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مظاهر الاقتصاد اللغوي في مجمع الامثال للميداني (ت 518 هـ) : دراسة تطبيقية == Features of Linguistic economy Proverbs Comilation to AL - Maydani deceased 518 AH

اسم المؤلف: حسين كريم جياد سمين الكلابي
اسم المشرف: هاشم جعفر حسين الموسوي
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: اللغة
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Thesis title : The means of linguistic economy Proverbs complex field to Al ــ Maydani deceased 518 AH .Thesis Subject : Study and analysis of economic and linguistic means in the Arabic proverbs in the applied field mentioned above.Components of the Thesis : The thesis consists of four chapters preceded by introduction and the preparation and tracking of the conclusion and proven sources and references.The introduction includes the definition of the terms of the Arabic language economy and proverbs, in which I tried to root for this subject, and I endeavored to define the linguistic economy, which I hope will be a block.The first chapter was entitled (The means of sound economy), and it included multiple researches, studied and analyzed them : sound economy by implication, sound economy by fracturing motion, sound economy by the link, etc.The second chapter was devoted to the study and analysis of the methods of the morphological economy, in which the semantic aspect was examined, and it was mentioned in several terms, including : the morphological economy in the plural and the appendices, the morphological economy in the form of exaggeration, .The third chapter examined the methods of grammatical economy, and it divided it into the following topics : the grammatical economy by deletion, the grammatical economy in general, the grammatical economy on behalf of the scientific name, etc.The fourth chapter deals with the study and analysis (semantic intensification methods), including : the semantic intensification by turns, the semantic intensification of probability, the semantic condensation with verbal accompaniment, etc.Thesis Methodology : The study was based on the critical analytical descriptive method for monitoring the means of linguistic economy in the proverbs in the complex of proverbs, and then to study and analyze these proverbs, and to refrain from discussing controversial issues and support what is supported by the Qur'anic and poetic evidence, if any. Of the Arabic proverbs.The results of the thesis : The researcher generated a number of results, including : Investigating the reasons of the economy and found that they fall under five main trends (the deletion that shares the sound, drainage, grammar, meaning, dispensing, lightness, concise, and abbreviated) that the deletion most used on the tongues The results of the study did not find an impact on the economy, but the facilitation of words, especially in the Arabic proverbs, was conducted on their tongues without cost, and the results showed that the Arab sought to get rid of the difficult voices that cause him difficulty in speaking and require more effort in other voices Require m In addition, the results indicate that there are two types of content in the proverbs, one of which is not linked to a specific time, and the other is related to time - specific coincidences. The proverbs of two methods in speech, either myself addresses feelings and feelings, or mentally addressed to the mind and based on the evidence and argument, as well as the results of the applied study is a result; because it was based on the application of theoretical texts on the Arabic proverbs, From experience to researcher.

تحبيك التاريخ في الرواية النسائية العراقية بعد 2003م == Emplotment history of the Iraqi Women's novel after 2003

اسم المؤلف: مريم جبل كاظم سعدون النايلي
اسم المشرف: اوراد محمد كاظم
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: الادب
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This study looked at the novelist models absorbed historic in many ways, as a piece of text space, based on history by making it interactive and absorbing reference transmit it, and reflect the social, political and historical reality as the novel begins from reality to paint and building events, reflecting the shifts and changes that have affected society, and expressive and tragic reality bitter, dominated by the theme of violence as the theme of ideology has been able to occupies a large area in novel writing, including in respect of the effects of the devastation and oppression, through different techniques and methods to evoke historical reference in the novels, some of which were adopted in the events listed on the anonymous Rao, non - participant in the narrative process, some of which was mediated by the characters, or through an external Rao, for a variety of viewing angles, and also through various forms of dialogue, was the product of that accommodate women's history in the novel, and the findings of the researcher : • The writer raised concerns of political and social world, filled with history novels, inspired him to events past and present other, dealt with topics Frequently Asked Overall, I wrote about the wars and revolutions and tragedies portrayed stages of the rebellion, tyranny and corruption of the ruling regimes. • hired novels, social and cultural historical political figures and realistic, of revolutionary heroes, and dictators, summoned by the presence of popular historical figures or mystical within the narrative structure, given roles in the plot fiction as a symbol of the nation path .• refer the imaginary characters in most novels on historical figures; especially as some accounts come with all of the personalities of Tadian mutual role, and offered to lend historical realism feature on the novel; especially related to the terms of reference of time historical, in addition to events imagined, which refers to the real event figures. • varied historical and social issues in the novels, most of them from the current date, and then come back rebounds requiring novel of introduction of some issues that fit with the periods of time which codified them. • The presence of historical reference in the novels and clearly defined, hardly constitutes a phenomenon in the novel, whether it be at the forefront of some of the novels which Tsfh Metn novelist specific historical terms of reference, or is it the middle of, or at the end, it was filled history ample space from them. • In most historical texts contained in the novels, we see the similarity of the historical text with the text of the novel, except for the referral of brokered imaginary narrative as space accommodates historical issues, and references to historical realist. • historical perspective form in the Metn novelist dimensions tag them ideological historical or social, to call historic event that employed by the similarity of the voice of the narrator and central character with history and events and characters, for private novelist vision, or for the connection between the reality of life and the events of history, it was time who spotted the historical vision of the writer related a time of successive wars, which had an impact on the psychological and social structure of a society novel Mstdeih last time more than the present. • historical vision of the structure where the transmitting reveal the meaning to indicative transmit through which the writer on realistic data where the real Palmtejel associated in the context of building the narrative, which talk about the significance of ideology in the spaces of the novel, and the manifestations indication of violence as a space carries the meaning of oppression by the destruction address, and carries political dimensions and cultural and social by describing the geographical location as a space, to reveal the significance produced by the historical time and social time. • handled some accounts the question of identity and Thabayk history and research in the dispersion and Chziha, between domicile origin other country residing in it personal, to try accountability reality, history and re - Thabeckhma; it traced manifestations expatriate figures in the level of words and deeds, and time and place, and succeeded in drawing crisis and permanent suffering and struggle with reality and with the other, a conflict that led her to the ways are blocked, either death or suicide or alienation as his image of the novel, or trying to escape from reality

الصنعة البلاغية في الصحيفة العلوية : دراسة تحليلية == Rhetorical workmanship in AL - Alawiya script

اسم المؤلف: دعاء حلاوي محمد العويدي
اسم المشرف: امل عبد الجبار كريم الشرع
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The Duaas of imam Ali which represented in Alawiya Leaf of the master of the believers imam Ali Bin Abi Talibs’ Duaas are considered as important documents about his religiousness and connection with his God “Allah”. We have studied these blessed Duaas with a rhetorical study which deals with the words of the master of the trustees who makes it in a wise and rhetorical form, producing professional and perfect speech.And this is not weird in front of his rhetoric, because nobody heard such a meaningful speech and perfect content better than the words of the messenger of Allah (pbuh) except the words of imam Ali the master of the eloquence. Our study of this case, which was an area of argument among the old and modern scientists in criticism, had a variation of opinions between supporter and non - supporter, but we have studied this case from the creative and rhetorical side that was used by imam Ali (pbuh) for molding his expressions and its components which depend on the fluency, perfect meaning, and its perception to the minds, and that is one of the characteristics of the craft (craft of the rhetorical speech), and nobody could make this happen (craft of Duaa) better than Ahlulbait (pbut). This research included a preface that I deal with the definitions of the Leaf in language and idiom, the studies which occurred on the Alawiya Leaf and its issues, the number of Duaas in it, and the style of imam Ali in that blessed Duaas. The chapters were divided into three sections, the first section is about the rhetorical craft, which consists of three parts the first one (craft in language and idiom, and critical and rhetorical opinions on it) the second part had the term of Duaa in language and idiom, and the importance of Duaa) the third one had the style of imam Ali (pbuh) and his craft. The second and the third chapters I explained the Duaas through the rhetorical analysis : The second chapter (verbal craft) was divided into five topics (Alliteration, Antithesis, Saj’, Quotation, and Repetition) respectively.The third chapter (abstract craft) was divided into four topics (Simile, Metaphor, and Metonymy). At the end I’d like to thank my God Allah for his help to accomplish this work - if I am right, then this kindness is from Allah, and if I am wrong, that’s my fault - .We thank god in our last invocatio

الراي غير المستحسن في التوجيه الصرفي == Opinion is not recommended in the exchange guidance

اسم المؤلف: ماجد محمد كاظم عمشان
اسم المشرف: امين عبيد جيجان الدليمي
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Praise be to Allah, praise be to Allah, who taught by the pen, Taught man that which he knew not, and prayers and peace be upon the best of His creation and the most eloquent of Baldhad pronunciation of the Prophet Secretary Mohammed bin Abdullah and his family who go God bless them abomination and cleanse them cleansing, and his companions Almentajabin the good guys, and after : It is no secret to the specialists in the Arabic language as the science of discharge from the great importance of high and prestige among Arab science, not how it is Arab balance, and its known origins of the word of Arabs from appendages entering them, so this flag needs all the Arab people of whatever needed, but this science has not exhorts including DAI its flag as of study and research; Perhaps the reason for this is due to the rigidity of this science and the difficulty and accuracy, and this is witnessed by senior scientists, the son of harvest : (said (but this kind of knowledge of what was elusive difficult begun before knowing as such, then Ji after; to be Alartaad in as a footstool to enter it)), says the son of a bird in it : ((I would not see grammarians may Habera for ambiguity aware discharge, abandoning authoring the classification, only a few of them)) Adding to this science complex and the difficulty of some of the morphological views and the summer is stated or arbitrariness or weakness, and so the words and phrases that indicate disapproval of these views, and that's what prompted me to highlight those views, Ali pay some of the views of others is advisable that burdened this science and has been compounded by complicated convened by, so I decided to go into the SINGLE CAB this research, which they called (opinion is not recommended in morphological guidance).I did not find - within these Aldrash - that none of the scientists have stated disapproval of the opinion of the views and what I found is the words and phrases indicating disapproval toward saying : it Tklfo weak, not Bmtin, far away, the view, the likelihood of a consensus I do using preference such as their saying : this is the first, which I measure, as is well known, the likelihood of a consensus indicates a lack of desirability of the opinions of others. Since the objective of this study is to address the concept is not necessarily words that there is a text of the disapproval is enough to understand the words of the world, it is advisable not opinion from the views of any word or phrase that indicates that.I found that the balance of morphological What is the only way educational brief knows whereby the learner conditions of speech of originality and increase vowelization and modify and when we say that the balance of morphological know Him letters appendages of assets does not understand this it is he who reveals that even recognize the letters appendages by rules and principles exhaust Proof of this is that we can not weigh the floor only after knowledge assets letters of appendages by the disposal of those rules and then comes the role of morphological balance to deliver that information to the learner Ba_khasr phrase

شعر عبد الامير جرص : دراسة اسلوبية == The poetry of Abdul - Amir Jaras Stylistic study

اسم المؤلف: تارا خالد خلفه
اسم المشرف: صفاء عبيد حسين الحفيظ
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: الادب
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: It's became known that the Iraqi poetic text is a diverse text , that opens to the continuous experimentation field which does not settle down or rest , This text that has seen many transformations, Alterations, Creation and re - creation operations that contributed at maintaining the continuity of its leadership, The '90s Iraqi Poetic text was able to achieve a great artistic richness during its emergence, By a good group of Iraqi poets, Including "Abdul Amir Jaras ", That his mature writings imbued the creativity pouring rain on the land of Iraqi poem fertile, and as a Modernist poet, and as a modernist poet, he deliberately breached the standard poetic language, Employing new structures and syntheses, That contains a lot of sarcastic Paradoxes of the '90s tattered prevailing situation. Abdel - Amir, whose poetry experience has matured in the 90s' of the last century, But as the sons of his generation of poets, His poetry did not take its right of literature study, And didn't receive the attention of researchers, Despite the fact that his texts contain very dangerous and influential images and poetry flashes. From here I grew a desire to study the phenomena and features that characterize his poetry in accordance with the modern approach that reveals the secrets of the text and its interrogation as stylistic. And as the Methodological necessity required this research, To be divided into a preamble, three chapters and a conclusion, In the preface : we briefly presented the most prominent stylistic phenomena of the Iraqis poets of the 90s' generation, Speaking about the impact of intellectual, political, social and economic conditions in their poetry, Then we gave an overview of the life of the poet and a translation of his biography, And then we discussed the different circumstances that formed his experience .As for the first chapter, entitled (audio level) : it was built on two subjects, The first subject dealt with the internal rhythm, Which was addressed to the rhythm of (repetition) and (parallelism),While the second subject dealt with external rhythm, In which we studied the (weight) and (rhyme).The second chapter on the other side, entitled (structural level), included four topics, In which we discussed the most prominent structural stylistic phenomena, In the first subject we studied (query) and in the second (negation), In the third (appeal), in the fourth (submission and delay), the fifth (time), Which is divided into three sections (overlapping, fading and absolute) time, With making statistical tables for all previous phenomena to reach more accurate and objective results .In the third chapter, entitled (Semantic Level), it included three topics : first (semantic fields), Which was devoted to talk about the most prominent fields contained in the poet poetry such as (field of nature) and (flags field and personalities), And in the second section We dealt with (The picture) which is divided into : (mental image) and (sensory image), In the first one We dealt with the (symbolic image) and the (mythical image), In the second (optical image) and (haptic image). And as for the third section it included (image semiotics) and was divided into (punctuation marks), (whites and blacks) and (Typographical space.) And as for The conclusion : it included a summary of the most important results we have reached in the research, Then a list of sources and references and a detailed index of the topics.

