal cation and the results show there is one molecular of [TBP or MIBK] participate in ion pair complex extractionThis study involved using organic reagent [(BDPI), (BANI),(AMBN)] for spectrophotometric determination of Zn2+ , La3+ and Ce3+ in different environmental ,vital and waste electronic equipment samples

استخلاص ايونات العناصر الرصاص والكادميوم والزك والرينيوم بتقنية الغشاء السائل باستخدام المركبات الحلقية العيانية == Extraction of Lead, Cadmium, Zinc and Rhenium ions by Liquid Membrane Technique Using Macrocyclic Compounds

Author name: يسرى عمران موسى
Supervisor name: مؤيد كاصد جلهوم | جميل موسى ضباب
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Liquid - Liquid extraction of metal salts (MA) by Crown compounds(L) to less - polar diluents such as Chloroform,1,2 - dichloroethane and Carbon tetrachloride have previously been studied by considering an ion - pair formation between a complex metal ion ML+ and a pairing ion A - in water (W) and a distribution of the formed ion pairs MLA in the diluents. Liquid membrane transport is a new separation process as a modification of solvent extraction the simultaneous extraction and stripping operation is very attractive ,because the solute of interest can move from a high concentration solution to a low concentration solution with a suitable crown ether derivatives which have been widely used as suitable neutral carriers for the selective and efficient transportation of cations through liquid membranes.Liquid membranes have shown a great potential in this way especially in cases where metal concentration are relatively low and other techniques cannot be applied efficiently. Cation and anion transport by neutral macrocycles in liquid membranes is often diffusion limited extraction constants, permeability, flux coefficients and an aqueous phase macrocycle - cation and anion - cation interaction constants and membrane geometry are the parameters in the diffusion limited transport equation.The transport kinetic was analyzed by means of a kinetic model involving two consecutive irreversible first - order reactions. The rate constants of extraction stripping reactions and the transport rate fluxes of Pb2+, Cd2+, Zn2+ and ReO4 - through the bulk liquid membrane were determined for all experimental conditions studied.The present thesis reports the first application in Iraq ,by using macro cyclic compounds (crown ethers) as carrier in Liquid Membrane techniques as well as the matching size model of crown ethers with various ionic radius of metal ions, from evaluation of dibenzo 18 - Crown - 6, dicyclohexyl 18 - crown - 6 Kryptofix 2.2.2 and diaza 18 - crowwn - 6 as carrier molecule and study theXVIItransport behavior of Pb2+, Cd2+, Zn2+ and ReO4 - across (1,2 - dichloroethane, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride) as Bulk Liquid Membrane.In the present work transport experiments were performed across Bulk Liquid Membranes(BLMs) using U - Shape Setup from source phase which consist of 10 - 3M of metal ions dissolved in 10 mL of double distilled deionized water at pH=5.2 - 5.5 for Pb2+, Cd2+, Zn2+ metal cations and at pH= 6.2 - 6.5 for ReO4 - metal anion to receiving phase consist of 10ml of double distilled deionized water at pH= 3.2 - 3.7 across organic phase consisting 0.001M of dibenzo18 - crown - 6, dicyclohexyl 18 - crown - 6, Krypto fix2.2.2 and 1,10 - diaza 18 - crown - 6 were dissolve in 1,2 - dichloroethane, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride.The effects of operating conditions such as stirring speed, type of carrier, type of solvent, temperature and pH were studied. The results of permeability and flux coefficients show that the transport rate of metal ions can be enhanced by increasing stirring speed but not higher than l00 rpm using dicyclohexyl 18 - crwon - 6 as carrier due to the presence of donating group (cyclohexyl group) , It is well known that transition metal ions form stable complexes with ligands having N or S donors, which are hard bases ,but the affinities of crown ethers to soft transition metal ions are rather weak because crown ethers have hard O donors. In addition ,because of the large solvation energy of transition metal ions, crown ethers rarely form complexes with transition metal ions.1,2 - dichloro ethane is the best solvent due to its moderate polarity constant and the favorable temperature of the reaction is 30C 1 according to Arrhenius equation. There is no trend observed in the PH effect because the type of carriers is a neutral extract ant molecule which is less interaction than basic and acidic extractants with concentration of hydronium ion in solution. Also, the selectivity and efficiency of transport rate of metal ions matching with the values of its hydration

تحضير وتشخيص ليكاندات قواعد شف جديدة ومعقداتها مع بعض الايونات الفلزية وتقدير فعاليتها البكتيرية == Synthesis and characterisation of new Schiff bases ligands and their complexes with some metal ions and evaluation of their bacterial activi

