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تقييم مشروع الرميثة الاروائي : دراسة في جغرافية الموارد المائية == Evaluation of Al - Rumaitha irrigation project Study in water resources geography

Author name: صبيحة حمد عودة
Supervisor name: سفير جاسم حسين
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Natural Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Muthanna
First pages:
Abstract: As the study area occupies an important position in terms of agriculture ,this study aims to uncover the reality of the Al - Rumaitha irrigation project and to show the natural and human geographical characteristics of the study area , also highlights the most important problems facing the project .It defines the project's conformity with hydrological standards, evaluating the efficiency of the project and achieve its goals. To achieve this, the researcher followed the systematic approach in accordance with the analytical approach, quantitative method, explanation and linking descriptive method among the influencing factors.The study has identified the most important geographical characteristics of the study area, both natural and human, related to hydrological reality and the impact of these characteristics in the reality of the project , Then the study has presented the geographical spread of the project and structure of the irrigation and drainage system , it has also highlighted the hydrological reality of the project, of the characteristics of annual and monthly discharge characterized by instability and fluctuation , which does not fill the deficit in the water budget climate for the study area , after that it has evaluated the efficiency of the project quality and optimal use of water resources through the qualitative analysis of available water, comparing these indicators to standards Estimate the amount of water needed to produce irrigated crops, determine the actual needs of the irrigation needs of the net and kidney of the project , and compare it with the reality of the irrigation area and the extent of the project's fulfillment of the irrigation requirements of crops planted within the project land.In a study of the sustainability trend in the in the Al - Rumaitha project, the most important natural and human obstacles have identified which prevent the desired sustainability process of the current and future performance of the project, and the proposal to formulate an efficient mechanism to address these obstacles and reduce the waste in the quantity of inward and increase the efficiency of use to achieve optimal utilization of water resources to preserve The rights of future generations on both sides of food security and water security

تحليل جغرافي لمعوقات التنمية الزراعية في محافظة المثنى == A Geographic Analysis of the obstacles to agricultural Development in Al - Muthanna province

Author name: رباب حسن كاظم الجياشي
Supervisor name: نجاح عبد جابر الجبوري
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Muthanna
First pages:
Abstract: تعد التنمية الزراعية واحدة من اهم انواع التنمية التي تسعى دول العالم الى تحقيقها الا انها لم تحقق في منطقة الدراسة بسبب بعض المعوقات التي ساهمت في عدم تحقيق التنمية الزراعية منها ضعف الامكانات المالية والارشادية والتقنية للمزارعين وتدهور خصوبة الارض الزراعية وقلة مياه الري على الرغم مما تمتلكه المحافظة من بعض المقومات مما جعلت الامر باعثا على دراستها واعتمادا على النتائج المستخلصة من هذه الدراسة يمكن تحديد المسار الانسب في التخطيط للتنمية الزراعية التي تمثل جانبا اساسيا ومهما من خطط التنمية الاقتصادية . وقد تمثلت مشكلة الدراسة الرئيسة بـ (ما معوقات التنمية الزراعية الطبيعية والبشرية والحياتية في منطقة الدراسة ؟ ) ، اما الفرضية الرئيسة تمثلت بوجود مجموعة من المعوقات الطبيعية والبشرية والحياتية التي حالت دون تحقيق اهداف التنمية الزراعية ، لذا تهدف الدراسة الى البحث عن معوقات التنمية الزراعية وتوضيح اسبابها وتاثيراتها في المحافظة وكيفية وضع الحلول المناسبة للتخلص منها وتحقيق الاهداف ، واعتمدت الدراسة على عدد المناهج الجغرافية من اجل تحقيق اهداف البحث منها المنهج الوصفي والمنهج التحليلي والمنهج الاقليمي والمنهج الاحصائي ، فضلا عن الاعتماد على المصادر المكتبية والدراسة الميدانية المتمثلة باستمارة الاستبيان والمقابلات الشخصية ، وفي ضوء ذلك تكونت الدراسة من مقدمة واربعة فصول تناول الفصل الاول مقومات التنمية الزراعية التي تمثلت بالمقومات الطبيعية التي تناولت السطح والمناخ والتربة والموارد المائية ، فضلا عن دراسة المقومات البشرية التي تطرقت الى حجم الايدي العاملة الزراعية والحيازات الزراعية وطرائق الري واساليبه ونظام الصرف والسياسة الزراعية بكل انواعها وطرق النقل والمكننة الزراعية لما لها من دور واضح في التنمية الزراعية . اما الفصل الثاني تناول دراسة واقع النشاط الزراعي للمدة (2007 - 2016) الذي تمثل بدراسة محاصيل الحبوب والمحاصيل الصناعية ومحاصيل الخضر والعلف ومحاصيل البستنة ، في حين تناول الفصل الثالث معوقات التنمية الزراعية التي تضمنت المعوقات الطبيعية المتمثلة ( بالعجز المائي ، تملح الترب ، التطرف الحراري ، زحف الكثبان الرملية, العواصف الغبارية) والمعوقات البشرية التي تناولت دراسة ( نقص الايدي العاملة الزراعية ، العزوف عن العمل الزراعي ، وضعف الخبرات الزراعية لدى المزارعين، معوقات السياسة الزراعية بانواعها ، معوقات استغلال الاراضي الزراعية والمعوقات التقنية ) فضلا عن التطرق للمعوقات الحياتية التي تناولت دراسة الافات والامراض الزراعية التي تمثلت بالحشرات والامراض والادغال ، في حين يبحث الفصل الرابع حول وضع استراتيجيات خاصة بالتنمية الزراعية في المحافظة بما يتلاءم مع طبيعة منطقة الدراسة . في حين توصلت الدراسة الى مجموعة من الحقائق كانت ابرزها ان محافظة المثنى تعاني من تدهور القطاع الزراعي وتراجع انتاجه سنويا ، واظهرت ان منطقة الدراسة تمتلك بعض الامكانات التي يمكن ان تكون احد الحلول التي يمكن استثمارها في الزراعة الا انها تحتاج الى التخطيط الصحيح بهدف استثمارها كبعض الاراضي الصالحة للزراعة والمياه الجوفية المتوفرة في الهضبة الغربية ، اما اهم التوصيات التي توصلت اليها الدراسة كانت اهمها السعي لترشيد استعمال المياه وفقا لحاجة كل محصول واستصلاح الاراضي المتدهورة بهدف زيادة المساحة المزروعة واخيرا اختتمت الدراسة بقائمة من المصادر والمراجع وقائمة بالملاحق . | Agricultural development is one of the most important types of development that the countries of the world seek to achieve, which nevertheless failed to succeed in the studied district. This is due to some of the negative aspects that contributed to the emergence of obstacles to agricultural development, including weak financial and technical capabilities, insufficient guidance, the degradation of agricultural land fertility, and the lack of irrigation water. All of these are present despite the fact that the province does have some of the available constituents, which resulted into this research. By relying on the results of the study, it is possible to determine the most appropriate path in planning agricultural development that represents the fundamental aspects of economic development plans.The main problem of the study lies in the development of the natural agricultural, human, and life constraints in the studied area. As to the main hypothesis, it was represented in a group of natural and human obstacles as well as the constraints of life, which prevented the achievement of agricultural development goals. Therefore, the study aims at searching the obstacles to the agricultural development, to clarify its causes and effects in the province, as well as to explain how to input the appropriate solutions to get rid of them. In order to achieve this goal, the study relied on a number of geographic approaches in order to accomplish the research objectives, of which include the descriptive, analytic, and the crop approach. In addition, the study also relied on library resources, and a field study through questionnaires and interviews. In light of this, the research consists of an introduction and four chapters. The first chapter deals with the elements of agricultural development that contains the components of agricultural development which covered the surface, climate, soil, and water resources. Moreover, it also studies the human constraints that touched on the size of agricultural labor and holdings, the irrigation and drainage methods, the agricultural policy of all kinds, and the agricultural transport and mechanization due to their clear roles in agricultural development. As to the second chapter, it deals with the reality of agricultural activity for the period between (2007 - 2016) which is the study of industrial, grain, vegetable, fodder, and horticultural crops. The third chapter, on the other hand, handles the geographical constraints for agricultural developments that is represented in the natural obstacles as seen in (water shortage, soil salinization, thermal extremes and sand dune encroachment), and human constraints that deal with (shortage of agricultural labor, the abandonment of agricultural work, poor agricultural expertise of farmers, the obstacles of policy of all kinds, as well as the obstacles to the utilization of agricultural land and technical obstacles) as well as the constraints of life that deal with the study of agricultural pests, which include the insects, diseases and the bushes. Chapter four discusses the development of a strategy for agricultural development in the province in accordance with the nature of the studied area.The study reaches a set of facts, most notably that the province of al - Muthanna suffers from deterioration in the agricultural sector and decline in its annual production. Through this research it has also become clear that the studied area does have some potential, and thus could be one of the solutions that can be invested in agriculture. Still, this needs to be properly planned with the aim to invest in it, such as some arable land and groundwater available in the desert of Samawah. Of the most important recommendations of the study is to strive to rationalize the use of water according to the needs of each crop, and to reclaim the degraded lands in order to increase the cultivated area. Finally, the study concludes with a list of sources and references and a list of annexes

التحليل المكاني للخدمات الترفيهية في مدينة السماوة == The Spatial Analysis for the Entertainment Services in Samawa City

Author name: هالة هادي صالح الظالمي
Supervisor name: ماهر ناصر عبد الله
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Muthanna
First pages:
Abstract: The present study aims at identifying the reality of spatial analysis of entertainment services in Samawa city depending on the local standards to assess the needs of the population for these services.The study has been conducted through depending largely on the field study and field survey, and it included the related institutions with these services. In addition, the researcher has adopted statistical means like standard deviation and the analysis of neighborhood link by using (ARC GIS 10.4.1) to identify the changes in the size of the population according to the growth rates and to determine the types of entertainment services as well as the extent of efficiency of the given services in accordance with the used standards.The present study has included four chapters : the first chapter deals with the importance of entertainment services, their types , and the stages of basic planning of Samawa city. The second chapter studies some natural and demographic characteristics and their effect on the reality of services. The third chapter is concerned with the study of spatial distribution of the entertainment services in Samawa city, while the fourth chapter focuses on the efficiency of the entertainment services in the city depending on the local standards and some indicators. The thesis has ended with identifying the current needs of the city for the entertainment services as well as the future needs up to 2025.The study has concluded that the entertainment services has low efficiency due to the lack of large types of entertainment services in terms of their numbers , areas, and distribution. There has been clear shortage in the amount of the provided services as they were concentrated in some locals and not in others in a way that is not suitable to the size of the population in the city. With this respect, the needs of the city for the entertainment services are identified, in addition to the estimation of the future needs until 2025.

التحليل الجغرافي السياسي لمؤشرات قياس الدولة الهشة : دراسة تطبيقية على العراق == The Geographical - Political Analysis of Fragile State Indicators (An Applied Study on Iraq

Author name: مروة سامي جودة
Supervisor name: عدنان كاظم جبار الشیباني
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Muthanna
First pages:
Abstract: The study of state is of great importance for the geographical - political studies since it represents a political and social entity. Its existence requires the availability of its basic pillars ( the people, the region, and the authority). It is responsible for carrying out its functions, which represent the main, sole and justified purpose of its existence. In addition, the quality of its performance for its internal and external functions is the measure of its efficiency and sustainability. The states that are subject to setbacks and obstacles in the performance of their functions are described by several terms, the most important of which is the term "fragile state". Such term has a semantic power in describing the efficiency of the state in providing the needs of its population as well as to meet their aspirations. Thus, their sustainability as a country or the possibility of its collapse depends on these aspects, which entails considerable risks at the local and international levels, which is widely used to describe (weak state, vulnerable state, failed state, failing state, collapsed state, instable state, state of crisis and recovering etc.). From such terms, a delineation of indicators to measure the fragility of the state was done, especially after the emergence of two triggers : the declaration of Millennium Development Goals and the events of September 11, 2001. As a result, several indicators emerged, including progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) of the World Bank, the Fragile State Index ( FSI) of Fund For Peace, as well as the Organization for Economic Co - operation and Development (OECD). These indicators were used for two purposes : assisting States, reducing the negative effects of crises, and/or defaming those countries in order to justify hostile policies towards them by the major powers. In accordance with such importance, the researcher has chosen (the geographical - political analysis of fragile state indicators, an applied study on Iraq) as a tittle of her thesis. She adopted the functional approach of Hartshorn which clarified the internal and external functions of the state, the forces of attraction and the forces of expulsion and their role in the cohesion of the state and its unity or disintegration. In addition, she also adopted the historical and power analysis approaches. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher has divided the study into introduction, five chapters, and some conclusions. The first chapter is concerned with the notional frameworks of state and fragile states. Chapter two deals with the geographical characteristics of Iraq and its political system.Chapter three is devoted to show the indicators of fragile state and its application on Iraq. Chapter four focuses on the reasons that prevented the stability and development in Iraq. Chapter five includes the geographicalpolitical solutions to rescue Iraq from fragility. The study has concluded some conclusions : the State of Iraq suffers from fragility in its entity, which has limited its stability and development since its establishment in 1921 to 2015.Moreover, the reason behind the fragility of the state and the failure of its performance in its internal and external functions laid in a number of political, security, economic and social factors, in addition to the Anglo - American occupation of Iraq. These factors combined effectively contributed to a situation of fragility, which requires the development of a range of solutions at the internal and external levels to save the state in Iraq from the fragility and to enable it to regain its leading role regionally and internationally.

جيومورفولوجية حوض وادي ابو شنين غرب بحيرة ساوة واستثماراته الاقتصادية == Geomorphology of Wadi Abu jlod (Abu Shounen) West Lake Sawa economic and investment

Author name: فاطمة يونس راضي
Supervisor name: سرحان نعيم طشطوش حسين الخفاجي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Natural Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Muthanna
First pages:

جيومورفولوجية حوض وادي الضباع غرب ناحية بصية واستثماراته - باستخدام نظم المعلومات الجغرافية (GIS) == Geomorphology of Al - Dhiba'a Valley Basin West of Basiya and its investments - Using GIS

Author name: اسامة فالح عبد الحسن المكتوب
Supervisor name: سرحان نعيم طشطوش حسين الخفاجي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Muthanna
First pages:
Abstract: The basin of Wadi Al - Dhiba'a is located within the area of ( stable pavement) within the scope of (Al - Salman and Bsei'a ). The area of the study was a subject to the formative movements that resulted with many fractures, which in turn have participated in several ground and terrain variations in the basin of Wadi Al - Dhiba'a and decided some of the tracks of the streams of water in the basin . The basin of Wadi Al - Dhiba'a has two styles of water flow : the first style is known as (Tree style) and the second is known as ( parallel style). Throughout the study, it has been concluded that the area is promising with economic investments as some of its areas is suitable for agriculture and grazing since it has much of groundwater in addition to the water on the ground if the rain fell. The area of the study also is considered as an ideal area to make a nature reserve and it is an area in which there are many types of raw materials that could be used in several industries.The most important recommendations of the present study are : to encourage the public body of groundwater in Al - Muthanna governorate to drill many wells to meet the actual needs of the area of the study, making a hydrological station, building some dams in certain positions , investing the agricultural and grazing lands in a planned way, composing a net of transmitting tracks to get advantage of the natural resources especially the raw materials, and to encourage the tourist sect in this area.

واقع الاستثمار الصناعي واتجاهاته المكانية في محافظة المثنى : دراسة في جغرافية الصناعة == The Reality of the Industrial Investment and its Spatial Trends in Al - Muthanna Governorate (Study in the Industrial Geography

Author name: امنة رزاق عبيد الزيادي
Supervisor name: رحمن رباط حسين الايدامي | عدنان كاظم جبار الشيباني
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Muthanna
First pages:
Abstract: Due to the great importance of industrial investment as it represents the tool that works to collect different factors of production and then find industries that contribute to satisfying the needs of different human by converting raw materials to more useful and longer life products.This study highlights the geographical capabilities of Al - Muthanna Governorate and investigates its role in finding various industrial investments. The area under study has many natural geographical capabilities such as the location near the governorates of the Euphrates and the south of the country. In addition, it has a large area (51740 km 2) which distributed in (4) districts (Al - Samawah, Al - Rumaitha, Al - Khidr and Al - Salman). The human capabilities such as the large population which reached (806368) people for the year 2016 and it grows continually, in addition to the availability of large and varied economic capabilities which were a clear reflection of the natural and human capabilities (variable raw materials , labor, markets and transport routes etc.). The industrial investment in the governorate of Al - Muthanna several problems related with some raw materials, labor , fuel, energy and production etc.The study has followed the regional approach i.e. the study of the governorate as a unit in its own regardless the surrounding areas, and the inductive method through which field studies were conducted, statistical method (weighted weights)was also used to determine the spatial trends of industrial investment in Al - Muthanna Governorate, depending on twelve variables. Based on the above, the study has reached a number of conclusions : foremost of which was that Al - Muthanna Governorate has primary resources and human capacities to enable it to carry out various industrial investments which enable it to establish an industrial base that will be the basis for what follows. The study also showed the results of analyzing the relationship between the geographical capabilities of industrial investment and the suggested Spatial trends : 1 - Al - Samawah City came first, after collecting (49.4%) of the differential degrees. This indicates the availability of good capabilities of raw materials and infrastructure to establish and invest these industries.2 - Al - Rumaitha City came in the second place with 24.8%. It was ranked first with raw materials and plant waste, and the second in the infrastructure that helps it to do many of these industries.3 - Al - Khidr was in the third rank of the total available resources (15.8%) of the differentiation degrees, and therefore can be used in industrial investment.4 - Al - Salman city came in fourth place with (10%) of the total capabilities for manufacturing branches in the Governorate of Al - Muthanna.BA set of recommendations in accordance with the subject of the study : 1 - After the collection of the city of Samawah (49.4%) of the differentiation degrees, we recommend the establishment of food, textile and metal industries.2 - Al - Rumaitha city has collected (24.8%) of the total available resources in Al - Muthanna Governorate, so we propose the establishment of wood industries, paper and printing industry and non - classified industries.3 - Al - Khidr City has Collected (15.8%) of the geographical available capabilities, so we propose the establishment of textile and food industries.4 - Establishment of chemical and construction industries in the City of Al - Salman, for obtaining the first place of mineral resources, which is the raw material for these industries.

استثمار الامكانيات الجغرافية للتنمية الريفية في قضاء الخضر == The Investment of geographic Potential for rural development in the district of Al - Khidr

Author name: اسراء جمال كاظم العبيدي
Supervisor name: رضا عبد الجبار سلمان الشمري
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: تعد التنمية الريفية عصب ارتقاء الدول النامية نظرا لكونها تهدف الى تطوير الريف وسكانه ، وانها جزء لايتجزا من خطط التنمية الشاملة في الدولة . واستراتيجية اساسية للتنمية في المناطق الريفية لتحقيق الرفاه الاقتصادي - الاجتماعي ، ولتكوين القاعدة الاساسية للتنمية الاقتصادية ، والاجتماعية من خلال الكشف عن ما يتمتع به الريف من الامكانيات الطبيعية والبشرية ، وان اهمية وجود التنمية في المناطق الريفية تظهر بصورة اوضح اذا ماعلمنا ان اغلب المناطق الريفية تعتمد على امكانياتها الطبيعية بالدرجة الاساس لتامين سبل المعيشة . وتحتل اهمية خاصة في منطقة الدراسة لان سكان الريف يشكلون الاغلبية فيها .تمثلت مشكلة الدراسة بسؤال رئيس مفاده (ما الامكانيات الطبيعية والبشرية التي يمكن استثمارها في تحقيق التنمية الريفية في قضاء الخضر ؟ وكيف يمكن ذلك ؟ ) اما فرضيتها تمثلت بوجود امكانيات كبيرة للتنمية الريفية في منطقة الدراسة يمكن استثمارها في تحقيق التنمية الريفية اذ اعدت خطة للتنمية الريفية .لذا تهدف هذه الدراسة الى التعرف على الامكانيات الطبيعية والبشرية في ريف قضاء الخضر ، وكيفية استثمارها من خلال وضع جملة من الاستراتيجيات لتحقيق التنمية الريفية . واعتمدت الباحثة في دراستها على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي والمنهج النظامي ، فضلا عن استخدام تقنيات GIS في رسم الخرائط والاشكال البيانية واستخدام بعض الاساليب الاحصائية. ولتحقيق هدف الدراسة قسمت الرسالة الى اربعة فصول تسبقها مقدمة ، اذ تناول الفصل الاول دراسة الامكانيات الطبيعية التي تتمتع فيها منطقة الدراسة لتاثيرها الكبير في التنمية الريفية المتمثلة بالموقع والبنية الجيولوجية والسطح والموارد الطبيعية (التربة ، الموارد المائية ، النبات الطبيعي ) .اما الفصل الثاني تناول دراسة الامكانيات البشرية المتمثلة بالامكانيات السكانية والاقتصادية اذ اتضح من خلاله ان منطقة الدراسة تتمتع بوجود المجتمع الفتي اذ يعد عنصرا مهما لبناء المجتمع الريفي ، فضلا عن توفر امكانيات اقتصادية متمثلة بمقومات الزراعة وكذلك توفر بعض المقومات للصناعات الانشائية كصناعة الطابوق والبلوك والصناعات الغذائية بالاضافة الى الصناعات الشعبية البسيطة ، فضلا عن الامكانيات التجارية والسياحية في منطقة الدراسة كل ذلك له اهمية في التنمية الريفية والنهوض بالواقع الريفي . كذلك كشف الفصل الثالث عن واقع الاستيطان الريفي والخدمي والعمراني حيث تضمن دراسة واقع الخدمات الاجتماعية (التعليم ، الصحة ، الترفيه) وكذلك دراسة خدمات البنى الارتكازية (الماء ، الكهرباء ، الطرق ، الصرف الصحي ) ومقارنتها بمعايير التخطيط المحلية ، فضلا عن دراسة واقع التوزيع الجغرافي للمستوطنات الريفية والعوامل المؤثرة في دراسة انماط التوزيع الجغرافي للمستوطنات. وتناولت الدراسة الكشف عن مورفولوجية المستوطنات الريفية والواقع السكني في ريف قضاء الخضر .في حين يبحث الفصل الرابع في دراسة الافاق المستقبلية لاستثمار الامكانيات الجغرافية للتنمية الريفية في منطقة الدراسة واشتمل ذلك على وضع الخطط والاستراتيجيات التنموية للنهوض بالواقع الاقتصادي والخدمي والعمراني ، فضلا عن ترشيح مستوطنات ريفية لغرض تطويرها وذلك على ثلاثة مستويات هي المستوطنات الام والمستوطنات الخدمية والمستوطنات الاساسية .وتوصلت الدراسة الى جملة من النتائج . اهمها ان ريف قضاء الخضر يتمتع بوجود امكانيات طبيعية وبشرية بالامكان الاعتماد عليها في التنمية الريفية ، ولكن تحتاج الى جهود واستراتيجيات من اجل استثمارها في عملية التنمية الريفية ، لان بعضها يعاني من مشاكل كالتربة والموارد المائية ، واظهرت الدراسة تدني الواقع الخدمي في منطقة الدراسة الذي يجب الاهتمام به ، من اجل النهوض بالواقع الريفي . لاسيما الخدمات التعليمية حيث ان (26) مستوطنة لا تتوفر فيها مدرسة ابتدائية و( 54) مستوطنة لاتوجد فيها مدرسة متوسطة واعدادية (ثانوية) . وكذلك ما تعانيه الخدمات الصحية من نقص في المؤسسات الصحية والكوادر الطبية ، فضلا عن تردي واقع خدمات البنى الارتكازية . ورافقت النتائج مجموعة من التوصيات اهمها الاهتمام بالواقع الاقتصادي الذي تمثل بالواقع الزراعي وذلك من خلال التوسع الافقي والراسي للزراعة ، فضلا عن انشاء بعض الصناعات والمنشات التي من شانها تطوير منطقة الدراسة . من خلال ايجاد فرص عمل مناسبة للقضاء على البطالة ، ايضا توجيه الاهتمام بالجانب السياحي ، ومن التوصيات الاخرى التي ذكرتها الدراسة توفير المتطلبات التعليمية والصحية على وفق المعايير التخطيطية وتحسين خدمات البنية التحتية واختتمت الدراسة بقائمة المصادر والمراجع وقائمة بالملاحق | Irrigation development is considered to be a prime for any progressing country since it aims to develop the countryside and its people. Moreover, it is an inevitable part of the general plans for development throughout the country. and essential strategy for development in rural areas to achieve social economic welfare and composition of the main base for economic and social development through the disclosure of the countryside of the potential the natural and human. The importance of development in rural areas show more clearly if we know that most rural areas rely mainly on natural Potential to secure livelihoods. This, in fact, has significance, in that the inhabitants in these areas are the major focus in studies.The problem of the studies was found in its main issue (What are the natural and human potential that could be invested in rural development in the district of al - Khidr?) When it comes to its hypothesis, it was found in the great potential of rural development in the studied area, which could be invested in achieving this objective in case a plan for such a development has been made. This study aims to identify the natural and human potential at the countryside in the district of al - Khidr, as well as the way on how to invest them through inputting several strategies to achieve rural development. The research has relied on the analytical descriptive approach and the systemic approach, as well as the usage of GIS - techniques for drawing maps and graphic forms, and the use of some statistical methods. In order to achieve the objective of the study, it has been divided into four chapters, preceded by an introduction. The study has looked into the natural potential that the district has and how it is greatly influenced by rural development as represented by the site, the geological structure, and the surface that is considered to be a rectifier to the rural development. This helps to pave the ways, to establish factories, and to set up agricultural projects, as well as to study the natural recourses (soil, water resources, and natural plants).As to the second chapter, it studies the human potential as represented by the population and economics. It becomes clear that the studied district consists of a young community who are considered to be much of importance in building a rural community. This contributes to the economic possibilities as represented by agriculture, as well as some of the ingredients for the construction of industries such as bricks and blocks, and the food industries. In addition, it also provides for the simple communal industries, commerce, and tourism in the district of al - Khidr. All this is of much importance when it comes to the rural development and the rise of the rural reality.When it comes to the third chapter, it unfolds the rural and structural settlement, and its service extension.This study depicts the reality of social services (education, health, poverty and deprivation) as well as the infrastructure services (water, electricity, roads, sewage) and comparing it with local and global projection standards. Moreover, it studies the reality of the geographical distribution of rural settlements and the influencing factors on the study of patterns of geographical distribution of settlements. The study also continues on the detection of morphology of rural settlements and the habitation at the district of al - Khidr.The fourth chapter, on the other hand, studies the future prospects for investing in geographic potentials for rural development in the studied district, which includes the development plans and strategies for the rise of the economic, service and structural reality, as well as the nomination of rural settlements for the purpose of developing it on three levels : The mother settlement, service settlement and the basic settlement.The study found a number of results out of which the most important one is that the rural district area of al - Khidr contains a natural and human potential that could be relied on for rural development. Nevertheless, it does need much efforts and strategies in order to invest in it, as part of this area suffers from problems with soil and water resources. The study also shows the low services in the studied areasuch as education, in which twenty - nine settlements do not offer primary education, along with the problems in health services such as the lack of health institutions and medical staff. Moreover, there is a regression on the infrastructure. The results are accompanied with a set of recommendations of which regards for economics the most important is. This then represents the agriculture through horizontal and vertical expansion of agriculture, as well as the finding of some industries and establishments that would develop the studied area through finding appropriate job opportunities to eliminate unemployment, and to pay more regards to tourism. Other recommendations mentioned in the study are concerned with providing educational and health requirements according to the schematic criteria and improving the infrastructure. Finally, the study concludes with a list of resources and references and a list of annexes