ردود الشهاب الخفاجي (1069 هـ) النحوية في حاشيته (عناية القاضي وكفاية الراضي) على ابي حيان الاندلسي (745هـ) == Responses AI - Shihab al - Khafaji (1069 AH) In his entourage (the attention of the judge and the adequacy of Radi) syntactic at Andalusian Abu Hayyan (745 A) Grammatical study

اسم المؤلف: رغد فيصل غازي حسين الياسري
اسم المشرف: وائل عبد الامير خليل الحربي
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: All praise is Allah, the Lord of all worlds, the prayer and peace upon the prophet Mohammed the informer and the faithful advisor and upon all his honorable and good relatives and his selected followers, so : The Quran remains affluence the flux, constantly tender does not expire wonders and does not create a large number of post, it has alternated it understood at the scientists of different backgrounds and persuasions, The grammar take care of it , than rhetorical and was considered by the interpreter, and hopes, stopping him speaker, and reported him to landscapes and writer, did not prevent one of them and his response, but all of THEM he found the finish, and carried about giving the secretariat Remember of wrongdoing and slippage, they return to Safe officer (grammar) to achieve what he sought, to the status of this science of Galilee, which takes us mist where the word of God spokesman and his heart conscious - Imam Ali y and where his disciple Aldua'ly - in order to request a great reward from God with reflection in the Koran I had the privilege to serve as arbitration - and I am inferior to that - in my studies : Responses AI - Shihab al - Khafaji (1069 AH) In his entourage (the attention of the judge and the adequacy of Radi) syntactic at Andalusian Abu Hayyan (745 A) - Grammatical study - . Necessitated the nature of the research that builds on the three chapters preceded pave highlights something of a biography of social and scientific Shihab focusing on the interests of grammar, it is a multiple concerns, including the moral and doctrinal, and his works, the value of his entourage, and the profile of the scientific status for those who confronted Shihab to reply (Abo Hayyan Andalusian), and the methodology of Shihab in its responses to it, and recite these chapters finale included the most important results of the study, and a list of Brackes that drank them this message, and the first chapter included matters where Shihab's response to Abi Hayyan in contacts, with two sections , Pena at first, the responses in Lifting the monument and traction motif and then banned them from the exchange, the second in building them.We have dedicated the second chapter of the responses in the acts, the issues went be divided into two sections the first is the action of the verb in terms of necessary and infringement, cosine and decreases, and the decrease and increase, taking into account the order of acts which in terms of disposition and inertia, while the second section was in the express act and direct, taking into account his time in the ranking, followed by starting the past tense.The third chapter in the responses of Shihab in glitter letters, as well as contain two sections, the first in Conjunction traction and the second in another character is mentioned in the first.The approach adopted in the edit Applied issues of the responses described analytically boot differed patterns from issue to issue, according to the consequences of the nature of the response Shihab, sometimes grammatically depends incorporation grammar of the question, and sometimes linguistically if its mouth in a statement meaning or significance, or a prelude readings retransmitted reply, and the latest styles so that the dispute simplifies directly in matters that branched where the dispute.The analysis is based upon the statement that tolerate deliberate composition of the object inflectional mentioned parsed the Koran. Displays after the opinion of Ab1 Hayyan and meet him cold Shihab, who often have a three - pronged Authority (Zamakhshari and oval opinion Shihab) and by virtue of his explanation Oval student Scout interpretation, are discussed his evidence after the breakdown of the stand when the pursued them or when you are derived by the opinion of painstakingly balancing views modernists in attempt weighting between the opinion of Abi Hayyan and Shihab.I extend my sincere gratitude After God of His attributes to disclose a nominee and that the people of this hard work and time great teacher supervisor Dr. Wael Abdel Amir Khalil. Parts of Me God richly rewarded.Our last supplication is all praise to Allah, the Lord of all words and prayer and peace be on the faithful prophet and all his honorable relatives.

دراسة تقابلية اسلوبية للجزاء في نصوص الكتاب المقدس والقران الكريم == A CONTRASTIVE STYLISTIC STUDY OF RETRIBUTION IN BIBLICAL AND QUR'ANIC TEXTS

اسم المؤلف: سجى عبد الامير محمد علي الاعسم
اسم المشرف: رياض طارق كاظم العميدي
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: الانكليزية - اللغة
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Retribution ( reward - and - punishment ) is both a core - tenet andteaching in monotheistic religions. A large portion of Biblical and Qur'anictexts embodies the righteous judgment of Allah the Almighty, His graciousas well as wrath feature. They present this tenet in its double - face meaning : the future rewards and bliss to the righteous for their good done, andpunishment and misery to the wicked for their evil done in their earthlylives. Both be summed by the doctoral idea of ' heaven' and ' hell'. Such asolemn theme itself is really challenging to be studied linguisticallyespecially from the stylistic perspective, for the texts of these scared Booksare the optimal and highly style religious texts. Hence, this study sets tofulfill the following aims : (1) Identifying the stylistic phonological, syntacticand semantic devices of retribution in Biblical and Qur'anic texts. (2)Finding out the functions the stylistic phonological, syntactic and semanticdevices carry out in Biblical and Qur'anic texts of retribution. (3) Clarifyingthe overall functions Biblical as well as Qur'anic texts of retribution carryout. (4) Uncovering the co - relations and co - effect between the overallfunctions of Biblical as well as of Qur'anic texts of retribution and those ofthe utilized stylistic devices, i.e., how they are coalesced to produce astylistic interpretation to these texts. (5) Pointing out the stylistic similaritiesand differences between Biblical and Qur'anic texts of retribution. This is tocover the utilized stylistic devices and their functions as well as the overallfunctions of retribution texts. (6) Developing an eclectic stylistic model foranalyzing stylistic devices, their functions and the overall functions ofBiblical and Qur'anic texts of retribution.viiIt is hypothesized that : (1) Biblical and Qur'anic texts of retributionshare common stylistic devices on the three levels under scrutiny : phonological, syntactic and semantic. (2) Stylistic devices in Biblical andQur'anic texts of retribution are functionally equivalent. (3) The overallfunctions of Biblical and Qur'anic texts of retribution are not equivalent. (4)In both Biblical and Qur'anic texts of retribution, the overall functions of thetexts have co - relations with and co - effect on the utilized stylistic devices andtheir functions. (5) At all levels, no more than two or three different types ofstylistic devices can be noticed in Biblical texts of retribution, but severaldifferent types of stylistic devices can be noticed in Qur'anic texts. (6) InBiblical texts of retribution stylistic semantic devices are preferred, whereasin Qur'anic texts of retribution the syntactic ones are more of favour.The findings of the analysis validate the first, second and fourthhypotheses; refute the sixth one; whereas the third and the fifth are partiallyrefuted and partially validated. Consequently, among the conclusions thestudy comes up with is that there are striking similarities between the twolanguages regarding the stylistic devices, their functions and the overallfunctions of retribution texts in the Holy Bible and the Glorious Qur'an.Hence, the area of differences is very limited.

دراسة التبرير تداوليا في بعض الخطابات السياسية المختارة لصانعي القرار البريطانيين والامريكيين == A PRAGMATIC STUDY OF JUSTIFICATION IN SELECTED BRITISH AND AMERICAN DECISION - MAKERS’ POLITICAL SPEECHES

اسم المؤلف: مريم دويح سفاح
اسم المشرف: حميد حسون بجية المسعودي
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: الانكليزية - اللغة
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: يمكن ان يكون التبرير ضروريا لاي ادعاء سواء كان ادعاء عن التنبؤ بحالة الطقس من عالم ارصاد جوية او اتهام بالاهمال من مستخدم ضد رب عمله او تشخيص لطبيب. يدل التبرير على فعل تواصلي المراد منه التعويض عن الخروج عن عرف معين او تمكين المتلقي من ان يفهم فهما افضل شيئا غير متوقع او مثيرا للجدل. على الرغم من ان التبرير واسع الانتشار في الحياة اليومية الا انه بقي الى حد ما غير مستكشف عموما وفي ميدان السياسة خاصة. لذا فان الدراسة الحالية تقوم بتقصي حيثياته التداولية في مجموعة منتقاة من الخطابات السياسية البريطانية والامريكية. فقد كرست الدراسة نفسها لتحقيق الاهداف التالية : (1) تقصي معايير التبرير المختلفة المستعان بها من صانعي القرار البريطانيين والامريكيين(2) الكشف عن المعيار الاكثر استخداما في البيانات قيد الدراسة (3) التحري عن انواع التبرير الاكثر استعمالا عند صانعي القرار البريطانيين والامريكيين في البيانات قيد الدراسة(4) تحديد البنية التداولية للتبرير الذي يستخدمه صانعو القرار البريطانيين والامريكيين مسلطا بعض الضوء على مكوناته التركيبية الاساسية (5) تقصي استراتيجيات التبرير المتنوعة التي يستعملها صانعي القرار البريطانيين والامريكيين لتبرير قراراتهم(6) التحري عن الاستراتيجيات الاكثر استخداما في الخطابات السياسية قيد الدراسة(7) تعيين اوجه التشابه والاختلاف بين صانعي القرار البريطانيين والامريكيين فيما يتعلق باستخدام معايير التبرير, انواعه, استراتيجياته ومكوناته التركيبية الاساسية(8) تحديد الدور الذي تلعبه المناورة الاستراتيجية في التبرير(9) تصميم انموذج انتقائي يرمي الى تحليل التبرير في البيانات(10) تسليط بعض الضوء على المناهج المقترحة لتبيان الطبيعة المعقدة للتبرير و(11) سد الثغرة الموجودة في المناهج الحالية للتبرير موضحا ان دراسة بعض الاساليب الجدلية كالتفنيد لا يمكن ان تكتمل مالم يؤخذ التبرير بعين الاعتبار. لتحقيق هذه الاهداف وضعت الدراسة الفرضيات الاتية(1) التبرير المقدم في البيانات قيد الدراسة قائم على معايير متنوعة(2) ان التصحيح يمثل نوع التبرير الاكثر استخداما لدى صانعي القرار البريطانيين والامريكيين(3 ) انواع التبرير المختلفة تقتضي مواقف مختلفة(4 ) يصعب ايجاد تباين في البنية التركيبية للتبرير سواء في المجموعة الواحدة او بين المجموعتين من الخطابات السياسية لصانعي القرار البريطانيين والامريكيين(5 ) تظهر بعض استراتيجيات التبرير بتردد اعلى من غيرها في خطابات صانعي القرار البريطانيين والامريكيين(6)ان افعال الكلام هي المكونات التركيبية الاساسية للتبرير(7 ) تعمل مكونات تركيبية معينة بادئات للتبرير في الخطابات السياسية لصانعي القرار البريطانيين والامريكيين(8) هنالك فروقات بين صانعي القرار البريطانيون والامريكيين فيما يتعلق باستعمال استراتيجيات التبرير(9 ) يوظف صانعو القرار البريطانيين استراتيجيات تبرير اكثر مما يفعل نظرا ؤهم الامريكيين(10 ) وتفترض الدراسة ان صانعي القرار البريطانيين والامريكيين احيانا يلجاون الى اخراج المناورة الاستراتيجية عن السكة تبريرا لقراراتهم. لغرض تحقيق اهداف الدراسة ولاختبار صلاحية فرضياتها اتبعت الباحثة الاجراءات التالية(1 ) مراجعة ما كتب عن التبرير معززا طبيعته التداولية(2 ) انشاء انموذج انتقائي ليستعمل في تحليل البيانات قيد الدراسة من خلال بحث النظريات التداولية ذات الصلة (3) انتقاء بيانات توضحيه لكل من الخطابات السياسية البريطانية والامريكية وتحليلها باستخدام الانموذج الذي طورته الدراسة و(4) مقارنة استراتيجيات التبرير التي يستخدمها صانعو القرار البريطانيون والامريكيون. اثبتت نتائج تحليل البيانات جميع الفرضيات باستثناء الفرضيتين الثانية والثالثة والتي فندتها الدراسة . | Justification may be a prerequisite for any claim that is made, whether the claim is about a weather forecast by a meteorologist, an accusation of negligence by an employee against his or her employers, or a doctor's diagnosis. Justification denotes a communicative act which is meant to compensate for the violation of a certain norm or to enable recipients to understand better something unpredicted or disputed. Although justification is ubiquitous in everyday life, it has so far remained relatively unexplored in general and in the political domain in particular. Therefore, this study examines its pragmatic aspects in some selected British and American political speeches. It sets itself the task of fulfilling the following aims : (1) finding out the various criteria of justification resorted to by British and American decision - makers and discovering the most frequent criterion; (2) detecting the types of justification that are most recurrently used by British and American decision - makers in the data understudy ; (3) identifying the pragmatic structure of justification employed by British and American decision - makers shedding some light on its most basic structural components; (4) finding out the different pragmatic strategies employed by British and American decision - makers to justify their decisions and detecting the most frequent ones; (5) identifying the similarities and differences between British and American decision - makers regarding the use of the criteria, types, strategies and basic structural components of justification ; (6) specifying the role played by strategic maneuvering in justification; (7) designing an eclectic model for data analysis; (8) shedding some light on the different approaches proposed to account for the complex nature of justification. In relation to the foregoing aims, the following hypotheses are tested : (1) justifications produced in the data under study are grounded on diverse criteria; (2) correction constitutes the most recurrent type of justification resorted to by British and American decision makers; (3) different types of justification require different situations; (4) no intra - or interlines of demarcation can be drawn between British and American political speeches concerning the pragmatic structure of justification; (5) some justification strategies occur with higher frequency than others in British and American decision - makers’ political speeches; (6) speech acts such as stating and telling are the most basic structural components of the justifications produced in the data under study; (7) certain structural components function as initiators of justifications in British and American decision - makers’ political speeches; (8) differences can be found between British and American decision - makers regarding the use of justification strategies; (9) British decision - makers employ more justification strategies than their American counterparts; and (10) sometimes, and in order to justify their decisions, British and American decision - makers resort to derailment of strategic maneuvering producing fallacies of various types. To achieve the aims of the study and assess the validity of its hypotheses, a number of procedures are followed : (1) reviewing the literature relevant to justification and enhancing its pragmatic nature; (2) developing an eclectic model to be used in analyzing the data under study through surveying the relevant pragmatic theories; (3) randomly selecting data as representative examples for both British and American political speeches and analyzing them by means of the model developed for this purpose; (4) conducting a statistical analysis to support the findings of the pragmatic analysis; and (5) Conducting a comparison between the strategies of justification used by the British and American decision - makers. The findings of data analysis demonstrate that while the first, the fourth, the fifth, the sixth, the seventh, the eighth, the ninth, and the tenth hypotheses are confirmed, the second and the third hypotheses are rejected.