Author name: ورود علي جعفر الساعدي
Supervisor name: ساجد محمود لطيف | باسمه محسن سرحان
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تضمن العمل تحضير ثلاث ليكاندات (H2L1, H2L2 and H2L3) من نوع ( (N2 والتي استعملت فيما بعد لتحضير المعقدات وهذه الليكاندات هي : 2 - (4 - (carboxymethyleneamino) - 1,5 - dimethyl - 2 - phenyl - 1H - pyrazol - 3(2H) - ylideneamino)propanoic acid(H2L1), 2 - ((E) - 3 - (2 - hydroxyphenylimino) - 1,5 - dimethyl - 2 - phenyl - 2,3 - dihydro - 1H - pyrazol - 4 - ylimino)acetic acid(H2L2) and 2 - ((E) - 4 - ((Z) - 2 - hydroxy - 1,2 - diphenylethylideneamino) - 1,5 - dimethyl - 2 - phenyl - 1H - pyrazol - 3(2H) - ylideneamino)propanoic acid(H2L3).تم تحضير هذه الليكاندات من مفاعله مكافئ واحد من 2 - (1,5 - dimethyl - 3 - oxo - 2 - phenyl - 2,3 - dihydro - 1H - pyrazol - 4 - ylimino)acetic acid(المشتق الاول) مع مكافئ واحد من حامض البروبيونك لليكاند الاول (H2L1) ومن مفاعله نفس المشتق الاول مع 2 - امينو فينول لتحضير الليكاند الثاني (H2L2) اما الليكاند الثالث (H2L3) فقد تم تحضيره من مفاعله مكافئ واحد من (Z) - 4 - (2 - hydroxy - 1,2 - diphenylethylideneamino) - 1,5 - dimethyl - 2 - phenyl - 1H - pyrazol - 3(2H) - one مع مكافئ واحد من البنزوين.(جميع التفاعلات اجريت باستخدام الايثانول كمذيب والتصعيد العكسي ولمدة 7 ساعات لليكاندين الاول والثاني و5 ساعات لليكاند الثالث ). تم تشخيص الليكاندات باستخدام التحليل الدقيق للعناصر واطياف الاشعة تحت الحمراء وفوق البنفسجية - المرئيه وطيف الرنين النووي المغناطيسي مع درجة الانصهار. كما تضمن البحث تحضير سلسلة من المعقدات وذلك من خلال مفاعلة الليكاند مع املاح : الفنادايل II والمنغنيز II والكوبلت II والنيكل II والنحاس II والخارصين II والكادميوم II والزئبق II. وباستخدام الايثانول كوسط تفاعل. شخصت هذه المعقدات باستخدام التحليل الدقيق للعناصر والامتصاص الذري اللهبي(A.A) واطياف الاشعة تحت الحمراء وفوق البنفسجية - المرئية وقياسات التوصيلة الكهربائية ومحتوى الكلور مع درجة الانصهار .حيث اقترحت الصيغ الكيميائية العامة التالية : [M(L)2(X)(Y)]n حيث : L=H2L1 M=VO)II), X=0, Y=OSO3 - 2, n=0 M=Mn(II), X=H2O, Y=H2O, n=+2 M= Co(II),Ni(II),Cu(II),Zn(II),Hg(II), X=H2O, Y=Cl, n=+1 M=Cd(II), X=Cl, Y=Cl, n=0 L=H2L2M= VO(II), X=0, Y=OSO3 - 2, n=0M=Ni(II),Cu(II), X= H2O, Y=Cl, n=+1M= Mn(II),Co(II),Zn(II),Cd(II),Hg(II), X=Cl, Y=Cl, n=0L=H2L3M=VO(II), X=0, Y=OSO3 - 2, n=0M=Co(II),Cd(II), X=H2O, Y=Cl, n=+1M=Mn(II),Ni(II),Cu(II),Zn(II), X=H2O, Y=H2O, n=+2M=Hg(II), X=Cl, Y= Cl , n= 0 اظهرت اطياف الاشعة تحت الحمراء ان الليكاندات متعدده السن تسلك بصفتها ثنائيه التناسق. كما استخدمت اطياف الاشعة فوق البنفسجية - المرئية للمعقدات في دراسة التوزيع الفراغي لليكاند مع ايونات الفلزات . وباستخدام المعلومات المستحصلة من التحليل الدقيق للعناصر والامتصاص الذري والتوصيلية الكهربائية ومحتوى الكلور بالاضافة الى القياسات الطيفيــة [ الاشعة تحت الحمراء وفوق البنفسجية - المرئية], اقترح ان الشكل الفراغي هو ثماني السطوح لجميع المعقدات. | This work covers the synthesis of three ligands (H2L1, H2L2 and H2L3) type (N2) capable to form structures upon complexation with metal ions; namely 2 - (4 - (carboxymethyleneamino) - 1,5 - dimethyl - 2 - phenyl - 1H - pyrazol - 3(2H) - ylideneamino)propanoic acid(H2L1), 2 - ((E) - 3 - (2 - hydroxyphenylimino) - 1,5 - dimethyl - 2 - phenyl - 2,3 - dihydro - 1H - pyrazol - 4 - ylimino)acetic acid(H2L2) and 2 - ((E) - 4 - ((Z) - 2 - hydroxy - 1,2 - diphenylethylideneamino) - 1,5 - dimethyl - 2 - phenyl - 1H - pyrazol - 3(2H) - ylideneamino)propanoic acid(H2L3). These ligands were synthesized from the reaction of one equivalent of 2 - (1,5 - dimethyl - 3 - oxo - 2 - phenyl - 2,3 - dihydro - 1H - pyrazol - 4 - ylimino)acetic acid (Precursor I) with one equivalent of 2 - aminopropionic acid for [H2L1], one equivalent of 2 - (1,5 - dimethyl - 3 - oxo - 2 - phenyl - 2,3 - dihydro - 1H - pyrazol - 4 - ylimino)acetic acid (Precursor I) with one equivalent of 2 - aminophenol for [H2L2] and one equivalent of (Z) - 4 - (2 - hydroxy - 1,2 - diphenylethylideneamino) - 1,5 - dimethyl - 2 - phenyl - 1H - pyrazol - 3(2H) - one (Precursor II) with one equivalent of benzoin for [H2L3]. The reaction was carried out in ethanol (as a solvent), at reflux (7hrs for H2L1, H2L2 and 5hrs for H2L3). The ligands (H2L1, H2L2 and H2L3) were characterised by elemental microanalysis (C.H.N), (I.R), (U.V), 1H,13C NMR, along with melting point measurements.The ligands were reacted with metal ions [VOII, MnII, CoII, NiII, CuII, ZnII, CdII, and HgII ] at reflux in ethanol to give the complexes of the general formula : [M(L)2(X)(Y)]n, [Where; L= H2L1M=VO(II), X=0, Y=OSO3, n=0M=Mn(II), X=H2O, Y=H2O, n=+2M= Co(II),Ni(II),Cu(II),Zn(II),Hg(II), X=H2O, Y=Cl, n=+1M=Cd(II), X=Cl, Y=Cl, n=0L= H2L2M= VO(II), X=0, Y=OSO3, n=0M=Ni(II),Cu(II), X= H2O, Y=Cl, n=+1M= Mn(II),Co(II),Zn(II),Cd(II),Hg(II), X=Cl, Y=Cl, n=0L= H2L3M=VO(II), X=0, Y=OSO3, n=0M=Co(II),Cd(II), X=H2O, Y=Cl, n=+1M=Mn(II),Ni(II),Cu(II),Zn(II), X=H2O, Y=H2O, n=+2M=Hg(II), X=Cl, Y= Cl , n= 0These complexes were characterised by elemental microanalysis (C.H.N), (A.A), chloride contents, [I.R, (U.V - Vis) spectroscopy], along with conductivity and melting point measurements.The (I.R) spectra of the complexes showed that, the potentially polydentate ligand acts as bicoordinate.The (U.V - Vis) spectra of the ligand and complexes were studied in order to elucidate the spatial arrangements of the ligand around the metal ions. The conductance measurements of the complexes in ethanol, and chloride contents revealed that, some of the complexes are ionic while others are non - electrolyte.On the basis of elemental microanalysis, conductivity and chloride contents measurements, [I.R, U.V. - Vis spectroscopies] are suggested an octahedral geometry for all complexes

اقطاب كرافيت لاغشية متعدد كلوريد الفاينيل جديدة معتمدة على بوليمرات الطبعة الجزيئية للتعيين الجهدي الانتقالي لعقاري الرسبيريدون والكلبينكلامايد

Author name: همسة منعم ياسين
Supervisor name: نجوى اسحق عبد الله
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The increasing demand for rugged and robust sensors for the determination of drugs in pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples lead to the development of a new generation of ion selective membrane electrodes depended on molecular imprinting technique.Four graphite coated electrodes of polymers imprinted with two drugs namely Risperidone (Ris.) and Glibenclamide (Glb.) were constructed for the selective determination in their pure forms and pharmaceutical formulations.The study comprised two parts : The first part deals with the synthesis of molecularly imprinting polymers (MIP) and non - imprinting polymers (NIP) by bulk polymerization method using Risperidone and Glibenclamide as templates, acrylic acid (AA) and acrylamide (AAm) as functional monomers, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a cross linker and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as an initiator.The optimal ratios of (template : monomer : cross linker) which were used in the synthesis of the imprinted polymers were found to be 1 : 4 : 20 for Risperidone MIPs and 1 : 80 : 100 for Glibenclamide MIPs.The second part concerns with the designing of potentiometric sensors for Risperidone and Glibenclamide. The molecularly imprinted and non - imprinted membranes were prepared by dispersing the MIP and NIP particles in di - octyl phthalate (DOP) and di - butyl phthalate (DBP) plasticizers as solvent mediators and then embedded in poly vinyl chloride (PVC) matrix. The mixture was coated as a membrane onto a graphite electrode.The characteristics of the prepared electrodes according to the IUPAC recommendations including slope, linear range, detection limit, life time, response time, working pH range and selectivity were investigated by construction of a calibration curve for each electrode.Ris - MIP electrodes based on (AA) and (AAm) as functional monomers showed a near Nernstian and Nernstian slopes of (55.2and 59.0) mV/decade with a linear concentration range between (1.0×10 - 6 - 1.0×10 - 2) M and (5.0×10 - 7 - 1.0×10 - 2) M, and detection limits (3.3×10 - 7and 2.0×10 - 7) M respectively. The responses of the electrodes were stable in a pH range (4 - 8). The electrodes can be used for (7 and 13) weeks respectively without any divergence in the potential.Ris - MIP membrane based on (AAm) as a monomer was prepared using two kinds of plasticizers, DOP and DBP. The one using DOP exhibited better characteristics comparing with that based on DBP which showed a lower response with a slope of 47.9mV/decade and shorter life time of 3 weeks.On the other hand (Glb.) MIP based electrodes using (AA) and (AAm) as functional monomers showed a near Nernstian responses of ( - 51.5and - 57.7) mV/decade with a linear working range of (1.0×10 - 4 - 1.0×10 - 2) M and (1.0×10 - 5 - 1.0×10 - 3) M, and detection limits of (1.0×10 - 4 and 1.0×10 - 5) M respectively. The life time of these electrodes were (1and 6) weeks respectively. The proposed electrodes could be used in the pH range (2 - 4) with a stable response.Two plasticizers; DOP and DBP were tested during the preparation of Glb - MIP membranes based on (AAm) as a monomer. The (Glb.) membrane using DOP plasticizer exhibited better specifications than that based on DBP which showed a lower response with a slope of - 53.4mV/decade and shorter life time 3 weeks.All of the proposed Ris. - MIP and Glb - MIP sensors have a short response time of ≤ 30 seconds and revealed good selectivity for (Ris.) and (Glb.) over a wide variety of species.The validation of the proposed potentiometric method utilizing these new MIPs electrodes for (Ris.) and (Glb.) was achieved by accuracy and precision test in terms of inter - day (repeated over 3 days) and intra - day (repeated independently three times a day) measurements and calculating RE% and RSD% which is found less than (4 and 2.3046) for (Ris). and less than (4 and 2.3225) for (Glb.) respectively.The most effective electrodes; (Ris.) MIP and (Glb.) MIP based on (AAm) as a functional monomer and DOP as a plasticizer were used in the determination of Ris. and Glb. concentrations in their pharmaceutical formulations (tablets and caplets) obtained from different companies by direct, standard addition and multiple standard addition methods. A spectrophotometric method was also applied as a comparative one. The multiple standard addition method (M.S.A) has exhibited better results over the two other appliedThe recognition binding sites of the four synthesized polymers were studied by applying the rebinding procedure and plotting the adsorption isotherms of each polymer to find out Qmax. The equilibrium dissociation constant was calculated from the slope and the apparent maximum number of binding sites from the y - intercept in the linear Scatchard plot of Q/Cfree vs. Q

