اسم المؤلف:
عمر امجد صالح
اسم المشرف:
هاشم يونس عبد الرحمن
المستخلص:
Islam in A.D. seventh century was considered a great event, but rather a great reforming movement which has been witnessed by the world along its long history; and many sequential reforming movements have been appeared in the world, but they did not success in changing the prevalent corruptive situations, and crushing the anxious circumstances which were facing the world in that time. Islam has affirmed since its beginning, that it is a general universal religion, which is suitable for every time and place, and even for every gender and mind, and for every degree of civilization; and with its nature represents a comprehensive civilization, which leads the human to the highest ranks of life, and achieving the development of humans, and solving the political and social problems, and it calls for unity, brotherhood, liberty and equality. Whatever the Arabs had have a great civilization heritage and a prominent role in the old ages, but their great historical role appears clearly in the state they made after Islam, and in the prosperous civilization whom they made its bases with their guidance and supervision till it extends behind their state's borders. Because Islam was considered a great event, it was to face a conflict and hostile movements, and Islam has faced in the era of the prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him) many conflict movements; the first one was led by Quraish leaders in Makka for thirteen years, then the migration of the prophet Mohammed with his followers to Madina, and then Islam has faced two other conflict movements; the first was the hypocrites movement, and the second was the Jewish tribes movement, but Islam was able to defeat them. In the last days of the prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him) another conflict movement becomes to appear and it was considered one of the most dangerous movements facing Islam, it was the apostasy movement (al - rida) which called for getting rid of the central state in Madina, which grew quickly and became dangerous after the die of the prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him), and became wide in many areas of Arab peninsula, and had have many forms, and became different with its bases, styles and means, but it was agreed on that it was the most dangerous on the religious, social, political and economical unity of the Arab peninsula, and this led the Islamic Arabic state to make a wide war to defeat it. Studying the subject of apostasy is considered one of the most important subjects in the Islamic Arabic history, that this historical period is connected commonly with the Islamic Arabic existence which became threatened with the absence of the real founder, and shifting the mission of power to the Caliph Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him). As well as, this movement is considered one the critical subjects in the Islamic history for its coming results, and for its involving events dealt by the references which were different in its understanding, and varied in its presentation and events and making judgments. Also the researcher felt the importance of the subject through its looking into the historical studies made around him, either reliance on the old reference or the modern ones. Although the short period of the apostasy movements starting from (10 - 12A.H./631 - 633A.D.) but the continuous events were important and connected with the existed situation in Arab peninsula regions with its tribal formation which moved many of the events facing the growth of mission (Da'wa), which gives us religious, political, economical and social sides conncted originally with the psychological and mental formation of the Arabic personality, which was affected with the live in environment. Although, the first appearances of apostasy movements in Arab peninsula were in the south, and with its claimer Al - Aswad Al - Ansi in Yemen, but it is noted that the last movements were in the south regions too, and the apostasy of Kenda, Hathermot tribes leaded by Al - AshaathBin Qais Al - Kindey, so the apostasy movements in the south took along time and that led to its widen its dangerous on the central state in Madina. It is noted that many of the studies made by the modern researchers dealt with apostasy movements in general with ambiguity and enumeration without and addition or analysis, as well as the shorten of displaying the different sides of the subject, also some of these studies dealt with apostasy movements in the middle and east regions of Arab peninsula, from this starting point the researcher proposed to deal with the apostasy movements in south regions of Arab peninsula, and the thesis was entitled with "Apostasy in the South of Arab peninsula (10 - 12A.H) Historical Stud ", where it dealt with apostasy events in Yemen, Hathermot, Mohra, and Oman for they represent the south and south east of Arab peninsula, and for that nobody of the researchers has dealt with in an academic and scientific study. From this point, the researcher saw necessary to deal with this subject and giving a comprehensive and clear image for every part of its parts and solving its historical studying problem. The researcher did his best to make this study appears in the frame of historical, descriptive method of the historical events, so he presented a very accurate description for it. This study consisted of four chapters, the first one deals with "The Geographical and Human Situations in the South of Arab peninsula", and it depended on two main axes; the first axis talked about(The Geographical Situations) of south regions in Yemen, Hathermot and Oman, shedding light on the geographical position, name, elevations, and the weather, and the most important cities of these main regions. While the second axis talked about (The Human Situations) with its social population formation in the south, and also the religious and conductive formation of the Arabic tribes in the region before Islam, giving a detailed kinship about every tribe and its origin and name, and its social, political and economical life beside dealing with the religious thinking nature of these tribes, and the old celestial religions like Jewish and Christianity and so on. Concerning the second chapter, it dealt with (The Administrative and Financial Situations in the South of Arab peninsula); and its depended on three axes : the first and second ones dealt with the bases and principles of Islam, explaining the entry of many Arab peninsula regions in the new religion, and the coming of the Arab tribes to the prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him) declaring homage and obedience for him (peace be upon him). While the third axis talked about the new administration systems in the Message era, explaining the administration of the prophet Mohammed for these regions through sending the envoys, brigades to achieve security and stability, and then sending rulers and designating them to collect charities and managing the peoples' affairs. Concerning the third chapter, it displayed (Apostasy Movement, Beginning and Reasons), and this chapter depended on four axes : the first one dealt with the meaning of apostasy, and the linguistic and terminological meaning in Koran and Sunna; while the second one dealt with the first beginnings of it in the Message's era, with its claimer Al - Aswad Al - Ansi in Yemen in the last days of the prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him) life, the third axis dealt with apostasy in orthodox caliphate era and the surrounded situations of electing Abu Bakr Al - Sedeeq (may Allah be pleased with him), and explaining the way of apostasy movements beginning, and the tribes whom they committed apostasy. While the fourth axis dealt with the religious, political, economical and social reasons behind that. The fourth chapter dealt with (The Procedures and Measures which made by the Caliph Abu Bakr Al - Sedeeq to Crush the Apostasy Movements and the Important Results) and on the same method, the chapter depended on many axes : the first one, the military efforts of the Caliphate in the north, and it concentrated on the mission of Usama Bin Zaid in Syria, and the security measures of the Caliph to protect Madina, and he collected the eleventh brigades to face apostasy. While the second axis talked about the military efforts of the Caliphate in the south, and showing the important military efforts which participated in crushing the apostasy in Oman, Mohra, Hathermot and Yemen, besides finding out the important religious, political, economical and social results of these apostasy movements. This study was not easy or empty of difficulties, where the researches faced great difficulties during the preparation of this study, the most important of it was the shortage of references and sources which dealt with this subject directly, where most these references represented a general history of the period except some of those which specialized with this subject, the subjects of the thesis were disarranged inside the references and sources with great efforts, and one of the most difficulties which faced the researcher was the difference of editions and shortage of the historical references, and this made the researcher to travel to the neighbor countries to get the necessary scientific subjects to cover this study, and the researcher depended on many of the well known scientific encyclopedias which involved electronic libraries contain thousands of the historical references where they were brought from outside to fill the gap resulted from the shortage of references, and manuscripts in the Iraqi libraries as well as, the researched depended on a number of the personal libraries for a number of the professors. I have fulfilled the scientific subject (historical) of this thesis through many and different sources dealt with the subject of the thesis from many sides, varied in the plenty of its subjects and methods and the way of formulation, where some of them shed light on many historical facts, where some of them dealt with certain points or refer to certain events, besides this variation and harmony the researched tried to check the historical subject, especially that the information or reports transferred from many Muslims historians in this subject have been affected to some extent with the religious and thinking directions of their owners