دراسة اسلوبية - تداولية لمسرحيات كومنغز == A Pragma - Stylistic Study of E. E. Cummings' Plays

اسم المؤلف: نور الهدى كاظم حسين
اسم المشرف: احمد صاحب جابر مبارك | رعد كريم عبد عون
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: الانكليزية - اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تتحقق هذه الدراسة في مسرحيات كومنغز (هو) و(بابا نويل : مسرحية اخلاقية) من الناحية الاسلوبية - التداولية. هذه الدراسة هي محاولة لعرض الطريقة التي يمكن من خلالها استغلال النظريات التداولية في الاسلوبية فيما يخص الخطاب الادبي بشكل عام والخطاب المسرحي بشكل خاص. بناءا على ذلك, تهدف الدراسة الى توضيح طرق استخدام هذه النظريات لتحقيق التاثيرات الاسلوبية على مستويين من التفاعل : مستوى التفاعل بين الشخصيات ومستوى التفاعل بين الكاتب والقارئ. لغرض تحقيق اهداف هذه الدراسة, تم افتراض بان هناك فئات سائدة من الافعال الكلامية تستخدمها الشخصيات في المسرحيتين والتي تبدو بانها توفر تفاصيل سياقية متعلقة بالحالات النفسية للشخصيات المسرحية وكذلك ابعاد شخصياتهم وتوجهاتهم. وتم استغلال القواعد الاربعة للمبدا التعاوني لجرايس من قبل كلا من كومنغز وشخصيات المسرحيات لايصال افكار ورسائل بصورة غير مباشرة. ان استراتيجيات التادب التي تستخدمها الشخصيات تنقل شيئا عن العلاقات بين الشخصيات، مثل الانسجام او التنافر، وكيف تنصب الشخصيات نفسها بالنسبة لشخصيات اخرى وكيف تتلاعب بالاخرين سعيا لتحقيق اهدافها. وكذلك افترض بانه تم توظيف الافعال التي تهدد وجه القارئ اسلوبيا للتعبير عن عمق افكار المسرحيتين باستعمال الادوات الاسلوبية مثل السخرية والاستعارة والرمزية. تحلل الرسالة (20) مقتطفا (10 من كل مسرحية) نوعيا وكميا على حد سواء, طبقا لنموذج انتقائي تم تطويره من قبل الباحث. ويستند هذا النموذج على نظرية سيرل للافعال الكلامية والمبدا التعاوني والمعنى الضمني الكلامي لجرايس ونظرية التادب لبراون ولفنسون. واستنادا الى تحليل البيانات، وجدت الدراسة ان هناك فئات سائدة من الافعال الكلامية التي تم توظيفها بشكل مفيد من قبل كومنغز لتحقيق التاثيرات الاسلوبية. تم استغلال القواعد الاربعة للمبدا التعاوني لجرايس على مستويي التفاعل في المسرحيتين. كما توصلت الدراسة الى ان الكاتب المسرحي يوظف استراتيجيات التادب التي تستخدمها الشخصيات بطريقه مفيدة لتؤدي الى تاثيرات اسلوبية تخدم افكار المسرحيتين. واخيرا، توصلت الدراسة الى ان الافعال التي تهدد وجه القارئ هي ذات قيمة اسلوبية يستفيد منها الكاتب المسرحي للتعبير عن عمق افكار المسرحيتين باستخدام بعض الادوات الاسلوبية. وتنقسم الدراسة الى خمسة فصول. يقدم الفصل الاول المشكلة والاهداف والفرضيات والاجراءات وحدود وقيمة الدراسة. ويستعرض الفصل الثاني بعض المفاهيم التداولية ذات الصلة بنطاق الدراسة. ويعرض الفصل الثالث خلفية نظرية للتفاعل بين التداولية الاسلوبية، فضلا عن تاثيرهما على الخطاب الادبي بشكل عام وخطاب درامي على وجه الخصوص من اجل تطوير نموذج لتحليل البيانات ذات الصلة. ويخصص الفصل الرابع لتحليل البيانات. ويلخص الفصل الخامس اهم الاستنتاجات التي تم التوصل اليها | This study investigates E. E. Cummings’ plays Him and Santa Claus : A Morality pragma - stylistically. This study is an attempt to show the way pragmatic theories are exploited stylistically in literary discourse in general and in dramatic discourse in particular. Accordingly, the study principally aims at showing the ways these theories are utilised to achieve stylistic effects on the two levels of interaction, i.e. character - character and playwright - reader levels of interaction in the two plays. For the present study to achieve its aims, it is hypothesised that there are dominant patterns of speech acts employed in the two plays which seem to provide contextual details about the characters’ psychological states and the dimensions of their personalities and orientations. Grice’s four maxims are exploited by Cummings and the characters in the two plays to convey ideas and messages indirectly. The politeness strategies used by characters communicate something about the characters’ relations, i.e. harmony or disharmony, how characters position themselves relative to other characters, and how they manipulate others in pursuit of their goals. It is also hypothesised that face threatening acts are stylistically employed to express the profundity of themes of the two plays by using certain stylistic devices like irony, metaphor and symbolism. The thesis analyses twenty extracts (ten of each play) both qualitatively and quantitatively according to an eclectic model developed by the present study. The model is based on Black’s model of levels, Searle’s theory of speech acts, Grice’s cooperative principle and conversational implicature, and Brown and Levinson’s theory of politeness. Based on the analysis of the data, the study finds out that there are dominant categories of speech acts that are significantly employed by Cummings to achieve stylistic effects. Grice’s four maxims are exploited on the two levels of interaction in the two plays. The study also finds out that the playwright significantly employs the politeness strategies the characters use to result in stylistic effects serving the themes of the two plays. Finally, the study finds out that face threatening acts are of stylistic value as the playwright makes use of them to express the profundity of themes in the two plays by using certain stylistic devices. The study is divided into five chapters. Chapter One introduces the problem, aims, hypotheses, procedures, limits and value of the study. Chapter Two surveys some pragmatic notions that are relevant to the scope of the study. Chapter Three presents a theoretical background of the interaction between pragmatics and stylistics as well as their effects on literary discourse in general and dramatic discourse in particular in order to develop a model for the analysis of the relevant data. Chapter Four is devoted to the analysis of the data. Chapter Five sums up the most important conclusions arrived at.

تحليل خطاب نقدي مقارن للاعلان العالمي لحقوق الانسان ورسالة الحقوق للامام علي السجاد (عليه السلام) == A Contrastive Critical Discourse Analysis of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Risalat Al - Huquq of Imam Ali Al - Sajjad (p.b.u.h.)

اسم المؤلف: نور عثمان عداي الجبوري
اسم المشرف: فراس عبد المنعم جواد
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: الانكليزية - اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تحليل الخطاب النقدي هو نموذج بحثي يخاطب لغويا المسائل الاجتماعية من خلال عرض العلاقة بين النص والمجتمع. نظرا للاوقات العصيبة التي يمر بها العالم بسبب غياب اي مزاعم عملية او حتى دعاوي حقيقية لحقوق الانسان, اصبح من الضروري تسليط الضوء على هكذا مسالة. هنالك العديد من الطرق للتعامل معها, احد هذه الطرق هو التوظيف اللغوي والنقدي لحقل تحليل الخطاب النقدي لتحليل نصين محورهما الاساسي هو الحقوق, يعنى, الاعلان العالمي لحقوق الانسان ورسالة الحقوق للامام علي السجاد ( عليه السلام). تتضمن هذه الدراسة هدف تقابل الاعلان العالمي لحقوق الانسان ورسالة الحقوق مع التحقق في وتحري وتفسير تركيبهما اللغوي واساليب تاويلهما وايديولوجياتهما على التوالي. لقد افترض : (1) التكوين اللغوي للنصين متباين بخصوص المفردات اللغوية, القواعد والهيكل النصي. (2) مجالات التفسير للنصين تختلف فيما يتعلق بحالة السياق, التناص, الافعال الكلامية والمخططات. (3) ايديولوجية الحقوق في الاعلان العالمي لحقوق الانسان علمانية ومحدودة بالموقف السياسي والقانوني بينما ايديولوجية الحقوق في رسالة الحقوق دينية ومعنية بوجهات مختلفة من الحياة. لانجاز اهداف الدراسة واثبات فرضياتها, تبنيت الاجراءات التالية : (1) تقديم تقرير نظري عن تحليل الخطاب النقدي فيما يخص خلفيته الادبية وبعض الدراسات السابقة اضافة الى تقرير نظري حول النصين. (2) تحليل النصين المختارين من خلال اتباع نموذج تحليل انتقائي منطلق اساسيا من نموذج فيركلوف (۱۹۸۹) اللغة والسلطة والتي تتكون من ثلاث مراحل وهي الوصف , التفسير والتوضيح اضافة الى لغويين اخرين. (3) مناقشة لنتائج التحليل. (4) مقارنة للنصين بعد كل مرحلة من التحليل لعرض نقاط التشابه والاختلاف. (5) تقديم الاستنتاجات والتوصيات والمقترحات. وصلت الدراسة الحالية الى النتائج الاولية التالية : (1) بشكل وصفي ,يستعمل النصان مخططات تصنيفية مختلفة, ويستخدمان انواع عمليات متباينة, ويستغلان معنى الالزام من خلال الافعال الشرطية المستخدمة, وهما منظمان نصيا بطريقة مختلفة. (2) تفسيريا للنصين اغراض متباينة. هما يدمجان انواع غير متشابهة من النصوص. يوظفان كلاهما الافعال الكلامية التوجيهية اضافة الى انواع اخرى لكن رسالة الحقوق توظف استخدام الافعال الكلامية المساعدة التي تساعد الافعال الكلامية الرئيسية. ايضا مخططاتهما تنقل قصد مؤلفيهما من خلال الطريقة التي شكلا بها حيث ان الحقوق في الاعلان العالمي لحقوق الانسان لا تتبع تدرج معين بينما في رسالة الحقوق صنفت الحقوق بتسلسل هادف. (3) توضيحيا, برزت نقطتان اساسيتان. الاولى, تختلف الايديولوجيات التي بني عليها الاعلان العالمي ورسالة الحقوق بين العلمانية والدينية على التوالي. ثانيا, تختلف سلطتاهما تبعا لالاهما ومنبعهما المختلف. | Critical Discourse Analysis is a research paradigm that linguistically addresses general issues which are influenced by social factors through showing the relationship between discourse and society. Due to the hard times the world goes through because of the absence of any practical representation or a real call for human rights, it has become a necessity to shed light on such an issue. This treatment could be done by linguistically and critically employing Critical Discourse Analysis (henceforth, CDA) to the analysis of two texts whose core topic is the issue of rights, namely, Universal Declaration of Human Rights (henceforth, UDHR) and Risalat Al - Huquq "Treatise on Rights" of Imam Ali Al - Sajjad (p.b.u.h.) (henceforth, RH). The present study has the aims of investigating the linguistic structure of UDHR and RH, exploring their interpretative procedures, and explicating ideologies. It is hypothesised that : (1) UDHR's and RH's linguistic structure is divergent with respect to vocabulary, grammar, and text structure. (2) The domains of interpretation of UDHR and RH differ as to situational context, intertextuality, speech acts, and schemata. (3) UDHR's ideology of rights is secular and limited to political and juristic attitudes while RH's ideology of rights is religious and concerned with different aspects of life. In order to achieve the aims of the present study and test its hypotheses, the following procedures are adopted : (1) Presenting a theoretical account of CDA through relevant literature review and some previous studies in addition to a brief account of UDHR and RH. (2) Analysing the texts selected by following basically Fairclough's (1989) Language and Power model which consists of three stages, namely, description, interpretation, and explanation. (3) Discussing the results of the analysis. (4) Contrasting the findings of the analysis of the two texts after each stage of analysis to show out the points of similarity and difference. The present study has come out with the following results : (1) Descriptively, UDHR and RH follow different classification schemes involve the use of different process types, utilize the meaning of obligation through the modals used, and are structured textually in a divergent way. (2) Interpretatively, UDHR and RH have distinct purposes. They incorporate different types of texts concerning their intertextual bases. Both employ directive speech acts alongside with other type of SAs but RH appoints the use of subsequent speech acts which assist the macro ones whereas UDHR does not. Further, their schemata convey their composers' intention in the way they are framed since in UDHR rights are of same importance so do not follow specific gradation while in RH they are graded in a purposeful seriatim. (3) Explicatively, two general points are raised. First, the ideologies upon which UDHR and RH are based vary between secular and religious respectively. Second, their powers differ due to their different origins and sources