استخلاص وفصل بعض ايونات اللانثانات باستخدام متعدد الايثر ثنائي بنزو - 18 - كراون - 6 - من المحاليل المائية == Extraction and Seperation of Some Lanthanoide Ions by Polydibenzo - 18 - Crown - 6 - from Aqueous Solutions

Author name: هادي حسن جاسم الشمري
Supervisor name: مؤيد كاصد جلهوم | نجاة جواد العبيدي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: كان الهدف من البحث هو اعتماد انتقائية متعدد الايثر التاجي (PDB18C6) للايونات الموجبة في استخلاص بعض ايونات اللنثنيدات من محاليلها او فصلها عن بعض في حالات وجودها في المزيج وكذلك فصلها وتعيين نسبها في بعض خامات (Bastnaesite Ores) وشملت الدراسة بالاضافة الى اللنثنيدات عنصري السكانديوم والايتريوم للتشابه الكبير بين خواصهما وخواص اللنثنيدات حيث تصنف هذه العناصر مع اللنثنيدات ويطلق عليها تسمية (Lanthanoides) . العناصر التي درست كانت كالاتي : Sc) ، Y ، La ، Ce ، Pr ، Nd ، Eu ، Gd ، Dy ، Tm ، (Lu . كما تم تسليط الضوء على طبيعة عمليات الاستخلاص والعوامل المؤثرة عليها مثل : ا. زمن الاستخلاص .ب. قيمة الدالة الحامضية الـ (pH) المحلول .جـ. تاثير درجة الحرارة وتعيين الدوال الثرموديناميكية Gex) ، Hex ، (Sex .د. استنتاج تركيب المعقدات المستخلصة باستخدام طريقة تحليل الميل .ا. استخلاص اللنثنيدات : استخلصت جميع ايونات اللنثنيدات بالاضافة الى السكانديوم والايتريوم بوساطة بوليمر الكراون ايثر (PDB18C6) في اوساط حامضية تراوحت قيمة الدالة الحامضية لها ما بين (pH=3  5) 1. دراسة تاثير الدالة الحامضية (pH) المحلول : تم استخلاص الايونات المذكورة باستخدام قيم مختلفة من الدالة الحامضية وتم تحديد افضل قيمة مناسبة لعملية الاستخلاص لكل نوع من الايونات وكانت كالاتي : La Ce Pr Nd Eu Gd Dy Tm Lu Sc Y5.0 4.8 4.8 4.5 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.4 3.0 2.0 3.6لقد وجد عمليا ان قيمة الدالة الحامضية للمحلول (pH) تزداد كلما ازداد حجم الايون او نصف القطر .2. دراسة تاثير عامل الزمن : وجد ان هناك علاقة طردية بين فترة عملية الرج لاستخلاص كل ايون ونسب الاستخلاص متمثلة بقيم معامل التوزيع (kD) والنسبة المئوية للاستخلاص (E%) . حيث كلما تزداد الفترة الزمنية لعملية الاستخلاص ازدادت قيم كل من (kD) و(E%) حيث يصل الاستخلاص الى حالة الاتزان عندها يثبت تقريبا تركيز الايون المستخلص في الوسط العضوي (Corg) وتركيز الايون المتبقي ( غير المستخلص ) في المحلول المائي (Caq) . وان اعلى قيمة استخلاص لجميع الايونات كانت عند فترة الوصول الـى حالـة الاتزان . وان عملية الاستخلاص لجميع الايونات التي تمت دراستها قد وصلت الـى حالة التـوازن بعد (50 min) من عملية الرج باستثناء ايوني اللانثانيوم وحصل التوازن بعـد (60 min) والسكانديوم بعد (40 min) . علما ان فترة عملية الرج لجميـع الايونات تقريبا تراوحت ما بين (10 - 90 min) . 3. دراسة تاثير تركيز الحامض (HNO3) : كما درس تاثير تركيز الحامض (HNO3) خارج نطاق الـ (pH) على استخلاص اللنثنيدات باستخدام تراكيز مختلفة من الوسط الحامضي تراوحت ما بين (0.17.0 M) وقـد اثر سلبا تركيز الحامض على عملية الاستخلاص فكلما ازداد تركيـز الحامض بالمحلول انخفضت عملية الاستخلاص متمثلة بقيم (kD) و(E%) واعتقد ان السبب يرجع الى منافسة ايونات الهيدروجين (H+) ، ايونات اللنثانات (Ln3+) على الاستضافة داخل الحلقـة الكراونية مما يؤدي الى انخفاض نسبة الاستخلاص كلما ازداد تركيز ايونات الهيدروجين بالمحلول او ربما تحل محلها وتؤدي الى تفكك بعض جزيئات المعقد الناتج وكما في المعادلات التالية : Ln : الايون اللنثاني.L : الليكاند ( بوليمر الكروان ايثر ) .4. تعيين التركيب المحتمل للمعقد الناتج ما بين الايون اللنثاني والبوليمر : لتعيين تركيب المعقد الناتج ما بين الليكاند والايون تم استخدام طريقـة تحليـل الميل (Slope Analysis Method) . وتم التوصل الى تركيب المعقد من خلال الطريقة وكانت العلاقة كالاتي (1 : 1 : 3 Ln3+ : Crown : 3(NO¬3) ما بين الايـون والليكانـد والايـون السالـب على التوالي . دراسة تاثير درجة الحرارة : تم دراسة تاثير درجة الحرارة على عملية الاستخلاص وظهرت ان افضل درجة حرارة لعملية الاستخلاص لاغلب الايونات كانت (30 0C) باستثناء عدد من الايونات كانت نسبة الاستخلاص بدرجات حرارة اعلى كالاتي : . دراسة الدوال الثرموداينيميكية : وجد ان استخلاص ايونات اللنثنيدات من محلول حامضي تفاعل باعث للحرارة وذلك من خلال حساب قيم (Hex KJ/mole) ولكن زيادة الاستخلاص بالتسخين بسيطة من خلال حساب قيم معامل التوزيع (kD) والنسبة المئوية للاستخلاص (E%) وهـذا ما يثبت ان القوى المسيرة للتفاعل هي انتروبية على الاكثر حيث ظهرت قيمة (Sex) موجبـة لجميع الايونات . كما ظهرت قيمة (Gex KJ/mole) سالبة تدل على تلقائية التفاعل . وان قيـم Sex) ، Hex ، (Gex تتاثر بنوع الايون المستخلص والتوافق بالحجم ما بين قطر الايون وحجم الفجوة لبوليمر الكراون ايثر فكلما ازداد حجم الايون اللنثنيدي اقترب من حجم الفجوة الكراونية فيعطي استقرارية ثرموداينيميكية عالية لمعقد الترابط الايوني وزادت قيمة (Hex) ويحصل العكس كلما صغر حجم الايون اللنثنيدي .ب. فصل اللنثانات : تم فصل نماذج من ايونات اللنثنيدات يحتوي كل نموذج على مزيج من ايونين او ثلاثة ايونات من اللنثنيدات وذلك باستخدام كروموتوغرافيا العمود وكان الطور الثابت بالعمود هـو بوليمر الايثر التاجي (PDB18C6) والذي يعامل مسبقا بمحلول الطور المتحرك . والطور المتحرك كان محلول مخفف من حامض النتريك بتراكيز مختلفة تتناسب مع قيمة الدالة الحامضية للايونات المراد فصلها . ومعدل الجريان (1 ml/min) في اغلب الحالات وتم فصل الايونات التالية . 1. فصل ايونات (YIII) عن ايونات (ScIII) : كانت الدالة الحامضية لمحلول الاسترداد (pH=4) حيث احتجز الايتريوم بشكل تام لحين استرجاع جميع السكانديوم ثم يبدا بعدها استرجاع الايتريوم . 2. فصل ايونات (LaIII) عن ايونات (TmIII) : كانت الدالة الحامضية لمحلول الاسترداد (pH=5) وكان الفصل تام حيث احتجز اللنثنم بشكل كامل لحين استرجاع جميع الثوليوم بعدها يبدا استرجاع اللنثنم . 3. فصل ايونات (CeIII) عن ايونات (LuIII) : باستخدام محلول الاسترداد ذات الدالة الحامضية (pH=4.8) وحصل حجز تام للسيريوم على الحشوة لحين استرجاع كامل للوتشيوم بعدها يبدا استرجاع السيريوم . 4. فصل مزيج من ثلاث ايونات (ScIII) و(LaIII) و(PrIII) : تم فصل الايونات الثلاثة عن بعضها باستخدام محلول الاسترداد (HNO3) ذات دالة حامضية (pH=5) وكان السكانديوم اقلهم احتجاز لذلك استرجع بشكل تام خلال الدفعات الاولى ومن ثم بدا استرجاع ايونات البراسديميوم لان اللنثنم اكثرهم احتجاز بسبب قوة الترابط بين ايوناته والراتنج ولكن الفصل غير تام ما بين البراسديميوم واللنثنم حيث بدا اللنثنم بالخروج قبل الانتهاء من استرجاع اللنثنم . 