تحليل جغرافي لامكانات التنمية الريفية في قضاء الرميثة : دراسة في جغرافية التنمية باستخدام GLS == Geographical Analysis of the Potential of Rural Development in Al Rumaitha district "A study in the geographic of development" with the use GIS

Author name: اركان ناهي موسى المشعلاني
Supervisor name: حسين عليوي ناصر الزيادي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: Special studies on rural development have concerned with the most academicdisciplines, particularly the geographical ones. Owing to the need for disclosure of the countryside of the potential and working on the formulation of practical strategies that aim to change the Economic and social bases of the rural community through the investment with view to the advancement of the development. Accordingly, this study builds on the natural and human potential and in the countryside of Rumaytha and who to invest through many actions and policies for rural development This depends on the creation of economic growth that is able to continue, as well as the development of rural human rights to become more attention to work and seek to raise the standard of living of the rural population and improving rural life in the light of the availability of social services such as health and education services, and other public services such as drinking water and electric energy and transports .The study has depended on the descriptive and analytical approach as well as on the use of quantitative methods and technology of GIS to build an spatial information infrastructure for the phenomena of the natural and human resources. The study included five chapters. The first chapter includes the theoretical Guide, and human potential to rural development at Rumaytha district. Chapter II concerns with studying of the economic potential of rural development in the region while the lesson of chapter I V studies, the rural development indicators of nominated villages in the area .Chapter V has concerned with studying of the future prospects of rural development in the district. in response to the results of the review, Rumaythah district has a convenient land for various economic activities, especially agriculture. Owing to the plain land and the steepest 'slope toward the west and south east of the region The region has a network of water resources of the Rivers Euphrates with streams. For example, Al - Aatashan and shatt - al - Rumaytha and its tributaries and stream that have the greatest impact in the replenishment of the agricultural sector needs of water resources. The study has shown that inhabitants of the countryside are distributed by close rates to the administrative units of the countryside of the district and the proportion of the kind tend to favor of females by 50,3% matched by 49,7% of males and the study showed that the countryside has the existence of important tourist possibilities including natural and religious tourism. Study has shown that the indicators of social development (educational &health), in the countryside of the area are not compatible with the planning standards, especially health, which suffer from the clear decline in the level of services provided to the population of the region and the results accompanied by set of recommendation for the study concluded the list of references and appendixes.

مياه الصرف الصحي في مدينة الناصرية وتاثيراتها البيئية == Sewage in the city of Nasiriyah and its impact on the environment

Author name: زمن ماجد طعمة الزيرجاوي
Supervisor name: عبد الرزاق خيون خضير ال محيميد
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: تمثلت الدراسة بدراسة مياه الصرف الصحي في مدينة الناصرية وتاثيراتها البيئية ، تهدف الدراسة الى تحديد خصائص مياه الصرف الصحي لمدينة الناصرية ، وتحديد المناطق المخدومة وغير المخدومة ومعرفة مدى كفاءة محطات المعالجة والتعرف على مصادرها المتنوعة والمتمثلة بالمنزلية والصناعية والصحية ، تعد هذه المصادر من اخطر الملوثات لاحتوائها على مواد سامة لذا يجب معالجة المياه الخارجة من هذه المصادر.ونظرا لان مياه الصرف الصحي تذهب الى نهر الفرات بعد المعالجة فقد تم تحليل عينات لمياه النهر لمدة عام كامل (2014) في موقعين قبل وبعد مصب الانبوب الذي يصرف المياه لنهر الفرات لمعرفة التغيرات الي تحصل في نوعية المياه وخواصها الفيزيائية والكيميائية , وبما ان مياه النهر تستعمل بري الاراضي الزراعية فقد تم تحليل نبات النعناع المروي بمياه نهر الفرات المتاثرة بمياه الصرف الصحي لمعرفة الاثار البيئية على النباتاذ اظهرت نتائج تحليل نبات النعناع تجاوز بعض تراكيز العناصر الثقيلة فيه مثل ( الكادميوم , النحاس , الكروم ).وتوصلت الدراسة الى ما يلي : لقد اثرت العوامل الجغرافية ( الطبيعية والبشرية ) على مياه الصرف الصحي بشكل ايجابي وسلبي فالسطح في منطقة الدراسة ولد صعوبات في تصريف مياه الصرف الصحي واثر ذلك على تكاليف انشاء مشاريع الصرف الصحي. اما خصائص المناخ (الاشعاع الشمسي ، درجة الحرارة ، الرياح ، الرطوبة ، الامطار ، التبخر) اثر كل منها فالاشعاع الشمسي له اثر في تغير تركيز الملوثات وتحويلها من صورة الى اخرى ، اما درجة الحرارة فانه له اثر في تحديد كمية الصرف,وكان تاثير الرياح في تحديد مواقع المحطات ، اما الامطار فكان لها تاثير ايجابي واخر سلبي. اما العوامل البشرية ( حجم المدينة ، حجم السكان ) فانها اثرت على معدلات استهلاك افرد للمياه لان اتساع حجم المدينة ناتج عن زيادة اعداد السكان وزيادة الانشطة مما يزيد من كميات الصرف الصحي. تتباين انواع مياه الصرف الصحي في كمية ما تطلقه من مياه الصرف وتقدر ما تطلقه من مياه الصرف المنزلي بحوالي (23000م3/ساعة) اما المياه الصناعية فتقدر بحوالي (575م3/ ساعة) ومياه الصرف الموئسات الصحية فتقدر بحوالي (789م3/ساعة). لوحظ من خلال التحليل الاحصائي وجود تباين مكانيا وزمانيا بين انواع مياه الصرف الصحي من الملوثات واظهرت النتائج ان الاس الهيدروجيني pH والتوصيلة الكهربائية EC والبوتاسيوم K والفوسفات PO4 لم تسجل بين المواقع الثلاث ( حي سومر ، مستشفى الحسين ، معمل النسيج ) اي فروق بين القيم اما العناصر الاخرى فانها سجلت اختلافات زمانية ومكانية بين المواقع.فعند دراسة العناصر الكيميائية والفيزيائية للمحطات سجلت محطة الهندية تجاوز الحدود المسموح بها من بعض العناصر وهي (T.s.s, TDS , BDS , COD , NO2 , SO4 CL , H2S , O&G). اما في محطة الصرف الصناعي لمعمل النسيج فقد تجاوزت كل من (SO4, O&GT.S.S , TDS , COD ) الحدود المسموح بها.واظهرت نتائج التحليل لمياه الصرف الصحي الخارجة من المؤسسات الصحية ( مركز القلب )، تجاوز بعض العناصر ، الحدود المسموح به والمتمثلة (O8G , SO4 , BOD , T.S.S). ان عدم كفاءة محطات المعالجة جاء من خلال عدة اسباب منها قلة الكادر ومحدودية طاقة محطات المعالجة اذ تبلغ الطاقة التصميمية لمحطة الهندية حوالي (17000م3/ يوم) لكنها تشغل حوالي (100,000) م3/يوم فضلا عن التجاوز وقلة الدعم وعدم الوعي البيئي اللازم من قبل المواطنين. توصلت الدراسة الى ان مياه الصرف الصحي ملوثة بالميكروبات والكائنات الدقيقة لكنها تتباين من حين لاخر ، حسب انواع الصرف الصحي في بيئة الدراسة | I have studed the sewage water in Nassiriah City and its environmental effects .the study aimed to determine the properties of sewage and identify those areas which covered by the services.The study also measured the effect of the water treatment stations and identify the varied resources;domestic, industrial and the health institutes .these resources considered as one of the most dangerous polluters as they contain a poisonousmartials .to study these effects, two samples used, 250m from the sewage outlet in Euphrates river and the other is sample of mint vegetable which effected by the sewage.The study led to;The Geographical elements (Natural and Human) ,had a dual effect on sewage ,Positive and negative effects, as the surface in area of study ,generated difficulties within sewage water draining and also effected the production cost.Each of the climate elements (sun, temperature, wind, moisture, rain and evaporation), had an individual effected; as for the sun, had the role of changing density of the polluters and transforming them into different items. While temperature controlling the quantity of drainage.as for the wind,it influenced the DELIMITATION of water treatment locations. Rain also has a dual effect on sewage.The effects of human elements (city size volume ,population , diversity of inhabitance) ,they effected the water consumptions percentage which increased the sewage water.Sewage water are different in regards to quantity of water ejected, disposed water domestically estimation is (23000m3) and the industrial is around (575m3),while health institutes is (789m3).We noticed, though out the statistics, a presence of timely and locative differences among the types of sewage water in regard to polluters, hydrogenous index PH, electric conduction EC, Potassium and Phosphate PO4.these polluters never recorded any values differences within the tree locations, SumerQ.,Al - Husain General Hospital and the Textile Factory).During the study of Chemical and physical elements of the water treatment stations, Al - Hindia station polluters exceed the limits of the presence of some elements like T.ss, T.D.S ,B.D.S , COD, NO2, SO4,CL,H2S,O8G.While in water treatment of the Textile factory, T.S.S , SO4 ,O8G,T.D.S , C.O.D , was over. Water analysis of Health Institutes (Cardiology Center)and over existence of some elements like ; T.S.S , SO4 ,O8G ,BOD.Insufficiency of water treatment stations came from factors like; shortage of staff and capacity limits - as built capacity of Al - Hindia station is 17000m3/day, while its processing around 100.000m3/day , besides shortage of support and littleness of the environmental awareness of people.The study comes to a conclusion that sewage water is rich with microbes and flesh - colored but it different once a while as per the types of sewage within the area of study and the numbers of those flesh - colored found in the domestic sewage are different from those in industrial and health institute sewage.

مسح جغرافي لخصوبة التربة في قضاء الناصرية واثرها على الانتاج الزراعي == A Geographical Survey of Soil Fertility in Nasiriyah District and it lmpact on Agricultural producion

Author name: كوثر عبد الله سعدون العسكري
Supervisor name: جاسب كاظم عبد الحسين الجوهر
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: Soil is a natural resource with siow regeneration , so keeping it and Sustaining its Fetidity is very important . The aim of this study is to make a comprehensive and detailed survey of soil precipitate in the district of Nasiriya and studying the spatial variation of soil characteristics and Know their impact on agricultural production and influential factors , The study addressed the impact of natural geographical factors ( geoiogical structure , climate , natural resources and natural plants) as well as human factors of (thermal , irrigation ,downstream , fertilizers , pussy , agricultural session ) on the characteristics of physical ( case of soil , density of truth and hears , soil porous , soil moisture , saturated water pure ) as well as chemical properties ( organic matter , trustee interaction , electrical fiber , calcium calibers , calcium sulfate ) and their reflection on agricultural production .To achieve the objective of the study , 36 models of the study area were taken from different locations and deployed (0 - 30 - 30 - 60 ) to analyze physical and chemical properties of europium and represent it in their statement .The study reached that there was a variation of the chartists of the trial in the study area because of the variation of their factors , which rwflected in their dying , and the results of the laboratory analysis indication that the estimation of the trial was medium to soft , and the density of the trustees and its samples were contrary to the variety of and geographical distribution , the trusted moisture was charactized by the field capacity and waxing point as appropriate for agricultural production .While the analysis of the chemical properties , the proportion of organic substance is clear and clear if this ratio rises significantly in the rivers of rivers and rivers basins to reduce this ratio in spring and spam and unemployed dunes .

مظاهر التصحر وتاثيرها على الواقع الزراعي في محافظة ذي قار == The manifestations of desertification and its effect on the agriculturl reality in Dhi Qar

Author name: حیدر عبد المحسن كاظم العسكري
Supervisor name: عبد الرزاق خیون خضیر ال محیمید
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Natural Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The aim of this thesis is to detect the manifestations of desertification and their effects on the agricultural situation in Dhi - Qar governorate and determine the regions of their spatial distribution and classifications. This study has explained the concept, degrees, and manifestations of desertification and the agricultural status at the chosen area. It has been observed that a wide area of Dhi - Qar governorate is suffered from the problem of desertification which has harmed the agricultural lands and reduced the agricultural production.This study has also showed the most important natural factors that cause the generation of manifestations of desertification in the selected region such as the geological structure, the surface, the features of climate, the climate phenomena, the climate balancing properties, the natural plant, the water resource characterisations, and the soil. It has been noticed that the aforementioned impacts are directly or indirectly participated and increased the problem of desertification in the study region. Moreover, it has been showed that the selected region is highly suffered from low water which is estimated by 3497.3 mm during the year including the raining season. This has reflected on the water resource characterisations and decreased both the overground and underground resources.This thesis has addressed the most important human parameters that are participated in appearing the desertification such as the wrong procedures in agriculture, population growth, infrastructure increasing, overgrazing …etc. Consequently, in this study, it has been observed that the farmer has no taught, low knowledge with his water requirements for the agricultural crops and excess in using an irrigation water in the face of low number of stream of water. As a result, the soil has becomeunsuitable for agriculture which makes it uncultivated area. In addition, the population growth which is approximately 2.9% and the infrastructure increasing have negative role on the suitable areas for agriculture and their productions which cause deterioration of large areas that leads for desertification. Moreover, the overgrazing has increased the problem of desertification through suffering the natural pastures to damage their natural plant that is utilised to as protection cover.In this study, it has been given the impacts that result form the manifestations of desertification and their spatial distribution in the chosen area such as soil salinity. It has been noted that all types of the soils are suffered from various degrees of the salinity. This refers to employing or ignoring the soil as well as the incorrect using of the water for agriculture and the level of groundwater and its approaching from the ground. Furthermore, the impact of salinity on using special types of crops that are resisted to the high change in salinity rather than the crops that are much tolerated to the salinity. Moreover, the effects of wind erosion and their spatial distributions in the studied area have been provided. This study has showed the wind erosion and its affect such as the phenomena of dusty weather has great impact on the properties of the soil and its production. This study has also found out by using the applied equation (F.A.O) that the annual summation of climate ability of wind erosion is equal to (276.29) which means the chosen region is located in very harsh erosion. This study has also explained there are locally and seasonally differences in the dust quantities that are transferred by the wind from the surface layer of the soil of the study region which is differentiated according to the climate ability of this region. This work has also performed the effects that are resulted from the moving of the sand dunes and their local distribution. It has been observed that converting a huge area of farmlands and pastures in Al - Btahaa, Al - Fajar,Al - Nasser, and Kalaat Sukkar to lands desertified because the moving of the sand dunes. Accordingly, the total land area of the study area that is faced the moving of the sand dunes is estimated by 162000 acres.This study has provided the important methods that can be followed to treat the problem of desertification. For instance, the important technical and scientific approaches as well as the social and economic ways that can be used to overcome or limit the impacts of desertification on the farmlands in the study region.

هيدرولوجية هور الحمار باستخدام الاستشعار عن بعد ونظم المعلومات الجغرافية == Hydrological AL - Hammar marsh By USING remote sensing and geographic information systems

Author name: اية عدنان حسن الياسري
Supervisor name: حسن سوادي نجيبان الغزي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The marshes areas are the largest wetlands in the Middle East - have been subjected to a series of procedures and mechanisms that have worked on the draining of the marshes - which formed the biggest disaster befell them and changed in the early nineties as the hydraulic situation totally different after the desiccation operations and rehabilitation of the marsh - nature and of life milestones It changed as streams and rivers dried up and used a variety of mechanisms that have been able desiccating Marshes through organized campaign 1990 - 1998 resulted in the desiccating to reduce the water resource most of the region and subjected to full drought and high mimics the salinity and thus influence steady on the ecosystem and the emigration of the population, living organisms and the role of desiccation processes and re - flooding on environmental conditions and hydraulic and biological for the region and its impact and changes on the characteristics of the soil, regetation and the land uses. The aim of the research is the study of factors affecting the hydrologicaregimes on Hammar marshes in southern Iraq between latitudes 30,20 - 31,47 to the north and arc longitude 46,17 - 37,47 in the east between the governorate of Dhi Qar, Basra , represented by natural factors geological for matrons, climate, soil and natural vegetation and groundwater as well as human factors are working to give water each region its own features. The study also aims to texplaion of the hydrological regione for the sources feeding Hammar marsh, which includes hydraulic situation of the Euphrates River and hydraulic situation of Shatt al - Gharraf, hydraulic situation of the Almasabi Alaam , the hydraulic situation Alshafi and Algamij, also to study the hydraulic features of the feeding resources of Alhammar marshes represented by the yearly, quarterly and monthly discharge, because of its importance to know the temporal variations of the discharge through the monitoring of different periods in time to see the impact on the recovery of Hammar and clarify the relationship between discharges and levels. .The research aims to study hydrologically Hammar marshes from two sides , the first is to study passage system of Al - Hammar by studying the hydrological budget and its various elements Water for years differentiated the spectrum by knowing the amount and volume of water entering the Hammar from multiple sources and calculate the amount of extra and lost water from the marsh month to show deficit water and earned surplus by comparing to the choosen sample .second aspect of the study is for the regem Hammar, which included a study of the physical and chemical characteristics that determine the quality of water in Hammar, along with climatic factor affecting the basic elements (Heat ,moisture, evaporation ,speed of the wind as well as rain) and the prevailing vegetation of reeds and papyrus plants and determine the validity of the marsh water for different uses - agriculture, health drinking Agriculture craftsmen animals compared it with the international specifications for each use

ظاهرة الجزيرة الحرارية في مدينة الناصرية == The Heat Island Phenomenon in The City of Nassiryah

Author name: موفق حامد خضير حسين الحفاظي
Supervisor name: عبد الرزاق خيون خضير ال محيميد
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Natural Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The study aims to identify the liturgical properties in the city of Nassiryah, especially, in terms of temperature , wind speed and their direction. Also it aims to discover the presence of thermal island and study the effect of factor on this city .Moreover, it aimes to indicate of the heat island on the climate of the city. The problem of the study is to show if there is heat island in the city of nassiryah and generated by minor problems. Also it aims to indicate the effect of spatial disparities of urban land uses in the formation of the heat island phenomenon and the heat island effect in the climate elements in the city of nassiryah.The researcher of this study on the field work. The work began by dividing of the city into seven axes to cover all of the city. Each of these axes contained number of monitoring points. , degree of, a ,humidity ,downwind to find out a thermic island .It also studies the affected on the city and the heat island on the climate of the city .The study depends upon fieldwork it has been divided into seven axes .Each axe involves a number of monitoring points. And that number depends on the length of each axis by 75 monitoring points : representing(Haboubi square) center of the city is the starting point for a team of field who has been trained on how to measure, and has field monitoring operations by digital measure devices for measuring temperature, wind speed and direction, relative humidity for all seasons of the year as such month (October) autumn month (January) winter month (April),the spring observations field, it shows the existence of a major heat island shows in addition to the secondary Islands.It was the highest thermal difference between the rural city center next to it through observation amounting to (8(16;00) in the axis (Habubi the bo Fayyad),the higher the difference in the relative humidity was (15%) in the axis (Habubi thermal power plant Nassiryah) in field of winter balances first seveno,clock in the evening (13/ January/2016), either wind speed recorder the biggest difference in the axis ( Habubi neighborhood redemption) reached (6.8m/s)in the first Winter balances five o'clock in the morning (13/January/2016) the station readings in the city of Nassiryah reached a high thermal difference between them and the center was(4.7m) balances autumnal third at seven in the evening, the higher the difference in the relative humidity was (12.7%) in the winter balances theIIsecond time the second afternoon the highest difference in wind speed reached (8.5m/s) in the winter balances the second time in the afternoon, and in the balances morning winter. The study highlighted the statistical relationships that have been followed and reliable in the study, for example .the factor of simple correlation simple regression that illustrates the statistical relations weather trdah or the reverse in terms of impact between the natural and human geographical factors.The results of statistical analysis have shown that there is a strong extreme correlation between a dimension factor for bodies of water with the temperature which is (0.997) and poorly inversely correlation is between the temperature and distance from the center because of the high population density and the results show that the correlation factor is a strong proportional correlation between the distance from the center and the speed of wind which is (0.849).The results indicate that there is a strong correlation between the temperature and the relative humidity value of the correlation coefficient( - 0.986).Also there is a weak reversal link between a population density and the temperature 5m.The value of Pearson, a correlation coefficient, is ( - 0.032).The results of statistical analysis show that there is the presence of extrusive link an average (0.712) between the temperature and the density of traffic. The results also show that there is a strong factor of the link is (0.993).There is also a strong reversal proportional correlation between the temperature and the percentage of vegetation in the city as it is ( - 0.904).the results indicate there is a strong proportional correlation between the it is ( - 0.904).the results indicate there is a strong proportional correlation between the relative humidity and the vegetation in the city which is (0.839).Also the results show that there is a strong extrusive link with the temperature which is (0.888).