دراسة تداولية للتلاعب في الاعلانات التجارية == A Pragmatic Study of Manipulation in Commercial Advertisements

اسم المؤلف: هاني كامل نعيمة العبادي
اسم المشرف: فريد حميد حمزة الهنداوي
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: الانكليزية - اللغة
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This work is concerned with manipulation as used in commercial advertisements. It is believed that the topic in question has not received sufficient attention by researchers, precisely pragmatically. As such, this study attempts to fill in this gap in the arena of pragmatic research of manipulation, particularly in the genre of commercial advertisements.Hence, it aims at the following : finding out the types of manipulative commercial advertisements, pinpointing the manipulative stages of the pragmatic argument advertisers make use of in their advertising texts, pursuing the manipulative tactics aiming at misleading consumers through stages of manipulative pragmatic argument, identifying the pragmatic strategies subdued by advertisers to actualize the manipulative tactics in each stage, showing whether or not the stages of the manipulative pragmatic argument in commercial advertisements employ the same tactics and strategies through manipulating consumers, finding out the most frequently used types, stages, tactics and strategies in the different stages of the manipulative commercial advertisements, figuring out the differences and similarities between the different commercial advertisements in the four sectors of products at the levels of types, stages, tactics and strategies, and, developing a pragmatic model for analyzing manipulation in commercial advertisements.The study hypothesizes that advertisers utilize variable types of manipulative advertisements to mislead consumers to buy the advertised product, they manipulate their consumers mostly with the manipulative pattern of three stages in their commercial advertisements, manipulation in commercial advertisements calls for a diversity of manipulative tactics for each stage of the advertisement to mislead consumers, the manipulative tactics of Misrepresentationviiiand Commission are the most frequently used ones in the topical potential of the advancing stage whereas Human Error is the best candidate in the justifying stage, the manipulative tactic of Face Demand is the most effective one to fulfill audience adaptation in the aforementioned stages, manipulative speech acts of asserting, recommending, suggesting are the most frequent pragmatic strategies of topical potential in the advancing stage to manipulate consumers in commercial advertisements, all manipulative conversational maxims can be used effectively to fulfill the manipulative tactic of Commission in the advancing stage, namely those of quantity and manner, manipulative fallacious relevant arguments stand as the most frequently used types of fallacious arguments to satisfy the manipulative tactic of Human Error in the topical potential in the justifying stage, particularly those of Self - interest and Manipulation of Emotions in addition to the fallacious acceptable argument of Misleading Accent, on - record positive politeness strategies, specifically those of claiming common ground, are the most frequently invested pragmatic strategies to achieve the manipulative tactic of Face Demand in both advancing and justifying stages, and, advertisers of different sectors of commercial advertisements follow the same manipulative types, stages, tactics and strategies to manipulate consumers with variable percentages of frequencies.To achieve the aims of the study and test the validity of its hypotheses, the study follows certain producers. It reviews the literature about manipulation in general and its use in commercial advertisements in particular, examines the relation between manipulation and other pragmatic issues, collects and describes the data in relation to the genre under study and uses the model developed by the study in addition to some statistical means to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the data under scrutiny.All the hypotheses of the study are vindicated except the fifth and the seventh ones which are rejected partly. The study arrives at various findings themost important of which is that advertisers use the same manipulative types of commercial advertisements, stages, tactics and strategies, but with different percentages to manipulate their consumers.

الاطناب والحشو في السياقات الكتابية لمتعلمي اللغة الانكليزية العراقيين لغة اجنبية == CIRCUMLOCUTION AND PLEONASM IN IRAQI EFL LEARNERS’ WRITTEN CONTEXTS

اسم المؤلف: سهى حمد الله محمد
اسم المشرف: وفاء مخلص فيصل | دنيا محمد مقداد
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: الانكليزية - اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تعالج الدراسة اسلوبين من الكلام : الاطناب والحشو ويشير الاطناب الى استعمال كلمات غير ضرورية في التعبير عن فكرة في حين يعني الحشو استعمال كلمات زائدة عن الحاجة في الكلام وتهدف الدراسة الى ما ياتي(1)اكتشاف فيما اذا كان متعلمو اللغة الانكليزية العراقيون لغة اجنبية يستعملون الاطناب والحشو (2)اظهار اسباب استعمال المتعلمين الاطناب والحشو (3)تحديد انواع الاطناب والحشو الاكثر استعمالا في الرواية واللغة للمتعلمين العراقيين(4)اظهار المبادئ المخترقة من كرايس عند استعمال الاطناب والحشو. ولغرض تحقيق الاهداف المذكورة انفا تم افتراض ما ياتي : (1)يستعمل متعلمو اللغة الانكليزية العراقيون لغة اجنبية الاطناب والحشو في كتاباتهم بصورة اساسية (2)يستعمل متعلمو اللغة الانكليزية العراقيون لغة اجنبيه الاطناب للتواصل ولتوضيح الافكار وتاكيد بعض المصطلحات او نتيجة لتاثرهم بلغتهم الام كذلك يستعملون الحشو لتوضيح بعض الافكار او تاكيدها(3)الاطناب المعقد والفاعل الزائد عن الحاجة هما النوعان الاكثر استعمالا من انواع الاطناب والحشو (4)مبادئ الكمية ةالاسلوب يتم اختراقها عند توظيف الاطناب والحشو. تتبع الدراسة الخطوات الاتية : (1)تقديم تقرير عن الاطناب وانواعه واستعمالاته وبعض المصطلحات ذات الصلة والشيء نفسه يطبق مع الحشو (2)اتباع التقرير الادبي المقدم في الفصل الثاني بوصفه انموذجا تحليليا مع استعمال انموذج كرايس(1989)دراسات في طرق الكلمات بما فيها اساليب الكلام المذكورة تحليلا تداوليا (3)جمع ما يقارب خمسين ورقة لموضوعين ولمرحلتين في جامعتين لتحليل استتعمال المتعلمين للاطناب والحشو والجامعتان هما : جامعة بابل وجامعة القادسية اما الاوراق فهي من كلية التربية - قسم اللغة الانكليزية للمرحلتين الثالثة والرابعة في الفصل الثاني للسنة الاكاديمية(2016 - 2017) (4)فحص نتائج الاطناب والحشو للمناقشة. توصلت الدراسة الى ما ياتي(1)يستعمل متعلمو اللغه الانكليزيه العراقيون لغ اجنبية الاطناب والحشو في كتاباتهم (2)يستعمل متعلمو اللغة الانكليزية العراقيون لغة اجنبية الاطناب والحشو لاسباب مختلفة اذ يوظف الاطناب وسيلة للتواصل ولتوضيح بعض المصطلحات او تاكيدها ولتوضيح الافكار وتاكيدها او نتيجة لتاثرهم بلغتهم الام ويستعمل الحشو كذلك لتوضيح بعض المصطلحات او تاكيدها وكذلك يستعمل نتيجة لتاثر المتعلمي بلغتهم الام ويستعمل ايضا لتوضيح بعض الافكار او تاكيدها (3)الاطناب المعقد والفاعل الزائد عن الحاجة هما النوعا الاكثر استعمالا من انواع الاطناب والحشو (4)مبادئ الكمية والاسلوب يتم اختراقها عند توظيف الاطناب والحشو | The present study handles two speech figures : circumlocution and pleonasm. Circumlocution refers to the use of more words than needed in expressing an idea while pleonasm means the use of unneeded words in an utterance. The study aims at the following : (1)Finding out whether (or not) Iraqi EFL learners use circumlocution and pleonasm in their writings, (2) Showing the reasons behind the learners’ use of circumlocution and pleonasm, (3)Pinpointing the most used types of circumlocution and pleonasm in novel and linguistics by Iraqi EFL learners and (4) Revealing the violated maxims of Grice when circumlocution and pleonasm are utilized. In order to achieve the mentioned aims, the following hypotheses are tested : (1)Iraqi EFL learners use circumlocution and pleonasm in their writings, (2). Iraqi EFL university learners use circumlocution, basically, as a means of communication for clarifying ideas, intensifying some concepts or as the result of being under the influence of their mother tongue. Also, pleonasm is used by Iraqi EFL learners to clarify or ensure some ideas, (3)Complex circumlocution and pleonastic subject are the most used types of circumlocution and pleonasm by Iraqi EFL learners and (4)The maxim of quantity and manner are violated when using circumlocution and pleonasm. The following procedures are followed throughout the study : (1)Reviewing the literature of circumlocution with its types, uses and related terms. The same thing is applicable to pleonasm, (2) Following the literature review presented in Chapter Two as a model of the study with Grice’s model (1989) Studies in the Way of Words as the mentioned speech figures would be dealt with pragmatically, (3) Gathering fifty papers of two subjects for two stages in two universities as to analyse the learners’ use of circumlocution and pleonasm. These universities are : Babylon and Al - Qadissya. These papers are from the College of Education/ English Department. The two subjects are : linguistics and novel for the third stage and the fourth one in the second midterm in the academic year(2016 - 2017) and (4)Exploring results of circumlocution and pleonasm use for discussion. . The present study comes with the following conclusions : (1) circumlocution and pleonasm are used by Iraqi EFL learners in their writings, (2)Iraqi EFL university learners use circumlocution for different reasons. They utilize it as a means of communication used for clarifying or intensifying some concepts. Also, it is used as the result of the influence of the learners’ mother tongue. Again, pleonasm is utilized for either clarifying or intensifying some ideas, (3)Complex over simple and pleonastic subject are the widely used types of circumlocution and pleonasm and (3)The quantity and manner maxims are the ones being violated when the aforesaid speech figures are handed.