5. فصل ايونات (TmIII) عن ايونات (LuIII) : تم فصل ايونات الثوليوم عن ايونات اللوتشيوم بشكل جزئي باستخدام محلول الاسترداد ذات الدالة الحامضية (pH=3.4) وكان فترة احتجاز الثوليوم اكثر قليلا من اللوتشيوم . ثم اعيد فصلها مرة اخرى بتغير قيمة الدالة الحامضية لمحلول الاسترداد الى (pH=3.0) حيث ازدادت فترة احتجاز اللوتشيوم وقلت فترة احتجاز الثوليوم على الحشوة وبقي الفصل بينهما غير تام بسبب التقارب في قوة ارتباط الايونين مع بوليمر الكراون ايثر . 6. فصل ايونات (LaIII) عن ايونات (CeIII) : تم فصل ايونات اللنثنم عن ايونات السيريوم باستخدام محلول الاسترداد ذات الدالة الحامضية (pH=4) وكانت فترة احتجاز السيريوم اكثر قليلا من اللنثنم لذلك تم استرجاع اللنثنم في البداية ولكن الفصل لم يكن تاما بسبب التقارب في الارتباط ما بين الايونين مع الراتنج . جـ. استخلاص وفصل ايونات اللنثنيدات من خامات Bastnaesite : تم فصل واستخلاص ثمانية ايونات من اللنثنيدات من ثلاثة انواع من خامات (Bastnaesite) الحاوية على اللنثنيدات . حيث توجد عناصر كل من (Lu,Dy,Eu,Y,Sm,Nd,Gd,Pr) في هذه الخامات بنسـب متفاوتـة . كما درس تاثيـر (pH) المحلول على عملية الاستخلاص وذلك باستخدام تركيزين مختلفين من محلول الاسترداد ( الطور المتحرك ) هما (1*10 - 3 M HNO3) و(1*10 - 4 M HNO3) . ولاحظنا بان للدالة الحامضية تاثير على زمن الاحتجاز للايونات على الحشوة ( بوليمر الكراون ايثر ) حيث احتجزت كمية من الايونات على الحشوة عندما كانت (pH=4.0) بالنسبة للايونات الخفيفة من اللنثنيدات بسبب قوة الترابـط بينـها وبين الراتنـج الموجود بالحشوة . وحصل احتجاز لبعض ايونات اللنثنيدات الثقيـلـة (Lu,Dy) عندما كانت (pH=3.0) لمحلو الاسترداد . استخدمـت تقنـيـة البلازما المحتثـة فـي تعييـن مـزيج عناصر اللنثنيدات . | The aim of the present work involved the extraction and separation of some lanthanide ions, scandium and yitterium (Sc,Y,La,Pr,Nd,Gd,Eu,Dy,Tm,Lu), using the polydibenzo - 18 - crown - 6 with nitrate salt. The factors was studied, shaking time, effect of pH, effect of temperature on the extraction ,complex structure formed and thermodynamic factors (Gex , Hex , Sex). Polydibenzo - 18 - crown - 6 was used for the extraction and separation of lanthanoides : - I - Lanthanoides Extraction Some lanthaniode ions (Ln3+) were extracted by polydibenzo - 18 - crown - 6 (PDB18C6). The best temperature and pH extracted for lanthanoide ions from lanthanum ions at 40 0C, (pH=5) of solution, the extraction percentage (97%) and the least extraction ions from Scandium were reached (71.25%) . The extraction of lanthanoide ions were studided at different pH between (1 - 5) to select the best pH for extraction.The pH value of solution from lanthanoide ions extraction increases with increase the cation diameter. The extraction percentage (E%) and distribution coeffeicent of lanthanide, scandium and yitterium ions increased with shaking time until equilibrium state. At the equilibrium state the remaining concentration (Caq) and extracting concentration (Corg) were constant .Extraction time to reach the equilibrium point at 50 min for most ions. Extraction for lanthanoide decreased by increasing the acidity of the solution between (0.1 - 7.0 M HNO3) . Because the protons displaced the lanthaniode ions (Ln3+) from the complex formation and the complex was dissociated according to the following equation L : polydibenzo - 18 - crown - 6 - Ln : Lanthanoide ion The structure of the extracted complex can be determined by slope method .The proposed structure obtained by extraction of 1 : 1 : 3 for lanthanoide ion : ligand : counter ion (NO3The best temperature for extraction process at 30 0C for most lanthnoide ions except for Lanthanum, Scandium at 40 0C and Yitterium at 60 0C From thermodynamic studies, show that the negative value of (Gex , Hex) it means the reaction process spontaneous and exothermic . While the extraction increased with temperature increase it means the reaction under entropy control and not enthalapy controlled. II - Lanthanoides Separation : The separation between two or three ions of lanthanoides was studied by Solid - Liquid Chromotography, using a packed column of polydibenzo - 18 - crown - 6 resin after treatment with nitric acid, as a stationary phase at different concentration of nitric acid were used as a mobile phase. The eluent flow rate at (1.0 ml/min). The length of the column (25 cm) with (1 cm) diameter.1 - Separation of yttrium ions from scandium ions by PDB18C6 resin as stationary phase and (1*10 - 4 M HNO3) as mobile phase with constant flow rate (1 ml/min). The scandium ions was eluted first one and the separation of Sc from Y was completed.2 - A complete separation of Lanthanum (La) from Thulium ions by the same condition as above, at pH=5 , in which the thulium ions were eluted first.3 - A complete separation of Cerium ions from Lutetium ions at (pH=4.8) of elution . Cerium completely retention until Lutetium ions were eluted. flow rate of elution (1 ml/min).4 - Separation of three lanthanoide ions (Pr,La,Sc) at (1*10 - 5 M HNO3) solution was eluted with flow rate (3 ml/min). A complete separation was achieved for the separation of Scandium from lanthanum and praseodymium ions at pH=5. Because the Pr and La ions retention by the resin. Praseodymium ion was partially separated from lanthanum ions.5 - A partial separation of thulium ions from lutetium ions, lutetium ions was eluted first at pH=3.4, while in the 2nd experiment thulium ions was eluted first at pH=3.6 - A partial separation of lanthanum ions from cerium ions by (1*10 - 4 M HNO3) as elution, Lanthanum ions were eluted first one.III - Extraction of Lanthanoides elements from Bastnaesite Ores : Three kinds of Bastnaesite ores were studied, using ICP emission (Inductively Coupled Plasma). The three Bastnaesite ores were contained the same elements (Pr, Gd, Nd, Sm, Y, Eu, Dy, Lu) at different percent. The separation of these elements by using the same column (25 cm with 1 cm diameter) at different pH (3,4), lighter lanthanide elements with best retention at pH=4, while the heavy elements (Dy, Lu) were retended at pH= 3 and have the same conformation as above

تطبيق الكيمومترية في تقدير بعض العقاقير بطرائق تحليلية مختلفة == Application of Chemometrics in Determination of Some Drugs via Different Analytical Techniques