تقييم الموارد الطبيعية في قضاء الرفاعي باستخدام تقنيات الاستشعار عن بعد ونظم المعلومات الجغرافية == Assessment of Natural Resources in the district of Rifai Using Remote sensing and geographic information system

Author name: فاطمة علاء ربيع الحسني
Supervisor name: حسن سوادي نجيبان الغزي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Natural Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: تمثل الموارد الطبيعية القاعدة الاساس للنهوض بالواقع الاقتصادي والاجتماعي والخدمي الذي يعاني منه قضاء الرفاعي . وتهدف الدراسة الى مسح وتصنيف الموارد الطبيعية في قضاء الرفاعي وذلك باعتماد صيغة التكامل بين تقنية الاستشعار عن بعد ونظم المعلومات الجغرافية , ومن ثم تقييمها باستخدام معايير محلية وعالمية لبيان امكانية استغلالها واستثمارها . استخدمت البيانات الفضائية للمتحسس ( OLI ) العائدة للقمر الصناعي Landsat - 8 في مسح وتصنيف الموارد الطبيعية وبواقع مرئية واحدة لسنة 2018 , فضلا عن مساعدة الخرائط الطبوغرافية والجيولوجية والتركيبية المختلفة والتدقيق الحقلي , كما استعين بجهاز GPS لتحديد المواقع التي تم تدقيقها والعينات التي تم اخذها حقليا . كما استخدمت مجموعة من النظم البرمجية بصورة تكاملية في معالجة المرئية الفضائية المستخدمة واستنباط المعلومات منها بما يخدم هدف الدراسة تمثلت بمجوعة برامج ARC GIS 10.2 وبرنامج ERDAS 2014 . كما تم الاستعانة بالبيانات المناخية والقوانين الرياضية ونتائج التحاليل المختبرية لدراسة خصائص الموارد وتقييمها . تم اعتماد النظام الاسترالي في عملية تصنيف الموارد الطبيعية لمنطقة الدراسة حيث يقوم هذا النظام على تصنيف الاراضي المعنية بالدراسة من خلال تفسير المرئيات الفضائية والتي يتبعها عادة زيارات ميدانية للتاكد من صحة البيانات التي تم استخلاصها من المرئيات الفضائية ومن ثم يتم اعداد خرائط للانماط الارضية وتشمل هذه الخرائط على وصف الانماط الارضية ووحداتها .من خلال تقييم الموارد الطبيعية في قضاء الرفاعي ( لطاقة الشمس ,طاقة الرياح ,الموارد المائية ,التربة , النبات الطبيعي , والمعادن ) لسنة 2018 اتضح ماياتي : ان كمية طاقة الشمس ترتفع وخاصة في فصل الصيف لتصل الى اعلى معدل لها في شهر حزيران اذ بلغت ( 9,07 واط/سم2/يوم) ويمكن استثمارها واستغلالها ولا يوجد عائق , وكذلك الحال بالنسبة لطاقة الرياح اذ ان سرع الرياح ترتفع في ثمانية اشهر من ( شباط _ ايلول ) عن المعيار المستخدم لتقييم امكانية استغلال الرياح والاستفادة منها في توليد الطاقة الكهربائية (3,2 م/ثا ) وهي اشهر الصيف وبذلك يمكن استغلالها وتوليد الطاقة الكهربائية منها . اما بالنسبة للموارد المائية فان حجم الايراد المائي السنوي لنهر الغراف بلغ (4976380800 م3) وللمصب العام(1892160000م3) ومبزل شرق الغراف والغراف الكبير بلغ فيها( 72532800 و192369600 م3) على التوالي , وعند تقييمها مع عدد السكان ومساحة الاراضي المزروعة والصالحة للزراعة وجد ان حصة كل فرد م3/سنة من نهر الغراف بلغ حوالي (2522,6 م3 ) بينما بلغت حصة كل فرد م3/سنة من المصب العام حوالي ( 959,19 م3 ) اما بالنسبة لمبزل شرق الغراف ومبزل الغراف الكبير فبلغت حصة كل فرد م3/سنة في كل منهما على التوالي ( 36,76 م3 ) و( 97,36 م3 ) على التوالي . وتبين ان حصة كل دونم من الاراضي الزراعية من نهر الغراف حوالي ( 2017,8م3 ) ,اما حصة كل دونم من الاراضي الزراعية من المصب العام حوالي ( 767,22م3 ) , وحصة كل دونم من الاراضي الزراعية من مبزل شرق الغراف ومبزل الغراف الكبير بلغت حوالي ( 29,41 م3) و( 78 م3) على التوالي . وتبين من خلال تقييم الموارد المائية ان بعض الخصائص الفيزيائية والكيميائية فيها مما يؤدي الى عدم صلاحيتها لشرب الانسان وللاغراض الصناعية , بينما تكون صالحة للاستخدام الحيواني ,الري ,والبناء والانشاءات , الا انه يمكن القيام ببعض المعالجات للمياه في سبيل التمكن من استخدامها للشرب وللاغراض الصناعية . كما بينت الدراسة ان ترب كتوف نهر الغراف ذات نسجة (مزيجية طينية) وتقع حسب نظام القدرة الانتاجية ضمن الصنف الثالث التي تكون ملائمة للاستعمال الزراعي الكثيف ,اما ترب السهل الفيضي المنخفض فهي ذات نسجة (مزيجية غرينية طينية) وهي ملائمة للزراعة بشكل معتدل, والترب الرملية تكون ذات نسجة (رملية) وهي ملائمة للرعي المعتدل . كما تبين ان النبات الطبيعي ذات اهمية كبيرة في حماية التربة من التعرية فضلا عن اهميتها في تحسين المناخ وتلطيف الجو فضلا عن تواجد انواع مختلفة من النباتات الطبيعية التي تكون ذات نسبة استساغة مختلفة للحيوانات وتعد مراعي جيدة للحيوانات . وتمكنت الدراسة من تعيين مواقع استكشافية لاماكن تواجد ترسبات الحديد واطيان الكاؤولين في قضاء الرفاعي . وتبين كذلك ان كمية الاحتياطي النفطي في قضاء الرفاعي يبلغ 9 مليار برميل وتتنوع فيه الكثافة من الخفيف الى المتوسط وهو ما يعطي مرونة في حركة التصدير وتنوع في اسعار بيع البرميل النفطي | The natural resources represent the basis rule to promotion the economic , social and services reality . that the study area is suffering from. The study aims to survey and classify the natural resources in AL - Rifai district, and that depend on the integration formula between remote sensing and geographic information systems , and then evaluated it by using local standards to indicate the possibility of exploitation and investment . The data of space for the sensor was used for the satellite landsat - 8 in survey and classification the natural resources and in one visible reality for 2018 , as well as the help of maps the topography , geology , and various synthetics and field Audit . was used also GPS to determine location that Audited and the samples taken by field . and a group software system are used integrally integrated in the visual processing of space that used and to extract information from them to serve the purpose of the study , represent by a group of programs ARC GIS 10.2 and ERDAS 2014 . climate data were also used and math rules and the results of laboratory analysis to study resource characteristics and evaluate it . The Australian system was adopted in the process of classification of natural resources for the study area , this is based on the classification of the land in the study through interpretation of space visualization , which is usually followed field visits to make sure that the data is correct which have been derived from space visualization and then maps are prepared for ground patterns, these map include descriptions of land patterns and their unity . Through assessment of the natural resources in the district of AL - Rifai ( for the solar energy wind energy , water resources , the soil , natural plant and metal ) for 2018 the result is : The amount of solar energy rising up especially in summer to reach the highest score in June it rise to (9.07 watt\cm2\day) they can be invested and exploited and there is no obstacle . And so it is for wind power the wind speed is rising for eight months from (February to September ) for the Standerd used to assess wind potential and take the benefit from them in generating electricity (3.2 m\sec) it is the summer months and so on it can be exploited and generate electricity from them . As for water resources the size of Annual water revenue of the Gharaf river amount ( 4976380800 m3) and for Almusab alam (1892160000 m3) and mabzal of west Al - ghrraf and the great garraf the amount (72532800 and 192369600 m3) respectively , when it evaluated with population and the area of cultivated land and suitable for agriculture they found that every one's share m3\year from Al Ghrraf river is ( 2522,6 m3) while every one's share m3\year in AL Masab Alam was (959.19 m3) and for mabzal west Al - Ghrraf and the great Garraf was every one's share m3\year in each of them respectively (36,76m3 and 97,36 m3) respectively , and show that share each Dunam of form land from Al Gharraf river is ( 2017.8 m3) and from Almusab Alam amount (767.22 m3) and mabzal of west Al - ghrraf and the great garraf the amount (29.41 and 78 m3) respectively . It is show throw the assessment of water resources some have physical and chemical properties in it . which leads to in ability to drink for human and for industrial purposes , while it be suitable for animal use , irrigation , building and construction , unless can do some water processors in order to use it for drinking and for industrial purposes . As study have showed that the soil bank of Al Gharraf river with mud tissue , it is located by production capacity system within the third category which are suitable for intensive agricultural use , as for the soil of low flood plains they are mixed clay - green tissue , they are moderately suitable for agriculture , and sandy solid be sandy and they are suitable for moderate grazing . as shown that the natural plants , it is great importance in protecting the soil from irrigation , as well as their important in improving the climate and tempering the atmosphere , as well as the presence of different types of natural plants that have a different taste for animal and it is good pasture for animal . The study was able to identify exploration sites for iron deposits and witayn al - kaolain in the district of Al Rifai . and it shown either that amount of Oil reserves in the district of Al Rifai was 9 billion barrel and the density ranges from light to medium which it gives flexibility in the export movement and a variety in Oil selling prices

التمثيل الخرائطي للتوسع العمراني على الغطاء الخضري والتصميم الاساس لمدينة الناصرية باستخدام تقنيات نظم المعلومات الجغرافية == urban expansion on the vegetative cover and the basic design of the city of Nasiriya By using Geographical information systems

Author name: سجى خيرالدين مطير العتابي
Supervisor name: رحيم حميد عبد ثامر العبدان | سميع جلاب منسي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: اعتمدت الدراسة على استخدام تقنيتي الاستشعار عن بعد (RS) ونظم المعلومات الجغرافية (GIS) في رسم خرائط تصنيف الغطاء الارضي وتتبع التغيرات المساحية لكل صنف من اصناف استعمالات الارض الحضرية وتوسعها على حساب المناطق الخضراء ضمن التباينات الزمانية والمكانية التي ساعدت في تغيرها في مدينة الناصرية خلال مدة الدراسة (1968 - 2016), ويدل ذلك على زيادة التوسع العمراني باصنافه المختلفة لا سيما الاستعمال السكني ويسمى ذلك التزايد بالتغير الموجب, اذ امتد ذلك التوسع على حساب المناطق المفتوحة والمناطق الخضراء المتمثلة بانواعها المختلفة (بساتين النخيل والحدائق العامة والمتنزهات والحزام الاخضر), والتجاوز عليها من خلال تغير استعمالات الارض من مناطق خضراء الى اراضي سكنية او صناعية او دوائر حكومية...الخ; ويعزى ذلك الى عدم اتخاذ القرارات المناسبة لتجنب هذه التجاوزات في بلدية الناصرية, فضلا عن ذلك يعود الى سبب مهم وهو عدم وجود الوعي الثقافي الواسع والفهم للبعد البيئي للمناطق الخضراء واهميتها في تخطيط المدينة, التي نتج عنها تغيير استعمالات الارض من صنف المناطق الخضراء الى صنف استعمالات الارض الحضرية الاخرى فقد استخدمت هذه الدراسة اسلوب تحليل المرئيات الفضائية مختلفة التواريخ وتفسيرها وباستخدام طريقة التفسير البصري وكذلك التصنيف الموجة وغير الموجة, فضلا عن الاعتماد على خرائط التصميم الاساس المعدة لمدينة الناصرية وكذلك الدراسات الميدانية لمطابقة ما توصلت الية الباحثة من النتائج في معرفة كل صنف من اصناف استعمالات الارض الحضرية, وبالاعتماد على نظام الهيئة العالمية الامريكية لانتاج خرائط عالية تسمى بخرائط كشف التغير, اذ تم الاعتماد على برنامجي 2.10 ARC GIS & 2014 ERDAS imagine, وقد تم رسم خرائط كشف التغير من خلال اعتماد طريقة المحو Eras, اذ تم من خلال طرح المساحة اللاحقة من المساحة السابقة لاستخراج فرق التغير المساحي لاصناف استعمالات الارض الحضرية لمدينة الناصرية. وقد تبين ان المناطق الخضراء التي كانت مساحتها في التصاميم الاساس للمدد الزمنية الممتدة من (1968 - 1974, 1975 - 1991, 1992 - 2002, 2003 - 2016) قد تراجعت بشكل كبير على الرغم من الزيادة في التوسع المساحي في التصميم الاساس الا ان المناطق الخضراء قد تراجعت والتي بلغت نسبة تراجعها خلال المدة الممتدة من (2003 - 2016) (3,7%) من مجموع مساحة منطقة الدراسة . | The study relied on the use of remote sensing techniques (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) in mapping the land cover classification and tracking the spatial changes of each type of urban land use and its expansion at the expense of the green areas within the temporal and spatial differences that helped change in the city of Nasiriyah during The period of study (1972 - 2016), and this indicates the increase in urban expansion of its various varieties, especially residential use and called the increase positive change, This expansion extends to the open areas and green areas of different types (palm groves, parks, parks and green belt), bypassing them by changing land uses from green areas to residential or industrial lands or government departments, This is due to the failure to take appropriate decisions to avoid these abuses in the municipality of Nasiriyah, in addition to the important reason is the lack of broad cultural awareness and understanding of the environmental dimension of green areas and their importance in the city planning.Which resulted in a change in land use from the green zone category to the other urban land use category. This study used the method of analyzing and interpreting different spatial images using the visual interpretation method as well as the wave and non - wave classification as well as drawing on the design maps prepared for the city of Nasiriyah, In order to match the findings of the researcher's mechanism of the results in the knowledge of each type of urban land use, and based on the system of the American International Organization for the production of high maps called maps of detection change, GIS & 2014 ERDAS imagination, The mapping of change was done by adopting the method Eras Eras, by subtracting the subsequent area of the area prior to the extraction of the difference of spatial areas of the uses of urban land of the city of Nasiriyah. It was found that the green areas that were the basis for the design periods of the period (1969 - 1974, 1975 - 1991, 1992 - 2002, 2003 - 2016) have declined significantly despite the increase in the spatial expansion of the basic design, but green areas Which declined during the period (2003 - 2016) (5.6%) of the total area of study area.

الاهمية السياسية لحقول النفط في محافظة ذي قار == The political importance of the oil fields in the province of Dhi Qar

Author name: رعد زويد خليف الحمداني
Supervisor name: شيماء محمد جواد الجبوري
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تناولت الدراسة الاهمية السياسية لحقول النفط في محافظة ذي قار التي تقع فلكيا بين دائرتي عرض (30 30 ــ 00 32 شمالا) وبين خطي طول (40 45 ــ 5 47 شرقا) ، يحدها من الشمال محافظة واسط ومن الشمال الغربي محافظة القادسية ومن الغرب محافظة المثنى ومن الشرق محافظة ميسان ومن الجنوب محافظة البصرة ، قدمنا في دراستنا هذه صورة واضحة عن مشكلة سياسية واقتصادية واجتماعية تتعرض لها منطقة الدراسة والتي تعد من اهم المشكلات متمثلة بالحقول النفطية وما يرتبط بها من صراعات سياسية واقتصادية وادارية لكون النفط مصدر هذه الصراعات في العالم ، وركزت الدراسة على تطبيق الخطط التي وضعتها وزارة النفط العراقية حول تطوير حقول نفط منطقة الدراسة وزيادة انتاجها وتجنب الاعتماد على الشركات الاجنبية التي ماهي الا ضياع جزء من هذه الثروة المهمة ، كذلك تسعى الدراسة الى معرفة الاسباب والمعوقات التي تعرض لها قطاع النفط في منطقة الدراسة للمراحل الاولى من الانتاج ،وبالتالي تحقيق ايرادات مالية كبيره للتمكن من تشغيل وتطوير القطاعات الاخرى وتوفير فرص العمل والقضاء على البطالة ، وكان الهدف من الدراسة بيان الاهمية السياسية للحقول النفطية في محافظة ذي قار سياسيا واقتصاديا من خلال دراسة التطور التاريخي لاكتشاف النفط في محافظة ذي قار ومعرفة الاحتياطي النفطي لهذه الحقول وكيفية تطور انتاج النفط فيها . كما تمت دراسة المقومات الجغرافية لمنطقة الدراسة وبيان اثرها على تكوين النفط من حيث الاستخراج والاستهلاك ، وقد توصلت الدراسة الى عدة مشكلات سياسية واقتصادية اثرت بشكل او باخر في تطور الحقول النفطية وعدم زيادة انتاجها بشكل يلائم على ما تحتويه من الاحتياطي النفطي الهائل ، وكذلك بينت الدراسة ان هنالك هدر كبير في كميات الغاز الطبيعي المحترق يوميا من حقلي الناصرية والغراف دون الاستفادة منها . | The study focused on the Political issues c importance of the oil fields in Dhi Qar Governorate, which is located between 3030 and 32.00 degrees longitude. It is bordered to the north by Wasit governorate, the northwest by Qadisiyah governorate, And the southern province of Basra, we presented in this study a clear picture of the political, economic and social problem exposed to the study area, which is one of the most important problems are the oil fields and the associated political conflicts, economic and administrative because the oil source of these conflicts in the world, Application Plans developed by the Iraqi Oil Ministry on the development of the study area oil fields and increase production and avoid dependence on foreign companies that is nothing but the loss of part of this important wealth, the study also seeks to find out the reasons and obstacles suffered by the oil sector in the study area in the early stages of production. The study aims to demonstrate the geostrategic importance of the oil fields in Dhi Qar governorate, both politically and economically (locally and regionally) by studying the historical development of the discovery of oil in Dhi Qar and the knowledge of reserves. The oil of these fields and how the development of oil production . The study also examined the geographical components of the study area and explained its effect on the composition, extraction and consumption of oil. The study also found several problems and political conflicts that influenced in one way or another the development of oil fields and increase their production. The study also revealed that there is a great waste in the quantities of natural gas burning daily from the fields of Nasiriyah And Graf without benefiting from them

الظواهر الغبارية وتاثيرها في قيمة الاشعاع الشمسي في العراق == The influence of the dust phenomenas on the magnitude of the solar radiation in Iraq

Author name: محمد كريم عبد الرضا
Supervisor name: ضياء صائب احمد الالوسي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: This study embedded the dust phenomenas and how do they effect on the magnitude of sun ray in Iraq and this study has divided those phenomenas into three categories which are : dust storm , suspended dust , elevated dust , in addition of understanding of each separate phenomena , this study has also categorized the sources of the dust into two categories ; the first which is the natural resources that forms the greater ratio of dust and that is (90%) , the second is the human resources which forms (10%) of the dust resources .The study also embedded the affective factors that form the dust phenomenas which contains the natural factors (heat temperature , rain falls , winds , relative humidity) and how these factors effect on the dust phenomenas besides that of the human factors such as (greedy shepred , unplanned civilized expansion) .Which as roll in dust forming , also this study has unveiled the difference between sand storms and dust storms . The study referred to the color of these storms and their dependent on the source of dust or sand whether the color was of dust color (red , black , orange , brown) and that the dust storm interval is divided into three phases before it happens or before it forms (the phase of elevating the soil from the surface of the earth , the phase of transferring into the atmosphere which is depend ant on the velocity of the winds , besides of the sedimentary phase which can be generated by the influence of rain falls water or by the earth gravity or by turbulence in climate situation) .There are two forms of the dust storms ; the first is : the longitude needle end which featured by wide shape less than (150) km ; the second is : so wide and more than (200) km . The study has categorized the dust storms that precipitate on Iraq into three categories (summer storms , winter dust storms which are rare , spring dust storm) , and that the regions and zones of these storms in Iraq are domestic , and regional . The study unveiled that the dust storms increase during summer time , and also during spring season , and as long as we move towards the south of Iraq , and that the topic station among all study covered stations and for repeatedly the dust and elevated dust storms is “Nasiriya” station and the less one was “Kirkuk” station , whilst “Mosul” station was the highest repetition of the suspended dust , and that “Rutba” station was the lowest one . The study also mentioned to the principals of the sun ray and its components as for the wave length , which is well known that the sun ray composes of “ultra violet ray” which forms (8%) of the total sun energy and the visible ray forms (41%) , and the “infrared” ray forms (51%) of the total energy . The study viewed that the sun ray is divided into tow components while hitting or incident on the surface of the earth and these are : the direct ray , and the indirect ray and that the sun ray is objected to processes of absorption , reflection and dispersion , while the factors that affect the magnitude of the sun may are the angle of ray incident , and the distance between earth and sun , the time limit of illumination , climate transparency , terranes , and Albedo . The researcher at the end of this study made clear of influence of the dust phenomenas on the magnitude of the sun ray by plotting and using Pearson junction equation and by means of (spss) program , he found out that the annual relationshipbetween dust storms and sun ray is reversal and meaning in “Kirkuk” and “Nasiriya” stations and that the relationship between the suspended and elevated dust with the sun ray is reversal meaningful in the “Kirkuk” , “Basra” station , whilst the monthly relationship between dust phenomenas and the sun ray is strongly proportional at the most of the referred station .

تحليل جغرافي للعرض السياحي التراثي في مدينة بغداد باستخدام نظام GIS == Geographical analysis of Heritance Tourist Exposition in the city of Baghdad by using GIS system

Author name: تغريد طالب محمد
Supervisor name: عبد الزهرة شلش زامل العتابي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يعد الموروث السياحي جزء لايتجزاء من حياة الدول ونشاطاتها , اذ تمت معالجة هذا الموروث في مدينة بغداد من وجهة نظر الجغرافية السياحية من خلال معرفة مواقع هذه المباني التراثية وتوزيعها الجغرافي في مدينة بغداد , التي شملت المباني الحكومية والدينية والثقافية ... الخ تناولت الدراسة اثر العوامل الجغرافية الطبيعية والبشرية على السياحة التراثية لمدينة بغداد علاوة على المشكلات والمعوقات التي تحول دون تطورها كما تناولت الدراسة مفاهيم العرض السياحي التراثي واهم مقوماته ومحدداته واستعانت الدراسة بتقنيات حديثة في بيان وتوضيح بعض معطياتها وذلك عن طريق استخدام (GIS) للخروج بنتائج اكثر دقة . وكذلك توصلت الدراسة الى عدد من الاستنتاجات والتوصيات التي تخدم العرض السياحي التراثي وتحديد المواقع التراثية عن طريق استخدام (GIS) وكيفية الاستفادة منه من قبل العاملين في مجال القطاع السياحي والمهتمين بشان السياحة والدارسين والباحثين وكذلك سرعة وصول السياح الى مبتغاهم من المواقع التراثية وكذلك تحديد اهم المشاكل والمعوقات التي من شانها اعاقة الحركة السياحية التراثية لمدينة بغداد وسبل معالجتها من خلال تشخيص التحليل وايجاد الحلول الحديثة | The tourist heritage is considered as part of the countries 's activities . This heritage has been processed and addressed in Baghdad in respect to the Tourist Geography through the knowledge of sites of these heritage buildings along with its geographical distribution in Baghdad . These buildings include the governmental , religious and cultural one. The current study deals with the effect of geographical factors ( geographical, natural and human ) on the heritage truism in Baghdad in addition to the problems and obstacles that handicap and hinder its development . The current study also deals with the tourist concepts and its essential elements as well as its limits ; the study gets help from the modern techniques to show and indicate some its outcomes. This could be achieved through GIS to get most accurate results. . The study gets to a number of conclusions , recommendations that serve the tourist and heritage elements and specifying the heritage sites by using GIS and how to get benefit of it by those working in field of tourism , as well as researchers . Besides making the tourists to get to their ultimate sites and specifying most important obstacles that hinder the tourist and heritage movements in Baghdad and means of addressing them through diagnosing the analysis and finding out the modern solutions.