دراسة تداوليه للمعاملة التوزيعية في المحاورات التجارية الانجليزية == A PRAGMATIC STUDY OF Distributive BARGAINING in English commercial dialogues

اسم المؤلف: بشرى محمد حسن المعموري
اسم المشرف: قاسم عبيس العزاوي
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: الانكليزية - اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تعد هذه الدراسة محاولة لتقصي لغة المعامله التوزيعية من منظور تداولي في عشر محاورات تجارية انجليزية بين البائع والمشتري . حسب معرفه الباحث, يبدو ان هذا الموضوع لم يبحث من زاويه تداوليه ,لذلك تحاول الدراسة اجابة الاسئلة الاتية : (1) ماهي الافعال الكلامية (نوع واستراتيجية) المستخدمة بواسطة البائعين والمشترين في المعامله التوزيعيه. (2 ) ما هي استراتيجيات التادب المستخدمة غالبا في المعامله التوزيعيه3).) ماهي الوسائل البلاغية المستخدمة بواسطه البائعين والمشترين. (4) ماهي استراتيجيات المعامله التوزيعية المستخدمة بواسطة البائعين والمشترين . لذلك تحاول الدراسة بلوغ الاهداف الاتية : (1)تحديد الافعال الكلامية واستراتيجياتها المستعملة في اصدار مراحل المعامله التوزيعية الاربع. (2) بيان كيفية استعمال البائعين والمشترين لاستراتيجيات التادب في المعامله التوزيعية. (3) تقصي الوسائل البلاغية المستعملة في المعامله التوزيعية. (4)الاشارة الى استراتيجيات المعامله التوزيعية المستخدمة بواسطة البائعين والمشترين . لتحقيق الاهداف اعلاه تتبنى الدراسة الفرضيات الاتية : (1) (ا) الطلب هو الفعل الكلامي الاكثر شيوعا من قبل البائع في مرحله الافتتاح والمعامله والتاكيدهو الفعل الكلامي الاكثراستخداما من قبل المشتري, في مرحله التوافق الفعل الكلامي السائد هو التاكيد الاكثر استخداما من قبل البائع اكتر من المشتري .و الشكر هو الفعل الكلامي الاكثر استخداما في المرحلة الختامية .(ب) تصدر المراحل الثلاث الاولى باستخدام استراتيجية مباشره ضمنيه , وتصدر المرحلة الختامية باستخدام استراتيجية مباشرة صريحة .(2) استراتيجية التادب النحوي التي تصدر بواسطة السؤال هو الاستراتيجية الاكثر استخداما من قبل المشترين اكتر من البائعين في مرحله الافتتاح وفي مرحله المعامله , الاستراتيجية الاكثر شيوعا هي دلائل الروابط غير الشخصيه من قبل البائع والسؤال من قبل المشتري .و يستعمل البائع دلائل الروابط غير الشخصيه ويستخدم المشتري الروبط الشخصيه التي تصدر بواسطة الجاذبية غالبا في مرحله التوافق, في المرحلة الختامية يستخدم البائعون والمشترون التضمين الذاتي غالبا . (3) الاقناع والسؤال البلاغي والمبالغة والتهوين هي الاساليب البلاغية المستخدمة في المعامله التوزيعية. (4)الثبات والصدمة والمضي قدما والمراوغة والخداع هي الاستراتيجيات المستخدمة بواسطة البائعين والمشترين في مرحلة المعامله. لتحقيق الاهداف اعلاه ,اتبعت الدراسة الاجراءات الاتية : (1)استعراض ما كتب عن المعامله التوزيعية. (2) تطوير انموذج تجميعي لغرض تحليل العينة. (3) تحليل عشر محاورات معامله تجارية بين البائع والمشتري والتي تمثل العينة للدراسة الحالية. توصلت الدراسه للاستنتاجات الاتية : (1) الطلب هو الفعل الكلامي الاكثر شيوعا من قبل البائع في مرحله الافتتاح والمعامله التاكيد هو الفعل الكلامي الاكثراستخداما من قبل البائع والطلب من قبل المشتري, في مرحله التوافق الفعل الكلامي السائد هو التاكيد الاكثر استخداما من قبل البائع .و الشكر هو الفعل الكلامي الاكثر استخداما في المرحلة الختامية .(ب) تصدر المراحل الثلاث الاولى باستخدام استراتيجية مباشره ضمنيه , وتصدر المرحلة الختامية باستخدام استراتيجية مباشرة صريحة .(2) استراتيجية التادب النحوي التي تصدر بواسطة السؤال هو الاستراتيجية الاكثر استخداما من قبل المشترين اكتر من البائعين في مرحله الافتتاح وفي مرحله المعامله , الاستراتيجية الاكثر شيوعا هي دلائل الروابط غير الشخصيه من قبل البائع والسؤال من قبل المشتري .و يستعمل البائع دلائل الروابط غير الشخصيه ويستخدم المشتري الروبط الشخصيه التي تصدر بواسطة الجاذبية غالبا في مرحله التوافق, في المرحلة الختامية يستخدم البائعون والمشترون التضمين الذاتي غالبا (3) الاقناع , السؤال البلاغي, المبالغة ,و التهوين هي الاساليب البلاغية المستعملة في المعامله التوزيعية. (4) التبات , الصدمة ,اجتياز الظهر, شحذ قلم الرصاص, والخداع هي الاستراتيجيات المستعملة في المعامله التوزيعيه (5). اثبت الانموذج التجميعي عمله في تحليل العينه. | This study investigates, from a pragmatic point of view, the language of distributive bargaining in English ten commercial dialogues between a seller and a buyer. It seems that this topic has not been covered from a pragmatic angle, so this study tries to answer the following questions : (1) what are speech acts (type and strategy) used by sellers and buyers in distributive bargaining,(2) what are the politeness strategies used frequently in distributive bargaining, (3) which pragma - rhetorical strategies are used by sellers and buyers prevalently , and (4) which distributive bargaining strategies are used by sellers and buyers. Consequently, it attempts to achieve the following aims : (1) identifying speech acts (types and strategies) used in distributive bargaining, (2) showing which politeness strategies are used by sellers and buyers in issuing their distributive bargaining, (3) investigating the pragma - rhetorical strategies used in distributive bargaining, and (4) pointing out distributive bargaining strategies that are used by sellers and buyers. In order to achieve the above aims, it is hypothesised that : (1) (a) The speech act of request is highly used by buyers and sellers use assertion in the opening and bargaining stages. Assertion is the most prevalent speech act in the confirmation stage by sellers rather than buyers, and thanking is the most commonly used speech act employed by sellers and buyers in the closing (b) the first three stages are issued by means of direct strategy of implicit performative, and the closing stage is issued by using a direct strategy of explicit performative by sellers and buyers ,(2) Syntactic politeness strategy issued by means of question is the most commonly used politeness strategy used by buyers more than sellers in the opening stage ,and in bargaining stages seller use impersonalising devices and buyers use questions heavily. The most frequent strategy used by buyers in the confirmation stage is interpersonal marker issued by means of appealer which is a phrasal politeness strategy and sellers use impersonalising devices . In the closing stage, sellers and buyers use a syntactic politeness strategy which is subjective embedding commonly,(3( persuasion, rhetorical question, hyperbole, and understatement are the pragma - rhetorical strategies used by sellers and buyers, and (4) anchoring, sticker shock, whack back, pencil sharpening, and bluffing are the distributive bargaining strategies used by sellers and buyers in the bargaining stage. To fulfill the above aims, the following procedures will be adopted : (1) surveying the relevant literature on distributive bargaining, (2) developing an eclectic model for the sake of analyzing the data, (3) analyzing ten commercial bargaining dialogues between a seller and a buyer which represent the data of the current study. The study arrives at the following conclusions : (1) different speech acts and strategies are used, request by buyers and assertion by sellers in the opening stage , In the bargaining stage, the common speech act is assertion used by sellers and buyers use request . Assertion is the most prevalent speech act in the confirmation stage by sellers rather than buyers, and thanking is the most commonly used speech act employed by sellers and buyers in the closing stage , the first three stages are issued by using direct strategy of implicit performative except the last stage which is issued by using a direct strategy of explicit performative, (2) Syntactic politeness strategy issued by means of question used commonly by buyers rather than sellers is the most commonly used one in the opening stage , buyers use question and sellers use impersonalizing devices mostly in the bargaining stage . The most frequent politeness strategy is interpersonal marker issued by the use of appealer by buyers and impersonalizing device by sellers in the confirmation stage. In the closing stage, sellers and buyers use subjective embedding commonly,(3) persuasion, rhetorical question, hyperbole, and understatement are the pragma - rhetorical strategies used in distributive bargaining (4) anchoring, sticker shock, whack back, pencil sharpening, and bluffing are the distributive bargaining strategies used in distributive bargaining, and (5) the eclectic model proves to be workable in analyzing the data

A Pragmatic Study of Teasing in Selected American TV Shows

اسم المؤلف: اكرم ناظم رحيم السلامي
اسم المشرف: عباس ديكان درويش
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: الانكليزية - اللغة
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This study addresses the pragmatic investigation of teasing in the genre of TV shows. As such, it focuses on tackling teasing in situations taken from some American TV shows. The reason behind selecting this topic is that, to the best of the researcher's knowledge, the previous studies have not investigated teasing thoroughly in the genre of TV shows especially among the Iraqi academic research community. As far as the utilization of teasing in the selected "American TV shows" is concerned, the current study aims at : (1) explicating the criteria by which we can differentiate teasing from the related types of interactional attitudes; (2) identifying the pragmatic structure of teasing in the data under analysis; (3) highlighting the triggers of teasing and the forms which they take; (4) unfolding the contextualization cues that are used by teasers to accompany their teasing; (5) revealing the types of teasing that are utilized by the participants in the selected data; (6) finding out the pragma - rhetorical strategies of teasing; (7) highlighting the pragma - linguistic strategies of teasing that are utilized in the selected TV shows; (8) revealing the functions of teasing in terms of the affilaitive and disafiliative functions; (9) identifying the evaluative criteria that the targets use in their evaluation of the context of teasing; (10) explicating the conversational strategies that are used by targets in building up their response work in terms of the utilization of the conversational strategies namely, the defensive and offensive strategies; (11) developing an eclectic model for analyzing teasing in the selected data.In concordance with the above mentioned aims, the following hypotheses are put forward regarding the utilization of teasing in theviigenre of TV shows : (1) teasing is a pragmatically structured process which extends over three identifiable stages; (2) mocking is the most common trigger of teasing; (3) bonding nip is the most common form of teasing in the selected American TV shows; (4) Laugh is the most common contextualization cue used by teasers in the selected data; (5) jocular mockery is the most common type of teasing in the selected data; (6) jocularity is the most common pragma - rhetorical strategy employed by teasers in the selected TV shows; (7) Off - record impoliteness is the most common pragma - linguistic strategy utilized by teasers in the in the selected TV shows; (8) the disaffiliative functions are the most common functions of teasing achieved by teasers in the selected TV shows; (9) excuse and justification are the most common defensive strategies in the selected TV shows; (10) proactive work and counter attack are the most common offensive strategies in the selected TV shows; (11) the frequency of utilizing the offensive strategies exceeds that of the defensive ones in the selected shows.To fulfill the aims of this study as well as the validity of its hypotheses, the following procedures are adopted : (1) surveying the literature relevant to the pragmatic phenomenon of teasing which includes politeness, impoliteness, and irony to highlight its forms, types, strategies, and functions; (2) collecting and describing the data related to the genre under study; (3) conducting a pragmatic analysis of teasing by means of the model developed by this study for this purpose; (4) conducting a statistical analysis to quantitatively support the findings of the pragmatic analysis and verify or refute the hypotheses of the study; (5) discussing the findings of data analysis.This study is divided into six chapters. Chapter One presents the problem, aims, hypotheses, procedures, limits and value of the study. Chapter Two introduces a literature review concerning the theoretical background of teasing including the definitions, pragmatic nature of teasing, teasing and other pragmatic theories, namely politeness and impoliteness, types, and functions. Chapter Three presents the pragmatic strategies of teasing that are utilized in using the different types of teasing. Chapter Four introduces the eclectic model developed for teasing which is based on reviewing the previous models. Chapter Five is devoted to the practical part of the study in that it puts forward the collection, description, as well as the pragmatic and statistical analyses in terms of the findings and results of data analysis. Chapter Six sums up the main conclusions of the study, recommendations, and suggestions for future research work. The findings of the analysis signposts the confirmation of the first, second, fourth, fifth, seventh, ninth, tenth, and eleventh hypotheses, and the refutation of the third, sixth, and eighth hypotheses.

دراسة لغوية معرفية للاستعارة المفاهيمية في النقاشات البرلمانية البريطانية == A Cognitive Linguistic Study of Conceptual Metaphors in British Parliamentary Debates

اسم المؤلف: سعد جاسب داغر
اسم المشرف: حمید حسون بجیة المسعودي
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: الانكليزية - اللغة
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The current dissertation is an attempt to adopt a cognitive linguistic theory, namely the Conceptual Metaphor Theory as a means for critical discourse analysis of a sample of British parliamentary debates. In so doing, it gives an example of the fertile merge between Cognitive Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis. The British parliamentary debates used as the study sample deal with the First Gulf War (1991) that followed Iraq's occupation of Kuwait in August 1990. The study is based on the hypotheses that conceptual metaphors of different types prevail in British parliamentary debates, as a sub - genre of political discourse, and that many of these conceptual metaphors are politically motivated because they are used for persuasive and/or manipulative discourse purposes. The aim of the study is to uncover the political motivation of these metaphors and in thus doing, it , as a general aim, may attract the attention to the possibility of adopting Cognitive Linguistic theories for Critical Discourse Analysis purposes. The methodology followed includes using the metaphor identification procedure developed by the Pragglegaz group (2007) followed by a classification, interpretation and explanation of the identified conceptual metaphors in terms of Lakoff and Johnson's (1980) Conceptual Metaphor Theory. Two outstanding conclusions are that : British parliamentary debates are replete with conceptual metaphors of the three types (orientational, structural, and ontological) and that some of these metaphors (especially of the ontological type) can definitely be shown to be highly politically motivated as they are used for persuasive and/or manipulative purposes.