Author name: نهلة عبد الرحمن علي العساف
Supervisor name: سرمد بهجت ديكران | علاء كريم محمد
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The work incorporated in the thesis is an attempt to develop new analytical methods for the determination of four medications belonging to different therapeutic groups namely; furosemide (FURO), carbamazepine (CARB), diazepam (DIAZ) and carvedilol (CARV). The study, which included the estimation of the studied drugs in their pure forms and in pharmaceutical formulations (tablets, ampoule and oral suspension), has been described in four chapters as follows : Chapter one : Includes an introduction to chromatography as well as basic principles, classification and theory of chromatography. A brief account on basic principles, modes and instrumentation of high performance liquid chromatography have been reported. The basic principles of derivative spectrophotometry and partial least squares method have been described as well as their applications in pharmaceutical analysis. In addition, this chapter gives a brief description of systematic name, structure and literatures on different methods reported for FURO, CARB, DIAZ and CARV.Chapter two : Covers the experimental part that includes chemicals, solvents and instruments used throughout this work as well as the description of the preparation of standard stock solutions and buffer solutions.Chapter three : Depicts the development and validation of a simple reverse - phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous analysis (separation and quantification) of furosemide, carbamazepine, diazepam and carvedilol.The effect of various factors such as mobile phase composition, flow rate, organic modifier and buffer percentage, pH of buffer, temperature and injection volume on the chromatographic performance of the four analytes have been studied. Under optimum conditions, isocratic elution with flow rate of 1.5 mL.min - 1 was employed on RP - NUCLEODUR® 100 - 5 C18ec (250 x 4.6 mm, 5μm) column. TheSummaryIImobile phase composed of 50 : 50 acetonitrile : deionized water (pH 3.6, acidified with acetic acid), the column temperature was 40°C and the injection volume 10 μL. The detection was done with UV detector at 226 nm, and the order of elution were FURO, CARB, DIAZ and CARV at 1.90 min, 2.79 min, 5.39 min and 9.56 min respectively. Calibration curves were constructed by plotting the peak area and the peak height against corresponding concentrations in the range of 1.0 - 100.0 μg.mL - 1 for furosemide, 2.5 - 100.0 μg.mL - 1 for both carbamazepine and diazepam and 5.0 - 100.0 μg.mL - 1 for carvedilol. The LOD and LOQ for the cited drugs were between (0.115 - 0.950 μg.mL - 1) and (0.348 - 1.440 μg.mL - 1) for peak area and (0.074 - 2.877 μg.mL - 1) and (0.225 - 1.599 μg.mL - 1) for peak height respectively. The precision in term of relative standard deviation was calculated and found to be less than 4 %, and accuracy expressed as relative error was less than 5%.The developed method has been applied successfully for the determination of the cited drugs in their pharmaceutical preparations and the recovery % were found to be (102.3% - 106.6%) and (97.5% - 103.0%) for furosemide, (94.2% - 98.2%) and (88.8% - 94.0%) for carbamazepine, (98.4% - 102.9%) and (96.9% - 107.5%) for diazepam, (92.3% - 106.4%) and (93.8% - 106.6%) for carvedilol for peak area and peak height respectively.Chapter four : Entitled “simultaneous determination of furosemide, carbamazepine, diazepam and carvedilol” deals with the simultaneous estimation of the four drugs in their quaternary mixtures via two methods namely : partial least squares regression and derivative spectrophotometry.Partial least squares (PLS) method was used as chemometric technique for simultaneous spectrophotometric estimation of FURO, CARB, DIAZ and CARV in their quaternary mixtures. Calibration graph for each drug was constructed in the concentration range of (1 - 20 μg.mL - 1) at 233.0 nm, 215.0 nm, 228.5 nm and 242.5 nm for FURO, CARB, DIAZ and CARV respectively and linear relations were obtained inSummaryIIIstudied concentration ranges. The first step in PLS methodology involved constructing a calibration (training) set from the spectrophotometric data obtained by careful UV - measurements on a set of known samples, composing of 84 mixtures that selected according to Simplex Lattice Mixture Design.The absorbance data matrices corresponding to the concentration data matrices for each of the 84 mixtures were obtained by the measurements of absorbance in the range 200 - 350 nm with a scan speed of 10 nm.sec - 1, averaging of 1.0 nm, bandwidth of 1.8 nm, and data interval of 0.5 nm against solvent blank. The PLS - 1 and PLS - 2 regression models were built with the help of OriginPro software version 2015 program and the concentration of the four drugs were then predicted. The result of relative standard deviation percentage (RSD %) and relative error percentage (RE %) were in the ranges (1.2638% - 6.0529%) and ( - 0.0845% - 3.8053%) respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied in the simultaneous determination of furosemide, carbamazepine, diazepam and carvedilol in their synthetic sample mixtures.Derivative spectrophotometric techniques (first, second, third and fourth derivatives) were developed for the simultaneous determination of FURO, CARB, DIAZ and CARV in their quaternary mixtures. It was found that FURO and CARV could be determined by all modes of derivative (i.e. first to fourth order); CARB could be determined by first, second, and third order; while only first and second modes of derivative could be used in the determination of DIAZ in presence of other investigated drugs.The zero crossing technique was employed in first derivative measurements, using the peak height to baseline at 336.5, 358.5, 306.0 and 331.5 nm for CARV, FURO, CARB and DIAZ respectively, which was in proportion to the drug concentration therefore they are used for the quantitative estimation of the titled drugs. The second derivative spectra of the same mixtures show that peak height at332.5 nm for CARV, and height to baseline at zero cross (273.5, 226.0 and 218.5 nm) for FURO, CARB and DIAZ respectively, could be used to quantify the corresponding concentration for each drug. While in the third derivative method the peak height at 288.0 nm and height to baseline at zero cross at 237.5 and 224.0 nm were found to be useful for the determination of CARV, FURO and CARB respectively. The careful inspection of the fourth derivative spectra obtained for the mentioned quaternary mixtures reveal that peak height at 288.0 nm and height to baseline at zero cross at 234.0 nm were in proportion to the CARV and FURO concentrations respectively.The results show no interferences from the excipients on the determination of the four drugs by utilizing these techniques, thus they were suitable to be applied for the estimation of CARV, FURO, CARB and DIAZ in their pharmaceutical preparations.

تحضير غشاء ال PVC لتقطير الفراغي بالاغشية والترشيح الدقيق جدا عن طريق التطعيم مع PEA وPVP كمضافات == Preparation of PVC membrane for Vacuum membrane distillation and nanofiltration by grafting with PEA and PVP as additives

Author name: منال افهم توما الصائغ
Supervisor name: طارق سهيل نجم | قصي فاضل الصالحي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The present work divided in to two parts, in the first part; hydrophobic modification of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was performed with the introduction of ethyl acrylate (EA) monomer onto the polymer backbone by free radical graft copolymerization with Benzoylperoxid as initiator. The effect of grafted copolymerization reaction time (1.5 - 4.5h), and monomer concentration (0.3 - 1.3M) on polymerization yield was evaluated. Mechanism described the free radical graft copolymerization was proposed. Membranes from PVC and grafted PVC solutions were prepared via immersion precipitation process for vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) application. The success of EA grafting onto PVC was confirmed by Fourier - transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and energy - dispersive X - ray spectroscopy (EDX). The membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, and measurements of contact angle, thickness, pore size, and porosity. Fourier - transform infrared (FTIR) data showed that the PVC - g - PEA displayed new absorption peaks indicated the introduction of the EA ester group on PVC. A significant difference between the spectrum of the PVC and PVC - g - PEA in the peak of chlorine and carbon was observed by using EDX analysis. The EA grafting onto PVC could affect the structural morphology of the PVC - g - PEA membranes by increasing percentage of porosity and the largest pore size, the contact angle of the prepared membranes, and also by reducing membrane thickness. According to the results of VMD on distilled water, the permeate flux of the modified membrane was improved by about 15 times compared to the unmodified PVC membrane. The highest permeate flux of theAbstractmodified membrane was about 41 kg/m2h at 60°C of feed temperature and 2 mbar of vacuum pressure. In the second part; hydrophilic physically modified polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was established by blending of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). The Nanofiltration flat sheet membranes prepared from different concentrations of PVC (i.e., 18, 20, 22 and 24 wt.%) with 3wt.% PVP - 90k as a polymer additive via immersion precipitation method was carried out. The resulted membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations, atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier - Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thickness, contact angle measurement, mechanical test, pore size and porosity. Nanofiltration process is applied to evaluate the performance of the membranes with distilled water and 0.6M NaCl solution at different; pressure (10 - 18 bar), flow rate (150 - 450 l/min) and feed temperature (25 - 35oC). The results showed that with increasing of PVC concentration in present of 3% PVP additive increases the Young’s Modulus from 147.87 MPa to 242.13 MPa, strength at Break from 5.06MPa to 7.37 MPa, Elongation at break from 26.24% to 54.95 % and hydrophilicity from 83.0% to 60.0 % while decreased porosity from 82.85% to73.04%, Equilibrium Water Content (EWC) from 85.0% to 63.5%andpore size from 0.13μm to 0.07 μm. The water flux increased when increasing flow rate, pressure and temperature but decreased with increasing PVC concentration while the NaCl rejection decreased with increasing pressure, temperature and PVC concentration.