التباين المكاني لحجم الحيازة الزراعية وعلاقتها باستعمالات الارض الزراعية في قضاء الحلة == Spatial variation of agricultural holdings and their relationship with agricultural land uses in Hilla district

Author name: زيد كميل جواد سماوي
Supervisor name: عايد سلوم حسين الحربي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: General Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:

العلاقات المكانية لاستعمالات الارض الزراعية الانتاج النباتي في قضاء الهاشمية == Spatial Relationships for Agricultural Land Use (Plant Production)in Hashemite Distr ict

Author name: دعاء عبد الزهرة حسن الشريفي
Supervisor name: عايد سلوم حسين الحربي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: General Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: I dealt this is studying reality Status relations Spatial For uses Earth Agricultural sector at Spend Hashemite University For production Vegetarian, As Contained On an introduction And four Classes I have Included Introduction On : Problem studying And its hypothesis And its objectives And their justness Location And space And borders For the region studying Display For some Studies Previous Related Link The subject matter.The I touched studying to me The most important Factors Geographically Natural From Surface And soil And resources Aqua And climate And human Represented Population Hands Operating Networks Irrigation And tapping And transportation Marketing And politics Agricultural sector a study Detailed And know Bezel Influence Passive And positive On Uses Agricultural, ratio Factors Natural It was Must From Existence an item is being Featured at Its effect On Factors Other As It was Factor Surface And nature Problem Effect On Elements Climatic conditions And last effect On the soil And resources Water Than LED contrast at Thathirha between a place And another From The study area It applies The case On Factors Humanity As Effect Availability Population Hands Operating On Rest Factors Humanity Considering Human He Element Which Happen or occur the change at the operation Agricultural sector All Parts Perhaps Factor Water And soil And politics Agricultural sector Including Availability From Services For development Sector Agricultural development Than leave Its effect On Non Exploit all Land Valid For agriculture As Cultivated Of which An area of (532 159 acres) of Origin Area the college Valid Agriculture (365313 acres) Vozart studying Ban There Relations Spatial For uses Earth Plantation Resulting From overlap Effect Factors Humanity And natural to me emergence Like.

التباين المكاني للتلوث بالنفايات الصلبة في مدينة الحلة واثاره البيئية == The spatial variation of solid waste pollution in Hilla city and its environmental impacts

Author name: رسل محمد كاظم عبطان الجبوري
Supervisor name: جبار عبد جبيل
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: General Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: المدن وخاصة في الدول النامية نتيجة الزيادة في اعداد سكانها والطلب المستمر على السلع الاساسية تزايدا مستمرا في كمية النفايات الصلبة المطلوب معالجتها والتخلص منها بطرائق امنة وصحية وبتكاليف تكون بمستوى المداخل المتاحة ، اذ يشكل التراكم المستمر للنفايات الصلبة (المنزلية ، والصناعية ، والزراعية ،ومخلفات البناء والانشاء ،والشوارع والمستشفيات الخ - - ) بشكل فوضوي العديد من الاثار الضارة والخطيرة ، كما انها قد تصبح موردا اقتصاديا اذا دورت واعيدت للافادة من المواد ( البلاستيكية، والورقية، الزجاجية) والمعادن المتواجدة فيها والقابلة لاعادة التدوير والاستعمال .وتعد مدينة الحلة من بين ابرز المدن العراقية التي اخذت تعاني في السنوات الاخيرة من تراكم النفايات الصلبة ،وبرزت بفاعلية اكبر نتيجة الازمة المالية التي مر بها العراق والتي حالت دون وجود تخصيصات مالية مما ادى الى قصور واضح لعمل بلدية مدينة الحلة في ادارة النفايات الصلبة والتخلص النهائي منها في مواقع الطمر . وفي هذا السياق جاءت الدراسة للتطرق الى النفايات الصلبة في مدينة الحلة واثارها البيئية.وقد دعمت الدراسة بالتحليل النظري الوصفي بالاعتماد على تحليل البيانات ،والخرائط والصور الفوتوغرافية ذات العلاقة بالنفايات الصلبة وكيفية التعامل معها بالاستعانة باستمارة الاستبيان لدراسة المتغيرات المؤثرة على مشكلة البحث وتقييم كفاءة الخدمة بيئيا ،وخلصت الدراسة الى مجموعة من الاستنتاجات والتوصيات المتعلقة ببيان الحقائق ووضع الحلول الملائمة لها | The issue of solid waste is one of the specific topics of sustainable development. Most cities, especially in developing countries, due to the increase in their population and the continuous demand for basic commodities are constantly increasing the quantity of solid waste to be treated and disposed of in safe and healthy ways at the level of available inputs. The continuous solid waste (household, industrial, agricultural, construction and construction waste, street, hospital etc. - ) is chaotic and has many harmful and dangerous effects, as it may become an economical resource if it is recycled and reused from many m Materials (plastic, paper, glass) and metals that are available for recycling and use.The city of Hilla is one of the most prominent Iraqi cities that have suffered in recent years from the accumulation of solid waste, and emerged more effectively as a result of the financial crisis experienced by Iraq, which prevented the existence of financial allocations, resulting in a clear failure of the work of the municipality of Hilla in the management of solid waste and final disposal Including in landfills. In this context, the study came to address the solid waste in the city of Hilla and its environmental effects. Therefore, the researcher tried to serialize the topics of the study. The descriptive analysis was supported by the analysis of data, maps and photographs related to solid waste and how to deal with them using the questionnaire to study the variables affecting the research problem and evaluating the efficiency of the environmental service. The study concluded with a set of conclusions and recommendations regarding finding the facts and finding appropriate solutions

الانتاج الزراعي واثره في تنمية الصناعات الزراعية في محافظة بابل : دراسة في الجغرافية الاقتصادية == Agricultural production and its impact on the of agricultural in dustries in The Province of Babil A study in economic geography

Author name: دعاء صبار خضير اليوسفي
Supervisor name: عبد الزهرة علي الجنابي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: تعد الصناعات الزراعية من الصناعات المهمة في حياة السكان بسبب تزايد اعداد السكان بشكل مستمر وتزايد الطلب على منتجاتها, لذلك تعد هذه الصناعة من الصناعات الرئيسية كونها تعتمد نسبيا على ما تدره المحافظة من انتاج نباتي وحيواني فيها. تقع محافظة بابل في الجزء الاوسط من العراق, في وسط السهل الرسوبي, وموقعها هذا جعلها قريبة من العاصمة بغداد وسوقها الواسع , كما وانها ترتبط بالمحافظات المجاورة بشبكة طرق نقل يسيرة ومتعددة الانماط, كل هذا يشجع على قيام وتوطن الصناعات الزراعية فيها. وبالنسبة للمقومات او الامكانات الاقتصادية للصناعات الزراعية في المحافظة ومنها المواد الاولية الزراعية بشقيها النباتي والحيواني فقد تنوعت واحتلت المحافظة مراتب متقدمة في انتاج البعض منها على مستوى البلد مثل التمور والذرة والمنتجات الحيوانية , مما يعني توفر المواد الاولية اللازمة للصناعات الزراعية في المحافظة. اما المقومات الاقتصادية الاخرى مثل السوق وراس المال ومصادر الطاقة والوقود وطرق النقل ووسائله فانها متوفرة بالشكل الذي يؤدي الى قيام الصناعات الزراعية فيها. وفيما يخص المقومات او الامكانيات السكانية فانها تمتلك امكانات بشرية كبيرة من الايدي العاملة الماهرة وغير الماهرة من كلا الجنسين , يمكن من خلال هذه الايدي العاملة ان تعمل في الصناعات الزراعية المختلفة مثل الصناعات الغذائية وغير الغذائية والنسيجية. اما بالنسبة الى الانتاج الزراعي في المحافظة والذي يضم الانتاج النباتي والحيواني فانها المحافظة تمتلك انتاج نباتي جيد ويضم محاصيل الحبوب والعلف والخضر والمحاصيل الصناعية واشجار الفاكهة والنخيل وكذلك الحال بالنسبة الى الانتاج الحيواني فتضم المحافظة اعداد كبيرة من حيوانات الماشية والماعز والابل والدواجن والاسماك والنحل, وبهذا فان المحافظة لديها انتاج زراعي يمكن الافادة منه في تنمية وتوطن الصناعات الزراعية في المحافظة بالاعتماد على هذه المدخلات الزراعية النباتية والحيوانية. تتوطن في محافظة بابل عدد من الصناعات الغذائية والصناعات غير الغذائية (النسيجية) والصناعات الهندسية , والبعض منها يعد من اكبر الصناعات في العراق مثل الصناعات النسيجية في قضاء الحلة وقضاء الهاشمية , والصناعات الهندسية المتمثلة بمجمع الاسكندرية في شمال بابل , وبهذا فان هذه الصناعات توفر قاعدة صناعية جيدة لتنمية الصناعات الزراعية في المحافظة. وقد اظهر التحليل الاحصائي لمعامل ارتباط بيرسون بين الانتاج النباتي وبين المنشات وعدد العاملين في الصناعات التي تعتمد على المدخلات النباتية , وبين الانتاج الحيواني وبين المنشات وعدد العاملين في هذه الصناعات التي تعتمد على المدخلات الحيوانية ان هناك علاقة طردية بينها اي ان اي زيادة في وحدة من الانتاج الزراعي سوف يقابله زيادة في الانتاج الصناعي. كما اظهرت الدراسة ان المحافظة تعاني من بعض المشاكل وقد توزعت المشاكل في مشكلات تواجه الانتاج الزراعي ومشكلات تواجه الصناعات الزراعية في المحافظة. كما استشرفت الدراسة الافاق المستقبلية واقترحت اقامة صناعات زراعية جديدة وتنمية الصناعات القائمة, وخاصة الصناعات التي تعتمد على الانتاج الزراعي بشقيه النباتي والحيواني, وكذلك الصناعات التي تخدم الانتاج الزراعي, كون المحافظة ذات طابع زراعي ,كما اقترحت الدراسة استثمار القاعدة الصناعية الواسعة للصناعات الهندسية في مجمع الاسكندرية الصناعي , كما اقترحت اقامة مدن صناعية جديدة في المحافظة. | because of the increasing numbers of people on an ongoing basis, especially in the province of Babylon, so this industry from the major industries being dependent on refunding of vegetable and animal production.Babil is located in the central part of Iraq, in the middle of alluvial, its proximity to the capital and the broad market, as well as its proximity to neighbouring provinces and the quick and good transport network and promote agricultural industries and endemism.For the ingredients or the economic potential of agro - industries in the province with agricultural raw materials both plant and animal, has diversified and advanced levels in the province occupied some production at the country level, such as dates, corn and livestock products, which means availability of raw materials for agro - industries in the province of Babylon. As for other economic fundamentals such as the market, capital and energy and fuel sources and ways and means of transport, they are available in the way that leads to the agricultural industry.And what about the ingredients or population potential they possess great human potential of skilled and unskilled manpower from both sexes, this labor force to work in various agricultural industries such as food and non - food industries such as textiles and even engineering.As well as for agricultural production in the province, which includes plant and animal production, the province possesses good vegetarian production featuring cereal crops, fodder, vegetables and industrial crops and fruit trees, palms and the animal production includes maintaining good production of animals cattle, goats and camels, poultry, fish and bees, so the province has agricultural production can develop and endemism agribusiness province relying on this plant and animal agricultural inputs.It is endemic in Babylon province number of food and non - food industries (textiles) and engineering industries, some of which is one of the largest industries in Iraq such as textile industries in Hillah and spend and engineering industries, auctions of Alexandria's compound in North Babylon, and that these industries provide a good industrial base for the development of agro - industries in the province.

تقويم كفاءة منظومة ري وبزل مشروع حلة - ديوانية في محافظة بابل == Evaluating the Irrigation and Drainage System Efficiency of Hilla - Daywaniyah Project in Babylon Province

Author name: نور الهدى فلاح منصور
Supervisor name: عايد سلوم حسين الحربي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: ان دراسة الوضع الاروائي لمشروع الحلة - ديوانية في محافظة بابل يسهم بشكل كبير في معرفة كيفية استثمار المياه الموجودة في منطقة الدراسة على اختلاف انواعها خاصة وان تربة منطقة الدراسة تعاني من نقص المياه وهي بحاجة الى كل قطرة ماء للنهوض بالواقع الزراعي في المنطقة بشكل خاص ومحافظة بابل بشكل عام .تناولت هذه الرسالة العوامل الجغرافية الطبيعية والبشرية لمحافظة بابل ومنطقة الدراسة واثرها على كفاءة منظومة الري والبزل لمشروع الحلة - ديوانية وتاثيرها المباشر وغير المباشر على اغلب الخصائص الفيزيائية والكيميائية للمياه السطحية ومياه البزل في منطقة الدراسة بهدف تحليل العامل الجيولوجي وطبيعة انحدار السطح واثر ذلك على امتداد شبكة الري والبزل وكذلك الموقع الجغرافي والفلكي والخصائص المناخية والتربة بالاضافة الى النباتات الطبيعية المنتشرة في منطقة الدراسة وتاثيرها على كمية ونوعية المياه الموجودة , وقد ناقشت في الفصل الاول سكان منطقة الدراسة وكثافتهم والنشاط الاقتصادي الذي يزاولونه وكذلك السياسات والاجراءات الحكومية التي تحول دون حدوث اي خروقات حول استثمار المياه وضمان صيانة جداول الري وقنوات البزل , كذلك ناقشت اساليب وطرق الري المتبعة في وكميات الاسمدة والمبيدات المستخدمة وتاثيرها على الخصائص النوعية لمياه الري والبزل .بينما اهتم الفصل الثاني الامتداد المكاني لمشاريع الري والبزل في محافظة بابل ومنطقة الدراسة والاسباب التي دعت الى انشاء مشروع الحلة - ديوانية واهميته .اما الفصل الثالث فقد تطرق كفاءة جداول الري من خلال مقارنة الاحتياجات المائية للمحاصيل المزروعة على ارض المشروع مع التصريف السنوي لهذه الجداول وبيان العجز المائي والاسباب التي قللت من كفاءة بعض الجداول مع اعطاء بعض الحلول المستقبلية التي من شانها ان تنهض بالوضع الاروائي في منطقة الدراسة وقد تبين من خلال كل ذلك ان معظم جداول منطقة الدراسة تكون جيدة واخرى غير جيدة اذ بلغ عدد الجداول الكفوءة (9) جداول بينما بلغ عدد الجداول التي لاتعمل بكفاءة (5) جداول وهذا يعني ان مشروع الحلة - ديوانية يكون ذو كفاءة متوسطة وبنسبة (64%) . وتطرق هذه الفصل مدى كفاءة شبكة المبازل الممتدة على ارض المشروع وتخليصها للتربة من الاملاح المتراكمة عليها نهاية الموسم وذلك من خلال المقارنة في تراكيز الاملاح مثل (الاملاح الكلية الذائبة , التوصيل الكهربائي , الاس الهيدروجيني , الكالسيوم , المغنيسيوم , الصوديوم , البوتاسيوم , الكبريتات , النترات , الكلورايد , البورون) بين المبازل والترب المجاورة لها بداية ونهاية الموسم وقد تبين من خلال ذلك ان بعض هذه المبازل تتمتع بكفاءة عالية في تخليص التربة من الاملاح نهاية الموسم , وبعضها يتمتع بكفاءة متوسطة بينما لم تعمل المبازل الاخرى بكفاءة .اما الفصل الرابع فقد تطرقنا فيه الخصائص النوعية (الفيزيائية والكيميائية ) للمياه السطحية في منطقة الدراسة ومقارنتها مع المواصفات العالمية والوطنية والعراقية لبيا ن مدى صلاحيتها للزراعة وملائمتها لشرب الانسان وقد اختيرت لهذه الدراسة (42) موقعا كما نوقشت الخصائص النوعية لمياه المبازل في منطقة الدراسة وتقييمها لري المحاصيل الزراعية واختير لهذه الدراسة (18) موقعا وقد تبين من خلال ذلك ان بعض المواقع سواء اكانت للمياه السطحية ام لمياه البزل تكون صالحة للاستخدام بشكل مباشر الا ان بعضها الاخر يحتاج الى عمليات واجراءات علاجية لتصبح صالحة للاستخدام . | The study of the irrigational status of the Hilla - Daywaniya irrigation project in Babylon province significantly contributes to a more efficient use ofirrigation water in the study area, especiallywhen considering that the study area suffers from lack of irrigation water and are in need of every drop of water for the advancement of agriculture in the study area and in Babylon province in general.This thesis discussed the geographical, natural, and the human factors of Babylon province and the study area and its impact on the efficiency of the irrigation and drainage system of the Hilla - Daywaniyah irrigationproject and its direct and indirect impact on most of the physical and chemical properties of the surface and drainage water in the study area with the aim of analyzing the geological factor and the nature of the surface regression and their impact on the extension of the irrigation and drainage network, as well as geographic and astronomical site of the study area and climatic characteristics and soil in addition to the natural plants scattered in the study area and its impact on the quantity and quality of existing water, the first chapter discussed the population of the study area and their population density and the economicactivitiesthey practice, as well as policies and governmental actions that prevent the occurrence of any violations on the investment of the water and ensure the maintenance of irrigation rivers and drainage canals, it also discussed the methods of irrigation in the study area and the amounts of fertilizers and pesticides used and their impact on the qualitative characteristics of water for irrigation and drainage water.While the second chapter discussed the spatial span of irrigation and drainage projects in Babylon Province and the study area and the reasons for the establishment of Al Hillah - Daywaniyah project and its significance.The third chapter discussed the efficiency of irrigation rivers by comparing the water needs of crops grown on the land of the project with the annual output of these rivers to knowthe water deficit and the reasons for the inefficiency of some of the riversand giving some future solutions that will enhance the irrigational situation in the study area, it was found through all of this that most of the rivers in the study area are efficient and some other does not work efficiently, the number of efficient rivers are (9) rivers while the number of non - efficient riversare (5) rivers.The third chapter also discussed the efficiency of the drainage canals network in the project area and its discharge of accumulated salts , it has been shown that some of these drainage canalshave high efficiency in discharging salts from the soil at the end of the season, some other drainage canalshave only moderate efficiency, while other drainage canalsdo not operate efficiently.The fourth chapterdiscussed the qualitative characteristics (physical and chemical) of the surface water in the study area and compared them with the international and Iraqi national standardsto find out its suitability for cultivation and for drinking,(42) locations has been chosen for this study,the qualitative characteristics of the drainage water in the study area were discussed and evaluated for irrigatingthe agricultural crops,(18) locations were selected for this study,it has been shown that some locations have either surface water or drainage water to be useable directly but others require processes and procedures of treatment to become useable.

الوزن الجيوبولتيكي لنفط مجلس التعاون لدول الخليج العربية ومستقبله == The Geo - political Weight for The co - operation Council Oil of The Arab Gulf Countries and its Future

Author name: نصيف جاسم اسود الاحبابي
Supervisor name: محمد ازهر سعيد السماك
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geopolitics
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Mosul
First pages:
Abstract: استجابه لظروف اقليميه ودولية كان في مقدمتها الحرب العراقية الايرانية، فضلا عن استلاب ايران للجزر الثلاث في الامارات (طنب الكبرى وطنب الصغرى وابو موسى)،تشكل هذا المجلس في 4 شباط 1981 ليضم كلا من الدول الست ( المملكة العربية السعودية ودولة الامارات العربية المتحدة وسلطنة عمان ودولة الكويت وقطر ومملكة البحرين )، زد على ذلك فان هذه الدول الست تكون عاجزة في تحقيق الحماية الذاتية لسيادتها واستقلالها ، اذ تشكل القوة الاقتصادية حجر الزاوية في الجغرافيا السياسية لاية وحدة سياسية او اقليم سياسي، طالما انها تمثل العمود الفقري في قوة الدولة، وتتجسد اهميتها في محورين اولهما كونها تعكس حجم الطاقات الموردية المتاحة والمستقبلية، وثانيهما ان هيكليتها وتركيبتها تعكس مايقابله من امراض شاخصه كالتبعية الاقتصادية، فللنفط اهميتة الاستراتيجية في العلاقات الدولية، طالما ان توزيعه يتسم بسمة التركز الاحتكاري في مناطق محدودة من العالم، ومعظم هذه المناطق لا تستهلك سوى نسبة ضئيلة مما تنتجه، لانها دول لا تمتلك اهم مقومات الصناعة النفطية الاساسية والمتمثلة بالاستكشاف والتنقيب والانتاج والتسويق والنقل والتصنيع وغيرها.وتكمن الاهمية الجغرافية السياسية البارزة في دراسة هذا الموضوع من خلال النظرة الجغرافية الشاملة لدور النفط في الامن الاقتصادي والاجتماعي والاقليمي والسياسي لمجلس التعاون لدول الخليج العربية.1 - مشكلة البحث : تتلخص مشكلة البحث في تواضع القوة الجغرافية السياسية لدول مجلس التعاون لدول الخليج العربية رغم الامكانيات المتميزة احتياطيا وانتاجا في الموارد الهيدروكاربونيه، فبدلا من ان تعزز اهمية هذا الاقليم نراها قد الحقت به العديد من مواطن الخلل الجيوسياسي والجيواقتصادي معا.2 - الفرضية العلمية : تتركز الفروض العلمية لمشكلة هذا البحث في : ا - ان دول المجلس تتمتع بمزايا موقعيه وموضعية بمجال النفط والطاقة والمواد الهيدروكاربونية الاخرى، الا ان حجم الوفورات الاقتصادية والمجتمعية والسياسية المتحققة تتسم بتواضعها.ب - يمكن للموارد النفطية في دول مجلس التعاون ان تمنحه عناصر القوة الاقتصادية والسياسية والتقنية اكثر مما منحته فعلا، مما يعزز مكانته محليا واقليميا ودوليا .ج - ان استخدام الموارد النفطية لم يؤدي فاعلية الجغرافيا السياسية لدول هذا الاقليم لاحقا بما يمكنها من ان تكون اكبر من ذلك اذا ما اخذ ببعض الخيارات المطروحة.3 - منهجية البحث اتخذ من منهج تحليل القوة في الجغرافيا السياسية منهجا للدراسة ، وذلك بالاعتماد على البيانات الوثائقية الرسمية المتاحه في الامم المتحدة والمنظمات الدولية واصفين اياها للعديد من وسائل القياس الكمي .4 - التفريع العلمي انساب البحث في خمسة فصول : الفصل الاول تناول ابعاد الجغرافيا السياسية للامكانيات النفطية لمجلس التعاون لدول الخليج العربية، وجاء بثلاثة مباحث، اذ خصص الاول لتحديد المفهومات الرئيسة المستخدمة في البحث مع توضيح لمؤشرات القياس الكمي المعتمدة في الدراسة. اما المبحث الثاني فجاء ليبين العلاقات المكانية بين احتياطي النفط الخام والانتاج في دول المجلس، من حيث التركيب الجيولوجي للنفط والتوزيع الجغرافي للحقول في دول المجلس، ومن ثم الاهمية النسبية والعمر المرتقب لنضوب النفط الخام فيها، بينما المبحث الثالث تناول مكانة النفط لمجلس التعاون في خارطة التجارة الدولية، اما الفصل الثاني فتفرغ لتحليل مقارن لدور النفط في الامن الاقتصادي لمجلس التعاون لدول الخليج العربية، ويضم ثلاثة مباحث الاول عن الهيكلية الاقتصادية وما لعبه النفط من دور في بناء هذا الهيكل الاقتصادي، اما الثاني فتناول التركيب الاقتصادي لدول المجلس، وجاء الثالث ليبين قياس التبعية الاقتصادية وتاثيراتها الجيوبولتيكية وتحليلها وفق عدد من مؤشرات القياس الكمي. في حين تصدى الفصل الثالث للعلاقات المكانية بين النفط والامن الاجتماعي لدول المجلس وتضمن ثلاثة مباحث، الاول عن التركيب الاجتماعي لدول المجلس والثاني خصص لدراسة الاختلالات الهيكلية للتنمية البشرية ومن ثم جاء الثالث ليعطي الاحتمالات الجيوبولتيكية لمستقبل الامن الاجتماعي لمجلس التعاون لدول الخليج العربية. بيد ان الفصل الرابع قد عالج العلاقات المكانية بين النفط والامن الاقليمي والسياسي لمجلس التعاون لدول الخليج العربية، وجاء بثلاثة مباحث، الاول تناول العلاقة بين النفط والامن الاقليمي، والثاني الواقع طبقا لمؤشرات القياس الكمي، والثالث تطرق الى التحديات المستقبلية في دول المجلس.واختتم الفصل الخامس البحث ليوضح اشكالية الواقع واستشراف المستقبل .وذلك بدراسة ثلاثة مباحث تضمن الاول الاستنتاجات والثاني الاشكاليات القائمة، اما الثالث والاخير فيمثل نقطة الوصول لوضع الخيارات المطروحة وطرق المعالجة بمنظور الجغرافية السياسية في مجلس التعاون لدول الخليج العربية. اما ابرز الاستنتاجات والخيارات المطروحة التي توصل اليها الباحث هي : يتسم اقتصاد دول المجلس التعاون لدول الخليج العربية بكونه اقتصادا احاديا السلعة، ضعف التبادل التجاري بين دول المجلس سببه يعود للتماثل في اقتصاديات دول المنطقة،كونها دولا نامية مع وجود خلافات سياسية ادت الى عدم التعاون الاقليمي في مابينها، ان جميع دول مجلس التعاون لدول الخليج العربية تعاني من مشكلة التبعية الاقتصادية مما يعزز القول بان اقتصاديات هذه الدول يضعف الوزن الجيوبولتيكي، يجب على دول مجلس التعاون ان تستغل مكانتها الدولية اكثر مما وفر لها النفط وذلك بحكم موقعها الاستراتيجي والذي اعطى لها مميزات تفوق بها دول متقدمة اخرى. رغم هيمنة دول المجلس على اعلى احتياطي نفطي في العالم, لكن من الضرورة وضع سياسة ترشيد في كمية النفط المستخرج كونه موردا فانيا وقابلا للنضوب. اثبتت المعادلات الرياضية لمؤشرات القياس الكمي بان دول المجلس جميعا دول تعاني من مشكلة التبعية الاقتصادية نحو الخارج, مما تكون عرضه للعطب في ظروف السلم والحرب. التبعية الاقتصادية يجب معالجتها ليس على مستوى دول مجلس التعاون لدول الخليج العربية،بل على مستوى الامانة العامة لجامعة الدول العربية | Emirates , Kuwait , Bahrain , Qatar and Oman declared that they will establish a cooperation council among them with a general security and its head quarter in Riyad hold periodical meeting in order to achier the desired aims.The economic power constitutes the cornerstone in political geography to any political unit or region . Oil has a strategic importance in the international disputes because its distribution is concentrated in the hands of monopolies in certain regions in the world. So this resource is considered as a source of power for any society or any political region( here the Arab Gulf Countries). Thus, the current study is found to cover the shortage of Arabic Libraries of geography in this field . This subject plays a distinguished role in political changes and events which has made the council countries an important economic power and it is regarded the cornerstone in elements of its power according to the measurement of power analysis. The researcher has concluded the little power of these countries despite the distinctive status of crude oil which never adds up any strength to the region which suffers many economic and political problems at present.The study attempts to find out the real truth of these countries and shows the role which oil plays in all fields.The ongoing study tries to unveil the international conflict in this vital region in the world. And these features of the region will serve the political geography and increase its geo - political weight regionally and internationally .This feature of power analysis has been adopted to study the subject depending on documentary data which are available in the U.N and international organizations. These data have been analyzed by means of quant ative measurement.The present study include five chapters. The first chapter deals with the dimensions of political geography and the status of oil in the council countries. The chapter in divided into three sections : the first consists of specifying the concepts of the study whereas the second section clarifies the place relationships between the oil reserve and the actual production of oil according to the geographic components, distribution of oil fields and duration of oil end in the countries of Arab Gulf. The last section deals with the oil movement among the Arab Gulf countries.The second chapter tackles comparative analysis of oil role in economic security in the council countries. The chapter includes three sections. First section displays the economic frame and structure whereas the last section discuses the indications of the quant ative measurement of the joined economy with other countries economies and its geo - political effects.The third chapter discuses the place relationships between oil and social security for the council countries. This chapter consists of three sections. The first one presents the social structure while the second section deals with the shortcomings in the frame for the human development. The third section offers the geo - political probabilities to the future of social security in the co - operation council countries.The fourth chapter gives a real treatment for place relationships between oil and the regional political security for the Arab Gulf countries ; this chapter includes three sections : The first is about the relationship between oil and regional political security. The other section discusses the realistics of these countries according to quantative measurement pointers. The third section is devouted to discuss the future challenges for the council countries.The last chapter presupposes the shakeable reality for the countries under study and concluding the future for them by stating down the standing problems and posed choices; thus, the researcher has reached the fallowing conclusions : 1 - The Arab Gulf Countries occupy an important strategic land on map , besides oil has offered these countries the geo - political importance. Oil offers geo - political weight at regional and international levels.2 - The council countries include lands containing huge oil under ground.3 - The economy of these countries is on - sided which in the commodity of oil.4 - All the states of the Council suffer from the problem of economical dependency which supports the fact that the economies of these states are characterized by weakness in their geo - political weight in comparison with the chosen objectives.5 - Little production in these countries makes them import completely the food and industerial commodities. From the developed countries.6 - The current study has uncovered the residential structure of the countries under study which are still young in their formation. Henee, the age rate between (15 - 65) has proved that males are higher in number than females and this is a power indicator in the body of the council countries.7 - Military expenditure has recorded a high level, despite the fact that these countries manifest weakness in military abilities in comparison with the present goals of Iran and that strategy of the U.S.A.8 - Existence of future challanges these countries will witness; the most important challange is that one of Iran which threatens the Gulf waters ; besides , the existence of America which is considered an indicator of international conflict in the region due to availability of oil.

الامكانات الجغرافية لزراعة الخضروات في محافظة ذي قار == Geographical abilities For the Farming of the Vegetables in Thi - Qar Governorate

Author name: ماجد عبد الله جابر التريجاوي
Supervisor name: محمد رمضان محمد
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

لتلوث الاشعاعي في منطقة بغداد واثاره البئية للمدة (1981 - 2003)

Author name: نور سمير ابراهيم
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Environmental Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

تحليل التباين المكاني لخدمات البنى التحتية لناحية الكرادة باستخدام نظم المعلومات الجغرافية G.I.S == The Spatial Analysis of Infrastructure Services at Al - Karrada District Using the Geographic Information Systems (GIS

Author name: مروة عبد الرزاق بعيوي
Supervisor name: اياد عاشور حمزة الطائي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Taking care of city services and shedding the light on them as the urban growth basis of the city is the responsibility of the geographer, through the study and analysis of the distribution pattern of those services and the manifestation of how they can be developed within the light of the city geographic variables, for the provision of these services efficiently contributes in forming a healthy and sound environment to the city through which the man practices his daily activities which in turn reflects on the development and progress of the city and the fulfillment of welfare to man.The present study searches in (The Spatial Analysis of Infrastructure Services at Al - Karrada District Using GIS), so that it identifies the study problem with the search in infrastructure services using one of the modern geographic research techniques represented by the technique of geographic information systems (GIS). The study hypotheses were laid according to the problem of low level of infrastructure services to the population of Al - Karrada district through establishing a base for geographic data which may contribute in overcoming the problems of the decline of those services in what achieves - cdeliveringthe best services to the population in addition to the researcher's endeavor to define the pattern of service distribution by taking the best decisions to provide the infrastructure services at the study area.Al - Karrada district was selected as a study area for being one of the important urban districts in Baghdad city which saw an increase in population and subsequently an increase in demand on infrastructure services which necessitates the need to shed the light on them and study them in terms of service, thus the researcher focused on the study of infrastructure services by knowing their impact on the population, depending on the field study of the study area and matching the infrastructure services available in it with the population need of these services and their compliance to the reliable standards.The study concluded that there was a deficiency and a shortage in delivering the services, their insufficiency to the population, their incompliance to the reliable standards and their misdistribution which entailed the study to put a collection of solutions to treat this deficiency in the infrastructure services and develop them.

تحليل مكاني لحركة الامراض الفصلية في محافظة النجف للسنوات 2005 - 2007

Author name: ايمن عدنان جبر ابو صيبع
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Health Geography
Degree: Master
University: University of Kufa
Language: Arabic
University location: Najaf
First pages:

تاثير المناخ على امراض الجهاز التنفسي (حساسية الجهاز التنفسي والربو) في محافظة البصرة : دراسة في المناخ التطبيقي

Author name: ايمان نعيم غضبان محمد
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Natural Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Study of climate in Basrah and its impact on Asthma and other diseases of the respiratory system have revealed the following : - 1. Climate is the most effective factor in the study. Rise of temperature, increase of evaporation and the little humidity content in soil because of the little rainfall make it possible for the wind, particularly north and northwestly wind that is dominant in the area under study, to carry the decomposed particles of soil. This is particularly true in case of the alleviatory plain which constitutes a %50 of the area of the governorate. This area is characterized by being generally plain from the north to the south and that makes it easy for the wind to blow from it. These factors greatly affect the soil in many places in the governorate; especially its western part and the unused lands in the alleviatory plain because of lack of agriculture and of natural plants which protect soil. Because of all these reasons, dust increases in the area under study.2. Areas outside the range of the study have obvious effect on carrying the particles of soil from the surrounding governorates like Thi Qar and Muthana. Thi Qar, in particular, witnesses repeated dust storms. This, in turn, increases the amount of dust in the western part of the area under study. Most of the lands in these governorates are arid and dust coming from them dominates when northwestly wind blows. Dust may come from the deserts in the neighboring countries such as the Arab Peninsula, the great African desert, sham desert and Sinai. Increased iron in the dust of the area under study is brought by the dust storms coming from the neighboring countries to the governorate. These are also other factors that increase asthma and other diseases of sensitivity in the respiratory system.3. Dust increases in summer because of rise of temperature. Variation of temperature during the day leads to prevalence of dust. Also, currents that carry dust are made, more upwards and draw the dust particles from their sources. Therefore, dust prevails in the governorate is the afternoon when temperature is the highest during the day. 4. The water surface (marshes and swamps) in the eastern part of the governorate that occupy big area (3182 Km2) of the land during flood decrease the rate of asthma and other sensitivity diseases of the respiratory system in the towns and municipalities of the governorate such as Qurna and Mediana where these surfaces become places for settling dust and soil down. This is contrary to the case is the western part of the governorate where there are no such water surfaces. But, sometimes, these water surfaces have negative impact on the population in the governorate when temperature rises and humidity increases during summer and the weather becomes very tiring especially when the wind is still. The area under study is affected by the Arabian Gulf when the south easterly wind that is filled with humidity blows during summer. Because of this wind, patients of asthma, in particular, suffer repeated symptoms of the diseases.5. The rate of the diseases under study increases in the governorate in : a. Spring because of the existence of pollen and residue of the insecticide and fertilizers in air. b. Autumn in comparison to summer because of rising in temperature and increase of humidity in the atmosphere. c. Winter because of the low temperature and the high relative humidity.d. The many periods of heat rise in summer.6. Man contributed a lot to the increase of rate of diseases of the respiratory system in the area under study particularly after 1990. The year 1991 witnessed the highest rate of dust storms. Soil was very highly decomposed because of the movements of the explosives that were used, the different soil barriers that were made and man’s wrong practices in agriculture and grazing. Man, also, does not follow the appropriate means to stop sand dunes that reach many forms, factories and roads.7.Means of transportation in most areas of the governorate cause increase of still and moving dust because they are usually not good for movement and transportation. Any movement of these means causes dust. Besides, means of transportation release different dangerous pollutants that negatively affect the respiratory system.8. Petroleum refineries, electricity power stations, flour mills and ice factories are located near the population areas. This means that little care is given to the palming of the governorate. These establishments are also, reasons of such diseases. 9. Basrah, particularly recently, is exposed to dust because of the little green area in and around it. Construction processes reduce such areas that work to refresh and refine air. It is, therefore, very necessary to full the empty spaces with trees, to take care of private and public gardens and to clean roads and allocate specific places for gar bage. Besides, old wet houses in some places in the governorate contribute to increasing the diseases under study.10. Wet salty lands in Basrah governorate are considered as a type of desertification that pollutes air with salt and diminishes many lands that are fit for forming. 11. All the above mentioned reasons raise the number of patients of asthma and other sensitivity diseases of the respiratory system. The total number of such patients was during the time of the study as following : 85320 patients of sensitivity diseases and 119366 patients of asthma

الخصائص المناخية المكانية للمناطق الخضراء : دراسة تطبيقية لمتنزه الزوراء في مدينة بغداد

Author name: فراس فاضل مهدي البياتي
Supervisor name: مهدي حمد فرحان الدليمي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: ان موضوع البحث الموسوم (( الخصائص المناخية المكانية لمناطق الخضراء)) . هو دراسة في الجغرافية المناخية ، تدور في مجال المناخ الموقعي (المحلي) والتفصيلي . كان الهدف منها الكشف عن تلك الخصائص واظهار الدور الذي تؤديه كل من العوامل الطبيعية ( خصائص المناخ العام ) وعوامل الموقع (مكونات المناطق الخضراء) في تجسيدها موقعيا على مستوى المنطقة المدروسة عموما بالموازنة مع المناطق المحيطة بها ، والدور الذي يؤديه تباين تاثير تلك العوامل واختلافه بين مكونات تلك المنطقة في تفسير التباين المكاني لبعض عناصر المناخ ذات التاثير المباشر في التوازن الحراري لجسم الانسان ، الذي ينعكس على شعوره بالراحة الفسيولوجية ، كالحرارة والرطوبة النسبية وسرعة الرياح ، والتي على اساسها اجملت نتائج البحث ووضعت توصياته التي يمكن الافادة منها في توجيه اساليب تخطيط المناطق الخضراء وتنظيمها على نحو يضمن رفع كفاءتها في اداء وظيفتها المناخية . ولقد استقى البحث معظم بياناته من الرصد الميداني ، واعتمد في التعامل معها على المنهج الكمي الى جانب المنهج الوصفي باستخدام بعض الاساليب الرياضية والاحصائية كالانحدار الخطي البسيط والمتعدد ومعاملات التحديد والاختلاف والارتباط البسيط من اجل الوصول الى نتائج رقمية تساعد على تفسير تلك الظاهرة وتحليل العلاقات المختلفة بين مكوناتها . وقد توصلت الدراسة الى جملة من النتائج ومن اهمها الاتي : - 1 - تزداد درجة الحرارة الصغرى في المتنزه عنها في المدينة ويكون تاثير المتنزه عليها في الشتاء اكثر منه في الصيف ، اذ بلغ معدل الفرق بينهما في الشتاء (1.9) مئوية وفي فصل الصيف (0.8) درجة مئوية . وهذا الانحراف الموجب يعني ان المتنزه سيشكل جزيرة حرارية ( Heat Island ) قياسا بالمناطق المحيطة به ، مما يعطي خاصية مناخية مكانية تتميز حراريا عن تلك المناطق . 2 - تتناقص درجة الحرارة العظمى في المتنزه عنه في المدينة ويكون تاثير المتنزه عليها في الصيف اكثر منه في الشتاء ، اذ بلغ معدل معدل الفرق بينهما صيفا ( - 2.5) درجة مئوية ، وفي الشتاء ( - 1) درجة مئوية وبهذا الانحراف السالب يشكل المتنزه جزيرة برودة (Cool Island ) قياسا بالمناطق المذكورة . 3 - تبدو الخاصية المناخية المكانية للمتنزه اقل وضوحا في الايام التي تغطي فيها السماء بالغيوم عنها في الايام ذات السماء الصافية ، ويتضاءل هذا الوضوح عندما تزداد سرعة الرياح ، حيث تناقص معدل الفرق في درجة الحرارة من (1 م ) عندما كانت السماء ملبدة بالغيوم والرياح الى (0.5 م) عندما اصبحت سرعة الرياح (4.0) م/ثا مع استمرار تلبد السماء بالغيوم .4 - تمي المتنزه بانحراف سالب في معدل سرع الرياح الموجودة داخله بلغ معدل ( - 1.2) م/ثا .5 - زيادة رطوبة الهواء النسبية في الصيف والشتاء في النهار والليل في المتنزه عنه في المناطق المحيطة به من المدينة . ويكون تاثيره في الرطوبة النسبية العظمى اشد من تاثيره في الصغرى حيث بلغ معدل الفرق في الاولى (5%) وفي الثانية (4%) . 6 - يميل الاتجاه العام لدرجة الحرارة الصغرى والرطوبة النسبية العظمى بالتزايد مع اتجاه هبوب الرياح وفي حين يميل الاتجاه العام لدرجة الحرارة العظمى والرطوبة النسبية الصغرى بالتناقص بالاتجاه نفسه ، فهذا يعني ان افضل الاماكن في قضاء وقت الترويح هي التي تقع في الجهة المعاكسة لاتجاه الرياح صيفا وشتاء . 7 - تتناسب درجة الحرارة الصغرى في المتنزه تناسبا طرديا مع زيادة نسبة مساحة الغطاء النباتي الشجري ومساحة المباني والمسطحات المائية وعكسيا زيادة نسبة المساحات المكسوة بالاسفلت والكونكريت والثيل وسرعة الرياح . 8 - تتناسب درجة الحرارة مع مساحة السطوح الاسفلتية والكونكريتية والمباني وسرعة الرياح تناسبا طرديا ، ومع الغطاء النباتي الشجري والمسطحات المائية والثيل تناسبا عكسيا .9 - تناقص درجة الحرارة العظمى وتزداد الصغرى كلما ابتعدنا عن حافة المتنزه المواجهة لهبوب الرياح .

تاثيرات سد العظيم على العمليات الجيومورفولوية لنهر دجلة == Effects of The Udhiam Dam on Geomorphologic operations of Tigris River

Author name: حيدر باسم فرحان البندر التميمي
Supervisor name: قاسم يوسف شتيت الشمري
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The research study ((udhaim dam on the hydrological processes and geomorphological of the Tigris River effects)) the program of geographic information systems (GIS) has been used in this study for purpose of analysis and comparison and, connection and mapping to reach the most accurate results, the study area is located between latitudes (38' 33 ° - 43 35 °) north and longitudes (44' 43 ° - 28' 45 °) to the east, an area of (13,500) km 2, located within the study area and the sidewalk is unstable units within the scope of secondary Tigris.It has been studying the natural characteristics of the study area and its impact on the establishment of the influence of a udhaim dam on the study area as a whole as it has been studying the region respects geological and topographical to see their suitability for the establishment of the dam at this site show that the geological structure of the area with a high shoulders have helped to set up the dam at this location , either climate, it is characterized as a semi - dry and it's a transition between the Mediterranean climate and desert climate as it has been issued by the Ministry of Transport, Public Authority for the rough waters of weather and climate data analysis and monitoring of seismic and four stations within the study area for a period of 30 years and five climatic elements, namely, (heat and rain, relative humidity and evaporation and wind) to see its impact on the study area and show that rains a significant impact on the study area as the rainstorms severe sudden they lead to soil occurrence of a sweeping lead to increased discharges Great River dramatically so that waves a flood of high influence on the course of the Tigris River and receive large amounts occur of sediment in it before the creation of the dam, as was the soil study and found that most of the study area covered by soil (Lithoslols), as the red soil structure spread amid the tub while soil flood plain near the rivers spread over the length of the study area.The plant turned out to be natural forests spread in the northern part of the study area and prevail steppe plants in the middle of the region but the desert plants in the south of the area of study and the plants ofthe banks of rivers and plants easy spate of the Tigris River by the proximity of the river.As it turns out through study different the annual quarterly and monthly and daily Great River discharges incoming to the Tigris River as a result of the different distribution of the annual rains, quarterly and monthly before the creation of the dam, as it was far at most in months (March and April and June), now to make a significant impact in controlling the high discharges and stored in rainy seasons and launched in the draught during the summer months, which means that the dam has achieved convergence between discharges during the year, as the dam may impact on water quality and discharges by increasing concentrations of salt to the waters of the udhaim river more than it was before the creation of the dam, especially in the summer , it turns out that the groundwater recharge is very limited and it does not exceed (1%) and most reservoirs containing groundwater is characterized by high salinity in the waters.The dam impact on geomorphological processes, has been compared to terrestrial forms resulting from erosion processes and sediment in the course of the river for a period before and after construction, it appeared to make a significant impact on these operations by reducing discharges received from the udhaim River and reduce the water current speed, as well as the lack of tyranny flood directed on because of the control of the dam Court on discharges and levels, as The reason for this control to the high flexibility that characterizes the ability of the dam to store large amounts of water during rain, where led to the rule of construction operations at the expense of the demolitions resulting in an increase the number of river islands , area where the increased number of river islands after the creation of the dam by (100%). wich increased the breadth of flood plain because of sedimentation and the integration of river islands with it. The deposition processes are very clear at the end of the study area toward areas by increasing the islands significantly.

هيدرولوجية نهر دجلة بين جديدة الشط وقناة الجيش == Hydrology of the Tigris River From New Shatt to Army Channel

Author name: نور صداع صبار
Supervisor name: قاسم يوسف شتيت الشمري
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يعد نهر دجلة احد اهم انهار العراق الرئيسة الذي ينبع من السفوح الجبلية لجبال طوروس الشرقية الواقعة جنوب شرق تركيا ويبلغ طوله حوالي (1718 كم) منها (1400 كم) داخل الاراضي العراقية والباقي يقع ضمن الاراضي التركية اي حوالي 82% من حوضه ضمن العراق . اما سوريا بطول (50) كم .تناولت هذه الدراسة الخصائص الطبيعية لنهر دجلة وشملت هذه الخصائص الطبيعية لنهر دجلة من جديدة الشط الى قناة الجيش لمقطع نهري طوله (30 كم) ، وتم التركيز على دراسة النظام الهيدرولوجي للنهر من تصريف شهري وسنوي وفصلي وبعض الخصائص الفيزيائية والكيميائية لمياه النهر في هذا المقطع ، اذ تبين ان معدل التصريف المائي للنهر قد اختلف اختلاف كبير عما كان عليه في السابق .انخفض التصريف المائي بشكل كبير منذ سنة (2000 ولغاية سنة 2017) خصائص هذه المدة جميعا هي سنوات جافة .كما ان التصريف المائي لنهر دجلة في منطقة الدراسة لها اثر كبير على الخصائص الفيزيائية والكيميائية ، هذه العوامل جميعا ساعدت على زيادة معدلات الحمولة النهرية لضعف طاقة النهر على نقلها والتخلص منها ، اذ بلغ المعدل السنوي للحمولة العالقة لسنة 2013 (29,131,200 طن) ومعدل الحمولة القاعية للسنة نفسها(5,826,240 طن) ورافق ذلك ارتفاع في تراكيز الحمولة الذائبة للنهر في سنة 2012 وسببها يعود الى تلوث مياه نهر دجلة ، ونتيجة لارتفاع معدلات حمولة النهر ، فقد اثر ذلك على خصائص التصريف المائي لنهر دجلة في منطقة الدراسة .بينت الدراسة ان الغاية الاساسية من دراسة خصائص التصريف المائي لنهر دجلة هي محاولة وضع حلول المشكلات ومعرفة التباين لمتوسط التصريف السنوي مكانيا وزمانيا، وكذلك التباين الحاصل في نسبة ما تسهم به فصول السنة من اجمالي الجريان السنوي ومدى توافق النظام الشهري للجريان مع نظام التساقط الشهري ، وتحديد تباين بين التصاريف الشهرية العالية والواطئة لنهر دجلة في منطقة الدراسة .بينت نتائج الدراسة ان انخفاض تصاريف نهر دجلة في منطقة الدراسة ، اثرت على استثمارات المنطقة من خلال الاستثمار الزراعي والصناعي وحاجات الانسان لمياه الشرب والري وغيرها كل ذلك بسبب الظروف المناخية وبسبب المشاريع والسدود المقامة على النهر والمجمعات المائية والمضخات الاهلية المقامة في منطقة الدراسة . | The Tigris River is one of the most important rivers in Iraq, which originates from the mountainous slopes of the eastern mountains of Turus in southeastern Turkey. The length of the Tigris River is about 1,718 km, of which 1,400 km are inside Iraqi territory. The rest is within Turkish territory, about 82% of its basin in Iraq. Syria is 50 km long. This study dealt with the natural characteristics of the Tigris River. These natural characteristics of the Tigris River include the new Shatt to the army channel for a length of 30 km. The study focused on the study of the hydrological system of the river from monthly, annual and seasonal drainage and some physical and chemical properties of river water in this section. It was found that the rate of water discharge of the river differed significantly from what it was in the past. Water discharge has decreased significantly since 2000 (until 2017). The characteristics of this period are all dry years.The water discharge of the Tigris River in the study area has a significant impact on the physical and chemical properties. All these factors have helped to increase the river load rates of the river's low capacity to transport and dispose of them. The annual rate of the outstanding load for 2013 (29,131,200 tons) (5,826,240 tons). This was accompanied by an increase in the tidal load in 2012 due to the pollution of the Tigris River. As a result of the high load rates of the river, it affected the water discharge characteristics of the Tigris River in the study area.The study showed that the main objective of studying the characteristics of water discharge of the Tigris River is to attempt to develop problem solutions and to know the variance of mean annual and temporal discharge, as well as the difference in the share of the annual flow of the annual flow and the compatibility of the monthly flow system with the monthly precipitation system. A discrepancy between the high and low monthly discharge of the Tigris River in the study area. The results of the study showed that the decline of the Tigris River in the study area affected the investments of the region through agricultural and industrial investment and human needs for drinking water and irrigation, all due to the climatic conditions and because of the projects and dams located on the river and water complexes and the civil pumps in the study area.

النقل الحضري ودوره في البناء الوظيفي والعمراني لمدينة خانقين == Urban transport and it role in the functional and urban constructional of the city of Khanaqeen

Author name: شلير حشمت قاسم
Supervisor name: لطيف ماجد ابراهيم المشهداني
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The internal transport net in the civilized cities is considered as back bone working to connect the city sectors with each other because it is regarded one of the most important elements for the infrastructure .Thus , the goal is based on by the present study lies in understanding and analyzing the effect of internal transport on the functional and constructional building for the city of Khanaqeen. I I have used in the present study technology of geography information systems to describe an to analyze the internal transport net. The study includes 4 chapters .The chapter one includes the theoretical frame and special concepts regarding the transport and civilized transport , in addition to concepts concerning with the geographical information systems . The chapter two includes the effect of human and natural factors on the internal transport net in the city ; the chapter also includes stages of morphology , along with the nature of streets net system and its effect on the construction growth in the city. The chapter three deals with the aspects and properties of the internal transport in Khaniqeen city , along with the nature of its spatial movement . The chapter four includes the analysis of the effect of internal transport on the city 's construction ; it also sheds light on the flow of traffic and development of street net in the city . The thesis has concluded that the internal transport has a huge effect upon the city 's infrastructure . - Soaring prices of plots in the central city and in the main streets main and sub - main) with less ratio in the sub - streets ; the prices gets lowered in the city outskirts. - Distributing commercial uses on the main streets with less ratio in the sub - streets ,gets reducing in the local streets. - Plots get different by the difference of the type of streets net .where they might be of quartile type , but in the streets of organic type , might be random. - Ratio of buildings ' modulation gets increased in the main streets and reducing in the sub - streets. - Increasing horizontality of buildings on the main streets and reducing in the sub - streets. The thesis is concluded with a set of conclusions and recommendations

الاسباب المناخية الشمولية لاختلاف حرارة فصل الصيف في العراق == The synoptic climatic causes of summer heat varation in Iraq

Author name: عـلياء كريم عاشور
Supervisor name: ضياء صائب احمد الالوسي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تعد درجة الحرارة من اهم عناصر المناخ بحكم تاثيرها الواضح في مختلف انشطة الانسان كما تعد المحرك الرئيس لبقية عناصر المناخ وبنفس الوقت فهي تؤثر وتتاثر في تلك العناصر. تهدف الدراسة الى اعطاء صورة واضحة عن تباين درجات الحرارة لاشهر الصيف في العراق من خلال التحليل المكاني والزماني للمعدلات الشهرية والسنوية لدرجات الحرارة لتوضيح اسباب هذا التباين في درجات الحرارة بين المحطات المشمولة بالدراسة والموزعة على انحاء العراق . اعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج التحليلي العلمي والاستدلالي الى جانب استخدام بعض البرامج الخاصة كبرنامج (Excel) لاستخراج الاشكال البيانية المختلفة والمعادلات الرياضية واشكال خط الاتجاه . وتبين من الدراسة ان المسار الحراري لدرجات الحرارة الاعتيادية والعظمى والصغرى يتجه نحو الارتفاع في جميع المحطات المشمولة بالدراسة للمدة (1980 - 2010) وخاصة في السنوات الاخيرة , وان هناك تباينات مكانية وزمانية لتوزيع درجات الحرارة وتوصلت الدراسة الى ان عامل الارتفاع عن مستوى سطح البحر له الاثر الاكبر في الاختلافات المكانية لتوزيع درجات الحرارة . كما ان جميع المحطات تميزت بشذوذ حراري موجب وبمدى حراري مرتفع ويزداد كلما اتجهنا من الجنوب الى الشمال, اما الرياح السائدة خلال فصل الصيف فهي الرياح الشمالية الغربية نتيجة تمركز المنخفض الهندي الموسمي شرق وجنوب شرق البلاد ووجود الضغط العالي فوق البحر المتوسط , وان اعلى معدل لسرعة الرياح كان في محطة البصرة واقل معدل كان في محطة الموصل نتيجة الفرق في طبيعة السطح بين المحطتين . كما تناولت الدراسة حساب تكرار درجات الحرارة المتطرفة لمحطات الدراسة وتبين ان اعلى درجة حرارة متطرفة سجلت خلال مدة الدراسة كانت في محطة البصرة وبلغت (52) درجة مئوية , كما تم التطرق لموجات الحر التي تعرض لها العراق خلال فصل الصيف , وقد بلغ مجموع موجات الحر التي تعرض لها العراق خلال مدة الدراسة نحو (67) موجة موزعة على اشهر الصيف بواقع (17) موجة خلال شهر حزيران , (24) موجة خلال شهر تموز , (26) موجة خلال شهر اب , وخلصت الدراسة الى ان سيادة الكتلة القارية التي يكون مصدرها شمال افريقيا وشبه جزيرة العرب المتزامنة مع سيادة المنخفض الهندي الموسمي كان السبب الرئيس في تكرار موجات الحر. كما ان للمنخفض الهندي الموسمي وطبقات الجو العليا دور في تباين درجات الحرارة صيفا ولاجل معرفة هذا التباين تم تحليل خرائط يومية للرصدتين (00 : 00), (12 : 00) GMT وقد تم تحليل نحو (5152) خريطة يومية للمستوى الضغطي (1000) ملليبار , و(5152) خريطة يومية للمستوى الضغطي (500) ملليبار وتوصلت الدراسة الى ان ارتفاع درجات الحرارة لاشهر الصيف سببه زيادة تكرار المنخفض الهندي الموسمي على العراق كما انه يتاثر بامتداداته اكثر من المراكز نتيجة بعد المسافة بين المركز الرئيس والعراق , كما تبين ان مرافقة المرتفع العلوي للمنخفض الحراري السطحي ذا تاثير كبير في مناخ العراق خلال فصل الصيف نتيجة تجمع الهواء في طبقات الجو العليا وتعزيز الحركة الهابطة للرياح . | Temperature is the most important element of the climate because of its obvious impact in various human activities and is the main engine of the rest of the elements of the climate and at the same time are affected and affected by those elements. The objective of the study is to provide a clear picture of the temperature variation of the summer months in Iraq through the spatial and temporal analysis of the monthly and annual temperature levels to explain the reasons for this variation in temperature between the stations surveyed and distributed throughout Iraq. The study was based on analytical and scientific analytical methods, in addition to the use of some special programs such as Excel program to extract various graphs, mathematical equations and trend line shapes. The study found that the thermal path of mean, maximam and minman temperatures tends to rise in all stations studied, especially in recent years, and that there are spatial and temporal differences in temperature distribution. The study found that the factor of sea level rise has the greatest effect on spatial differences of distribution of degrees the heat. The prevailing winds during the summer are the north - west winds due to the concentration of the Indian seasonal low east and south - east and the presence of high pressure over the Mediterranean Sea, and the highest rate of wind speed Was at Basra station and the lowest rate was in Mosul station due to difference in the nature of the surface between the two stations. The study also investigated the frequency of extreme temperatures of the study stations. It was found that the highest temperature recorded during the study period was at Basra station and reached (52) degrees Celsius. We also touched on the heat waves that hit Iraq during the summer. During the period of study, Iraq had 67 waves distributed over the summer months with 17 waves in June, 24 waves in July and 26 waves in August. The study concluded that the sovereignty of the continental block originating in the north Africa and the Arabian Peninsula coincided with the dominance of the Indian Low Seasonal was the main cause of heat waves. In addition, the seasonal Indian and the upper layers of the atmosphere have a role in the temperature variation in the summer. In order to know this discrepancy, daily maps of the observations (00 : 00) and (12 : 00) were analyzed. About 5152) )daily maps of the pressure level( 1000) (5152 )daily map of the pressure level 500)) millibars The study found that the high temperature for the summer months caused by the increase in the frequency of the Indian seasonal decline in Iraq and is affected by its extensions more than the centers as a distance between the center and Iraq, The upper elevation of the surface - temperature depression has a significant impact on Iraq's climate during the summer season As a result of the accumulation of air in the upper atmosphere and the promotion of downward movement of wind

تباين معدل وفيات الاطفال دون الخامسة في محافظة البصرة لعامي (1997 ,2013)

Author name: عماد خضير عباس رحيم
Supervisor name: شيماء محمد جواد الجبوري
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تعد الوفيات المحور الثاني المكمل لمثلث التغير السكاني كما تعد من اهم المؤشرات التي تعكس الاوضاع الاقتصادية والاجتماعية في اي مجتمع كان ومدى صحة ووعي سكانه ورفاهيتهم وهو ما يكسب الدراسة اهميتها. ان الهدف من الدراسة هو بحث ظاهرة وفيات الاطفال دون الخامسة من العمر في محافظة البصرة لعامي (1997 ,2013) ومعرفة اتجاهاتها وتبايناتها الزمانية والمكانية على مستوى مراكز الاقضية والنواحي بالاعتماد على مجموعة من المقاييس الخاصة بالوفيات والكشف عن التباين النوعي والعمري للمتوفين واسباب الوفاة وعلاقتها بالبيئة المحيطة .وهناك عدد من الاسباب شكلت مبررات لاختيار موضوع الدراسة ،من بينها ان تنمية الاطفال ورعايتهم وعدم التفريط بهم اصبح من مستلزمات الحياة الاساسية ,وان دراسة هذه الظاهرة يساهم بايجاد السبل الكفيلة التي تقود الى تحسين الوضع الصحي وتخفيض نسب معدلات وفيات الاطفال وذلك من خلال اتخاذ التدابير والمعالجات اللازمة لرفع معوقات تقديم الخدمات الصحية للام والطفل في المجتمع . واظهرت الدراسة ان مجموع معدلات وفيات الاطفال دون الخامسة من العمر في المحافظة لعامي الدراسة (1997 ,2013) بلغت (10,56 ,7,75) بالالف على التوالي ولعموم المحافظة ,وقد كشفت الدراسة تفوق وفيات الذكور لعامي الدراسة مقارنة بوفيات الاناث اذ سجلت وفيات الاطفال دون الخامسة معدلا بلغ (11,95 ,8,80) بالالف للذكور على التوالي, مقابل (9,17 ,6,63) بالالف على التوالي لوفيات الاناث ، كما اظهرت الدراسة انخفاض وفيات الاطفال في الحضر عن مثيلاتها في الريف بحسب الفئة العمرية ولعموم المحافظة ولعامي الدراسة (1997 ,2013 ). اذ سجلت وفيات الاطفال للفئة دون الخامسة معدلا بلغ (9,53 ,7,04) بالالف على التوالي ,مقابل (14,02 ,10,65) بالالف على التوالي لوفيات الاطفال في الريف،, وتباينت وفيات الاطفال دون الخامسة بين اقضية محافظة البصرة فقد ارتفعت الوفيات في قضائي (القرنة ,المدينة ) وانخفضت في قضاء البصرة , فيما يتعلق باسباب وفيات الاطفال فقد برزت اربعة اسباب رئيسة وهي (امراض الدم , امراض الجهاز التنفسي ,متلازمة ضيق التنفس , الحادث ) ,اذ برز وجود تباين واضح في الاسباب المؤدية الى وفيات الاطفال وبحسب الفئة العمرية ولعموم المحافظة ولعامي الدراسة (1997 ,2013). اذ بــــــــرزت (امراض الدم) شاغلة المركز الاول من بين اهم الاسباب المؤدية الى الوفاة للفئة دون الخامسة بمعدل بلغ (2547,13 ,11,02) بالعشرة الاف على التوالي ,وجاء سبب (متلازمة ضيق التنفس ) عام 1997 وسبب (حادث)عام 2013 بالمركز الاخير بمعدل بلغ (170,5 ,2,39) بالعشرة الاف على التوالي

تاثير العناصر والظواهر المناخية على انتاج محصول الطماطة في المحافظات الخمس (نينوى وبغداد وكربلاء والنجف والبصرة) == The Effect of Climatic elements and phenomena on Tomato 's crop in the five governorates ( Nineveh, Baghdad , Kerbala, Al - Najaf and Basra

Author name: اسيل يوسف ابراهيم
Supervisor name: سولاف عدنان النوري
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يمتلك العراق مقومات طبيعية تؤهله لزراعة كثير من المحاصيل الزراعية، وان استثمار ما يتوافر في العراق من امكانيات طبيعية بشكل علمي دقيق ومدروس للنهوض بالواقع الزراعي وتحقيق التنمية الزراعية امر حتمي لابد منه، وخصوصا في ظل الظروف الصعبة التي تمر بها البلاد عموما والزراعة خصوصا لذا جاءت هذه الدراسة للكشف عن التوزيع الجغرافي للمحصول الذي يشكل مركز الصدارة في الاستهلاك عالميا ومحليا من بين الخضروات وهو محصول (الطماطة)، وبيان تاثير بعض العناصر المناخية في توزيع وانتاج هذا المحصول اذ يعد المناخ من المقومات الاساسية لزراعته وانتاجه حيث تم استخدام المعدلات السنوية للعناصر لدورة كاملة استمرت ثلاثين سنة من 1984 - 2014 وبهذا تضمنت الرسالة اربعة فصول تناول الفصل الاول : منها الاطار النظري من حيث المشكلة والفرضية والهدف ومنهج البحث ومبرراته وموقع وحدود منطقة الدراسة وبعض المصطلحات والمفاهيم المتعلقة بالبحث والدراسات السابقة.وتضمن الفصل الثاني : الخصائص المناخية لمحطات منطقة الدراسة من (اشعاع شمسي، حرارة، رياح، رطوبة، تبخر، امطار، وبعض الظواهر كالعواصف الترابية، والصقيع) وعلاقتها بمحصول الطماطة.اما الفصل الثالث : فقد تناول المعطيات الطبيعية من حيث الموقع الجغرافي والفلكي والمقومات الطبيعية والتربة فضلا عن الموارد المائية المتاحة في منطقة الدراسة.بينما عالج الفصل الرابع : مبحثين هما : المبحث الاول اثر الظروف المناخية في اصابة المحصول المدروس بالامراض.واما المبحث الثاني فقد تناول اثر عناصر المناخ في انتاج المحصول في منطقة الدراسة عن طريق ايجاد معامل الارتباط والانحدار الكلي ومن ثم بينت الدراسة الحالية اثر العوامل الجغرافية في ذلك كون هذه العوامل بعضها قد ادى دورا ايجابيا لصالح العملية الانتاجية، وبعضها الاخر كان دورها سلبيا امام تطور الانتاج والانتاجية. وتوصلت الدراسة الى ان محافظة البصرة تحظى باعلى معدلات انتاج على مستوى منطقة الدراسة وعلى مستوى البلاد عموما لكون الاحتياجات والمتطلبات المناخية لهذا المحصول تتلائم ومقومات المحافظة الطبيعية من متطلبات ضوئية، وحرارية، ومائية، وملائمة التربة، وخلوا المحافظة تقريبا من موجات الصقيع التي تؤدي الى هلاك المحصول. ثم تاتي بالمرتبة الثانية محافظة نينوى على مستوى منطقة الدراسة ثم بغداد بعدها محافظة النجف واخيرا محافظة كربلاء. وتم التوصل الى هذه الاستنتاجات عبر سلسلة من التطبيقات الاحصائية والتحليلات وتفسير نتائج الاختبارات مع ربطها بالواقع الطبيعي لكل محافظة ومن التوصيات الخاصة بزيادة انتاج محصول الطماطة هي : ادخال اصناف جديدة ومهجنة من المحصول تقاوم التقلبات المناخية المتطرفة والامراض والافات الزراعية وادخال التقنيات الحديثة في الزراعة، فضلا عن استخدام البذور المحسنة السليمة والاسمدة والمخصبات الكيمياوية من اجل زيادة غلة وحدة المساحة | Iraq owns natural capabilities that enable it to plant crops hugely ; investing scientifically of what my country endows with natural capabilities as to raise the agricultural domain and to achieve the agricultural development, is considered as a decisive matter , especially under the current conditions Iraq passes through . Thus this study has come as to disclose geographical distribution of crops that occupy a high prestige in the local and international consumption. Of vegetables is Tomato crop , along with indicating to some climate factors on distributing and producing this crop . The climate is considered one of the basic elements for planting and producing such crop ; where it has been used the annual rates for the elements for a compete cycle continued for thirty years from 1984 up to 2014. Thus , this study includes four chapters , where , the chapter one includes the theoretical side where the problem , hypothesis , goal and methodology of research are dealt with , along with its justifications; besides, the site and boundaries of the area and some terms concerning with the former studies . The chapter two includes the climate aspects for the area of the study in respect to ( Solar ray , temperature, vaporization, rains, and some natural phenomena just like dust storms and frost . The chapter three shed the light on the natural outcomes in respect to the geographical site and other natural elements and the soil ; in addition to the available water resources . The chapter four includes two researches , the first one has addressed the effect of the climate conditions on the crop teemed with diseases. While the 2nd research has dealt with the impact of the climate elements on producing the crop in the area of the study via fining out the coefficient of correlation; Thus the current study has shown the effect of the geographical factors on that since these factors have played a positive role in the production process and others have been of negative effect on the development of the productionThe study has indicated that Basra endowed with high rates of production on level of the country , since all needs and climate requirements are suited with the natural elements in respect to thermal ,light , water and soil suitability . This governorate is emptied of frost that destroys the crop . Then Nineveh comes in second rank , followed by Baghdad , then Al - Najaf and finally Karbala . It has been concluded with these conclusions by using analyzing and statistic means and applications , along with test results interpretation as to be connected with the natural reality for every governorate . Of recommendations concerning with the crop production are as follows : 1. Dealing with new types of crops that resist the climate changes and diseases. 2. Using modern technologies in the agriculture , in addition to using good seeds and fertile and other chemical fertilizers for increasing the production of the crop 's areas. 3. Using wind barriers around orchards , especially in sides where cold and dry hot winds blow.4. Submitting official support via the ministry of agriculture , especially the provision of fertilizers and plastic covers , pesticides , agricultural machineries and goo seeds , along with improving irrigation projects

تمثيل حركة المياه الجوفية في حقل المشراق باستخدام تقنيات نظم المعلومات الجغرافية == Representing the Groundwater Movement in the Filed of Mishraq by Using the Techniques of the Geographical Information Systems

Author name: مجاهد خالد ايوب السلطان
Supervisor name: صهيب حسن خضر طه
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Mosul
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الدراسة الحالية تمثيل حركة المياه الجوفية في منطقة المشراق باستخدام تقنيات نظم المعلومات الجغرافية اذ اعتمد على برنامج ArcGis9.3 واداة جريان دارسي الموجودة في ادوات التحليل المكاني ضمن المياه الجوفية اذ ادخلت البيانات المطلوبة للابار عينة الدراسة وهي (11) بئرا فقد احتسبت قيم الناقلية والتوصيل الهيدروليكي والمسامية وسمك الطبقات للتكاوين وتم التوصل الى وجود قناتين رئيستين احداهما عند الطرف الشمالي الغربي قرب البئرين O1 وO2 والقناة الاخرى قرب النهر عند الطرف الجنوبي الشرقي حيث تزداد قيم التناقلية والنفاذية هناك .وتبين وجود اتصال هيدروليكي بين مكامن المياه الجوفية ضمن تكوين الفتحة للطبقات الانتاجية الثلاث . وتم رسم خارطة لمناسيب المياه الجوفية واتجاه حركة جريانها من المناسيب العالية باتجاه المناسيب المنخفضة واتجاه القناتين ومنهما باتجاه النهر حيث انه من المحتمل وجود اتصال هيدروليكي بين القناتين وذلك كونهما ضمن نفس المنسوب لمستوى المياه الجوفية وكما اظهرت ذلك خرائط مناسيب المياه الجوفية | The present study involves presenting the groundwater movement in Al - Mishraq area by using the techniques of the geographical information systems .I has adopted ArcGis9.3 program and Darcy flow tool presented in the spatial analysis tools in the groundwater .The required data of the studied wells have been input representing (1) wells .The values of hydraulic and cellular transmittance and connectivity and the thickness of the components layers have been calculated . The study recognizes the existence of two major channels ;one of them on the Western Northern side near the wells (O1 and O2) and the other near the river on the Eastern Southern side where the values of transmittance and effusion .The existence of hydraulic connection among the groundwater places has been observed within forming the open of the three productive layers .The study designs a map of the groundwater streams and the direction of their movement from the high streams to the low streams and the direction of the two channels towards the river for there is a possible of the existence of hydraulic connection between the two channels for they are on the same stream of the groundwater level as illustrated in the maps of the groundwater streams

الانتاج الزراعي في قضاء الحويجة == Agricultural Production In Hawija District

Author name: خالد صطم عطية خلف الجبوري
Supervisor name: مخلف شلال مرعي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Agricultural Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Mosul
First pages:
Abstract: Al - Hawija district lies which undulating terrain. It is run administratively by Kirkuk city. It's total area is about (2430.51) km2, (29%) of Kirkuk to be exact. The planted area is about (737979.84) Donam. That is about (76.0%) of the village's area. It contains (72) territories.The geological formations age return to several ages ago. Especially the Myosin age and the Pleistocene age. These formations are less affected by flexure movements. River sediments covers most of the region's surface. It consists of alluvium, sand, stone, calcareous stone, gypsum and salt. Open spaces belong to the Faris formation and Injana.The region's surface is mostly plain surrounded by Kirkuk's hill height from the east. From the west, it is surrounded by Himreen hill series which is a concaves which fill by covered by sediments like Lower Zab valley, which extends across the northern east of the region to the south west where it meets the village of Tigris river in addition to some seasonal recurrent valleys which rely on rain in winter, the valley of Fadha, Hawija drainages project like Zighetoon valley and Sahil valley.The plaint nature of the region, alongside the gradual stretching of the region play a vital role successfully irrigation projects in the area.The climate is a n important factor in the agricultural production. The region is known for the clarity of summer and winter seasons. In summer, the climate gets warm and rain ceases unlike winter where the climate is just the opposite of summer's climate, rainy and degrees sometimes lower than zero centigrade.The soil in the area are varied according to the factors that help forming it. There is a red soil, brown calcic soil, mid - thicken red soil, calcic soil and furrow soil. These soils vary in thickness and depth.Running across the study area are two rivers, Dijla river and Al - Zab river. The study area also contains irrigation projects which include Al - Hawija irrigation project that supplies (131000) Donam. with water, and Kirkuk irrigation project that supplies a large are of (63936) Donam. The study area also contains many superficially and artecian wells that irrigates (21960) Donam.Natural vegetation inhabits the region as well as some man - made forests that was planted by the government to get the benefit out of its trees. But there is a noticeable decline in the density of the natural and man - made forests due to poor utilization of the agricultural resources.There is a clear variation in the number of the workers in villages or across regions that require bringing workers from neighboring territories. Also, machines are not equally distributed among territories. Al - Hawija territory has (5372) trailers, (249) harvesters, (465) water suppliers and (4314) water pumping machines.For money funds, territories that take governmental loans are only (25%) in number. While most of the farmers fund the planting process from their own money.Land properties are distributed : By distribution contracts (65%). The rest are scattered as (30%) registered lands, (4.7%) by real estate, and around (73%) that property is about (50) Donam. or more.Irrigation processes are many and different. Lands that are irrigated by making flow of water are about (219346) Donam., and by (courtesy) (222934) Donam, lands that rely on rain are about (385020) Donam.Fertilizers used are of two kinds, biological fertilizers which comes from animals' faeces , and chemical fertilizers especially dab and urine, which is provided by agricultural offices and local markets. The amount of fertilizers' usage varies.Crops and animal resources are exposed to different and many diseases like, for instance, wheat charring, in addition to fungous diseases that infect vegetables. As for diseases that infect animals, it include diseases like anthrax, induced abortion, plague, chicken typhoid, bloody diarrhea and Egyptian bronchitis. These diseases infect cows, sheep, goats, buffalos and chicken.Different transportation methods exist in Al - Hawija territory but it is not enough for the territory's needs. Moreover, the badness of the roads due to aging and scarcity of maintenance affected marketing, as well as the deficiency of marketing centers in the territory. The marketing centers that exist are non - working and because of that, farmers are forced to market their crops to the nearest cities.In order to uncover the features of agricultural production on the cadastral units (territories), the study has depended on average relation, standard deviation and correlation coefficient by determining the relationships between variables or factors on territories level, or within a single territory, and on the similarity in the correlation degree between variables.The basic components method (elemental analysis) has been used to measure the characteristics of agricultural investments in the province through factor division matrix. Results show that there are three kinds of agricultural factors (components) that had lost more than (78%) from the total variation of the variables used in the study. These factors (components) are : 1 - First factor (component) : we could call it (intensive agricultural system). It explained (24.78%) of the phenomena under study. This system included (7) territories. There territories represented (33.33%) of the total territories.2 - Second factor (component) : This system explained (13.98%) of the phenomena under study. This system could be named (mixed agricultural system). In this system, it is possible to plant crops heavily and breed different types of animals. (4) territories that represented (19%) of total territories has been included.3 - Third factor (component) : explained (9.66%) of the studied phenomena. It included (3) territories representing (14.3%) of total territories.

MAURITANIE A Study in Political Geography

Author name: Muharib Kh. Kunj AL - Mamory
Supervisor name: عبد الامير عباس عبد الحيالي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geopolitics
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Diyala
First pages:
Abstract: The main source of political geography filed is the state. The political geographer presents the subsitituted bases of information and the required data to take decisions on the interior and exterior levels and take part in making these decisions active. Mauritanie is one of the morocco states which their local regional and national strength affects by the interior and exterior geographical reality and the economicl,natural and human elements that affect in its interior and exterior environment that reflect the prominent geographical facts which have positive and negative signs affect in away or another in their political weightiness in Marocco region and Mediterranean states,these make the scholar looks attentively at the geographical elements of the state , to achieve facts throughout the studying of political geography. The geographical elements are once of the important abilities that limite the international aims and needs for the state,so the geostrategy asserts and produces the great effect of geography informing astrategy and limiting the aims,so that the strength of the state is one of the main interests in feostratagy studies because it is considered as the final result of the geographical , aconomical ,natural and human elements with their political system and the national relations and the military strength According to the problem that assumptions and studies start off,they have been divided into Five units as Following. The First unit diseuses the natural geographical elements of Mauritanie and their effects on building its strength which have al ternative traces that reflect the strength and weightiness of Maurianie. The second unit discuses the human elements and their effects on building its strength. The Third unit discuses the economical geographical elements and their effects on the strength of MBy studying the main economical sectors to show the geographical extents and their effects on the strength and weightiness of Mauritanie. The Four unit discuses the effect of Mauritanie in the national and international security and the problems that affect on them. The Fifth unit deals with the analysis to measure Mauritanie power by using the statistic and quantitical methods,studying theAnd political future,In addition to its relationships with Arabic states and its position according to Arabic cases and its role from the impressional police with the zionast followed by its effect on the future of Arabic relationships. Throughout this representation we can say that studying of geographical of Mauritanie that don’t aim to limit the regional and geographical phenomena,but illustrate the political results on their interior and exterior le

جيومورفولوجية جدول الكفل في محافظة بابل واثره على النشاط البشري == Geomorphology of the Kefel Stream in the province of Babylon and its impact on human activity

Author name: اسامه زيد خليف عبد المسعودي
Supervisor name: قاسم يوسف شتيت الشمري
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تناولت الدراسة مجرى جدول الكفل الذي يتفرع من نهر الفرات عند سدة الهندية التي تقع شمال غرب محافظة بابل حتى ناحية الكفل جنوبا ،اذ تم التركيز على دراسة المظاهر الجيومورفولوجية لمجرى جدول الكفل ضمن نطاق سهله الفيضي وذلك لما لها من اثر على شكل النهر ونشاطاته واثرها على النشاط البشري المتمثل الاستيطان والري والزراعة تقع منطقة الدراسة ضمن منطقة السهل الرسوبي وعليه فقد وصفت المنطقة تكتونيا على انها تقع ضمن الرصيف غير المستقر والتي تعود في نشاتها الى عصري البلايستوسين والهولوسين ، ويغطي سطحها ترسبات العصر الرباعي كترسبات الشرفات النهرية وترسبات السهل الفيضي وترسبات المستنقعات وان عموم ترب هذه المنطقة منقولة بواسطة مجرى جدول الكفل وتفرعاته وتتنوع هذه التربة في نسجتها حسب القرب والبعد من مجرى جدول الكفل، اما من الناحية الطبوغرافية فان منطقة الدراسة تتميز بانحدارها التدريجي من الشمال الغربي الى الجنوب الغربي والذي حدد بدوره الاتجاه العام لمجرى جدول الكفل، وحسبما توفر لنا من البيانات المناخية الماخوذة من محطة الحلة المناخية تبين ان منطقة الدراسة شديدة الجفاف حسب معامل لانج وهذه هي الصفة السائدة فيها والتي انعكست اثارها على كثافة الغطاء النباتي في المنطقة التي تقل كلما ابتعدنا عن مجرى النهر واغلبها موسمية تنمو اثناء سقوط الامطار، ويتباين الصرف المائي في مجرى جدول الكفل والقنوات المتفرع منه سنويا وفصليا وشهريا، وتظهر المحصلة النهائية مدى تفاعل العوامل الطبيعية والبشرية مع بعضها في تكوين الاشكال الارضية التي كونها مجرى جدول الكفل في منطقة الدراسة ، وعلى اساس هذه العوامل وتفاعلها مع بعضها البعض حددت الاشكال الارضية والتي قسمت الى قسمين ، حتية ارسابية تكونت داخل مجرى النهر وارسابية تكونت خارج مجرى النهر كما تم دراسة اسباب تكوين هذه الاشكال كما تبين ان للعمليات الجيومورفولوجية التي كونت النهر لها الاثر الواضح على النشاط البشري وذلك من خلال تاثيرها على انماط الاستيطان اذ يسود النمط الخطي والمبعثر والمتجمع ، كما بدا تاثير الاشكال الجيومورفولوجية واضحا في نظام الري وبالتالي على نوع المحاصيل السائدة في منطقة اذ ان اغلب الاراضي ذات منسوب منخفض عن مجرى النهر ذلك فان اسلوب الري السيحي هو السائدة . وبذلك يمكن القول ان هنالك علاقة مباشرة بين الاشكال الارضية من جهة والمياه والتربة والنشاط البشري باشكاله المختلفة من جهة اخرى لذا فان المناطق البعيدة من مجرى النهر التي تكون مفتقرة الى ابسط النشاطات مما ادى الى قيام سكان تلك المناطق بالهجرة او الانتقال الى المناطق القريبة من مجرى الجدول التي تتوفر فيها سبل الحياة . | The study included the course of the Kefal runnul, which is divided by the Euphrates river at the end of the Hindi, which is located in the north west of Babil province to the Kefal region in the south. The study focused on the geomorphological aspects of the Kefal stream within the plain of the flood, which has a great effect on the shape of the river and its effects on human activity Settlement, irrigation, agriculture.The study area is located within the Alluvial plain. The area is described as a tectonic as it lies within the stable pavement and the unstable pavement, which dates back to the modern plastocene and holocene. Its surface covers the sediments of the quaternary period, such as the sediments of the riverbeds, the sediments of the flood plain and the deposition of marshes. The path of the kaffal stream and its branches. These soil differ in their texture according to proximity and distance from the riverbed.As for the climatic data obtained from the Hilla climate station, it was found that the study area is very dry according to the Lange coefficient and this is the prevailing characteristic which reflected The effects of the vegetation on the density of the vegetation in the area that decreases as we move away from the river and most of them seasonal growing during the fall of rain, and vary water drainage in the course of the table and the channels of the branch and branch branch annually and quarterly and monthly. .The final outcome shows the interaction between natural and human factors in the formation of the earth shapes, which is the path of the Kefl stream in the study area. Based on these factors and their interaction with each other, the earth shapes were divided into two parts, an arsenic structure formed within the riverbed and a sediment formed outside the course The river has also been studied the reasons for the formation of these forms. Unstable.The geomorphological processes that formed the river have a clear effect on human activity through its influence on settlement patterns, as the linear pattern is scattered and scattered. The effect of the geomorphological forms is evident in the irrigation system and therefore on the type of crops prevailing in the region. Downstream, the prevailing method of irrigation is prevailing. Thus, it is possible to say that there is a direct relationship between land forms on the one hand and water and soil and human activity in different forms on the other hand, so the areas away from the riverbed, which lacks the simplest activities, which led to the migration of residents of those areas or move to areas close to the river Where there is a way of life

كفاءة التوزيع المكاني لدور العبادة التراثية في مدينة الموصل القديمة == The Efficiency of the Spatial Distribution of the Traditional Houses of Worship in the Ancient Mosul City

Author name: حارث محمد ذنون ياسين
Supervisor name: داؤد سليم داؤد عجاج
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: Arabic
University location: Mosul
First pages:
Abstract: ان الخرائط تعد اهم مخرجات نظم المعلومات الجغرافية Geography Information System اذ تضم النظم في محتواها على مجموعة من الادوات تساعد على الظهور بمخرجات عالية الادراك والدقة ، كما ان نظم المعلومات الجغرافية تجعل من مستخدمها ان تكون له القدرة في تمثيل الظواهر الطبيعية والبشرية مكانيا ، ومعاملتها على الخارطة باتجاه يسمح بمعاملة على النقيض من الخرائط الورقية التي لا توفر هذه الميزة .اعتمد البحث على نوعين من البيانات في معالجة موضوع الدراسة ، هي البيانات المكانية (Spatial) والبيانات الوصفية (Attributes) واللتان تعدان ركيزة اساسية في تطبيقات نظم المعلومات الجغرافية .تمثلت البيانات المكانية لموضوع البحث في خارطة لمدينة الموصل القديمة موقع عليها حدود المدينة القديمة وانماط استعمالات الارض فيها والشوارع الرئيسية فيها والثانوية ، وتم تحديد الاستعمال الديني ومظاهره المتمثلة بدور العبادة بنوعيها الجوامع والكنائس ، وخارطة اخرى موضح عليها المحلات السكنية للمدينة القديمة ثم استخراج المساحات لهذه المحلات والكثافة السكانية فيها .اما البيانات الوصفية تعلقت باعداد هذه الدور ومساحاتها الكلية حسب القطاعات اذ قام الباحث بتقسيم المدينة الى اربع قطاعات واستخرج مساحة دور عبادة كل قطاع منفصلا ثم المساحات الكلية للنوعين ثم لكل نوع منفردا وبعد الانتهاء من هذه العمليات تم ادخالها الحاسوب باستخدام برنامج ArcGIS9.3 .فتم ادخال مواقع دور العبادة (جوامع - كنائس) ومساحاتها الى نظام برنامج ArcGIS9.3 ومعالجة هذه البيانات حسب الغرض المنشود . وتركز انتاج وتصميم الخرائط باستخدام امكانات مثل اخفاء واظهار الطبقات كطبقة المحلات السكنية او الجوامع او الكنائس او معا ، والمستخدمة في تمييز خرائط توزيع الجوامع عن الكنائس او المحلات السكنية .ثم تم استخدام الاداة (Buffer) التي عبر من خلالها على المسافة المعتمدة كمعيار لامكانية الوصول لدار العبادة وادخاله وهو (250م) للخروج بخارطة تمثل مستويات الخدمة لهذه الدور، وكذلك توزيع دور العبادة مع مستويات الخدمة .وكذلك تم استخدام قرينة الجار الاقرب Nearest Neighbor Index لتوضيح نمط الانتشار لدور العبادة التراثية | Maps are considered the most important outputs of the geographical information systems. Those systems as they include in their contents a set of tools to help emerging cognitive and high - resolution outputs. Also, geographic information systems make their user possess the ability to represent spatially the natural and human phenomena and treating them in the maps in a way that allows treating the various kind of phenomena and showing what we want to show and hiding what we want to hide in contrast to the paper maps that do not provide this feature.The research adopts two kinds of information in dealing with its subject . The spatial information and the descriptive information considered as a mainstay of the application of GIS.The map of the ancient Mosul city represents the spatial information of the research matter marked with the city borders and the patterns of inverting lands as : The main and the branch streets .The religious investment has been determined with the aspects of the houses of worship (mosques and churches ) .Another map has illustrated the residential areas of the ancient city for those areas and their population density. While, the descriptive information showed the number of those houses and their total areas according to sectors .Thus , the researcher has divided the city into four sectors ,calculate the area of the houses of worship ,each sector separately ,the total areas for them together and separately.After finishing those operations ,they have been input to the computer by using ArcGis9.3 program.The sites of the houses of worship (mosques and churches) and their areas have been input to the computer by using ArcGis9.3 program and processing the information according to the aimed purpose.Producing and designing maps have been concentrated by using capabilities like hiding and showing the layers as the layer of the residential areas ,mosques or churches or all altogether. The capabilities used to distinguish the maps of the distribution of mosques from churches or the residential areas.The tool (buffer) has been used to express the area reliable as a standard of the capability of accessing the houses of worship and using this standard (i.e. 250m) to obtain a map that represents the service level of those houses , the distribution of the houses of worship and the level of service.The nearest neighbor index has been used to illustrate the pattern of the spreading of the traditional houses of worship.

استعمالات الارض الحضرية في منطقة الدورة باستخدام نظم المعلومات الجغرافية : دراسة كارتوغرافية == Land uses Urban in the Dora area using geographic information systems (Kartograveh study)

Author name: علي طاهر شنيتر
Supervisor name: عبد الزهرة شلش زامل العتابي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تتمحور الدراسة الحالية حول استعمالات الارض في منطقة الدورة (وهي عبارة عن وحدة بلدية تشكلت بتاريخ 26/6/2004 بعدما شطرت من بلدية الرشيد)والتي تمثل احدى بلديات مدينة بغداد بقصد اظهار التباين المكاني لهذه الاستعمالات، وتحديد المناطق التي تعاني من سوء التخطيط ،والتغيرات في المخطط الاساس لغرض ايجاد حلول للمشاكل التي تواجه سكان هذه المناطق لضمان الحياة الكريمة لهم. ان اعداد خرائط استعمالات الارض يتطلب جمع البيانات من مصادرها المختلفة عن منطقة الدراسة ،وثم تهيئة الخريطة الاساس ليتم تمثيل انماط استعمالات الارض على شكل رموز او الوان باستعمال طرق واساليب منتقاة تحقق اقصى ما يمكن تحقيقه من القيمة الادراكية وان من اهم النقاط الواجب الاهتمام بها من قبل الخرائطي عند اعداد اي خريطة هو اختيار طريقة التمثيل المناسبة بوسائلها واساليب عرضها المتعددة, لذا فقد تناولنا في هذه الدراسة استعمالات الارض في منطقة الدورة وتمثيلها كارتوغرافيا بالاعتماد على نظم المعلومات الجغرافية لكونها تعاني من نقص واضح في اعداد قاعدة بيانات حديثة لمواكبة التطورات التكنولوجية، واستهلت هذه الدراسة بالتعرف على التغيرات التي طرات على خريطة استعمالات الارض الحالية والكشف عن العوامل الموجهة لها لتحديد توزيع تلك الاستعمالات طبقا لكفاءتها وتوزيعها لتساعد على انتاج خرائط محوسبة مرتبطة بقواعد البيانات لتقنية نظم المعلومات الجغرافية. وبتطبيق عدد من المعايير والمؤشرات الحضرية, فقد تم الكشف عن مساوئ ومحاسن توزيع هذه الخدمات. اذ تبين من خلال الدراسة غياب عنصر التخطيط في توزيع المؤسسات(التعليمية - الصحية)في المنطقة بشكل لا يتناسب وعدد السكان وتوزيعهم تبعا للاحياء السكنية. وخرجت الدراسة بعدد من الاستنتاجات والتوصيات ومن ابرزها ضرورة اتباع القوانين والانظمة فيما يتعلق باستعمالات الارض الزراعية التي تحيط بمنطقة الدراسة والتي تمثل الحزام الاخضر لمدينة بغداد فقد تعرضت الى التغيير والتجاوز عليها من قبل الاستعمالات الاخرى وخصوصا الاستعمال السكني،اما التوصيات اكدت على تحويل قسم قليل من الاراضي الزراعية في منطقة الدراسة الى استعمال سكني بموافقة امانة بغداد، والاعتماد على التوسع العمودي لتقليل من الضغط على مركز المدينة. | The present study focuses on land use in the Dora area, (a municipal unit formed on 26/6/2004 after it was partitioned from the municipality of Rasheed), which is one of the municipalities in the city of Baghdad, in order to show the spatial variation of these uses, and identify areas that suffer from poor planning, changes in the basic chart, for the purpose of finding solutions to the problems faced by the inhabitants of these areas to ensure a comfortable life for them. The preparation of land use maps requires data collecting from different sources for the study area, and then create the basic map to represent the land use patterns in the form of symbols or colors using the selected methods and techniques maximize what can be achieved from the cognitive value and that of the most important points due attention by My map in the preparation of any map is to choose the appropriate representation method by means and methods of presentation of multiple, so we have addressed in this study the uses of the land in the Dora area and representation cartography based on (GIS) because it suffers from a clear lack of numbers base Recent data to keep pace with technological developments, this study was initiated to identify the changes that have taken place on the map uses the current land and disclosure of factors against it to determine the distribution of those uses, according to their efficiency and distribution to help produce computerized maps linked to databases of( GIS) technology. By applying a number of urban criteria and indicators, the disadvantages and benefits of distributing these services have been identified. The study revealed the absence of the planning component in the distribution of institutions (educational - health) in the region in a disproportionate number of population and distribution according to residential neighborhoods. The study has come out with a number of conclusions and recommendations, notably the need to follow the laws and regulations in respect of uses of agricultural land that surrounds the study area, which represents the green belt of the city of Baghdad has been to change and overtaking them by other uses, especially use residential, while the recommendations emphasized the transfer of a small section of land In the study area to the use of residential approval of the Municipality of Baghdad, and rely on vertical expansion to reduce the pressure on the city center.

الادارة المتكاملة للموارد المائية في محافظة ذي قار : دراسة في جغرافية الموارد المائية == Integrated Water Resources Management in Dhi Qar Governorate A study in the geography of water resources

Author name: سالم ريسان حياوي محمد الركابي
Supervisor name: عبد الزهرة شلش زامل العتابي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The study dealt with the integrated management of water resources in the province of Dhi Qar , which lies between long lines (45,30 and 47.00) east and two showrooms (30.40 and 31.50) north . It is bordered to the north by Wasit governorate, from the east and north east by Maysan province, from the south and southeast by Basra governorate , from the west and southwest by Muthanna governorate and from the north - west by Qadisiyah governorate . The researcher presented an academic work on a very important problem faced by the governorate, which is one of the most important internal risks that threaten the water security of the citizen is the mismanagement of water resources and related phenomena such as injury and pollution . The study featured the importance of water resources management policies at the local level and avoid relying on increasing our share of the river water in light of the limited annual revenues and the difficulties facing the establishment of Iraqi water projects proposed in this Related, As well as to seek to identify the principles and criteria for assessment of IWRM, the reasons for the progress in their implementation in the study area and thus cover the quantitative and qualitative needs of water. The aim of the study was to introduce the system of water management, especially the integrated management of water resources, since this system was fruitful in the countries in which it worked. The natural and human geographical characteristics were studied and their effect on water scarcity was investigated within the governorate. The water status of the governorate and its impact on the management of water uses were also studied . The study also found a number of problems, whether natural or human, affecting the management of water resources in the province. The study also showed that there is a great waste of water resources as a result of the methods used in the agricultural process and the unjustified waste of water resources of the residents of the governorate

الابعاد الجيوبولتيكية للعلاقات العراقية - الايرانية للمدة 1990 - 2013 == Geopolitical Dimensions of the Iraqi - Iranian relationship for ( 1990 - 2013)

Author name: سهير صلاح محمود
Supervisor name: شيماء محمد جواد الجبوري
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The purpose of International Relations geographical study is to achieve a careful analysis of the realities of the international situation, which is usually characterized by rapid dynamic, and through knowledge of the nature of the forces that control the formation of political trends of the states and attitudes towards each other and determine how they interact with these forces and familiarity with various effects and the reactions they have on the conditions of the international community.The study in the analysis of the nature of relations between Iraq and Iran for a period of time (1990 - 2013) with addressing the most important current events when required by the letter and the disclosure of dimensional geopolitical these relations which centered study hypothesis of the existence of local and regional and international factors influenced the Iran - Iraq relations and made her take the collaborative nature after the differences between the parties, which lasted throughout the previous periods The study included four chapters the first chapter of which ncluded a study of Iraq's geographical characteristics and Iran and included two sections, the first section (natural geographical characteristics of Iraq and Iran) from the geographical location (the astronomical site and sea, and the site for the neighbouring countries and strategic location) and size and shape and climate and the terrain and natural resources (water resources - mineral Revolution), and the second section (human geographical characteristics of Iraq and Iran), which included demographic characteristics of the two countries in terms of structure demographic ( Age and qualitative) and population size and growth, as well as the density and distribution of the population as well as the configuration Ethnographic (national and religion and language) of the two countries also chapter also included a study of the economic characteristics of the two countries in terms of agriculture, industry, trade and services sector.The second chapter included three sections the first section deals with the study (the historical stages of the Iran - Iraq relations during the seventies and eighties) and the second topic included (Iran attitudes toward issues of Iraq for the period (1990 - 2013) and third section included the problems and common issues) between the two countries, which including border problems (Shatt al - Arab, the common rivers, oil fields) as well as international organizations shared by the two countries.The third chapter included the study of regional and international influential forces in the Iran - Iraq relations and that included two sections the first section, which deals with the study of (influential regional powers in the Iran - Iraq relations), which Turkey and the Arab Gulf states and Israel), and the second section, which dealt with the study of international powers influencing the Iran - Iraq relations) They (the United States and the European Union and the Russian Federation and China).The fourth chapter has included the study of dimensions geopolitical Iraqi - Iranian relations, which included two sections, the first section is a study of the (Iraqi - Iranian relations in the light of the clash of civilizations theory) and the second section includes the study of (future scenarios Iran - Iraq relations) through three scenes (scene of evolution, and scenery decline, and a scene of continuity). It is clear from the study of the four seasons that despite the differences in the Iraqi - Iranian relations during the previous historical stages because of the border and outstanding issues between the two problems, but it has evolved significantly and was settling the outstanding issues between them in a way that contributed to the development of relations for the better

هيدرولوجية الموارد المائية في محافظة كربلاء المقدسة الواقع والاحتياجات المستقبلية == Hydrology of water resources in the province of Karbala reality and future needs

Author name: رؤى فاضل حسين التميمي
Supervisor name: ضياء صائب احمد الالوسي | سعدية عاكول منخي الصالحي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تعد محافظة كربلاء المقدسة من المحافظات المهمة لكونها تمثل مركزا دينيا ومعلما سياحيا مهما في العراق ونظرا لتناقص الموارد المائية السطحية والجوفية على حد سواء وتاثيراته المتعددة على استخدام هذه المياه في الاراضي المختلفة بان هذه الدراسة تهدف الى التعرف على التوزيع الجغرافي للموارد المائية المتوفرة في المحافظة وبيان خصائصها الفيزيائية والكيميائية بما يناسب حجم التزايد للطلب على هذه الموارد خلال السنين القادمة ولمختلف الاغراض . اعتمدت الدراسة على معلومات وبيانات رقمية فضلا عن تحليلات مختبريه لنماذج المياه السطحية والجوفية ، وتبرز اهمية الدراسة بشكل اساسي من خلال التعرف على تاثير العوامل الطبيعية والخصائص الكيميائية والفيزيائية للمياه السطحية والجوفية والتوقعات المستقبلية لواقع الموارد المائية في المحافظة وبيان كميات المياه المطلوبة مستقبلا لسد الاحتياجات كافة ومن هنا تبرز معرفة التاثيرات السلبية المحتملة من استمرار تناقص الواردات المائية (مياه سطحية وجوفية ) من خلال مقارنة حجم الطلب في الفترات السابقة وحجم المتوفر من هذه الموارد في الوقت الحاضر والمستقبل,تقع محافظة كربلاء ضمن دوائر العرض( o32,15 - - o32,45 - ) وخطي طول (o43,15 - - o44,15 - ) , وبمساحة احتمالية قدرها ( 5023 كم2 ) من الناحية المكانية, بينما كانت حدود الدراسة الزمانية المتمثلة بالفترة من (1990 - 2014) , تتركز الدراسة على تشخيص كمية ونوعية المياه السطحية والجوفية وبيان نوعيتها للاغراض المختلفة خلال الفترة الزمنية اعلاه ومن خلال التعرف على مصادر المياه السطحية واعداد الجداول المتفرعة من نهر الفرات والتي تعد المصدر الرئيسي للمياه في محافظة كربلاء فضلا عن التكوينات الجيولوجية الحاملة للمياه الجوفية ومناطق تواجدها افقيا وعموديا للوصول الى وضع الحلول المناسبة لتحقيق الاستخدام الامثل للموارد المائية في المحافظة وادارتها المستدامة لضمان المحافظة عليها للاجيال القادمة. من الناحية الجيولوجية فان الصخور المنكشفة تعود الى ما قبل الزمن الرباعي وتتراوح اعمارها مابين الاويوسين المتمثل بتكوين الدمام والبلايوسين - والبلايوستوستين المتمثل بتكوين زهرة ودبدبة ويتدرج من خلالها تكوين الفرات والفتحة وانجانه. تشير عناصر المناخ السائدة لمنطقة الدراسة الى ارتفاع معدلات الجفاف اذ تجاوزت معدلات درجات الحرارة 34,5 درجة , حيث كانت اعلى درجة في محطة كربلاء في شهر تموز بقيمة 37,5 درجة ومحطة عين تمر ولنفس الشهر بقيمة 35,3 درجة اما محطة النخيب ولنفس الشهر انفا وقد كانت 35,67 درجة , وبلغت معدلات التبخر في فصل الصيف وتحديدا في شهر تموز باعلى قيم في المحطات الثلاثة انفة الذكر بقيمة 434,8 و456,72 و502,28 على التوالي . يعد جدولي الحسينية وبني حسن من اهم المصادر السطحية في المحافظة اللذان ينفذان بشكل مباشر من نهر الفرات عن طريق نواظم موضوعة على نهر الفرات عند سدة الهندية لتي تتحكم برفع مستوى المياه . يتفرع جدول الحسينية من الجهة اليمنى للنهر ويجري في محافظة كربلاء من الشرق الى الغرب وينتهي في منخفض الرزازة الذي يبلغ طوله 180 كم ويتفرع من هذا الجدول شبكة من الري كاملة داخل ناحية الحسينية لمدينة كربلاء 5 جداول فرعية ( الوند , الكمالية , الجديدة , ابو زرع , الراشدية , الهندية ) اما جدول بني حسن فهو ثاني جدول يتغذى من سدة الهندية ويقع في القسم الجنوبي الشرقي من المحافظة ويبلغ طوله 44كم ويتفرع من هذا الجدول مجموعة جداول رئيسية التي تروي الاراضي الزراعية تبلغ مساحتها 124231 دونم تروي الاراضي المحصورة بين الجهة اليمنى لنهر الفرات ضمن ناحية الخيرات والجدول الغربي في قضاء الهندية . ويبلغ معدل التصريف السنوي لنهر الحسينية خلال الفترة من (1990 - 2014 ) (215, 01م3/ثا)في حين بلغ المعدل الشهري9,77م3/ثا اما معدل التصريف السنوي لجدول بني حسن في الفترة ذاتها(260م3/ثا)والمعدل الشهري(11,81م3/ثا).ان اهم التكوينات الجيولوجية الحاملة للمياه الجوفية لمحافظة كربلاء تتمثل بتكوين (دبدبة ,انجانه , دمام , ام ارضمة ) , وتتميز المياه الجوفية بتكوين دبدبة بكونها قارية الاصل ونوعيتها من مجموعة كبريتات الكالسيوم وكلوريد الصوديوم , اما في تكوين الدمام ولكونه تكوينا جيولوجيا رسوبيا بحريا فان ملوحة المياه الجوفية في هذا التكوين متغايرة فهي بشكل عام تتراوح من (1900 - 3000 ملم /لتر ) , اما المياه الجوفية في تكوين انجانه ذو ترسبات فتاتية بملوحة تتراوح بين اقل من 2000 - 5600 ملم/لتر, اما فيما يتعلق بام ارضمة فان ملوحة المياه الجوفية تتراوح بين (3000 - 5000 ملم/لتر). بلغ مجموع الفائض المائي في محطة كربلاء 18,98ملم اما محطة النخيب بلغ مجموع الفائض المائي 4,65 ملم وفي محطة عين تمر بلغ مجموع الفائض المائي 15,82ملم وذلك عند حساب الموازنة المائية باستخدام طريقة ثورنثويت للفترة(1990 - 2014) اما عنــــد حساب الفائض المائــي بطريقة خروفــه فقــد بلغ مجموع الفائض المائي في محطات ( كربلاء - النخيب - عين تمر) على التوالي (12,809 - 2,15 - 13,363)بسبب ارتفاع معدلات التبخر . بلغ مجموع الكلي من سكان محافظة كربلاء عام 2014 (1,151,152) نسمة وعليه تبلغ الحاجة المائية لسكان المحافظة بحدود (62651988/لتر)وبلغت مساحة الاراضي الصالحة للزراعة بحدود (1026948/دونم)وبلغت الاراضي الغير صالحة للزراعة (269787/دونم) . ان من اهم مقومات الصناعة هي المياه والمواد الاولية المتمثلة في المعادن وطرق النقل وان هذه المقومات متوفرة في منطقة الدراسة , اذ ان المياه الجوفية والسطحية من حيث نوعيتها وخصائصها تبين لنا بالامكان استخدام هذه المياه للاغراض الصناعية بعد معالجتها وفقا للصناعة المراد استثمارها | The governorate of Karbala is considered one of the important provinces because it represents a religious center and an important tourist landmark in Iraq. Due to the decrease in both surface and groundwater resources and its multiple impacts on the use of this water in different lands, this study aims at identifying the geographic distribution of the available water resources in the governorate Physical and chemical processes to suit the growing demand for these resources over the coming years and for various purposes. The study is based on numerical information and data as well as laboratory analyzes of surface and groundwater models. The importance of the study is highlighted mainly by identifying the effect of the natural factors and chemical and physical properties of surface and groundwater water and the future projections of the water resources in the governorate. The knowledge of the potential negative impacts of the continued decline in water imports (surface and groundwater) by comparing the volume of demand in previous periods and the current and future availability of these resources, (32,15 - 32,45) and linear length (43,15 - 44,15), with a probability area of (5023 km2) in spatial terms, while the limits of the temporal study of the period from (1990 - 2014). The study focuses on the diagnosis and quantity of surface and groundwater water for various purposes during the above period. The study also includes the identification of surface water sources and the preparation of the branch tables from the Euphrates River, the main source of water in Karbala governorate, And horizontally and horizontally to reach the appropriate solutions Coordination optimal use of water resources in the province and sustainable management to ensure preservation for future generations. From the geological point of view, the excavated rocks date back to pre - four - year - old Oyosin, which consists of the formation of Dammam and the Pleiocene - and the plastocysteine, which consists of the formation of flower and Dibdaba, through which the formation of the Euphrates and the opening and its tingles. The climatic factors prevailing in the study area indicate high droughts, with temperatures exceeding 34.5 degrees, with the highest in Karbala station in July at 37.5 degrees, Ain - Tamer station and the same month at 35.3 degrees, Al - Nukhayb Station for the same month Anva was 35.67 degrees, and the rates of evaporation in the summer and specifically in July the highest values in the three stations mentioned above 502,28 and 456.72 and 434, respectively. The Husseiniya and Bani Hassan Tables are one of the most important surface sources in the province, which are implemented directly from the Euphrates River by means of systems located on the Euphrates river at the edge of the Indian river that controls the elevation of the water level. The al - Husseiniya table is divided from the right side of the river and it is located in Karbala governorate from east to west and ends in al - Razazah, which is 180 km long. Al - Rashidiya, Hindi). The Bani Hassan Table is the second table to be fed by the Indian dam. It is located in the southeast part of the governorate. It is 44 km long. The table consists of a number of main tables that irrigate the agricultural land with a total area of 124231 dunums of land located between the right side of the Euphrates River Goodness and Table West in the Indian district. The annual discharge rate of the Husseiniya River during the period 1990 - 2014 was 215,01 m3 / s while the monthly average was 9,77 m3 / s. The annual discharge rate for Bani Hassan Table in the same period was 260 m3 / s, 81 m 3 / s.Groundwater is characterized by the formation of Dabdaba as a continental origin and its quality from the group of calcium sulphate and sodium chloride. In the composition of Dammam, as a geological formation of marine sediments, salinity Groundwater in this composition is heterogeneous, generally ranging from (1900 - 3000 mm / L), while the groundwater in the composition of its lagoons has sedimentary deposits of salinity ranging from less than 2000 to 5600 mm / L. Ranging from (3000 - 5000 mm / l(. The total water surplus in Karbala station was 18.98 mm, while the Nukhib station had a total water surplus of 4.65 mm. At Ain - Tamar station, the total water surplus was 15.82 mm when calculating the water budget using Thornthwaite method for the period 1990 - 2014. The total water surplus in the stations (Karbala - Nukhayb - EinTamr) (0) due to high evaporation rates. The total population of Karbala governorate in 2014 was (112538) people. Therefore, the water needs of the inhabitants of the governorate reached (62651988 / L) and the area of cultivated lands reached (1026948 / dunums). The main elements of the industry are water and raw materials represented in minerals and transport methods. These components are available in the study area. Ground and surface water in terms of quality and characteristics show us that this water can be used for industrial purposes after processing according to the industry to be invested.

تقييم الموارد المائية في قضاء التاجي وامكانات استثمارها == Evaluation of Water Resources in Altaji City and the Ability of Investment

Author name: مها مثنى عون
Supervisor name: عبد الزهرة شلش زامل العتابي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تناولت الدراسة تقييم الموارد المائية لخصائص مياه منطقة الدراسة وذلك بهدف معرفة صلاحيتها لمختلف الاستخدامات (مياه الشرب - الري - شرب الحيوانات) فضلا عن الاستخدام الصناعي. اعتمدت الدراسة على تحليل الخصائص الكيميائية والفيزيائية للمياه وذلك بجمع (8) نماذج من المياه السطحية ل (3) مواقع لكل نهر بواقع (2) نموذجين لكل موقع باستثناء الموقع نهر دجلة تم اخذ (4) نماذج لمواقع مختلفة وقد اخذت العينات بواقع نموذجين من كل موقع، الاول خلال شهر كانون الثاني والثاني خلال شهر تموز وتم تحليل (13) عنصرا ومركبا كيميائيا لمعرفة خصائصها الكيميائية، اما ما يتعلق بالمياه الجوفية تم جمع العينات من (4) مواقع وبواقع (4) نماذج من كل موقع(خلال شهر كانون الثاني وشهر تموز) كما تم تحليل (13) عنصرا ومركبا , ومن ثم مطابقة هذه النتائج مع المواصفات العالمية والعراقية لمعرفة مدى صلاحيتها لمختلف الاستخدامات. اعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي والاستنتاجي فضلا عن المنهج التحليلي وقد جاءت بخمسة فصول مع المقدمة تناولت المقدمة ومشكلة الدراسة وفرضيتها واهميتها وحدودها والدراسات السابقة وطرائق العمل ومنهجيتها وتنظيمها)،وتناول الفصل الاول دراسة الخصائص الجغرافية لقضاء التاجي اذ ركز على الخصائص الطبيعية وهي(السطح، التركيب الجيولوجي، المناخ، التربة، النبات الطبيعي)، اما الخصائص البشرية فهي(النشاط الزراعي، النشاط المدني ودول اعالي الحوض والتلوث ). في حين تناول الفصل الثاني دراسة تحليلية للخصائص الهيدرولوجية للمياه السطحية وخصائص التصريف النهري والتي تشمل(خصائص التصريف السنوي، خصائص التصريف الفصلي ) فضلا عن الخصائص النوعية للمياه السطحية والتي تشمل (الخصائص الفيزيائية والكيميائية. اما الفصل الثالث فهو دراسة تحليلية للخصائص الهيدرولوجية للمياه الجوفية والتي تشمل (المياه الجوفية، منشا المياه الجوفية، مصادر تغذيتها، طرائق استخراجها، مناسيبها، اعماقها، انتاجيتها) فضلا عن الخصائص النوعية والتي تشمل ( الخصائص الفيزيائية والكيميائية) والفصل الرابع بعنوان (تقييم الموارد المائية لمختلف الاستعمالات) والمتمثلة ب (الاستعمال المدني لمياه الشرب، الاستعمال الزراعي (للري وشرب الحيوانات)، والاستعمال الصناعي). اعتمدت الدراسة في اغلبها على العمل الميداني من خلال جمع نماذج المياه وبالاستعانة لمجموعة من الادوات والمستلزمات كجهاز تحديد المواقع (GPS) والة التصوير فضلا عن اجهزة تحليل نماذج المياه فضلا عن اعتماد الخرائط لتمثل الظاهرة المدروسة. اما الفصل الخامس فهو استثمار الموارد المائية وتنميتها والتي تشمل استثمار الموارد المائية في المجال الزراعي، والمجال الصناعي ، والمجال المدني، ومجال الثروة الحيوانية، اما تنمية الموارد المائية تناولت تعريف ادارة الموارد المائية ومفهومها وتطوير اساليب الري ورفع كفاءتها من خلال تطوير اساليب الري، وصيانة المياه من الهدر والتلوث، وتطوير ادارة المياه والسيطرة عليها، وتغير التركيب المحصولي وتسعير الحوافز الاقتصادية وتحلية المياه واعادة استخدام مياه الصرف الصحي ونقل المياه من المناطق الوفيرة الى المناطق الشحيحة. اعتمدت الدراسة في اغلبها على العمل الميداني من خلال جمع نماذج المياه وبالاستعانة لمجموعة من الادوات والمستلزمات كا لمحرار الزئبقي وجهاز تحديد المواقع (GPS) والة التصوير فضلا عن اجهزة تحليل نماذج المياه فضلا عن اعتماد الخرائط لتمثل الظاهر المدروسه . لقد توصلت الدراسة الى بعض الاستنتاجات الرئيسية والمتمثلة في ان خصائص (الفيزيائية والكيميائية )تتباين مكانيا وزمانيا تبعا لتباين الظروف الطبيعية والبشرية.كما توصلت الدراسة الى ان مياه قضاء التاجي تتباين في مدى صلاحيتها لمياه الشرب والاستخدام الزراعي والصناعي ووفقا للمحددات البيئية العالمية والعراقية وان هذا التباين يكون مكانيا وزمانيا كما توصلت الدراسة الى ندرة الاعتماد على المياه الجوفية والاعتماد على المياه السطحية وتؤثر في استثمارها عوامل عديدة منها التكاليف الباهضة.. | This study deals with the valuation of water resources features of the water in the study region in order to learn its validity for various uses (potable water - irrigation - animals drink ) as well as the industrial use .this study depends on the analyses of the chemical and physical features of the water from (8) samples from (3) rivers ,(2) samples from each river concerning the surface water .For the ground water they were (4) locations and (4) samples from each location Summer or winter ) .Also (13) elements and compounds were analyzed and match these results with world and Iraq qualifications to learn its validity for various uses .the study depends on the conclusion course as well as analytic course .The study is divided into five chapters with introduction .the introduction discusses the study problem , hypothesis , importance , limits and previous studies , the method work, curriculum and organize .The first chapter discusses the geographical feature of the study location .It concentrate on the natural features ( the surface , geologic formations , climate , soil , natural plants and the human features ( agricultural activities , civil activities , the countries , fertilizers ,pesticides ,transportation , and transport means , methods of irrigation and pollution ) The second chapter is the analytic study for the hydrologic features of surface water and the features of river drain which includes ( annual drain features , season drain features ) as well as the quality features the surface water which includes ( Physical and chemical features).the third chapter is analytic study for the hydrologic features of water which includes ( ground water ,the origin of ground water , the resources of its feeding , the methods of extracting it ,its levels , its deeps , its productivity ) as well as the typical features which includes ( physical and chemical features ) .The fourth chapter ( valuation of the water resources for various uses ) represented in ( the civil use o potable water , agricultural use ( for irrigation and animal drinking ) and the industrial use ). The study depends mostly on the field work through collection of the samples and by use of several devices such as the thermometer ,GPS and photo machine as well as the devices of analyze the water samples and the maps that represent the studied phenomena .The fifth chapter discusses the investment of water resources and developing it .It includes investment of water resources in agricultural field , industrial field and civil field and animal treasure field .In the development of water resource it discusses identification and concept of water resources , development of irrigation methods , raise its competence by developing irrigation methods , maintain the water from waste and pollution , development of water management , change the crops forms , pricing the economic incentives , purifying the water , reuse the sewage water and transport the water to the from the places of abundances to the places have no water.The study makes some conclusions represented in that that ( The physical and chemical ) features are time and place variance according to the variance of natural and human conditions .also t5he water of the study location varied in its validity for drinking and agricultural and industrial use due to the world and Iraqi qualifications and this variety is in place and time .Also the study conclude to the rare use of the ground water and depending on surface water and it is influenced by several factors such as high costs .

اشكال سطح الارض في قضاء عفك في محافظة القادسية : دراسة في الجيومورفولوجيا التطبيقية == earth's surface Land Forms in Afak spend in Qadisiyah province (study of applied geomorphology )

Author name: حيدر عبد الحمزة اركان الجليحاوي
Supervisor name: قاسم يوسف شتيت الشمري
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: This study (formats ground in Afak spend in Qadisiyah province (the study of applied geomorphology)), as a researcher in which relied on field studies and office sources of books, letters and Alatarih and university research magazines and periodicals court, government publications, topographic maps and detailed pertaining to the region and the analysis and interpretation of visual space by using Arc program GIS.10, The study aims to study the shapes ground prevailing disclosed in Afak district, and through the show and explain natural factors and processes geomorphological prevailing in the region and influencing the composition and measuring its activity and to identify the implications of real - time and future, in addition to identifying these forms or manifestations that prevail in the region and measurement and its dimensions and their impact in the study area and the production of detailed geomorphological map representing most of the formats in the region geomorphological As well as identify the impact of geomorphological phenomena operations resulting human activity, is the study area is part of the sedimentary easy Iraqi geologically, as the geological configuration with associated geological developments that have occurred in Iraq and the region, though geological formations phenomenon on the surface of the region is configurations time four - wheel which covers the general study area are classified in turn to the river sediments and wind. The study included four seasons, It first chapter discusses the natural characteristics of the area, which meant the situation tectonic and structural, geological structure, the manifestations of the general surface, climatic characteristics, water resources, soil properties, natural vegetation, while the second chapter included a study geomorphological processes prevailing in the region, has been split operations according to its impact in a variety of forms to traumatic operations Morvotktonah, operations Morfumnachah, water system and processes Alheidrogiomorvologih resulting from it, life operations, While the third chapter forms the ground conditions in the study area, has been through this chapter addressed to the formats ground Altaroah of forms ground caused by water erosion and forms the floor caused by wind erosion, forms the floor caused by weathering processes, forms the floor caused by sedimentation and of forms of ground water caused by sedimentation, the shapes resulting from traumatic Alriha sedimentation processes, forms the ground resulting from Almorvotktonah processes, forms the ground resulting from the work of living organisms, Chapter four interested in studying the impact of geomorphological processes and phenomena caused by human activity and of settlement, agriculture, irrigation, industry, transport, tourism, the study concludes with a set of conclusions and recommendations.

الحوكمة الالكترونية لمدينة بغداد : دراســـة كارتوغرافية في نظم المعلومات الجغرافية GIS == E - government to the City of Baghdad Cartography Study in GIS)

Author name: سرى عماد وهيب القيسي
Supervisor name: عبد الزهرة شلش زامل العتابي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: ان الاهتمام المتزايد بمواكبة التقدم التكنولوجي الحاصل بشكل متسارع في العالم ادى الى ان يتجه العراق الذي يحاول النهوض ومسايرة الاتجاه العالمي نحو تنظيم البيانات وتبويبها والافادة من عصر تكنولوجيا المعلومات، لتزويد المواطن بالخدمات الرقمية والالكترونية والمحاولة للنهوض بالواقع الخدمي للوزارات ،ومدى تفاعلها لاختصار الوقت والجهد والكلفة ومحاولة النهوض ،لذا كان الغرض من الدراسة محاولة الوقوف على مسار العراق نحو الاتجاه الى الارشفة الالكترونية،وتبويب البيانات وحوكمتها،للافادة من التكنولوجيا العالمية ومحاولة تقليل الهدر بالموارد وتقليل الفساد ،من خلال انظمة الحوكمة التي تمكن الدولة من المراقبة الالية والسريعة للموارد.لذلك فقد جرى اختيار موضوع الدراسة (الحوكمة الالكترونية لمدينة بغداد دراسة كارتوغرافية في نظم المعلومات الجغرافية GIS) ،وجرت من خلاله دراسة التجارب العربية ومقارنة العراق ببعضها والوقوف على مدى جاهزية وزارات العراق والعاصمة بغداد لتفيذ هذه التقني التي تخدم الحكومة والمواطنين.و الكشف عن المشاريع الفعلية لنظام الحوكمة الالكترونية في بغداد بشكل خاص والعراق بشكل عام ،لذا تم مسح الوزارات جميعها واختيار بعض الوزارات التي فيها مشاريع فعلية للحوكمة الالكترونية ، وذات الوزارات التي فيها مراكز لنظم المعلومات الجغرافية بشكل متقدم، ومعلومات خدمية ايضا" ولها بعد جغرافي على الارض ، وكذلك جرت مقارنة العراق بمصر والاردن لتقارب الانظمة المعلوماتية وتاريخ بدء الحوكمة الالكترونية في كلا البلدين.وقد اشارت النتائج الى ان العراق على الرغم من بداء بالعمل بالحوكمة الالكترونية في عام 2011 الا ان مشروع الحوكمة الالكترونية لم ير الاهتمام الكافي والفعال في ميزانية الدولة ،على الرغم من المنافع الكبيرة . التي حققتها الوزارات العاملة بهذا الصدد، وكذلك قلة التخصيصات والكوادر المدربة على العمل بهذا المشروع فضلا عن تسارع العالم ،وهذا ما يجعل العراق ان يتخذ خطوات جدية وفعالة ليتماشى مع المحيط العربي والعالمي. | The growing interest to keep pace with development and technological progress happening rapidly in the world led to turning Iraq forced "and succumb to his motorcade global trend towards organizing data, classify and take advantage of the information age technology for providing citizens with digital and electronic services and try to promote the reality service ministries and how they interact to shorten the time, effort and cost, and to keep pace world, So The goal of the study came in the attempt to stand on Iraq's path towards the direction to archiving and electronic tabulation of data and governance to take advantage of global technology and try to lack of wastage of resources and reduce corruption through governance systems that enable the state to control the mechanism and rapid for resources. So it has been chosen subject of study (E - government to the city of Baghdad Cartography study in GIS. through which the study of Arab experiences and comparing Iraq with them and stand on the readiness of Iraqi ministries which geographical location in Baghdad ,and what are the actual enterprise which is engaged in Iraq and Baghdad in e - government therefore has been cleared of all ministries and selected ten ministries where concrete projects for electronic governance which is relevant ministries in which the centers of GIS has advanced, the same as well, "service and has a geographic dimension on the ground It has also been" compared Iraq, With Egypt and Jordan to the convergence of computer systems and the date of the start of E - governance in both countries. The results showed that, despite Iraq introduction of E - governance in 2011, but e - governance project did not find sufficient and active interest in the state budget despite the significant benefits achieved by working in this regard ministries as well as the lack of allocations and trained staff to work in this project as well as the acceleration of the world, especially the "Arab states governance information and this is what makes Iraq away from the World Ocean

التلوث البصري وابعاده المكانية في مدينة بغداد - الرصافة == Visual pollution and spatial dimensions in the city of Baghdad - Al Rusafa

Author name: سها فاضل عباس
Supervisor name: لطيف ماجد ابراهيم المشهداني
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Optical pollution considered vital base in building a balanced environment for all its components and its elements.The study of optical pollution along with its spatial dimensions in Baghdad - Rusafa leading to discover optical pollutions and its spatial distribution in the area of the study via using scientific methods based on field study. The study includes randomly distribution about 033 questionnaire , every 033 questionnaire for each area ( Al - Muthana, Al - Shaab, Al - Rasheed camp). Besides, using many statistic means through which it has been formed discrepancy in levels of optical pollutions . It has been depended on information got from the samples that confirmed existing discrepancy in optical levels pollutions.The study confirms on the following : 0. Reasons leading to the appearance of optical pollution in Rusafa.2. Systems and environmental legislations to get better of uncivilized behaviors have not existed .0. Existing differences in economic, scientific , cultural and social awareness, along with environmental awareness amongst the residents .4. Activating not the work of committees in Baghdad Municipality and its role in removing commercial and residential overpasses Differences of pollution phenomena optically from place to another
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