الاليات التداولية للتفاوض في عمليات الاندماج والاستحواذ التي تتبعها الشركات الامريكية والبريطانية == The Pragmatics of Negotiation in American and British Corporations' Merging and Takingover

اسم المؤلف: حسن هادي مهدي ابو كروز
اسم المشرف: فريد حميد حمزة الهنداوي
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: الانكليزية - اللغة
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تتناول الاطروحة عملية التفاوض بشكل تداولي في اربع من عمليات الاندماج والاستحواذ التي تتبعها الشركات الاميريكية والبريطانية وهي : عمليتا اندماج داملر وكرايسلر ورولز رويس وبي ام دبليو وعمليتا استحواذ جنرال موتورز على بويك واستحواذ مايكروسوفت على نوكيا . لذا يحاول البحث بلوغ الغايات الاتية : (1)الكشف عن انواع التفاوض الاكثر شيوعا التي يستخدمها المتفاوضون. (2) تقصي التركيب التداولي للتفاوض اي المكونات التداولية الرئيسة التي يتكون منها التفاوض. (3) تحديد الاستراتيجيات التداولية الاكثر شيوعا المستعملة في مراحل ابتداء التفاوض وادامته واختتامه في عمليات الاندماج والاستحواذ التداوليتين التفاوضيتين. (4) اظهار ماهية الاستراتيجيات التداولية المتعلقة بالحجاج والتناور والتلاعب والمغالطة التي يوظفها كل طرف مفاوض لاقناع نظيره المفاوض في النوع التجزيئي والنوع التكاملي للتفاوض. (5) تحديد الوسائل والتكتيكات التفاوضية التداولية المتبعة من الشركات الاميريكية ونظيراتها البريطانية .(6) برهنة فيما لو كانت الاستراتيجيات التداولية المتعلقة بالحجاج والتناور والتلاعب والمغالطة التي يوظفها كل طرف مفاوض لاقناع نظيره المفاوض مستخدمة في نوع معين من انواع التفاوض دون غيره (7) تطوير نموذج يرمي الى تحليل التفاوض تداوليا. ولتحقيق هذه الغايات ، تفترض الدراسة ان : (1)المتفاوضين يوظفون نوعين شائعين من انواع التفاوض هما : التفاوض التكاملي في عمليات الاندماج والتفاوض التجزيئي في عمليات الاستحواذ. (2) الافعال الكلامية واﻹفتراض المسبق والاشاريات والتلويح الحواري والورود والتناور الاستراتيجي والتادب هي المكونات التداولية الرئيسة التي يتكون منها التفاوض.(3) يوظف المتفاوضون افعال الاخبار والبيان والتذرع والاقتراح والطلب الكلامية وبعض التعابير الاشارية لجذب الطرف المفاوض الاخر لابتداء التفاوض في حالة التفاوض التكاملي ، بينما يستعمل المتفاوضون التصور المسبق ووسائل الحجاج والتلاعب وحواجز قواعد التلويح الحواري والتلويح الحواري واستراتيجيات معينة للتادب لاقناع الطرف المفاوض بشكل تداولي في حالة التفاوض التجزيئي. (4) الافعال الكلامية الخاصة بالموافقة والاعتراض والتنازل هي الاستراتيجيات التداولية الاكثر استعمالا في اختتام التفاوض. (5) افعال المغالطة الكلامية علاوة على استراتيجيات الحواجز والتلويح الحواري والتادب تمثل الاستراتيجيات التداولية الاكثر استخداما في تحقيق التفاوض التجزيئي اما استراتيجيات وسائل البيان التداولية ووسائل الحجاج فهي الاستراتيجيات الاكثر استعمالا في التفاوض التكاملي. (6) التذرع والتبرير والبينة والمقيد هي الانواع الاكثر استعمالا من بين وسائل الحجاج في تحقيق التفاوض التجزيئي بينما تكون وسائل التذرع والتبرير والحجة والاظهار هي الانواع الاكثر استعمالا من بين وسائل الحجاج في تحقيق التفاوض التكاملي. (7) النموذج الذي قامت الدراسة بتصميمه تم التحقق من فعاليته وشموليته التحليليتين. لاثبات مصداقية الفرضيات وتحقيق اهدافها، فقد اعتمدت الاطروحة الاجراءات الاتية : (1) استعراض تحليل نظري للتفاوض (مع التركيز على المداخل والنماذج التداولية الاشد ارتباطا بالتحليل المتبع ). (2) تحليل بيانات البحث (المتمثلة بمواقف التفاوض) الماخوذة من اربع من حالات الاندماج والاستحواذ التي تتبعها الشركات بواسطة النموذج التداولي الذي صممته الدراسة الحالية لهذا الغرض . (3) توظيف طرائق احصائية متنوعة لحساب نتائج التحليل والتثبت من صحة نتائج واستنتاجات التحليل التداولي بشكل احصائي. وتوصل البحث الى اثبات الفرضيات الاولى والثانية والثالثة والرابعة. اما الفرضيتان الخامسة والسادسة فقد رفضتا جزئيا واثبتتا جزئيا.واثبتت النتائج صحة الفرضيات السابعة والثامنة والتاسعة والعاشرة والحادية عشرة والثانية عشرة والثالثة عشرة. | This study is an attempt to pragmatically investigate the interactional process of negotiation in four cases of American and British corporations' Mergings and Takingovers : Mergers of Daimler - Chrysler and Rolls - Royce - BMW, General Motors's Takeover of Buick, and Microsoft's Takeover of Nokia. Accordingly, it tries to actualize relevant aims the most important of which are : (1) Uncovering the common types of negotiation. (2) Revealing the pragmatic structure of the negotiation process of the corporations' merging and takingover. (3) Finding out the most common pragmatic strategies exploited in the defining, bargaining, and resolution stages of the negotiation process (4) Showing what pragmatically argumentative, manipulative, maneuvering and fallacy strategies each negotiating party utilizes to persuade the other party in the distributive and integrative types of negotiation. (5) Identifying the negotiational pragmatic means and tactics employed by British corporations and their American counterparts. (6) Showing whether fallacy and/or strategic maneuvers are used for realizing a particular type of negotiation. (7) Developing an eclectic model for the pragmatic analysis of the negotiation process. In association with these aims, it is hypothesized that : (1) Negotiators frequently employ two common types of negotiation namely : integrative negotiation for merging and distributive negotiation for takingover process. (2) Negotiation is composed of speech acts, presupposition, deixis, conversational implicatures, relevance, strategic maneuvering and politeness. (3) The negotiators employ speech acts of proposing, stating, claiming, suggesting, requesting and some deictic expressions as well as the tactful maxim to integratively appeal to the other party in the defining negotiation stage; whereas, presupposition, manipulative and argumentative devices, hedges of the conversational maxims, conversational implicatures and certain politeness strategies are pragmatically used by the negotiators to distributively win over and persuade their counterpart negotiators at the distributive type. (4) Speech acts of agreement, challenge, and concession are the most common pragmatic strategies of negotiation process in the resolution stage. (5) Speech act fallacies are the basic strategies used to trigger the first type of the negotiation process viz. distributive negotiation, in addition to hedges, conversational implicatures, and politeness strategies; while, pragma - rhetorical tropes and argumentative devices are the basic strategies adopted to accomplish the integrative type of negotiation. (6) Claim, warrant, rebuttal and qualifier are the basic argumentative devices frequently utilized in the distributive negotiation, whereas claim, warrant, evidence, backing are the major means frequently relied on in performing the integrative negotiation. (7) The eclectic model developed in this study is valid and exhaustive . To achieve the aims of this work and test its hypotheses, the following procedures are adopted : (1) The relevant literature on negotiation (with special reference to the most relevant pragmatic approaches and models of analysis) is reviewed. (2) The negotiation cases (the data of the present work) in four selected corporations' merging and takingover cases are pragmatically analyzed by means of the model developed in this study for this purpose. (3) Various statistical means are exploited to consolidate the findings of the analysis, and confirm the findings of the pragmatic analyses. The findings of the analysis verify the first, second, third, and fourth hypotheses, whereas they partially reject the fifth and sixth hypotheses and partially verify them. They also ratify the seventh, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth hypotheses

دراسة تداولية للمبالغة في الروايات البريطانية والامريكية == A PRAGMATIC STUDY OF EXAGGERATION IN BRITISH AND AMERICAN NOVELS

اسم المؤلف: فاطمة رحمن مخيف
اسم المشرف: قاسم عباس ضايف الطفيلي
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: الانكليزية - اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The main concern of this study is to tackle exaggeration in two representative novels. One is British and the other is American. These two novels are : Mrs. Dalloway by Virginia Woolf and The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald respectively. From a pragmatic point of view, exaggeration in the field of literature has not been given enough attention. Accordingly, this study is an attempt to analyze exaggeration pragmatically by using an eclectic model. Thus, it concerns itself with achieving the following aims : (1)investigating the kinds of speech acts through which the exaggeration language occurs and specifying the kinds which are highly used in Mrs. Dalloway and The Great Gatsby, (2)identifying the devices of exaggeration and specifying the devices which are mostly employed in Mrs. Dalloway and The Great Gatsby, (3)showing how exaggerators pragmatically proceed the Politeness Principle and the Cooperative Principle in Mrs. Dalloway and The Great Gatsby, (4)figuring out the pragmatic functions of exaggeration and highlighting those which are extremely used in Mrs. Dalloway and The Great Gatsby, (5)figuring out whether the British English or the American English is more exaggerated than the other. In relation to the abovementioned aims, the following hypotheses are tested : (1)various kinds of speech acts through which the exaggeration language occurs can be used and certain kinds of them are highly used in Mrs. Dalloway and The Great Gatsby, (2)a variety of devices of exaggeration are used and certain devices score higher frequency of use than others in Mrs. Dalloway and The Great Gatsby, (3)the Politeness Principle and the Cooperative Principle are violated in The Great Gatsby more than in Mrs. Dalloway, (4)there are different pragmatic functions for exaggeration and certain functions are extremely used in Mrs. Dalloway and The Great Gatsby, (5)the American English is more exaggerated than the British English. To test the validity of these hypotheses, certain procedures have been followed : (1) surveying the relevant literature on exaggeration in general and its pragmatic perspective in particular, (2) analyzing exaggeration pragmatically in Mrs. Dalloway and The Great Gatsby according to an eclectic model developed by this study, (3) using a statistical method, represented by the percentage equation, to calculate the results of the analysis. The results of the analysis prove the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth hypotheses. This study consists of four chapters. Chapter One introduces the problem, aims, hypotheses, procedures, limits, and value of the study. Chapter Two is devoted to presenting a theoretical framework on exaggeration and its pragmatic perspective. Chapter Three presents a discussion for the data of the work, and a practical analysis of exaggeration in the selected novels. Chapter Four sums up conclusions, introduces recommendations, and goes over suggestions for further studies.

دراسة تداولية للنذر في النصوص الانجيلية == A PRAGMATIC STUDY OF VOW IN BIBLICAL VERSES

اسم المؤلف: ابتهال جاسم عباس الشريفي
اسم المشرف: رزاق نايف مخيف الشافعي
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: الانكليزية - اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Vow is a voluntarily act in which the speaker promises God something if his petition is granted. It is made only to God as a voluntarily act, yet it becomes obligatory once it is made. This study has set itself to deal with this issue because, to the best of the researcher's knowledge, it has not been dealt with fairly in modern writings. The present study attempts to study vow in biblical texts from a pragmatic perspective. Consequently, it has set the following aims : (1) identifying the types of vow used in the Bible; (2) looking for the functions of vow in the Bible; (3)shedding light on the different structures that are used in performing vow; (4) investigating the speech act of vow in relation to other speech acts like pledges, promises, and oaths; (5) identifying the pragmatic components and strategies used in making vow; (6) finding out how rhetorical devices are utilized in making vow; (7) and using an eclectic model for the analysis of biblical texts of vow. To achieve the aims of this study, the following hypotheses are put forward : (1) there are different types of vow which are used in the Bible; (2) each type has its own function; (3) more than one structure is used in performing vow in the Bible; (4) there is a close relation between the act of vow and other acts like pledge, promise, and oath; (5) vow is made by using different pragmatic components like the use of speech act of vow, politeness principle, presuppositions, and deixis; (6) persuasive appeals, repetition (including full repetition, parallelism, and chiasmus), irony, and symbol, as rhetorical devices, can be utilized in making vow. To test the validity of these hypotheses, certain procedures are followed : (1) introducing a survey of literature about biblical vows and pragmatic and rhetorical notions that have relations to the aims of the study; (2) analyzing biblical texts of vow according to the eclectic model of the study. The study falls into five chapters. Chapter One introduces the problem, aims, hypotheses, procedures, limits, and value of the study. Chapter Two is devoted to the theoretical background of vow. Chapter Three presents a pragmatic perspective of vow as an attempt to develop a model for analyzing the data. Chapter Four presents the practical side of the study in which some biblical texts are chosen to be analyzed pragmatically. Lastly, Chapter Five sums up the conclusions, recommendations, as well as suggestions for further studies.