الدراسة الحركية لمشتقات البايروليدين المحضرة من الجالكونات مع قواعد شف == Kinetics Study To Prepared Derivatives From Chalcone With Schiff bases

Author name: ليلى عبد الرحمن جبر
Supervisor name: احلام محمد فرحان | عبد الرحمن خضير الطائي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يتضمن العمل الحالي جزئين في تحضير مركبات غير متجانسة جديدة ودراسة حركيتها الفيزئاية، القسم (A) الاول يشمل تحضير مركبات الجالكونات الجديدة (C1 - C20) من الكيتونات الدوائية (β - Thujone , Spizofurone , p - Amino acetophenone , Norphenazone ) مع الالديهايدات الاورماتية عن طريق ( تكثيف شمدت - كليزن) ، القسم (B) تحضير عدد من قواعد شف المعوضة والمحضرة بطريقة تكاثف 4 - بنزايل امين مع الالديهايدات الاروماتية المعوضة (B1 - B5) .تم تفاعل القسم (A) مع القسم (B) لتحضير مشتقات البايروليدن ( P.D1 - P.D20) ، وذلك من خلال مفاعلة قواعد شف المعوضة مع قاعدة هيدروكسيد البوتاسيوم الكحولية لتحضير الانيون المضاف الى الاصرة المزدوجة بالجالكون حيث كانت الاضافة من نوع ( 1، 3) بطريقة الهجوم النيكلوفيلي .تم تشخيص كل المركبات المحضرة (قواعد شيف ، الجالكونات,مشتقات البايروليدن) باستخدام الطرائق الطيفية (FT - IR, UV ,1H - NMR, 13C - NMR) .الجزء الثاني هي اجراء دراسة الحركية باستخدام تقنيات مختلفة (الفلورسنس,الاشعة فوق البنفسجية, التوصيل الكهربائي، والفولتمترية الحلقية ) لعملية الاضافة الانيونية لقواعد شيف على الاصرة المزدوجة للجالكونات وتتبع حركية التفاعل وايجاد ثابت سرعة التفاعل وايجاد ميكانيكية خطوات تكوين الناتج عند درجات حرارية مختلفة (293 - 323 كلفن) لحساب قيم طاقات التنشيط ومعامل التردد (معامل ارهينوس) وانتروبي التنشيط من خلال تطبيق معادلة ارهينوس حيث تشير القيم السالبة للانتروبي الى منع العملية العكسية اي تكوين الناتج وعدم تفككه ، كما ان المعوضات والاعاقة الفراغية لها دور واضح على قيم ثوابت السرعة وطاقة التنشيط. ومن خلال تتبع حركية التفاعل وجد انه من التفاعلات المتتالية وتمتاز بتكوين مركب وسطي يتحول الى الناتج الحلقي المطلوب (مشتقات الباريوليدين).ومن خلال القياسات المذكورة لكلا مكونات التفاعل وبعدة تقنيات تم التوصل الى ان التفاعل تكوين وسط واحد للوصول الى المركب الوسطي واعطاء الناتج . | The present work involves preparing new heterocyclic compounds and kinetic study through two parts : the first part of this study includes two sections of the synthesis, section (A) preparation new (Chalcone ) compound (C1 - C20) from pharmaceutical ketones (β - Thujone, Spizofurone, p - Amino acetophenone, Norphenazone ) with aromatic aldehyde through (Claisen - Schmidt) condensation. Section (B) includes synthesis of number of Schiff bases from (4 - benzylamine) with aromatic aldehydes (B1 - B5) through way condensing.The reaction between section (A) and section (B) afforded the desired products pyrrolidine derivative P.D (1 - 15) , first Schiff bases with bases (KOH) dissolved in ethanol to prepare anions which acted as a nucleophile that has the ability to attack the exocyclic double bond of Chalcones through the 1,3 - anionic cycloaddition mechanism to form the product. All these compounds were characterized by using (UV,FT - IR,1H - NMR and 13C - NMR ). The second part is the using Kinetic study via different techniques (Fluorescence , UV - Visible, Conductivity and cyclic voltammetry ) to fined reaction order and calculate to follow the reaction kinetics and mechanism of the reaction rate constant , and find out mechanism steps product formation as study at different temperature (293 - 323 K) to calculate the activation energies , Arrhenius factor values and entropy of activation through the application of Arrhenius equation was the presence of substitutes and steric effects obvious effect on the values of the rate constants .It was concluded that this type of reactions are of consecutive reactions and characterized configure an intermediate turns into a cyclic product ( pyrrolidine derivatives).Through measurements listed for both parties to interact and several techniques have been found that the interaction is in transition state one to get into intermediate and give product

تحضير، تشخيص وتقدير الفعالية البايولوجية لقواعد شف جديدة ومعقدات فلزية مختلطة الليكاند لبعض المواد الدوائية == Synthesis, Characterization And Biological Evaluation of New Schiff Bases Mixed Ligand Metal Complexes of Some Drug Substances

Author name: لقاء خالد عبد الكريم
Supervisor name: تغريد هاشم جاسم النور
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تناول العمل المقدم بهذه الاطروحة تحضير وتشخيص : (A الليكاندان قاعدتا شف (HL1 - HL2) مشتقة من مضادات حيوية مختارة β - lactam Amoxcilline trihydrate ] (AmoxH) وAmpicillin trihydrate [ (AmpiH) مع 4 - chlorobenzophenone.B) ليكاند قاعدة شف HL3 مشتق من دواء Methyl dopa (M - dopa) مع 4 - (dimethylaminobezaldehyde) كما في الجدول ادناه : والليكندات متضمنه (N,O,O) كذرات واهبة من نوع (O N O) لليكاندين(HL1 و(HL2 و(N,O) لليكاند. HL3 تم تشخيص الليكاندات (HL1 - HL3) باستعمال طيف ( ( 1H - NMRو(13C - NMR) اطياف الاشعة تحت الحمراء FT - IR وفوق البنفسجية U.V - Vis ،التحليل الدقيق للعناصر (C.H.N.S) ، درجة الانصهار والتحليل الحراري لليكاندين HL1) و( HL2 وكما تم رسم اشكال المقترحة لليكاندات باستخدام البرنامج الكيميائي الجاهز كيم اوفيس Cs Chem 3D Ultra program package (2006),وكما مبين في الاشكال الاتية 6 - [2 - {[(4 - Chloro - phenyl) - phenyl - methylene] - amino} - 2 - (4 - hydroxy - phenyl) - acetylamino] - 3,3 - dimethyl - 7 - oxo - 4 - thia - 1 - aza - bicyclo[3.2.0]heptane - 2 - carboxylic acid (HL1) 6 - (2 - {[(4 - Chloro - phenyl) - phenyl - methylene] - amino} - 2 - phenyl - cetylamino) - 3,3 - dimethyl - 7 - oxo - 4 - thia - 1 - aza - bicyclo[3.2.0]heptane - 2 - carboxylic acid (HL2)2 - methyl - propionic acid (HL3)تحضير المعقدات المختلطة الليكاند : 1)استعمال قواعد شف (HL1 - HL2) كليكاندات اولية مع Nicotinamide (NAm) كليكاند ثانوي مع الايونات M(II) وM(III) . 2) استعمال قاعدة شف HL3 كليكاند اولي مع Anthranilic acid (AnthH) كليكاند ثانوي مع الايونات M(II) وM(III) وكما في الجدول الاتي : المعقدات المحضرة شخصت بالطرائق الاتية : التوصيلية المولارية، الدراسات الطيفية (الاشعة تحت الحمراء، الاشعة فوق البنفسجية - المرئية ومطيافية الامتصاص الذري) فضلا عن قياس الحساسية المغناطيسية مع استعمال البرنامج الكيميائي (Chem Office - Cs. chem - 3D pro 2006) في رسم اشكال الليكاندات والمعقدات. قيم العزوم المغناطيسية والاطياف الالكترونية لجميع المعقدات دلت على ان جميع المعقدات لها بنية ثماني السطوح.كما تم اختبار الفعالية البايولوجية المضادة للبكتريا لليكاندات الحرة مع معقداتها المحضرة بتقنية قياس منطقة التثبيط (ZI) . | The work in this thesis deals with the synthesis and characterization of : A) The two Schiff bases ligands (HL1 - HL2) derived from selected β - lactam antibiotics (Amoxcilline trihydrate and Ampicillin trihydrate) with 4 - Chlorobenzophenon.B) One Schiff bases ligand HL3 derived from drug Methyldopa with 4(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde as shown table below : The ligands containing (N ,O and O) as donor atoms type (O N O) for (HL1 and HL2) and (N,O) for HL3 .The prepared ligands (HL1 - HL3) were characterized by (1H - NMR) and (13C - NMR) spectra, FT - I.R, U.V - Vis spectroscopy, (C.H.N.S), melting point and thermal analysis for (HL1 and HL2), According to the results obtained from 1H - NMR, 13C - NMR and FT - IR, U.V/vis. The proposed molecular structure Ligands (HL1 - HL3) were drawing by using Cs Ultra chem. office 3D Ultra program package (2006). As shown in Figures below (three dimensional view of ligand). 6 - [2 - {[(4 - Chloro - phenyl) - phenyl - methylene] - amino} - 2 - (4 - hydroxy - phenyl) - acetylamino] - 3,3 - dimethyl - 7 - oxo - 4 - thia - 1 - aza - bicyclo[3.2.0]heptane - 2 - carboxylic acid (HL1) - (2 - {[(4 - Chloro - phenyl) - phenyl - methylene] - amino} - 2 - phenyl - cetylamino) - 3,3 - dimethyl - 7 - oxo - 4 - thia - 1 - aza - bicyclo[3.2.0]heptane - 2 - carboxylic acid(HL2) 3 - (3,4 - Dihydroxy - phenyl) - 2 - [(4 - dimethylamino - benzylidene) - amino] - 2 - methyl - propionic acid (HL3) Synthesized of mixed ligand complexes : 1) Schiff bases ligands (HL1 - HL2) uses as primary ligand with nicotinamide (NAm), as a secondary ligands with M (II) and M(III).2) Schiff base ligand HL3 use as primary ligand with Anthranilic acid (AnthH), as a secondary ligands with M (II) and M (III) shown Table below : Complexes were prepared, which have been characterized through the following techniques : Molar conductivity ,Spectroscopic Method (FT - IR), (UV - Vis) and A.A additional measurement magnetic susceptibility. The measurement magnetic susceptibility with the electronic spectra data suggested an octahedral geometry for all the complexes .The antimicrobial activity of the synthesized compounds as well as their free ligands was studied by the zone of inhibition (ZI) technique

تحضير وتشخيص مشتقات جديدة لـ - L حامض الاسكوربيك مع معقداتها الفلزية ودراسة فعاليتها البيولوجية == Synthesis and identification of new derivative of L - ascorbic acid with their metal complexes and study of their biological effectiveness

Author name: فوزي يحيى وداي
Supervisor name: فالح حسن موسى | هدى احمد فاضل البياتي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

تحضير مشتقات سكرين جديده تحتوي على بعض وحدات حلقيه غير متجانسه == Synthesis Of New Saccharin Derivatives containing some heterocyclic moieties

Author name: عذراء حامد مكي
Supervisor name: رضا ابراهيم حسين البياتي | مازن حبيب جليل
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: بسب كون السكرين ومشتقاته من المركبات المهمة جدا على المجال الصناعي وايضا تستخدم كمواد بايولوجية ولهذا السبب تم تحضير سبعه وخمسون مركب.في البداية فان مشتقات N - الكيل سكرين تم تحضيرها من تفاعل ملح الصوديوم للسكرين مع هاليدات الكيل مختلفة .هذه المركبات استخدمت في تحضير المشتقات الاخرى للسكرين من خلال المحاور التالية : المحور الاول : يتضمن تحضير حلقه البايروزول - 5 - اون المركبات (A15 - A17, A32 , A33) من خلال حولقة المركب A1 مع الهايدرازين ومشتقاته , من ثم استخدام المركب A15لتحضير المركب A18 من تفاعله مع الاثيل اسيتو اسيتيت . كذلك مفاعله المركب A1 مع الفنيلين داي امين ومعوضه ليعطي مشتقات البنزايمدازول ((A19 , A20 . بينما حولقته مع مشتقات الفينول وبوجود الببردين او حامض الكبريتيك المركزاعطى مشتقات الكيومارين (A19 - A24) . المحور الثاني : يتضمن تحضير المركبات (A25 - A31) من خلال تفاعل المركب A2 مع الهيدرازين او اثيل 2 - هيدرازينو - 4 - ميثل - 1,3 - ثيازول - 5 - كاربوكسيليت - 2 (Z3) , مثيل - 1,2 - بنزوايزوثيازول 3 (2H) - اون هيدرازون - 1 1,داي اوكسيد .المحور الثالث : يتضمن تحضير المركبات (A32,A33) من تفاعل ملح الصوديوم للسكرين مع هاليدات الاستر ومن ثم التحلل المائي للمشتقات استر السكرين لتحويلها الى الحوامض المقابلة , وكذلك تفاعل السكرين مع الفنيلين ثنائي امين اعطى المركب A38 والذي تم مفاعلته مع الفنيل ايزوثايوسيانات واسيتيل كلورايد لتحضير المركبات A39و A40على التوالي . المحور الرابع : يتضمن تحضير سكرين هيدرازايد ومن ثم حولقته مع الاثيل اسيتو اسيتيت لينتج المركبات . A44 , A43 المحور الخامس : يتضمن تحضير قواعد شيف جديده (A49,A50,A51) من تفاعل A2 , A12 مع مركب الثايوسيمكاربازايد او مركب سيمكاربازايد.المحور السادس : يتضمن تفاعل الغلق الحلقي للمركبات (A49,A50,A51) مع فنيل اسايل برومايد لينتج حلقة الثايزول واوكسوزول (A52,A53,A54) .المحور السابع : يتضمن الغلق الحلقي للمركبات (A49,A50,A51) مع اثيل - كلورواسيتيت بوجود صوديوم اسيتيت لينتج المركباتA57 , A56 , A55 .المحور الاخير من هذا البحث يتضمن تقيم الفعالية البايولوجيه لبعض المركبات المحض رة ( A5 , A 6 , A7 , A8 , A12 , A14, A26 , A47, A49 , A50, A51, A52, A53, A54, A55, A56 , A57) ضد اربعه انواع من البكتريا الموجبة للصبغة غرام وا( ,staphylococcus aureus , streptococcus sp, واخرى سالبة للصبغة غرام E. coli , klebsiella pneumniae ) وايضا ضد خميره candida albicans fungi) ) المركبات المحضرة تم تشخيصها بتحديد الخواص الفيزيائية لهذه المركبات ومنها درجة الانصهار وكذلك بواسطة الطرق الطيفية مثل الاشعة تحت الحمراء والاشعة فوق البنفسجية وطيف الرنين النووي المغناطيسي وطيف الكتلة . | Saccharin and its derivatives are very important class of compounds used in biological and industrial fields. For that reason fifty seven compounds have been synthesized by many methods. Initially , N - alkyl saccharin derivatives (A1 - A14,A32,A33) were synthesized by the reaction of sodium saccharin with the different alkyl halides compounds. The compounds (A1 - A14,A32,A33) were used to synthesize other derivatives of saccharin in this project , through seven routes of synthesis. The first route was cyclization reaction of compound A1 with hydrazine and its derivatives to produce pyrazole - 5 - one ring compounds (A15 - A17),then compound (A15) was used for synthesis of compound (A18) by reacting it with ethyl acetoacetate. The compound (A1) was reacted with phenylenediamine or 3,4 - diamine toluene to give benzimidazoles derivatives (A19 , A20 ) respectively .While cyclization with m - substituted phenol in the presence of H2SO4 or piperidine gave coumarin derivatives (A21 - A24). The second route was synthesis of compounds (A25 - A31) by reaction of compound (A2) with hydrazine , ethyl 2 - hydrazino - 4 - methyl - 1,3 - thiazole - 5 - carboxylate and (3Z) - 2 - methyl - 1,2 - benzisothiazol - 3(2H) - one hydrazone 1,1 - dioxide. The third route was synthesis of compounds (A32 - A41,A47) from reacting sodium saccharin with halo ester .The resulted compounds(A32,A33) were converted to crosspounding acids by hydrolysis. Saccharin was treated with ethylenediamine to give compound A38 and then treated with phenylisothiocyanate and acetylchloried to produce (A39 and A40) respectively. The fourth route was synthesizing of saccharine hydraziede by treatment saccharin with hydrazine , then cyclization reaction with ethyl acetoacetate to produce compounds A43,A44 . The fifth route was synthesis of novel Schiff bases (A49,A50 and A51) by the reactions of compounds (A2 or A12) with thiosemicarbazide or semicarbazide . The sixth route was cyclization reaction of compounds A49 - A51with phenacyl bromide to produce thiazole ring or oxazole ring compounds (A52 - A54). The seven route was cyclization compounds (A49 - A51) with ethyl chloroacetate in the presence of sodium acetate to produce compounds (A53 - A57). The last part of this project was to test the biological activity of some of the synthesized compounds (A5 , A 6 , A7 , A8 , A12 , A14, A26 , A47, A49 , A50, A51, A52, A53, A54, A55, A56 , A57) on gram positive bacterial such as staphylococcus aureus , streptococcus sp and gram nagetive bacterial such as E. coli, klebsiella pneumniae , also antifungal activity against candida albicans fungi . The synthesized compounds have been characterized by determination of some of their physical properties such as melting points, and spectroscopic methods such as ( FTIR ) , ( U.V ) , ( 1H - NMR , 13C - NMR ) and mass spectra

تحضير ودراسة حركية بولمرات الامتصاص العالي للماء من مصادر زراعية وتطبيقاتها لاطلاق الاسمدة == Preparation and Kinetic Study of Super absorbent Polymers Based on Agriculture Resources and their Applications as Fertilizer Release

Author name: صلاح محمود عبد الله مسربت
Supervisor name: طارق سهيل نجم
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The present work deals with the extraction of cellulose from Reeds and Rushes, which are wild plants, grow in most parts of Iraq near the bank of rivers but especially at the southern part of Iraq in the marshes. The cellulose from these plants were extracted by alkali cooking via two methods, in the first one, which is a well known method, high temperature with pressure were used, while the second one which is developed by our laboratory to avoid the high temperature and pressure as well as, the cellulose extracted from reeds and rushes used as it is without purification, the development was carried out in order to be feasible in industrial application. The effect of pH on swelling capacity was also studied and revealed that the maximum swelling capacity was obtained at neutral and near neutral environment. Moreover, the swelling of these polymers, studied in different types of water, Tap water, Saline water 0.9% NaCl beside the distilled water, showed that the swelling capacity in these media was lower than that in distilled water, which is in agreement with that found in the literature. In order to increase the swelling capacity of the super absorbent polymers, a composite with the Iraqi bentonite was attempted, a simple increase in the swellingcapacity was achieved at 15% bentonite but, unfortunately soft material was obtained.The swelling kinetics for both polymers SAP - AA and SAP - AAm were studied, the results reveal that both polymers follow the second - order kinetic model, and the second order rate constants were 1.3 x 10 - 5 and 1.9 x 10 - 5 min - 1. g - 1 for SAP - AAm and SAP - AA respectively. Krosmeyer - Peppas equation was applied to the experimental data, which reveal that the swelling follow Fickian diffusion mechanism. Heat of swelling was evaluated through the effect of temperature on swelling capacity at different temperature and found to be 4.05 and 27.78 KJ/mole for SAP - AA and SAP - AAm respectively. The ability to use the super absorbent polymers in agriculture was also studied through, first : the ability of those polymers to retain water or its evaporation percentage (EP), in this aspect unfortunately the surface crosslinking was not done for the polymers so, the evaporation percentage was somewhat high, and second : The use of polymers to release fertilizers, both polymers were loaded with dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (DPHP) and the release was studied in distilled water and in soil using distilled water for irrigation every four days, it was found that the release data follow second order kinetic, the release of fertilizer in soil reveals that the fertilizer can last for about four months in case the irrigation is done every four days.

تحضير قواعد الازو - شف المشتقة من السالسلديهايد ومعقداتها مع اللانثانيدات واختبار سلوكها الحراري كبلورات سائلة == Synthesis of Schiff - base Derived from Salicylaldehyde with their Lanthanide Complexes and Examination of their Thermal Behavior as Liquid Crystals

Author name: سديم محمد بدري البارودي
Supervisor name: خليل خلف عبد التميمي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: In this work four ligands based on azobenzene mesogenic unit and their lanthanide complexes which could exhibit liquid crystalline behavior were synthesized and investigated. The four classes briefly described as follows :  [H2L1] N - (2 - hydroxy phenyl) - 4 - n - butylsalicylaldimines) which prepared by the reaction of 5 - ((4 - Butyl phenyl) azo) - salicylaldehyde [AZO1] with 2 - Aminophenol. [H2L2] N, N - Di - (4 - butylsalicylidene) - 1,3 - diaminopropane by the reaction of [AZO1] with 1,3 - Diaminopropane in 2 : 1 molar ratio. [H2L3] Bis[{1 - (4 - Hydroxyphenylazo) - 2 - nitrobenzene}salicylidene] - 1,2 - benzene diamine by the reaction of 1 - (3 - Formyl - 4 - hydroxyphenylazo) - 2 - nitrobenzene [AZO2] with 2 - phenylenediamine in 2 : 1 molar ratio. [H2L4] Bis[{1 - (4 - hydroxyphenylazo) - 2 - nitrobenzene}salicylidene] - 1,3 - diamino propane by the reaction of [AZO2] with 1,3 - diaminopropane in 2 : 1 molar ratio.Lanthanide metal complexes of the prepared ligands of the type LnH2L1(HL1)2Cl, Ln(H2L2)L2Cl, LnH2L3Cl3 and Ln(H2L4)L4Cl, Ln= La+3, Ce +3, Sm+3 and Gd+3 were prepared and characterized.The ligands and complexes were characterized by 1H and 13CNMR, elemental analysis (C.H.N.O), FT - IR spectroscopy, GC - mass, Magnetic susceptibility, Molar Conductivity and Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA).Investigation of complexes suggest that lanthanide ions react with H2L1 in 1 : 3 molar ratio and two ligands molecules behaves as tridentate and the third one as bidentate as it present in zwitter ionic form with an additional one chloro ion to complete nine coordination geometry.VIThe 1 : 2 molar ratio with H2L2 ligand shown one molecule behaves as tetradentate and bidentate for the other which were presents as zwitteric ion form with an additional one chloro ion to complete seven coordination geometry. The third lanthanide complexes H2L3 ligand were conformed with 1 : 1 molar ratio ligand, which behaves as tetradentate and an additional three chloro ions to complete seven coordination geometry. Lanthanide complexes H2L4 of 1 : 2 molar ratio, one ligand molecule behaves as tetradentate and bidentate for the other as it present in zwitter ionic and an additional chloro ion to complete seven coordination geometry.Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements and optical polarized microscopy (POM) were used to study the thermal behavior of the prepared ligands and lanthanide(III) complexes and indicated that : [H2L1] and the lanthanide(III) complexes are an enantiotropic liquid crystal exhibiting smectic - A (SmA) phases during heating to isotropic liquid (I) and the reverse cooling process to crystalline solid (Cr) exhibit as Smectic - A phase.[H2L2]and the lanthanide(III) complexes exhibit smectic - A (SmA) broken focal - conic fan texture during heating to isotropic liquid (I) and the reverse cooling process to crystalline solid (Cr) exhibit as Smectic - A phase.[H2L3] directly changed from crystal to isotropic at 294 ℃ and did not exhibit any mesophase texture and appear under (POM) as bright crystals, while the lanthanide(III) complexes are an enantiotropic liquid crystal exhibiting smectic - A (SmA) phases.[H2L4] exhibits smectic A (SmA) phases during heating to isotropic liquid (I) and the reverse cooling process to crystalline solid (Cr), However, its lanthanide(III) complexes didn’t exhibit any mesophase texture under (POM) or phase transition in (DSC) and directly changed from crystal to isotropic
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