التصالب معلما اسلوبيا في الشعر الميتافيزيقي == CHIASMUS AS A STYLISTIC DEVICE IN METAPHYSICAL POETRY

اسم المؤلف: زهراء عدنان فاضل المرعبي
اسم المشرف: دنيا محمد مقداد عجام
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: الانكليزية - اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تعنى هذه الدراسة بالمعلم الاسلوبي المعروف بالتصالب. التصالب يعني اعادة الكلمات او التراكيب النحوية بشكل معكوس، مبينا براعة حرفية. تحاول الدراسة بلوغ الاهداف الاتية : (1) استكشاف مدى فعالية التصالب بوصفه معلما اسلوبيا في الشعر الميتافيزيقي. (2) معرفة ما اذا كان الشعراء الميتافيزيقيين يستخدمون التصالب بصورة متساوية او هناك فوارق في استخدامهم. (3) تقصي المستوى اللغوي للتصالب وظف بصورة رئيسة في الشعر الميتافيزيقي. (4) تعيين نمط التصالب الذي يستخدم بصورة متكررة في الشعر الميتافيزيقي. (5) تعيين نوع التصالب الاكثر شيوعا في الشعر الميتافيزيقي. لغرض تحقيق تلك الاهداف، استعرضت الدراسة الفرضيات الاتية : (1) يميل الشعراء الميتافيزيقيون لاتخاذ التصالب معلما اسلوبيا لكتاباتهم بغض النظر عن الموضوع الذي هم بصدد الكتابة فيه. (2) يميل الشعراء الميتافيزيقيون لاستخدام التصالب بصورة متساوية. (3) يبدو ان الشعراء الميتافيزيقيين يوظفون كل المستويات اللغوية للتصالب مع اعطاء الاولوية للمستوى النحوي. (4) يميل الشعراء الميتافيزيقيون لاتخاذ النمط الكامل للتصالب ليكون النمط الاكثر تكرارا من حيث الاستخدام. (5) يبدو ان نوع التصالب الذي ياخذ شكل الصليب هو النوع الاكثر شيوعا في الشعر الميتافيزيقي. ولاختبار مصداقية هذه الفرضيات، اتبعت الدراسة الاجراءات الاتية : (1) تقديم خلفية نظرية عن التصالب في اللغة الانجليزية. (2) توضيح المستويات اللغوية للتصالب وانماطه وانواعه اضافة الى الوضائف التي من الممكن ان ينجزها في الشعر الميتافيزيقي. (3) تتبنى الدراسة تحليلا اسلوبيا لعينة البحث متبعة نموذجا انتقائيا للتحليل متكون من الدليل اللغوي للشعر (1969) للباحث ليج وكيفية دراسة الادب : نظريات اسلوبية وتداولية (2010) للباحثين نيازي وجوتام. الغرض من هذا التحليل هو تسليط الضوء على اهمية استخدام التصالب في الشعر الميتافيزيقي. (4) ومن ثم ياتي البحث في تكرارات التصالب في العينة المختارة للدراسة وتحليلها لغرض استكشاف فعالية التصالب في الشعر الميتافيزيقي. وقد توصلت الدراسة الى الاستنتاجات الاتية : (1) يساعد التصالب، بوصفه معلما اسلوبيا، الشعراء الميتافيزيقيين في التعبير عن افكار مختلفة في القصيدة بغض النظر عن كونها متعلقة بمواضيع غرامية او دينية. (2) ان استخدام الشعراء الميتافيزيقيون للتصالب يختلف بشكل تدريجي مبتدءا بـ دون ومنتهيا بـ فوغان. (3) يوظف الشعراء الميتافيزيقيون التصالب على كل المستويات اللغوية مع اعطاء الاولوية للمستوى النحوي عندما استخدموه باعلى كثافة. (4) استنتجت الدراسة ان النمط الكامل للتصالب هو النمط الاكثر تكرارا في الشعر الميتافيزيقي مقارنة بالنمط الصرف والنمط المتقطع والنمط الجزئي للتصالب. (5) واخيرا، ان نوع التصالب الذي يتخذ شكل الصليب هو النوع الاكثر شيوعا عندما استخدمه الشعراء الميتافيزيقيون باعلى تردد مقارنة بنوعيه الحلقي والحلزوني اللذين استخدما بكثافات ونسب متساوية والنوع الذي يتخذ شكل المراة والذي استخدم بكثافة ونسبة تتراوح بين الاثنين. | This study deals with chiasmus as a stylistic device. Chiasmus means the repetition of words or syntactic structures in an inverse order indicating verbal cleverness. The study attempts to achieve the following aims : (1) Exploring the operationality of chiasmus as a stylistic device in the metaphysical poetry, (2) figuring out whether the metaphysical poets use chiasmus equally or differentially, (3) finding out the level of chiasmus that is basically employed by the metaphysical poets, (4) identifying the chiastic pattern that is frequently used in the metaphysical poetry, (5) identifying the most dominant type of chiasmus in the metaphysical poetry. In order to achieve such aims, the following hypotheses are set forth : (1) The metaphysical poets tend to take chiasmus to be their stylistic device regardless of the theme they write on. (2) The four metaphysical poets, Donne, Herbert, Cowley, and Vaughan, tend to use chiasmus equally. (3) All the levels of chiasmus seem to be employed by the metaphysical poets giving priority to the syntactic level. (4) The metaphysical poets tend to take the complete chiastic pattern to be the one that is used most frequently. (5) The cross - shaped chiasmus seems to be the most dominant type of chiasmus in the metaphysical poetry. To test the validity of these hypotheses, certain procedures are followed : (1) Presenting a theoretical background of chiasmus in English, (2) clarifying the levels, patterns, and types of chiasmus in the English language, (3) conducting a stylistic analysis following an eclectic model based on Leech’s model : A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry (1969) and Niazi and Gautam’s : How to Study Literature : Stylistic and Pragmatic Appraoches (2010) to highlight the significance of the use of chiasmus in the metaphysical poetry, (4) and, investigating the frequencies of chiasmus in the data selected and analyzing them in such a way that explores its operationality in the metaphysical poetry. To do so, a selection of forty metaphysical poems is made of the poets : Donne, Herbert, Cowley, and Vaughan (ten poems of each). The study comes up with the following conclusions : 1. Chiasmus, as a stylistic device, helps the metaphysical poets to express different ideas regardless of their being related to love or religion. 2. The use of chiasmus by the four metaphysical poets is gradual starting with Donne and ending with Vaughan. 3. The metaphysical poets employ chiasmus at all the linguistic levels giving priority to the syntactic level as it is used with the highest density. 4. In confirmation of the fourth hypothesis, it is inferred that the complete chiastic pattern is the one that is used most frequently in the metaphysical poetry as it is compared with the pure, discontinuous, and the partial chiastic patterns. 5. Finally, it is concluded that cross - shaped chiasmus is the most dominant type as the metaphysical poets use it with the highest frequency of occurrences in comparison with the circle and the spiral types which are equally used and the mirror type which is in between.

دراسة تحليل الخطاب لطلبات التوضيح في السياقات المهنية == A DISCOURSE - ANALYTIC STUDY OF CLARIFICATION REQUESTS IN PROFESSIONAL CONTEXTS

اسم المؤلف: زيــــدون عبــد الــرزاق عــبود
اسم المشرف: رياض طارق كاظم العميدي
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: الانكليزية - اللغة
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تبين الدراسة الحالية اهمية استخدام طلبات التوضيح في مواقف مختلفة، خصوصا في السياقات المهنية الثلاثة؛ سياقات المحكمة، السياقات الطبية، والسياقات التعليمية. اعتمد الباحث نظرية Purver لعام (2004a) لتحليل طلبات التوضيح في هذه المواقف الثلاثة المختلفة. استخدمت الصيغ (Forms) والقراءات (Readings) التي عرضها Purver في نظريته بوصفها ادوات لغرض التحليل مع دراسة كل من المتغيرين "دور المتحدث" (Role of the speaker) و"جنس المتحدث" (Sex of the speaker) ايضا تحت الدراسة. فقد تمت دراسة تاثير هذين المتغيرين في استخدام طلبات التوضيح في الخطاب المعتمد في المواقف الثلاثة المذكورة.تشتمل الدراسة على خمسة فصول. الفصل الاول بعنوان المقدمة Introduction. ويضم مشكلة الدراسة، واهدافها وفرضياتها واجراءاتها ومحدداتها واهميتها.يتناول الفصل الثاني مراجعة الادبيات ونبذة عن خلفية نظرية Purver الخاصة بالتوضيح. ويقدم الفصل الثالث تحليلا للحوارات المستخدمة في المواقف المهنية الثلاثة وهي الحوار داخل المحكمة والحوار الطبي والحوار التعليمي. وقد حلل كل موقف فسر بشكل منفصل وفقا للصيغ والقراءات المذكورة في نظرية Purver (2004a ) .ويعنى الفصل الرابع بمناقشة نتائج الدراسة. فقد احتسبت الصيغ (Forms) وقيمت وفقا لتكرارها في كل موقف مع دراسة دور المتغيرين الدور والجنس في تحليل الخطاب مع بيان تاثير هذين المتغيرين في استخدام طلبات التوضيح في الخطاب . كذلك ضمنت الدراسة الاشكال الجديدة التي اكتشفها الباحث خلال تحليله نصوص الدراسة في هذا الفصل. وبين الفصل الخامس الاستنتاجات التي توصل اليها الباحث حيث اظهرت الدراسة اهمية استخدام طلبات التوضيح في جعل الجمل اكثر وضوحا وكذلك في حل سوء الفهم الذي قد يحصل اثناء التخاطب واوضحت دورها كاداة فاعلة يمكن استخدامها في السياقات المهنية الثلاثة المذكورة اعلاه لتسهيل عملية التواصل المتبادل. اثبتت الدراسة ايضا ان للمتغيرين دور المتحدث وجنسه اهمية كبيرة في استخدام طلبات التوضيح. بينت الدراسة ان كلا من الشهود والطلاب والمرضى في الحوارات المحللة يستخدمون طلبات التوضيح اكثر من المحامين والمدرسين والاطباء وان المحامين الذكور يستخدمون طلبات التوضيح اقل من الشهود الذكور والاناث وان المدرسين والطلاب يستخدمونها اكثر من المدرسات والطالبات بهذا الترتيب وكذلك الاطباءالذكور يستخدمونها اكثر من كل من المرضى الذكور والاناث. ومن بين اهم نتائج الدراسة هي ما توصل اليه الباحث من مجموعة جديدة من الصيغ لم يذكرها Purver في نظريته (a 2004 ) . كما وتضمن هذا الفصل بعض التوصيات ومقترحات لدراسات مستقبلية. | In natural discourse, hearers seek a complete understanding of speakers’ utterances. Misunderstanding may occur as a result of various reasons like noise, interruption or even mishearing. Consequently, hearers need to ground the speakers’ utterances fully in order not to miss some information uttered by the speaker. This study explores the significance of using clarification requests in three different professional contexts, namely : Court, Medical, and Educational. Purver’s theory of clarification requests (2004a) is adopted for the analysis of the discourse of these three different contexts. The forms and readings mentioned by Purver are used as tools for the purpose of analysis. The two variables (role and sex) that can affect the forms of clarification requests are also investigated. The corpus of the study is taken from the British National Corpus (BNC) website as well as Kennith Lay published trail. The study falls into five chapters. Chapter one includes an introduction, the problem, aims, hypotheses, procedure, the scope and the value of the study. This study aims at, among other things, examining the possibility of applying Purver’s theory of clarification requests (2004a), particularly the forms and readings, to different professional contexts. It also explores the influence of the role and the sex of the speaker on using clarification requests in these three different contexts. It is hypothesized that clarification requests are quite important to facilitate mutual understanding in professional contexts. Interlocutors in these three professional contexts use clarification request forms differently. The role and sex of those interlocutors can affect the use of these clarification request forms. Chapter two consists of the literature review of the concept and the theoretical background of Purver’s theory of clarification. Some works before and after Purver’s theory of clarification are surveyed. Chapter three deals with the analysis of the discourse sessions used in the three professional contexts. Each context is analysed and interpreted separately according to the forms and readings mentioned in Purver’s (2004a). Chapter four includes the results of the study and the discussion of these results. The forms are calculated and estimated according to the frequency of their occurrence in each context. The role and sex variables are also investigated to reveal their influence on the use of clarification requests in discourse. Some new forms that the researcher identifies during the analysis of the corpus under investigation are also included in this chapter. Chapter five presents the conclusions arrived at. Among the most important findings of the study which verify its hypotheses are the following : 1. Clarification requests are an important means that can be used in maintaining a sooth mutual understanding. 2. Doctors, witnesses, and students use more clarification requests than their interlocutors (i.e. patients, lawyers and teachers, respectively). 3. Male lawyers unlike male witnesses use more clarification requests than the females. Besides, male teachers unlike male students use less clarification requests than females. In addition, it is found out that male doctors contrary to male patients use clarification requests more than the females. 4. It is found out that the number of clarification requests used in the educational context is more than that used in the other two contexts.

الرواية التاريخية في كتاب العقوبات لابن ابي الدنيا (ت281هـ/894م) == The Historical Narrationsin Alukuba'At Book By : Ibn Abi Al - Dunya(281 - 894 H)

اسم المؤلف: فلاح حسن عباس
اسم المشرف: عبد الستار نصيف جاسم العامري
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: All praise is to Allah, the Lord of the worlds and His blessings and peace upon his prophet Muhammad and his Descendants (Ahl al - Bayt). The study of "Alukuba'at Book" ( Divine Miracle Punishments) written by Ibn Abi al - Dunya is one of the significant matters in religious Islamic History. Ibn Abi al - Dunya's full name is Abdullah bin Muhammad Bin Ubaid Bin Sufyan Bin Qais, Alqurashi,.He was born in 208 H/823 A.D in Baghdad and died there(Jumada Al - Ula) in 281H/894 A.D. He is considered one of the best learned and highly respected religion teachers, (deeply spiritual man) historians and narrators in the Third Hijri Century. His contributions are wide - spread in various fields of knowledge. His wide mentality and vast thinking are distinguished. This is very vivid in his productions(books) which some of them printed and others not yet. Although he was a freedman of the Umayyads, he became the tutor of several ?Abb?sid princes and in particular of those who were later to become caliphs as al - Mu?ta?id and al - Mu?taf? because of his intelligence and fame. Ibn Abi al - Dunya's father was a man of wisdom and Hadith narrator. He taught his son (Ibn Abi al - Dunya) and supported his progress from an earlier time. Ibn Abi al - Dunya contributed in The reformation movement of the community through his writings and classifications. He wrote many books in education and piety and continued teaching generations until his death at the age of seventy on Tuesday 14th of Jumadi 281 H/894A.D. Ibn Abi Al - Dunya was a man of moderation and neutralism between the sects in his religion(Muslims). So, he combined and comprised all sects. For examples, he wrote about Ahl al - Bayt (Prophet Muhammad's representatives) , and composed many books like; "Al - Awlia" (Faithful) and their virtues, "The Virtues of Imam Ali", "The death of Imam Ali", "The Marriage of Lady Fatima", "The Death of Imam Hussein", "Ashuraa", " The Telling of Lewis Al - Qurrani" and " The Death of Ibin Ju'bair" and others. This neutralism and fairness what has made me to select this personality because we (at this present time) are in an urgent need to such a person not to encourage extremism and terrorism. In my research paper, I have focused on Ibin Abi Al - Dunya of being historian rather than social counselor or religious educator. I have chosen his book "Alukuba'at Book" ( Divine Miracles and Punishments) a field of may study for what it contains so much history narrations (Stories) of nations (The People and their Prophets) of what happened to them. These nations disobeyed their Creator (Allah) and forged His Sharia (Divine Laws). I have organized this paper into four chapters with an index and the resources. The first section of the first chapter focuses on the background of Ibn Abi Al - Dunya, his name, birth, full name, surname, early growth (education), religious sect and his death. The second section handles his life, masters(teachers), students, fame, journeys and his books. The second chapter is of three sections which, of course, deals with the method and sources of the book" Alukuba'at". The first section I describe the book ,its reasons of writing, its importance, prints(copies) and its divisions. The second section is to clarify the resources Ibn Abi al - Dunya recited from which include Quran, Holy Hadith (The Prophet's speech) and other telling. The third section is about the fundamentality and method of his book (Alukuba'at), so I identified the basis of selecting his historical matters, his recitations of verses of Quran, the recitation of holy Hadiths and his personal mentality weaving these basis together. The third chapter I have dealt with the history of Hadiths (The time Hadith was narrated) in this book because it is not chronically arranged. I have rearranged them newly depends on other narrations which this chapter called 'History Stories of Prophets'. In this chapter I focused on the stories of the Prophets Adam, Abraham and Lot (PB). This chapter includes two sections. The first one is about the Story of Adam, its reasons and the heavenly punishments and the historical narrations about it. Also the story of the prophet Noah and what included of historical narrations. The second section comprises the stories of the prophets Methuselah, Heber, Abraham and Lot and their narrations. The fourth chapter is titled as 'The Historical Stories of the prophet Jacob' and also Elephant Companions and what has been revealed of Israelites. This chapter is of two sections. The first one deals with the stories of the prophets Jacob, Joseph and Jonah. The second one is about the story of the prophet Job, its history narrations and the Israelites in it.Finally, I have studied and reviewed these stories and historical narrations compared to other resources trying hard to achieve and select the most remarkable and acceptable one. In conclusion, I have deeply dealt with the best and convincing results of what I am aiming at depending on available information.
الملخص:
المصادر:

كربلاء من 1749 - 1869 : دراسة في الاحوال السياسية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية == Karbala From 1749 - 1869 A Study In The Circumstances (Political, Economic And Social)

اسم المؤلف: احمد باسم حسن الاسدي
اسم المشرف: فؤاد طارق كاظم العميدي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تناولت هذه الدراسة تاريخ كربلاء في المدة 1749 - 1869 دراسة في الاحوال السياسية ولاقتصادية والاجتماعية، وكان الجانب السياسي قد تميز بمرحلتين المرحلة الاولى منذ عام 1749 - 1802 وفيها تمتعت مدينة كربلاء بالاستقرار السياسي والامني النسبي، وتبين ان لذلك تاثير ايجا | This study takes the history of Karbala in the period 1749 - 1869, a study in the political, economic and social conditions, and it was the political side has been marked by two phases the first phase since 1749 - 1802 which the city of Karbala enjoyed the political and the security stability relatively, showing a positive impact on the overall economic, social and intellectual life. The second began with Wahhabi attack in 1802, and the subsequent attacks that have caused insecurity in most of Iraq's border towns on the West, including Karbala, then Daood Pasha attack on Karbala until the end of the Mamluk era. Karbala was also attacked in the subsequent period by the governor of Baghdad Najib Pasha in 1843. Karbala witnessed a chaos in its security in 1757 when the people of Karbala revolted against conscription.the study in the second chapter went to the economic conditions in Karbala, and we dealt agriculture in the forefront and land and factors affecting the production, then we talked about industry and industrial trades in the countryside of Karbala, in the city we found that the industry was primitive and in the rest of the state of Baghdad and surrounded lands. the industry was dependent on raw materials available in the city like clay and palm wood or Aromated, then the study took the trade in Karbala so we mentioned roads, transport and the markets in Karbala, and means of trade coins, and incomes of the city and of the visitors and fee of funeral and etc. The third chapter we took the social conditions in Karbala starting with the urban planning for the city of Karbala, then Karbalai society and aspects of social life in the city and the countryside and the most important families who live in the city of Karbala and the clans that live on the outskirts of the city and mutual influence between them, and we took the social aspects at the community in the city and the rural community. and there is no doubt that the relationship was overlapping between them and even social manifestations are similar to a large extent, because the city's community is an extension of the community rural, As for social services. In fact, it has been non - existent for them, there are no hospitals, no schools, no doctors, no teachers, which led to the spread of ignorance that has led to the spread of diseases that Karbalai community suffered a lot. The fourth chapter contained the scientific movement in Karbala that have flourished since the mid - eighth century, and was the most prominent scholars of Karbala at that time is the religion leader Mohammed Baqer Al - Behbahani. During this period scientific schools spread, libraries, government offices and mosques. Scientific movement has been accompanied by the emergence of different religious mobilizations affected the fundamentalist religion that came into conflict with them, including the news and then Shaykhiyyah, scout and then Babiah which is the most dangerous thing that faced fundamentalist religion but it’s survived thanks to the efforts of fundamentalists scientists. As well as the cultural movement flourished and a number of poets were appeared, it is worth to mention that the scientific movement was influenced by the political situation and turned out to be that the period of political stability accompanied by scientific prosperity which became weak in the nineteenth century because of the Wahhabi attacks as well as the political turmoil that accompanied the attack of Daoud Pasha on Karbala and the subsequent as the attack of Najib Pasha. But in spite of that we should realize that Karbala was enjoying a scientific prosperity in the next period thanks to the presence of a number of scientists.
الملخص:
المصادر:

العلاقات الالمانية - الروسية (1870 - 1914) == Germany - Russian Relations 1870 - 1914

اسم المؤلف: نادية جاسم كاظم علي الشمري
اسم المشرف: علي هادي عباس المهداوي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
الملخص:
المصادر:

تطورات التعليم في الكويت 1946 - 1971 == Developments Of Education In Kuwait 1946 - 1971

اسم المؤلف: عائد مجيد عبد زيد العيساوي
اسم المشرف: احمد يونس زويد الجشعمي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The education of Kuwait has developed between 1946 - 1971 for many reasons that participated in this development, the geographical position and the trade with foreign countries , this has increased the relationship between the Kuwaiti people and tradesmen , so the idea of education created selecting the best educated people of Kuwait that are working in the trade field and by the help of capitalists and tradesmen by holding their accounts , also the help of mosques and small libraries that specialized in religion education to create people who know how to read so it became easy to teach them how to write by founding semi governmental schools by Al - Mubarakiya school , plus the founding of literature club that supported the students materially and spiritually and offered all their necessary needs that helped in supporting the education and the number of students , also the stable politician situation that happens in Kuwait after the stable ruling of Al - Sabah family that supported the education since 1921 ,and formed by founding the Al - Ahmadiyah school materially and spiritually so the governmental education emerged so as to the governmental schools that took the Egyptian and Iraqi curriculum , that supplied the society by local education energies , all that resulted in education cooperation between Kuwait and the rest of the world countries , because of the scholarships Kuwait offered its students outside its borders and the bursaries that offered to Arabian and the province students , that helped in developing the education of Kuwait , by contacting the different cultures of the countries that the scholarships have been sent to Kuwait helped other Arabian countries that helped in developing their education , the education in Kuwait did not stay at the elementary and high schools ,but it reached to creating the Kuwait University in 1966 and the graduation of different specializations in 1970.
الملخص:
المصادر:

تطورات التعليم في البحرين (1961 - 1981) == Education In Bahrain Developments (1981 - 1961)

اسم المؤلف: حسين نعمة محمد الخفاجي
اسم المشرف: مشتاق طالب حسين الخفاجي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Education is one of the basic factors that contribute to building societies, politically, socially, economically and culturally, so the Bahraini government has paid education much attention, especially after that I realized that investing in people is the best investment in the long run, as I realized that the power of education, cohesion and planning and development helps in the development of society, and even help to the renaissance of the state and its development, hence the importance of the subject and the motivation to study it. Despite the importance of the subject and privacy, but that academic studies omitted searched historically and disclosure of mastery, and as the Bahrain are part of the Arab system in general and the Gulf in particular, and as the search in the partial problem contributes greatly to the development of treatments for similar problems in them, so the study came to contribute to shed light on this issue to achieve the desired objective and above, but it is a motive to search. Therefore, this study was entitled to (education developments in Bahrain 1961 1981), to search for the cause of the development of education in Bahrain during the years in question, being of privacy in the history of Bahrain in general and the history of education in particular the years. As education witnessed in these years a remarkable development since 1961, due to the attention of the Emir of Bahrain Sheikh (Isa Bin Salman Al - Khalifa) and his education, he has established in his reign, many schools, colleges and universities, has sent missions to the study, and encouraged talented and gifted in a ceremony to be held for them in every year b (science festival) as grant awards for science and his students. We finished the study and up to 1981 for the accession of Bahrain, the Gulf Cooperation Council, since its accession there have become common policies in several areas with the countries that participated in this cooperation, including education.By tracking the development of education in Bahrain in the years 1961 1981 can devise a set of results, most notably : 1 - early education began in Bahrain early, marked by religious education Ketatibi, as it was the boys and girls memorized the Koran and the Sunnah and learn to read and write by the mullahs and writers who Qsteke to receive lessons. It was natural blossoming of this type of education as a result of religious factors and others relating to their need to meet the needs of society at the time of readers and writers, accountants, staff, and indeed these madrassas have succeeded in preparing the individual for life in accordance with religious and moral ideals that advocated by Islam. Which encouraged these madrassas to spread, especially since the state were not educational services of their competence at the time, but the competence of individuals and groups. The traditional education in the Arabian Gulf in general and Bahrain in particular the first seed to learn, and that was popularly educated, not officially, but it shows the interest of the Gulf society in general and specifically in science education and Bahrain.2 - Soon, there has been an education is something new not seen in the region before and had an impact on the functioning of the educational process in the Arabian Gulf in general and Bahrain in particular, and prepared by some of the first signs of modern education in the Gulf, but it is education system introduced by the missionaries of America, and although the goals those missions colonial and motivated by the foundation is the preaching of Christianity in the Arabian Peninsula and convert the population to Christianity, but Zwemer and his colleagues practiced by missionaries and other activities do not represent the reality of the missionary religious goals, including medical activities and educational and cultural and archaeological and geographical, but the (US - Arab mission) It failed in its mission, because it linked the provision of basic services, a mission of evangelization be Christians, because Muslims and Arabs in general very special clinging to their religion and will not accept them an alternative.3 - private education charity in Bahrain at the beginning of the twentieth century, specifically in 1919, and was intended to proceed with the civil committees from various segments of society, whether local or expatriate, to develop the first foundations for the nucleus of formal education in Bahrain, and also came in reaction to the Education Ketatibi which He prevailed in that period and which now does not meet the wishes of the community, especially after the first World war, as things have changed and resulted in the opening up of Bahrain more broadly on data from modern Western Renaissance to make a big political and social changes in the country resulted in the emergence of cultural and social awareness among the members of the community of Bahrain, so there was a need to create a modern educational institutes differ from Koranic schools in terms of systems and curricula and goals. However it was this kind of education does not achieve scientific adequacy fit the spirit of the age.
الملخص:
المصادر: