First pages:

دور التركيز الملحي والخصائص المعدنية لترب محافظة البصرة في العلاقة بين النسبة المئوية للصوديوم المتبادل ESP ونسبة امتزاز الصوديوم SAR == Role of Saline Concentration and Mineral Properties of Basrah Soils on The Relationship Between Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP) and Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR).

Author name: علاء حسين علي البدران

Supervisor name: محمد مالك ياسين

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Soil and Water

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: Three laboratory experiments were conducted to study the ionic exchangeable relation for sodium - calcium cations to calculated the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR).1 - First experiment was included to use two standard clay minerals, kaolinite (1 : 1) layers and montmorillonite (2 : 1) layers with solutions of several SARs (2,4,8,24,48 and 96) (m mole L - 1)0.5 at four ionic strength (20,40,80 and 240 ) mmol L - 1. The results showed, increasing ESP with increasing SAR for both clay minerals. The equations (liner, exponential, logarithm, quadratic, power, ,exponential curved, U. S. salinity laboratory and developed ) were used to description the relationship between ESP and SAR by correlation (R2) and the root of mean standard error (rmse). The exponential curve equation ESP= A+ B(D)SAR which (A, B and D) coefficients regression was more capability in prediction of ESP from SAR and it be the nearest to really value ESP comparing with other equations at various ionic strength and for both clay minerals. This equation tended to show the increase of ESP values with increasing ionic strength for kaolinite mineral and raising the constant (A), but not with montmorillonite. Also the results showed high significant differences (p<0.01) for coefficients regression parameters (A, B and D) at ionic strength (40, 80 and 240) mmole L - 1 between two minerals, while the significant was in coefficient (D) in 20 mmole L - 1 only. The Vanslow selectivity coefficient (Kv) gave the best description of the prefence ability of the exchange surfaces to cations Na - Ca exchange comparing with Gapon selectivity coefficient (KG).2 - Second experiment : Twenty seven locations represents Basrah province soils (1 - AL - Fao, 2 - AL - Maamer, 3 - ASSiba, 4 - AL oga, 5 - Naher kouz, 6 - Abo Mughera, 7 - Assibiliat, 8 - Mehalla, 9 - Hammdan, 10 - yousfan, 11 - Mehagran, 12 - Auassyan, 13 - AL - karma, 14 - AL - Hartha, 15 - Adear , 16 and 17 - (Ahwar - Adear) two places from marshes of Adear, 18 - Asharsh, 19 - AL - Qurna, 20 - AL - Hweer, 21 and 22 - (Ahwar AL - Hweer) two places from marshes of AL Hweer, 23 - AL - Mudayna, 24 and 25 - (Ahwar AL - Mudayna) two places from marshes of AL Mudayna , 26 - Azubair, 27 - Saffwan) with depth (0 - 30) cm were selected to study sodium - calcium exchange and measurements ESP and SAR. Generally the results referred to the soils contain the clay minerals montmorillonite, chlorite, illite, kaolinite, chlorite - montmorillonite interstratification and illite - Palygorskite interstratification with the different rates. After testing the previous equations for relationship between ESP and SAR for the soils, we found the exponential cure was a best equations (R2= 0.920), (rmse= 7.740) for describe the ESP - SARI116relationship comparing with others studying equations. The salinity factor had clear role in effect of the measuring ESP from ESP - SAR relationship, but there was no apparent influence for minerals composition, may be because the interaction between clays type, minerals ratio and soil properties. Also (Kv) gave more accuracy in description for surfaces preference of sodium - calcium exchange compared with (KG).3 - Third experiment : Five types of soils were selected from prior locations in second experiment, which are different in SAR, ESP , EC and other properties (1 - AL - Fao, 8 - Mihalla, 16 - Ahwar Ader first location ,22 - Ahwar AL - Hweer second location, 23 - AL Mudayna) were placed in plastic column to 30 cm depth and 10 cm diameter. Four irrigation water salinity of (1,4,8 and12)ds m - 1 were irrigated to field capacity for ten times. After drying the columns were divided to two parts, 0 - 15 and 15 - 30 cm, then the prior equation were as 1st and 2nd experiments. The results showed that superiority equation of exponential curved compared with other equations in ESP from SAR (R2=0.94) and (rmse=14.379). The study showed to potentiality of alteration the soils to sodic salinity soils with raising of salt concentrations as result from irrigation with high water salinity. Also the soil Colloids surfaces showed more sodium preference comparing with calcium through the selectivity coefficient (Kv) in particular with irrigation water salinity increasing except the hoor. Adear soil of first location for two depths which showed its surfaces more calcium preference compared with sodium (Kv<1) in spite of soil salinity increasing.

استجابة نمو وحاصل هجينين هي الذرة الصفراء Zea mays L لمنظم النمو Atonik == RESPONSE GROWTH AND YIELD TWO HYBRIDS OF MAIZE (ZEA MAIZE L.) TO GROWTH REGULATOR ATONIK

Author name: علاء قاسم مزبان

Supervisor name: هيثم عبد السلام علي | كاظن حسن هذيلي

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: Field experiment was conducted during the autumn season of 2015 in Silty clay lome soil, in a field in al - Mijar al - kabeer (40 km south of the Amarah city) to study the effect of the concentration and application methods of growth regulator Atonik on growth and yield of two hybrids of maize (Zea mays L.). A split - split plots design was used in randomized completely block design with three replications.Study involved three concentration of Atonik 0 , 2.5 ml and 5 ml which were given the following symbols (A0, A1 and A2) and three application methods (soaking seeds before planting for five hours, spray once a month after planting and spray two times after one and two months after sowing), Which were given the symbols M1, M2 and M3 and two hybrids of maize (Vito Spanish and French Abacaro), which were given symbol V1 and V2 .The results showed that the concentration A1 differed significantly and gave thehighest charcters for Plant height, number of grain in ear, 300 grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, total chlorophyll content, percentage of protein, and protein yield, which amounted 184.06 cm, 469.68 grain, 61.34 gm , 6.49 tons h - 1, 17.79 tons h - 1, 36.59 %, 40.26 SPAD, 12.34 % , 0.81 tons h - 1 respectively. With an increase of 11.88 % , 14.48 %, 17.13 %, 31.11 %, 24.84 %, 5.14 %, 34.20 %, 9.98 %, 44.64 % respectively compared with control (A0). The A2 treatment gave the highest field emergence % anddays from planting to 50 % anthesis and silking, stalk diameter and leaf area, which were (88.38 % ,56.17 days, 61.67 days, 2.51 cm and 5027 cm2), respectively.Resulted also showed that the application method (M3) lead to increase both the number of grain in ear (464.53 grain), 300 grain weight (61.60 gm), grain yield (6.44 ton h - 1), biological yield (17.83 ton h - 1), total chlorophyll content (38.38 SPAD), percentage of protein (12.30 %) and protein yield (0.80 ton h - 1).While overtook application method M2 in leaf area 5023 cm days from planting to 50 % anthesis and silking 57.06 and 62.28 days respectively. Whereas M1 method gave the highest stalk diameter of 2.32cm. Also the results showed that the hybrid V2 differed significantly compared with V1 and gave the highest grain yield (6.17 ton h - 1), and the highest percentage of protein (12.22 %). While hybrid V1 was overcome in field emergence % , days from planting to 50 % anthesis and silking and stalk diameter. The results obtained showed that there was significant interaction between A and M for some growth traits and grain yield in which ( A1 x M3) gave highest Plant height (191.63 cm), number of grain in ear (497.82 grain), 300 grain weight (67.56 gm), grain yield (7.31 ton h - 1), percentage of protein 13.22%, and protein yield (0.97 ton h - 1). Also (A2 x M2) interaction treatment gave the highest values in days from planting to 50 % anthesis and silking (55.00 days, 60.50 days respectively) and leaf area (5585 cm - 2). Whilst (A2 xM1) interaction treatment gave the highest stalk diameter (2.78 cm). The interaction between the A and V treatment recorded a (A1 x V2) more number grain in ear (497.97 grain), protein yield (0.91 ton h - 1).While (A2 x V1) treatment was confined on some growth traits only. Also was the interaction between V and M recorded a significant effect in plant height, stalk diameter, number of grains in ear. The (A2 × M2 × V2) interaction treatment gave the highest leaf area of 5878 cm2. While (A1 × M3 × V2) interaction treatmentgave the highest biological yield of 21.36 ton h - 1, and total chlorophyll content of 49.90 SPAD. recorded a the treatment (A2 × M3 × V2) harvest index (39.97 %) .

تشخيص فطري Trichoderma viride وTrichoderma harzianum بتقنية PCR واستخدامهما في تحسين القيمة الغذائية لمتبن واداء الحملان العرابية == Identification ofTrichodermaviride andTrichodermaharzianum by using Molecular Technique and Used to ImproveFeeding Value of Straw and Performance of Arabi Lambs

Author name: ميثم خلف علي الغالبي

Supervisor name: عماد فلاح حسن | طالب احمد جايد

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Zoology

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The objectives of current study were to identify Trichoderma viridi and Trichoderma harzianum by genetics methods and used them singly or both (3% for each treatment) in improvement of barley straw and animal performance. A total of 20Arabi lambs aged about 3 - 4months with an average weight of 22.725±1.43 kg distributed randomly and equally to four nutritional treatments. Lambs fed individually as 2% of body weight, while straw was given ad libtium. The results obtained can be summarized as follows : 1 - The study was able to identify TV and TH using three different PCR techniques, which are PCR - RAPD, PCR - ITS and PCR - IGS.TV and TH showed three and two bands respectively when using PCR - RAPD at nearly 600bp.While both fungi showed one band by using PCR - ITS and PCR - IGS and at nearly 600 and 2,400bp respectively.2 - Using both fungi (treatment 4) resulted in a significant improvement in the chemical composition of the straw through the high content of crude protein and low crude fiber, ADF and NDF compared to untreated straw.3 - There were improvements indigestibilityofcrude protein, fiber, cellulose, hemicellulose, ADFand NDF when the both fungi treatment was used. As well as total digestible nutrients of the fungus treated groups in comparison with untreated straw (control group).4 - Feed intake of treated straw groups increased significantly compared to untreated straw groupwiththe superiority of the group that was treated with both fungi (639.91 - 826.30 gm/head/day for control and both fungi group respectively). As well as there wasa significant improvement in feed conversion efficiency of a group treated with both fungi in comparison of other groups (6.38 - 5.52 kg feed/kg growth rate respectively).5 - Rumen pH, ammonia and total volatile fatty acid of lambs fed treated straw (6.22 - 6.89, 10.00 - 18.69; 11.35 - 13.61 for control115group and both fungi group respectively) were significantly higher than those of untreated group.6 - There were significant improvements in lambs’bodyweigh tsand their absolute and relative gains when fed treated straw (37.82 kg, 14.97kg and 65.67% respectively) especially the group fed both fungi in comparison with untreated group (32.79 kg, 10.03kg and 43.89%respectively).7 - Globulin, AST and ALT was not significantly influenced bytreated straw. On the contrary, there were a significant increase inhemoglobin, glucose, total protein, albumin and albumin/globulin ratio of the treated groupcompared with the untreated straw. While a significant decrease in urea and cholesterollevelin theblood serumof treated groups in comparison with untreated group.8 - Economic evaluation ofadding fungitostrawshowed improvement inthe relativeeconomic efficiencyby26.2%, 37.0% and 59.5% for adding TVorTH or bothtogetherrespectively. Adding fungi decreasedthe cost of feed from 46.65Dinars/ kg increase in body weight gains incase of untreated straw to 40.15dinars/ kg when adding both fungi.

د راسة بيئية مقارنة لنوعين من اللافقريات البرنقيل Amphibalanus amphitrite (Darwin, 1854) والدودة الحلقية Namalycastis indica (Southern, 1921) في محطتين في شط العرب == Comparative ecological study of two species of invertebrates Amphibalanus amphitrite (Darwin, 1854)and Namalycastis indica (Southern, 1921) in two stations of Shatt Al - Arab River

Author name: نور سعد احمد الحمادي

Supervisor name: انتصار نعيم سلطان | جاسم محسن عبد

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The present research aimed to study two invertebrate speciesAmphibalanus amphitrite (Darwin, 1854) and Namalycastis indica(Southern, 1921) in two stations along Shatt Al - Arab River in Basrahprovince, southern Iraq. Two stations were selected for this purpose,these two stations were affected by the tidal phenomenon, namely Abu - Alkhaseeb and Karmat Ali.The samples were collected monthly for the period from October 2015 - September 2016. Environmental factors represented by the temperature(air and water), salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen and biological oxygendemand, calcium and nitrates as well as knowledge of soil tissues weremeasured. Samples of the animals were collected by five replicates inAbu - Alkhaseeb station and four replicates in the Karmat Ali station, thenisolated and washed with running water and preserved in numbered plastic bags and were classified based on the taxonomic keys. The total densities of the two animals were detected in addition to the density in the vertical distribution. The statistical evidence was used to find out the differences in the density. Population sizes of the two animals were study and divided into volumetric categories, the process of separating generations was conducted by using probability graph paper to get the true age of the animal as well as study for each class to learn biomass and secondary production.The results of the environmental factors showed that the ranges of parameters as following : air temperature 13.5 - 41.4 °C and water temperature 11.8 - 34.9° at Abu Al - Khaseeb station; air temperature 11.3 - 45 °C, water temperature 10 - 37 °C at Karma Station, pH 6.9 - 8.8 at Abu Al - Khaseeb station and 7.14 - 8.5 at Karma station, salinity 4.22 - 6.6 ppt at Abu Al - Khaseeb station and in Karma station 5 - 7.1 ppt. For dissolved oxygen 6.2 - 11.1 mg/L at Abu Al - Khaseeb station and at Karma station 6 - 12.4 mg/L, biological oxygen demand 1.58 - 4.02 mg/L at Abu Al - Khaseeb station and 2.04 - 5.88 mg/L at Karma station, calcium concentration at Abu Al - Khaseeb station was 160 - 175 mg/L and Karma station 160 - 190 mg/L, nitrate concentration 13.9 - 15.6 mg/L, 14.2 - 17 mg/L at Abu Al - Khaseeb and Karma stations respectively. And tissues of soil were silty clay Abu Al - Khaseeb station and loamy clay in Karma Ali station.The monthly density of each animal was calculated at each station. For barnacle the highest percentage was 2740 individuals/m2 recorded in April 2016 at Abu Al - Khaseeb, the highest percentage in the Karma station was 890 individuals/m2 recorded in October 2015, and for worms was an average of 70 individuals/m2 and 184 individuals/m2 recorded in October and November at Abu Al - Khaseeb and Karma stations respectively. The structure of population sizes was also studied to determine the changes in the population. To illustrate this, it was divided into six categories of barnacle and seven categories of worms.The study examined the of length - weight relationships (dry, ash and organic matter) and to study the total biomass content and the volume groups of each generation of the two populations by multiplying the density of individual/m2 for each generation by dry weight, ash and organic matter. Abu Al - Khaseeb had H generation 7.27 g/m2 dry weight, 5.30 g/m2 for ash weight and 1.63 g/m2 for organic matter, H generation in Karma was the highest mass of 2.338 g/m2 for dry weight and 1.694 g/m2 for ash weight and 0.527 g/m2 for organic matter.The monthly biomass B g/m2 was calculated from adding of the biomasses for each generation and the average (B) of the biomass was derived from divided the sum of the biomass for the months of the year on total sampling month. Total annual secondary production was calculated for each generation of population groups in terms of dry weight, ash and organic matter using the method which summarized in the calculation of density average multiplied by the difference in weight.The highest value of barnacle at Abu Al - Khaseeb was 14.5367 g/m2 for ash weight and 4.536 g/m2 for organic matter, for worms were 2.228 g/m2 for ash and 2.8397 g/m2. In the Karmat Ali, the barnacle had 5.800 g/m2 of ash and 1.0794 g/m2 of organic matter, the worms had 7.583 g/m2 for ash and 9.2845 g/m2 for organic matter.The rate of growth of the two animals was detected by finding the average length of each generation of the population groups per month for each animal. In order to achieve a curate result on the age of the animal in the field and the calculation of its productivity it was necessary to conduct the process of separation of the generations of the population group and therefore used the Probability graph paper method, thepopulation of both studied animals is polymodel.

الدورة التكاثرية للروبيان النهري الشرقي Macrobrachium nipponenseو (De Haan, 1849 [In De Haan, 1833 - 1850]) ارتباطها ببعض العوامل البيئية في نهر المسحب جنوب شرق هور الحمار، البصرة، العراق == Reproductive cycle of Oriental River Prawn Macrobrachium nipponense (De Haan, 1849 [ In De Haan, 1833 - 1850]) and its correlation with environmental factors in Al - Masshab River, Southern East of Al - Hammar Marsh, Basrah, Iraq

Author name: اشواق طالب عباس

Supervisor name: عبد الحسین حاتم غازي | عبد الحسین حاتم غازي

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The present study, investigated the reproductive cycle of freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense during period from December 2015 to November 2016 at Al - Masshab River, Southern of East Al - Hammar Marsh/ Basrah. The water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolve oxygen and turbidity were recorded, the maximum average for water temperature was 28 ºC recorded in July, while the minimum was 12 ºC in January. Water salinity was fluctuation between 0.8 - 2 ppt. in April and November respectively. pH values ware recorded between 7 - 7.6 during all study months. The minimum of oxygen concentration was 5.5 mg/ L in July and the maximum 8.29 mg/ L in the December. Also there are some changes in turbidity of water, the lower was 15.3 NTU in February and the highest was 40.1 NTU in the April. The results of length groups showed, occurrence of group between 44 - 35 mm for females and between 54 - 36 mm for males. The minimum length for females was 48.3 mm in November, and for males was 52.1 mm in November. While themaximum length for females and males were 69.1 mm and 74.7 mm in September and August respectively. The minimum average of weight was recorded in the November for females and males ( 1.6 and 2.0 ) gm respectively, while the maximum average was 4.3 gm for females in September and 4.5 gm for males in August. The total carapace length for females between ( 19.3 - 32.5 ) mm in November and September respectively , and for males was between 21.0 - 31.6 mm for the same period. Length - weight parameters (a and b) of the equation : W = aLb were estimated for M. nipponense , positive correlation ( r= 0.67) for females and ( r= 0.90 ) for males, while the relationship between carapace length and total length were (r = 74) for females and (r = 0.85) for males. Additional to relationship between carapace length and body weight were (r= 62) for females and (r = 0.75) for males. The highest Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) was 10.6 recorded in September, and the lower was 2.7 recorded in July. In this study we observed two peaks for reproductive, the first in Jun. and second in the August. The best percentage for ovigorous was recorded in August 98.7 % whereas, percentage of the non ovigorous in this month was 1.3 % .The condition factor for females was changed between 1.1 during November and 2.10 during September. While for males was between 1.3 to 2.9 during November and August respectively. The seasonal variations in the sex ratio of prawn was different according reproductive cycle, and there was more females than males during reproductive period. The minimum was 1 : 0.17 ( male / female) in February and the maximum percentage was 1 : 9.00 ( male / female) in the Jun. The overall fecundity of 307 ovigorous female of M. nipponense was calculated, the Absolute fecundity ranged from (799 - 2047) egg/ individual, while the relative fecundity between (208 - 578) egg/ gm. The correlations of fecundity with total length and fecundity with body weight were positive for both, it were r= 94 and r= 0.90 respectively. Additional, the eggs had been classified into four stages, based on the external morphological characters such as colour ,size and histological. Egg dimensions varied between 675 + 28 to 763 + 31 μm.

دور استحلاب المشتقات النفطية في بعض خصائص التربة الفيزيائية وكفاءة استعمال المياه لمحصول الذرة الصفراء Zea mays. L == Role of oil derivative Emulsification on some soil physical properties and water used efficiency of maize crop (Zea mays, L.)

Author name: يحيى جهاد شبيب

Supervisor name: علي حمضي ذياب المالكي | داخل راضي نديوي

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Soil and Water - Soil Physics

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The study was conducted in Agriculture College farm / Basra University - Karmat Ali location, on alluvial silty clay soil (typic Torrifluvent) during autumnal season / 2014, to study the effect of three factors : the first factors; oil conditioners deliver type with three types ( fuel oil(FO), spent lubricated oil(SLO) and Bitumen(B) emulsion); the second factor : the level of addition within four levels (0 ,0.1,0.3 and 0.5% w/w to dry soil weight); and third factor, emulsification factor with two treatments(1st treatment, mixture of oil conditioner and water without emulsification process, and 2nd treatment the mixture of oil with water emulsification by addition artificial anionic emulsified agent (surfactant) with concentration 7 Mmol ,by using enough water quantity equal to soil saturation. Mechanical mixer was used to mixing and emulsification processes and to controlling the quantities of water, oil conditioner and surfactant by using accurate feeders and adjusted valve to suit required amount of each materials. The resultant mixture or emulsion is added to experimental units (plot with distance 10*2 m) by using a plastic pipe under pump pressure, the studied factors were combined in factorial experiment by using Randomized Complete Blocks Design with three replicates After the factorial completions were done soils in all plots were allowed to dissicated in order to evaporate most water from the mixture emulsion, then soil samples are collected from 0 - 20 ,20 - 40 cm depth to measure the quantities and penetration of oil compounds in soil profile.After that, the experimental units are planted with Corn seeds (zea mays) by paralled rows, Irrigation was doing periodically to compensate water content deficit to field capacity content with 20% leaching requirements.Also, Soil samples were collected at 0 - 20 cm and 20 - 40 cm depths at the beginning and end of growth season to measure bulk density, mean weight diameter (MWD). Also, some samples were collected at same depths after 48 hours of irrigation and prior to next irrigation in order to measure moisture content and saline distribution at the end of growth season, infiltration rate, soil moisture characteristic curve, frontal water movement of horizontal wetting advance and reduction in the ression of water from the soil surface. Moreover, the parameters of plant growth including plant length, dry weight, Corncobs weight and weight of 300 seeds of corn yield. The results reached can be summarized as follows : 1 - Addition of emulsion conditioners leads to the increase of penetration and distribution of oil compounds in soil depth compared with non - emulsionBconditioner, FO and SLO have greater impact in comparison with Bitumen Emulsion.2 - Mean weight diameter (MWD), and soil moisture content significantly increase wherever bulk density decreased due to the use of oil conditioners. That improvement is directly proportional with the level of conditioners up to 0.3%, with significant superiority for FO and SLO over the Bitumen .The emulsification oil by added emulsified agent has significant impact to improvement these soil physical properties comparison with non - emulsification oil treatment.3 - Results show a significant decrease of salt content with increasing the addition of oil conditioner up to 0.3%, with significant superiority of FO and SLO over the Bitumen Emulsion, with chiefly superiority emulsified conditioner over the non - emulsified conditioner.4 - Infiltration and infiltration rate increased in emulsified conditioners over non - emulsified conditioners depending on the variation of oil conditioner type, with prevalence of 0.3% level following by 0.5 %, Then 0.1% level. Highest values are achieved in FO and SLO comparison with the Bitumen Emulsion.5 - The results of soil moisture characteristic curve show the highest available water extracted from soil treated with oil conditioners emulsion under low tension, and this impact is significantly proportional with the increase of addition level from 0.1 - 0.5%, with significant superiority of FO and SLO over the Bitumen Emulsion6 - Emulsification of oil conditioners leads to increase the frontal water movement of horizontal wetting advance and reduction in the recession of water from the soil surface, and this impact is significantly proportional with the increase of addition level up to 0.3% limit with significant superiority of FO and SLO over the Bitumen Emulsion.7 - Results show significant increase of irrigation efficiency and water use efficiency for emulsified oil conditioners in comparison of non - emulsified conditioners. These efficiencies increases with addition level increase up to 0.3%, with significant exceedance of FO and SLO over the Bitumen Emulsion.8 - There is demonstrated significant increase of plants height, dry matter, Corn cobs weight and weight 300 seeds of Corn cobs for emulsified conditioners over non - emulsified conditioners, This effect is directly increase with increase of addition level up to 0.3 % , with a clear prevalence of FO and SLO over the Bitumen Emulsion.

تاثير مستويات النتروجين بواسطة منظومة الري بالتنقيط السطحي وتحت السطحي في حركة الامونيوم والنترات ونمو وانتاجية الطماطم Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. في تربة صحراوية == Influence of Nitrogen Levels Fertilizer Applied Through Surface and Subsurface Drip Irrigation on ? And + Movement in Soil, Growth and Yield of Tomato Plant (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) Grown in Desert Soil.

Author name: يحيى هلال منسي

Supervisor name: عبد المهدي صالح حسين الانصاري

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Soil and Water

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: A field experiment was carried out in Al - Berijessia district at Al - Zubair region, Government Basrah, south of Iraq, during growing season of 2013 - 2014. The objective of the study was to reveal the influence of N - Fertilizer applied through the drip irrigation system on 3− and ????????4+ vertical and horizontal movement in soil, N, P and K concentration in leaves, N uptake, and recovery in addition to total yield of tomato plants grown in sandy loam soil. Nitrogen as urea was applied at rate of 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg ha - 1 through surface and subsurface fertigation in six doses and started two weeks after transplanting. This was done along with phosphorus (100 kg ha - 1) as super phosphate and potassium (250 kg ha - 1) as potassium sulphate. All fertilizers were injected into irrigation water. Soil samples were collected from belw the drippers of depth 15 cm down 45 cm along with radical line originating at the dripper at distance of 15 cm up to 45 cm. Samples of soil and leaves of plants were collected at four growth stages (i.e. flowering, setting of fruit, maturity of first fruit and full maturity stage). ????????3− and ????????4+ concentration in soil collected samples were determined. Leaves samples were oven - dried at 70 C, grounded then N, P, K concentration were determined. Total dry weight of plant was obtained by harvesting whole plant and dried at 70 C. Nitrogen uptake and N recovery were calculated. Early and final yield were recorded. Results of the study showed : 1. ????????4+ and ????????3− concentration in soil increased significantly as N rate increased from 0 to 400 kg N ha - 1 , however ????????4+ concentration decreased, but ????????3− concentration increased as samples depth and vertical distance increased from 0 to 45 cm at both application method. Concentrations of ????????4+ and ????????3− in soil samples of sub - surface fertigation were higher than those of surface fertigation.2. N, P, &K - concentration, N - uptake, and total dry weight increased significantly as N rate increased at both application methods. However, values of plants fertigated through subsurface fertigation were higher than those fertigated through surface fertigation.3. Application of N fertilizer significantly increased early and total yield at both fertigation methods. However, yield of plants fertigated with subsurface system were (as average) higher than those irrigated with surface system. Maximum early and total yield was achieved at 100 & 300 kg N ha - 1 and were 19.39 ton h - 1 and 58.18 ton h - 1 respectively at subsurface fertigation

تاثير نظام الزراعة واضافة السماد Moench النتروجيني في نمو وحاصل محصولي الذرة البيضاء .Vigna radiata L والماش (.L) Sorghum bicolor == Effect of planting system and Nitrogen fertilizer application on growth and yield of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L). Moench) and Mungbean (Vigna radiate L.)

Author name: ياسين محسن غضيب البهادلي

Supervisor name: علي فرهود ناصر

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: Field experiment executed during 2015 season in farmers' fields in the AL - Maymonh district southwest of Missan province ( about 30 km from city center) in Silty loam soil. The objective of the study was to know the effect of intercropping system and nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of Sorghum and Mungbean, The experiment executed in split - plot in (R.C.B.D) design with three replicates, main plot were include nitrogen fertilizer with four levels (F1=50 , F2=100, F3= 150, F4=200) Kg N ha - 1. While sub plot were include three planting systems (Sorghum only= S1, Mungbean only=S2, one line of Sorghum + one line of Mungbean= S3). Variety kafer of Sorghum and local variety of Mungbean was used. The experiment include 36 experimental units, area of each units (3and studying the following characteristics : Plant height(cm),the number of leaves ,leaf area(cm2),leaf area index for two crops, number of grain in panicle and 1000 grain weight(gm) of sorghum ,number of pod.plant - 1, number of seed.pod - 1 and 1000 seed weight (gm) of Mungbean ,biological yield (t ha - 1) ,total economic yield (t ha - 1),harvest index (%) ,protein percentage (%) for two crops. Results were analyses statistically and mean compared with LSD test, the result of the study showed the following : 1 - Single plant pattern caused significant increasing on plant height of Sorghum and Mungbean, number of leaves; leaf area; leaf area index; number of grain in panicle;number of pod in plant; number of seed in pod; weight of 1000 grain or seed for Sorghum and Mungbean; biological yield of Mungbean; seed yield of Mungbean 1.79 t ha - 1; highest protein percentage of Mungbean. Single planting pattern non - significant in Sorghum biological yield; harvest index of Mungbean. Intercropping pattern caused significant increase in protein percentage of Sorghum and non - significant increase grain yield of Sorghum that gave 4.58 t ha - 1 compared with single plant pattern that gave 4.57 t ha - 1.2 - Increasing N rate increased almost studied characteristics , level of 200 kg N ha - 1 gave highest average of plant height of Sorghum and Mungbean; number of Sorghum leaves; leaf area , leaf area index, biological yield of Sorghum and Mungbean; number of grain in panicle; number of seed in pod; number of pod in plant; highest grain yield of Sorghum 6.50 tha - 1; highest seed yield of Mungbean 2.60 th - 1 and highest harvest index for Sorghum and Mungbean, Application 150 kg N ha - 1 significantly increased protein percentage and gave highest average of Sorghum and Mungbean Application nitrogen fertilizer non - significant on, number of leaves of Mungbean and weight 1000 grain seed for two crops.3 - Results also showed a significant Interaction between nitrogen fertilizer and intercropping pattern ,the highest leaf area; leaf area index; number of seed in pod and biological yield of Mungbean, obtained at treatment (F4*S2),. Intercropping of Sorghum and Mungbean (1 : 1) with nitrogen 200 kg N ha - 1 gave 6.56 t ha - 1 grain yield of Sorghum .The interaction between two planting system non - significant on almost characteristics that mean both two system gave nearly results by effected addition nitrogen fertilizer

دراسة بيئية لحشرة البعوض Culex quinquefasciatusفي محافظة البصرة وامكانية مكافحتها احيائيا وكيميائيا == Study of Environmental of Culex quinquefasciuts and the possibility of biologically and chemically controlled

Author name: وئام صباح تركي

Supervisor name: اياد عبد الوهاب عبد القادر | ليلى عبد الرحمن بيان

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Plant - Prevention

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Plant Protection

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: This study aimed to a field survey of the insect mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus and study environmentally and control by isolating and diagnosing fungi associated with mosquitoes and The effect of sporoes suspense for isolated fungi on the larvae, and the use of bacteria B. thuringiensis in larval control in addition to the diagnosis of some predators with the larvae of the C. quinquefasciatus and calculate density and evaluate their efficiency against predatory larval phases of mosquitoes. As it has been the use of two types of pesticides that goes back to a group of Neonicotinoids Actara and Quickbayt . The results of the study of the field survey the spread of the insect in most of the province of Basra areas as record city center the highest density of mosquito larvae during the months of April and October amounting to 96.00 and 87.66 larvae / half liter of water, respectively, followed by the Shatt al - Arab area which recorded 89.00 and 88.00 larvae / pint water during the months of April and October, while Zubair recorded the lowest ratio of the density of larvae were 4.66 and 8.33 larva / half liter of water for two months. Where the insect has been present in different aquatic sites (water, sewer, water darker pools, Water drainage, wasted tap water) and record heavy sewage highest density in the presence of mosquito larvae. The results of the study showed that the insect C. quinquefasciatus present in most months of the year except August and January, and recorded her two climaxes peak spring (April and May) and autumn peak (October and November. The results also showed that the increase in killing thelarvae grow directly proportional to the increase commentator bacteria B. thuringiensis concentration as the ratio was at 85.00 and 48.33 for the two phases the second and fourth, respectively, when using focus commentator 910 × 3 spore / ml The lowest ratio was killed was at the focus 710 × 3 amounting to 58.34 and 33.34% for the two phases the second and fourth, respectively. The results also showed a non effect of pesticide Quick on the growth of bacteria while he found little effect of the Actara on the growth of bacteria. There are some predators also recorded along the months the year, such as predator Dineutes aereus and Cybister tripuncututus while the presence of the animal crustal Mycrocylops albidus record seasonally in spring and autumn and the results showed efficiency experience predatory predators mentioned above eccentric different larval insect mosquitoes increase in the rate of depreciation against instar first The second fell rate of depreciation against the larval delayed reconstruction (third and fourth). The results showed superiority of the pesticide Quickbayt for pesticide Actara in the proportion of killing the larvae of the second stage and fourth Mosquito as commensurate proportion of directly proportional murder with the increase of the pesticide and type of focus, as the percentage of murders in the pesticide Quickbayt focus 1 g / l to 100% of the two phases the second and fourth, respectively, and decreased the proportion of murders to reach the emphasis 0.25 g / liter 88.34 and 73.34% on the second and fourth phases respectively. while pesticide record Actara highest killed in a concentration 1 g / liter, amounting to 100 and 81.67% on the phases second and fourth in a row and scored concentration of 0.25 g / liter less proportion73.34 and 51.66% for the first larval phases was the second in a row. The integrated control results also showed that the treatment of the pesticide Quickbayt with bacteria Bti gave the highest percentage of killing larvae second phase and the fourth, reaching 93.89 and 77.22%, respectively, while came after the treatment of the pesticide Actara with bacteria Bti where the percentage of murders 77.78 and 60.00% on the second and fourth phases Respectively .

تاثير احلال الشعير المحسن باستخدام التخمير بسائل الكرش واضافة الانزيمات محل الذرة الصفراء في بعض الصفات الانتاجية والفسلجية والكيكروبية لفروج اللحم == The effect of bringing improved barley by fermentation rumen fluid and adding enzymes replace maize in some productive traits , physiological and microbial for broiler chickens

Author name: وليد هيلان سعدون راضي الموسوي

Supervisor name: عبد الله عبد المنعم محمد

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Food

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The current study included two experiments, The labrotary experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of fermented barley with rumen liquor (10 , 20 ml / kg barley) at different inclusion periods (7 ,14 and 21 days) . The results of chemical analysis to crud protein , fat and ash percentage for fermented barley showed increased, and fiber percentage decreased on 10 and 20 ml rumen liquor at 14 days fermented period . The second experiment was included the effect of addition fermented barley by 20 ml rumen liquor for 14 days . A total of 360 unsexed one day old chicks were randomly distributed to eight treatments in three replicated ( 15 chicks/ replicate) . During the experimental period 35 days two diets were fed starter and grower .The treatments as follow : 1 - First treatment of control included 50% maize .2 - Second treatment included the replacement of barley in the rate of 25%. 3 - Three Treatment included the replacement of barley in the rate of 50%.4 - Fourth treatment included the replacement of barley in the rate of 75%.5 - Fifth treatment included the replacement of barley in the rate of 100%.6 - Sixth treatment included the replacement of barley in the rate of 25%+1 g enzymes/ kg feed7 - Seventh treatment included the replacement of barley in the rate of 50% + 1 g enzymes/ kg feed .8 - Eighth treatment included the replacement of barley in the rate of 75%+ 1 g enzymes/ kg feed.The results of this studies indicated that : 1. A significant increase(P <0.05) of mean body weights and body weight gains in T2 as compared with the control treatment while T3 and T4 showed non significant differences as compared with control .2. A significant increase(P <0.05) of accumulative feed consumption and feed conversion efficiency of T5 and T8 but T2 and T3 were given a least significant differences compared with control.3. Non significant increase(P <0.05) of dressing percentage for T2 , T3 and T4 as compared with control treatment . b 4. Treatments T2,T3 , T4 and T5 showed a significant differences (P <0.05) in relative weight of gizzard and cecum compared with enzymes treatments.5. A significant differences of hemoglobin of all treatments as compared with control , while glucose levels were significantly(P <0.05) increased in control and treatments treated with rumen fuid compared with enzyme treatments . but T1 and T2 showed highly significant (P <0.05) in cholesterol levels as compared with others .6. There were significant differences (P <0.05) in logartmic numbers of total bacteria, lactobacillus and bacteria degrading cellulose in rumen fuid treatments as compared with others.7. T2 , T3 ,T4 showed significant differences (P <0.05) in intestinal length as compared with others, while T3,T4,T5,T6,T7 and T8 showed a significant (P <0.05) increase passage rate compared with T1 and T2 .8. T2 and T3 recorded less significantly differences (P <0.05) in viscosity intestinal contain as compared with other treatments . 9. Treatments treated by barley fermented with rumen fuid showed a highly significant (P <0.05) in tibia length , tibia ash percentage , tibia calcium and phosphorus contains as compared with control and treatment treated with enzymes .10. A significant differences (P <0.05) in villus length and the ratio between the length and depth in all treatments as compared with control .11. No significant differences in all treatments as compared with control in the carcass quality .12. The economical benefits of the study fed barley fermented rumen fuid T2,T3,T4 and control showed significant differences (P <0.05) in production index and production coefficient as compared with enzymes treatments.

فصل دهون صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام المحلي ودراسة محتواها الكيميائي وتاثير الخزن على صفاتها الفيزيائية والكيميائية == Separation of local Chicken, Duck, Gees and Ostrich Egg Yolk Fat and Study it’s Chemical Contents and effect of storage on physical , chemical properties

Author name: وفاء علي رحيم الشويلي

Supervisor name: ام البشر حميد جابر الموسوي

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Food

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: تضمنت هذه الدراسة فصل دهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام ودراسة ومحتواه من العناصر المعدنية والاحماض الدهنية المشبعة وغير المشبعة والكولسترول والبروتينات الدهنية (اللايبوبروتين) والدهون الفسفورية (الفوسفولبيدات) والكاروتينات والفيتامينات وصفاته الفيزيائية والكيميائية ومتابعة هذه الصفات بعد مدة خزن 30 و60 و90 يوما.وقد كانت النتائج مايلي.1 - اظهرت نتائج دراسة المحتوى الكيميائي لصفار البيض وجود فروق معنوية بين انواع المدروسة فتراوحت نسبة الرطوبة من 46.60% الى 49.34% في النعام والدجاج على التوالي، والدهن من 31.63% الى 34.65% في بيض الدجاج والوز على التوالي، والبروتين من 15.55% الى 16.75% في بيض الوز والنعام على التوالي، والرماد من 1.00% الى 1.33% في بيض الوز والنعام على التوالي، كان صفار بيض الوز الاعلى في نسبة الدهن.2 - اظهرت نتائج تحليل العناصر المعدنية في الصفار ودهن الصفار ان عنصر الحديد كان اعلى تركيز مقارنة بالعناصر الاخرى فتراوح تركيزه من 8.52 PPM الى 10.08 PPM في الصفار ومن 2.44 PPM الى 9.16 PPM في الدهن، اما العناصر الاخرى فتباينت تراكيزها حسب انواع البيض المدروسة اذ تراوح عنصر الرصاص من 2.48 PPM الى 4.58 PPM في الصفار ومن 2.05 PPM الى PPM 2.53 في الدهن وعنصر الزنك من 0.808 PPM الى 0.852 PPM في الصفار ومن 0.02 PPM الى 2.92 PPM في الدهن اما عنصر الكادميوم فتراوح من 0.117 PPM الى0.259 PPM في الصفار ومن 0.067 PPM الى 0.081 PPM في الدهن وعنصر النحاس من 0.01 PPM الى 0.215 PPM في الصفار ومن 0.05 PPM الى 0.74 PPM في الدهن.3 - قدرت الاحماض الدهنية الكلية في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام وشخصت كمية الاحماض الدهنية ونوعيتها بتقنية الكروموتوغرافيا الغاز المتصل بمطياف الكتلة Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry (GC - MS) واظهرت النتائج ان نسبة الاحماض الدهنية المشبعة وغير المشبعة في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج كانت 45.14% و54.66% على التوالي، وفي دهن صفار بيض البط 45.89% و54.11% على التوالي، اما دهن صفار بيض الوز فكانت نسبة الاحماض الدهنية المشبعة فيه 33.02% وغير المشبعة 65.61% وبلغت اعلى نسبة للاحماض الدهنية غير المشبعة في دهن صفار بيض النعام 82.36% اما الاحماض الدهنية المشبعة 17.11%.4 - قدر محتوى الكولسترول باستعمال الطريقة الكيميائية اذ بلغت اعلى نسبة له في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج 13.56ملغم /غم ثم يليه دهن صفار بيض الوز بنسبة 11.02ملغم /غم، اما نسبته في دهن صفار بيض البط والنعام فقد كانت متقاربة وهي 10.70 و10.60ملغم /غم على التوالي.5 - قدرت تراكيز البروتين الدهني الواطئ الكثافةLow Density Lipoprotein (LDL) والبروتين الدهني العالي الكثافةHigh Density Lipoprotein (HDL) والبروتين الدهني واطئ الكثافة (vLDL)Density Lipoprotein Veryبجهاز Rflatron في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام وكانت تراكيز HDL في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام ( 50 و15و9 و93 ) mg/dl على التوالي، اما LDL فقد كانت ( 20 و21و 18 و33 ) mg/dl وvLDL بلغت ( 327 و253 و239 و250 ) mg/dl على التوالي.6 - قدرت نسبة الدهون الفسفورية في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام وبحسب انواعها Phosphatidyl choline (PC) وethanolamine (PE) Phosphatidyl وlinositol (PI) Phosphatidyl وكانت اعلى نسبة PC مقارنة بالفوسفولبيدات الاخرى لجميع انواع الدهن المدروسة حيث تراوحت قيم PC من 54.3 الى 83.7 في دهن صفار بيض الوز والدجاج على التوالي وPE من 4.7 الى 29.1 دهن صفار بيض الدجاج والوز على التوالي وPI من 2.2 الى 11.3 في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج والوز على التوالي.7 - بينت النتائج ان جميع انواع الدهون المدروسة احتوت على الفيتامينات A وD وE وK ولكن بنسب متفاوتة اذ تراوحت النسبة المئوية لها من 10.2 - 50.8 % لفيتامين A ومن 0.6 - 2.2 % لفيتامين D ومن 11.4 - 32.5 % لفيتامين E ومن 0.4 - 4.5 % لفيتامين K.8 - كان اعلى تركيز للكاروتينات في دهن صفار بيض الوز 192.29 ملغم/غم يليه دهن صفار النعام185.26 ملغم/غم ثم دهن صفار بيض الدجاج 136.83 ملغم/غم ودهن صفار بيض البط 109.56ملغم/غم.9 - الصفات الفيزيائية لدهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام : - - كانت قيم نقطة الانصهار في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج 40 م° والبط 41 م° والوز 39م° والنعام 30 م° وقد لوحظ انخفاض تدريجي خلال مدة الخزن. - اظهرت نتائج التحليل الاحصائي ان قيمة اللزوجة تاثرت معنويا (P<0.05) بين جميع انواع الطيور حيث تراوحت من 10.22الى 16.36 سنتي بويز في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج ومن10.67 الى 17.13سنتي بويز في دهن صفار بيض البط اما في دهن صفار بيض الوز والنعام انخفضت اللزوجة من 15.13 الى 9.45 و13.29 الى 8.2 سنتي بويز على التوالي، وقد تاثرت معنويا بتقدم فترات الخزن. - بينت النتائج ان قيمة معامل الانكسار لدهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام كانت 1.4663 و1.4661 و1.4665 و1.4671 على التوالي، وانخفضت خلال مدة الخزن اذ اتضح من نتائج التحليل الاحصائي وجود فروقات معنوية بينها. - اما قيم الوزن النوعي فقد تاثرت معنويا (P<0.05) بمصدر الدهن وكانت اعلى قيمة للوزن النوعي في دهن صفار بيض النعام 0.9663 وادنى قيمة في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج 0.9622 اما في دهن صفار بيض البط والوز فقد كانت قيمة 0.9632 و0.9650 على التوالي، وقد تاثرت معنويا بتقدم فترات الخزن.10 - اشارت الدراسة الى الصفات الكيميائية لدهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام اذ : - اظهرت نتائج التحليل الاحصائي وجود فروق معنوية (P<0.05) لتاثير مدة الخزن على قيم الرقم اليودي وتراوحت القيم لدهن الصفار بين اقل قيمة في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج 60 واعلى قيمة في دهن صفار بيض النعام 85، اما دهن صفار بيض البط والوز فكانت 67.33 و72.3 على التوالي، وقد انخفضت قيم الرقم اليودي باستمرار مدة الخزن. - اما قيم البيروكسيد فقد بلغت اقل قيمة لها في دهن صفار بيض الوز 0.18 مليمكافئ /كغم واعلى قيمة للبيروكسيد في دهن صفار بيض النعام 0.34 مليمكافئ /كغم ثم دهن صفار بيض البط 0.31 مليمكافئ /كغم واخيرا دهن صفار بيض الدجاج 0.22 مليمكافئ /كغم وقد ارتفعت قيمة البيروكسيد باستمرار فترة الخزن. - بلغت قيم التصبن لدهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام ( 175.2 و179.45 و190.2 و170.2 ) مليمكافئ /كغم على التوالي، وقد ارتفعت قيم التصبن باستمرار مدة الخزن. - كما اظهرت نتائج التحليل الاحصائي وجود تاثر معنوي في قيم الحموضة لدهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام اذ كانت 0.28 و0.31 و0.56 و0.40 ملغم KOH /غم على التوالي، وقد لوحظ ارتفاع قيم الحموضة تدريجيا خلال مدة الخزن | The current Study including of separating chicken, duck, goose and ostrich egg yolk fat and studying its Content of the metallic elements Free fatty acid cholesterol , Lipoproteins , Phospholipids , Carotenes , Vitamins , and its Physical and Chemical properties and flowed after period of storage for 30, 60, 90, days. The results were as follow : 1 - The results of the study of the chemical contents showed significant differences among the sorts of the studied egg and the percentage of the moisture Varied from 46.60% to 49.34% the oil from 31.63% to 34.65% , the protein from 15.55% to 16.75% the ash from 1.00% to 1.33% and the yolk egg of the ducks got the highest percentage of oil . 2 - The results of the metallic elements analysis in the yolk and the oil of the yolk showed that the iron element was the highest in concentration in comparison with other elements . lt varies from 8.52 ppm to 10.08 in the yolk and from 2.44ppm to 9.16ppm in oil . As for the other elements its concentrations varied according to the types of the egg which was used in the study . According to the pb 2.48ppm to 4.58ppm in yolk and from 2.05 to 2.53ppm in the oil , and Zinc element from 0.808 to 0.852ppm in the yolk and form 0.02 ppm to 2.92ppm in the oil . As for the Cadmium element from 0.117 to 0.259ppm in yolk , and 0.067 to 0.081ppm in oil and the CU element varies from 0.01 to 0.215 ppm in yolk and from o.o5ppm to 0.74 ppm in the oil . 3 - The total free fatty acid to the oil of the yolk in the egg of chicken and ducks and ostrich was amounted and the quantity , and quality of the fatty acid was identified by the technique of gas chromatography by mass Spectrometry GC - MS .The results showed that the percent of saturated fatty acid and unsaturated fatty acid for the oil of the yolk in the egg of chicken was from 45.14% and 54.66% respectively and for the oil of the egg of the ducks was from 45.89 to 54.77%, while oil in the yolk of the Gooses egg was 33.02% saturated and 65.661% unsaturated . The highest percentage of the unsaturated fatty acid in the oilof ostriches egg which was 82.36% , while the saturated was 17.11%. 4 - The cholesterol was amounted by using the chemical method where the highest percentage in the yolk oil of the chicken eggs which was reached 13.56 mg/100g . and the duck. Comes then which reached to 11.02 ,while its percentage in the yolk oil of the ducks and ostrich's was approximately 10.70 and 10.60 respectively . 5 - The Concentrations of the Low Density lipoprotein ( LDL ) and the high density lipoprotein by the Rflatron in the yolk oil of the egg of chicken, ducks , Geese and Ostrich and the concentrations were 93,5,15and 50 respectively .while LDL was 33,18,21,20 and vLDL were reached 350, 239, 253 and 327 respectively. 6 - The amount of lipid phosphate in the yolk of the chicken, ducks, Geese, and ostriches egg according to its types (PC) phosphatidyl and ethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidyl inositol (Pl) for all types of the studied yolk were varied from 54.3 to 83.7 for (PE) from 29.1 to 4.1 and (Pl) from 2.2 to 11 .7 - The percentage of vitamin were showed that all lipids studied contained deferent vitamins A, D, E, and K 10.2 - 50.8% for Vit, A , 0.6 - 2.2% for Vit. D, 11.4 - 32.5% for vit. E and 0.4 - 4.5% for vit. K . 8 - The Creations was amounted and the highest Concentration was noticed in the oil of yolk of the Geese mg/g and then the oil of the chicken egg, and the oil of the ducks egg. 9 - The physical properties of the oil in chicken ,ducks, Geese's , ostrich egg were as followed : - The amount of polting point in the oil of the yolk in the chickens egg 40C0 and 41C0 and Geese's 41C and ostriches 30m0 and it reached to alow point through the time of storage . - The result of the statistical analysis showed that the amomt 0f viscosity was influenced (P<0.05) among all types of birds where varied from 16.36 to 10.22 in the oil of the yolk of the chicken egg and from 10.67 to 17.13 in ducks while in Geese and ostrich was lowered from 15.13 to 9.45 and 13.29 to 8.2 respectively . - The results showed that refractive index for the oil in chicken was 1.4663 in ducks was 1.4661 in Geese was 1.4665 and in ostrich was 1.4671 and it was decreased during the period of storage and the statisticed analysis showed that there are significance differences among them. - As for the amomt of the weight it was inflamed by the source of the oil and the highest amount was for the oil in the yolk of ostrich egg 0.9663 and the lowest amomt in chicken 0.9622 while the ducks was 0.9632 , 0.9650 respectively . 10 - The chemical Properties for the yolk lipid of chicken , geese, duckes and ostrich were as follows : - The statistical analysis result showed that there were differences (P<0.05) in period of storage for the lodic number which was from the lowest amount in the chicken egg (60) and highest in lipid of the ostrich egg 85 , while the ducks and geese 67.33 and 72.3 respectively , and the lodin number amomts were decreased by the continuity of the peviod of storage. - The peroxide value reached smallest amount value in geese yolk egg 0.18 mq/kg and highest amount value in ostrich yolk egg oil 0.34 mq/kg then ducks yolk egg oil 0.31 mq/kg finally chicken yolk egg oil 0.22mq/kg and the peroxide value increased by the continuity of the storage period . - The saponification value of chicken egg yolk oil 175.2 mq/kg and ducks yolk egg oil 179.45 mq/kg geese yolk egg oil 190.2 mq/kg and ostrich yolk egg oil 170.2 mq/kg a high point by the continuity of the story period. - The statistical analysis result showed that there is an effect on the acid yolk oil it was 0.40,0.56,0.31, 0.28/KOH respectively and the amount of acid value were increased through the period of storing

دراسة بعض التغيرات المرافقة لتلقيح وعقد ثمار النخيل Phoenix dactylifera L صنفي الحلاوي والساير == study of some accompanying changes to pollination and fruit set of date palm Phoenixe dactylifera L.CV. Hillawi and Sayer

Author name: وسن فوزي فاضل عباس الابریسم

Supervisor name: مؤید فاضل عباس | ابتھاج حنظل التمیمي

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Plant

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The present study was carried out during the growing season of 2014 and 2015 in a private orchard in Shatt Al - Arab with the objective of knowing the effect of pollination 1, 2, 4 and 8 day from opening of female spathes, source of pollen (Ghannami Akhder and Smasmii) and by passing pollination process by spraying unpollinated flowers with the growth regulators and ethephon on certain aspects of the physiology and anatomy of date palm fruits cvs. Hillawi and Sayer. The results may be summarized as follows : 1 - The date pollination had no effect on fruit growth curve, but had a significant effect on length of the khalal stage which was 22, 18, 16 and 15 days for the cv. Hillawi and 24, 20, 18 and 17 days for the cv. Sayer, for the pollination dates 1, 2, 4, and 8 from opening of female spathes. The fruits of Hillawi and Sayer cultivars entered the tamr stage after 19 and 20 weeks from pollination respectively.2 - Fruits produced from flowers pollinated 8 days from opening during the khalal stage was superior in all physical characteristics of the fruit, with the exception of seed weight, which had its highest weight during the first date of pollination, however therewere no significant differences in fruit for both growing seasons, fruits of the cv.Hillawi had the highest values of physical characteristics in cooperation with those of Sayer cv.3 - As for Chemical characteristics of the fruits, the fourth pollination date (8 days from flower opening) gave a significantly highest value of total soluble solids, total sugars and dry matter. The highest values for reducing sugars was recorded during the second date of pollination( 2 days after female spathes opening), fruits of athe cv. Hillawi had the highest values for all those chemical constituents with its highest value with fruit of Sayer cv. 4 - These was significant difference of the unpollinated flowers in free amino acid and soluble proteins content, The second date of pollination gave the highest concentration of free amino acids 3.269mg.g - 1, whereas the fourth pollination date gave the highest1.856mg.gP - 1 P . As for the date of sampling , the fruits record during the third date ( 5 days after pollination) had the highest concentration of both free amino acids and soluble proteins, fruits of the cv. Hillawi had a significantly high concentration of both chemical constituents in comparison with fruits of the Sayer cv.5 - The results showed, that there were significant difference in the concentration of both auxin and cytokinins of the flowers ،422.5 271.5, where the second date of pollination gave the highest concentration of both hormones in the flowers, the date of sampling after pollination, had no effect on the concentration of auxins. however, the third sampling date( 5 days from pollination) had the highest of cytokinins in young fruits cv. Hillawi had the highest values with fruit of Sayer cv. .6 - The fourth date of pollination had the highest percentage ripening whereas the second date of pollination gave the highest fruit set percentage bunch weight during the rutab stage. Fruits of the cv. Hillawi was superior with respect to percentage fruit set, percentage fruit ripening, bunch weight as compared with fruits of the cv. Sayer. As for the effect of pollen source7 - The pollen source had no effect on fruit growth curve, but had a significant effect on the length of the khalal stage, the length of the klalal stage for fruit produced by the pollen Ghannami Akhdar wasb18 and 21 days for fruits of the cvs.Hillawi and Sayer respectively, whereas the length of the khalal stage for fruits produced the Smasmii pollen was 21 and 25 days for both cultivars respectively.8 - Fruit pollinated by Ghannami Akhdar had the highest values for the physical characteristics, as compared with fruits produced by the pollen Smasmii the pollen source Ghannami Akhdar recorded.9 - the highest values for total soluble solids and dry matter, whereas the pollen source Smasmii gave the highest value for the water content and total acidity. Fruit of the cv. Hillawi had the highest value for those chemical constituents as compared with fruits of the cv. Sayer.10 - As for sugars, the increase in reducing and total sugars was slow during early stage of fruit growth, thereafter, there was a rapid increase in sugars which reached its highest values during the 18 the week from pollination. For sucrose, its content in the fruit was at its highest during the 16 th week from pollination. Fruit produced by the pollen source Ghannami Akhdar had a significantly higher content of reducing and total sugars as well as sucrose. Fruits of the cv. Hillawi had a significantly higher sugars as compared with fruits of the Sayer cultivar.11 - As for changes in the activity of the enzymes invertase and cellulose the activity was low during early stage of fruit growth, and the highest level of activity was recorded during the 16 th week from pollination for both enzymes, for fruits of both cultivars. However, the activity of both invertase and cellulose was high for fruits of the Hillawi cv.2093, 787.7 As compared with fruits Sayer.12 - As for auxins, the concentration was in unpollinated female flowers. Fruits produced by the pollen Ghannami Akhdar had the highest concentration of auxins397.3 as compared with fruitscproduced by the pollen source Smasmii, the fifth sampling date( 7 days from pollination) gave the highest auxin concentration of young fruits. The unpollinated flowers of the cv. Hillawi had a significantly higher concentration of auxins as compared with those of the Sayer cv.13 - The study of embryogenesis of female flowers have shown that the process of fertilization took place after 2 days for flowers of Hillawi and Sayer pollinated by the pollen source Ghannami Akhdar, whereas fertilization took place after three days for flowers pollinated with pollen source Smasmii. However, the cv. Hillawi was superior in those characters as compared with the sayer cv.14 - The pollen source also, had a significant effect on percentage fruit set and fruit ripening, bunch weight as compared with fruits produced by the pollen Smasmii. However, fruits of the cv. Hillawi was a significantly superior, in those characteristics.15 - As for the by passing of the process of pollination by treating unpollinated flower with gibberellic acid and ethephon, such treatments had no effect on fruit growth curve, for both cultivars.16 - As for anatomical characteristic of parthenocarpic fruits not treated with gibberellic acid and ethephon(control), it gave the highest number of layers of exocarp, hypodermis and stone cells. The seeded fruits had the highest thickness of the inner mesocarp. Fruits of the cv. Sayer was superior with respect to thickness of the exocarp cells, hypodermis and stone cells, outer and inner mesocarp and tannin cells 259.6, 117.9, 117.8, 810.0, 3734, 773 μm Also, there were a change in the number as the Sayer cv 630.0mmPP. Had the highest number of cells as compared with fruits of the cv.Hillawi. The Hillawi showed the highest width of cells 72.5 μm, as compared with the cv. Sayer, but there were no difference in cell length. The control treatment gave the highest number of cells in pith tissues of parthenocarpic fruit, whereas the seeded fruit gave the highest length and width of cells.17 - treatment with gibberellic acid and ethephon had a significant effect on chemical characteristics of the parthenocarpic fruits treatment with 200mg.l - 1 +1000mg.l - 1 ethephon, caused a significant increase in total sugars and reducing, total soluble solids, and ripening percentage 56.09, 47.97, 59.09, 23.09% for parthenocarpic fruits of both cultivars Hillawi and Sayer. e

تاثير حامض الاسكوربيك وانزيم الكلوكوز اوكسيديز في الصفات النوعية والريولوجية لدقيق الحنطة المحلية ضعيفة الكلوتين == Effect of ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase enzyme on the rheological properties and quality of the local wheat flour of weak gluten

Author name: وسام كريم عبيد الربيعي

Supervisor name: علي احمد الساهي

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Food

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: This study was carried out as an attempt to improve rheological and chemical properties of local wheat flour of weak gluten, by the addition of ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase enzyme as individuals and in synergy, to the flour.The chemical composition of local wheat flour and imported wheat was studied (Eba’e 99 , Rasheed , Bihooth , Australian) . Reduction of protein percentage was noticed of local wheat's varieties compared with protein percentage of imported wheat . The highest protien percentage was in imported wheat 13.55% and the lowest was in Eba’e 99 wheat 12.1% , at the same time ,the highest ash percentage was in Eba’e 99 wheat flour, 1.06%, whereas the highest percentage of fat was in Rasheed variety 1.8% . It was noticed the raise of dry and wet gluten in imported variety flour ,it reached 32.5 , 10.8% frequently. Whereas the results related to the tests of flour strength showed the surpass of imported class that the value of Pelshenke test 250 minutes, Zeleny test was 41 cm3, compared with local variety, Whereas Eba’e 99 variety showed the lowest values compared with studied classes, it reached the value of Pelshenke test 92 minutes, sedimentation test was 20 cm3.The flour used in the study was evaluated of rheological properties for Eba’e 99 wheat flour using farinograph and extensograph tests, to be not useful for bread making, It has Developing and stability times were low. It has a high degree of softening, farinograph quality number were low . Its extension resistance, extensibility and extensograph area were low as compared to those of normal bread flour.The flour (80% extraction) was treated by the addition of ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase as individuals and in synergy, in order to study their effects as improvers in the rheological properties of wheat flour dough. The results were as follows : 1. Ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase possessed a positive effect on the rheological properties when it were added them as improvers to the wheat flour as individuals with Different concentrations. The concentration of 50 ppm and 20 ppm respectively, were the best among different concentrations according to farinograph and extensograph tests.2. Synergetic effect of Ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase was observed highest readings of farinograph test, it reached the value of developing and stability times 5.0 , 4.3 minutes, respectively. It has low in degree of softening 63 FU, Whereas the farinograph quality number was raising to 59. Its extensograph readings were high, the recorded elastic recovery was 4.6, 4.0 and 4.2 at interval times (45, 90, 135) min, respectively.The results treatment of the flour with Ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase as individuals and in synergy showed significant and another non - significant increase in wet and dry gluten content and a significant increase in gluten index. The best results were obtained in the flour which had treated with Ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase as in synergy with concentrations of 40 ppm and 0.001%, respectively in which the gluten index reached 87.09%.A significant increase of disulfide concentration accompanied by a significant decrease in free sulfhydryl concentration were obtained by treating the flour with Ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase, especially with in synergy treatment by which disulfide concentration was significantly raised to 3.421× 10 - 4 mole/gm gluten as compared to control sample (3.101 mole/gm gluten). This effect caused improvement of dough properties especially in retaining of carbon dioxide gas in the gluten network. A significant decrease in loaf weight accompanied by a significant increase in both the volume and specific volume were obtained upon all treatments.The best result was obtained by treating the flour with Ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase, as in synergy with concentrations of 40 ppm and 0.001% .Sensory evaluation of the produced loaf, which was conducted by proficient in cereal chemistry and technology, showed a significant improvement in all of its quality parameters in the treated flour. The effect of Ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase, as in synergy was very clear in improving all of sensory parameters as compared to the untreated flour sample.

تاثير موعد الزراعة ومسافتها والمعاملة بالمحفز الحيوي Bio Health وتداخلاتها في نمو وحاصل الثمار والزيت الطيار لنبات الكراويه Carum carvi L. وفعالياته الكيمواحيائية

Author name: وداد علي عبد سلمان البهادلي

Supervisor name: سميرة عبد الكريم مطرود

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Plant - Gardening

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The present study was conducted during the growing season of 2013/2014 in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Field of the College of Agriculture / Basrah University, to study the effect of sowing date, plant spacing and plant treatment with Bio Health WSG and their interactions on growth and yield of Carum carvi L. plant and its biochemical activities.The study included 12 factorial treatments, which were the combinations of two sowing dates, i.e. 20/9, 10/10 ; three plant spacing , i.e. 20, 30 or 40 cm between plants and other and plant treatment with Bio Health WSG and without treatment. A Complete Randomized Block Design in a factorial experiment was used with three replicates. Treatment means were compared according to the Least Significant Difference (LSD) at probability level of 0.05%.The most important results may be summarized as follows : - 1 - Effect of sowing dates : Cultivated plants on 20/9 had a significant effect in plant height, number of main branches. plant - 1, number of fruiting branches. plant - 1, fresh and dry weights of shoot system. plant - 1, date to the appearance of the first inflorescence, the total number of inflorescences. plant - 1, total number of mini inflorescences. plant - 1, mean of the total number of florets. plant - 1 total sum of fruits. plant - 1 (25.83g), weight of 1000 fruits, the productivity of fruits hectare - 1 (2.695 tons), percentage of volatile oil (3.2%), oil yield .plant - 1 (0.82g), productivity of oil hectare - 1 (84.4g), refractive index of volatile oil, leaves content of total chlorophyll, fruits content of total solubleSummaryBcarbohydrates. Plant cultivated on 10 /10 had a significant effect in volatile oil density and its specific gravity, while there were no significant effects for cultivated date in total number of leaves. plant - 1, total number of mini inflorescences. inflorescence - 1, leaves content of total soluble carbohydrate and total protein percentage in fruits.2 - Effect of plant spacing : Cultivated plants at 40 cm had a significant effects in fresh and dry weights of shoot system. plant - 1, total of mini inflorescences. inflorescence - 1, total number of inflorescences.plant - 1, sum total of fruits .plant - 1 (21.10g). Cultivated plants distance at 30 cm had a significant effects in number of fruiting branches. plant - 1, percentage of volatile oil (3.1%), oil yield per plant (0.60g), productivity of oil per hectare (58.9kg), content of total soluble carbohydrate. Cultivated plants at distance of 20 cm had a significant effects in productivity fruits of per hectare (2.252 tons). On the other hand, there were no significant effects for cultivation distance in plant height, number of main branches. plant - 1, the date of the first appearance of inflorescence, mean of total number of florets . plant - 1, weight of 1000 fruits, volatile oil density, and its specific gravity, leaves content of total soluble carbohydrate and total protein percentage in fruits.3 - Effect of treatment with Bio Health WSGTreated plants with Bio Health WSG gave significant increases in the number of number of fruiting branches. plant - 1, percentage of volatile oil (2.7%), oil yield per plant (0.55g), productivity of oil per hectare (56.0kg), leaves content of total chlorophyll .While, treated plants withBio Health WSG had no significant effect on the other studied characteristics.SummaryC4 - Effect of the interactions : There were a significant effect on all the double and triple interactions in plant height , number of fruiting branches. plant - 1, dry weight of shoot system. plant - 1, total number of inflorescences. plant - 1, total of mini inflorescences. inflorescence - 1, total sum of fruits. plant - 1, productivity of fruits per hectare, percentage of volatile oil, oil yield per plant, productivity of oil per hectare, volatile oil refractive index and its density, leaves content of total chlorophyll, leaves and fruits contents of total soluble carbohydrate. All double and triple interactions except for the interaction of the date of agriculture cultivation and bio Health WSG treatment significant effect in total number of leaves. plant - 1.Double and triple interactions except for the interaction between cultivation distance and bio Health WSG treatment had a significant effect in number of main branches. plant - 1, fresh weight of shoot system, date of the first appearance of inflorescence, rate of the total number of florets. plant - 1, weight of 1000 fruits, specific gravity of oil, leaves content of total soluble carbohydrate. The interference between the distance, cultivation date and bio Health WSG treatment only had significant effect in the total of number of mini inflorescences. inflorescence - 1, and the triple interaction had only significant effect in protein percentage in fruits.5. Chemical components of the volatile oil : A test done by Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry Shimadzu GC MS QP2010 Ultra has showed that the most important chemical volatile oil components were carvone and limonene, whose means were ranged 32.73 - 51 - 55% and 33.34 - 57.05%, respectively. They were differed in their content of these two components, cultivated plants on first date at a distance of 20 cm which treated with bio Health WSG produced theSummaryDcontent of carvone (51.55%), and plants cultivated in the second date at a distance of 40 cm not treated with bio Health WSG produced limonene at a percentage (57.05%).5. Effectiveness of aqueous and alcoholic extracts and oil of the plant against the two types of pathogenic bacteria to human : Test was bone to the effectiveness of four concentrations which were 50, 100, 200, 400 mg.ml - 1 of the aqueous extracts besides, methyl and ethylalcoholic extracts for fruits and roots of the plant at three concentrations which were 25, 50 and 100% of volatile oil of its fruit in vitro on the two types of bacteria tested, i.e. bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by using filter paper disc diffusion method . Each of the ethanolic extract of roots of concentration at 200 mg /ml - 1 and concentration 100% oil were effective of the growth of bacteria E. coli .They reached the diameter of inhibition 20 mm. Methanolic extract of the roots at concentration of 200 mg.ml - 1gater gave the highest inhibition of the growth of bacteria staph. aureus amount 25mm.

انتاج نشا مقاوم واستخدامه في التغليف الدقيق للبكتريا العلاجية == production of resistant starch used in Microencapsulation of probiotic bacteria

Author name: هديل ناظم مراد

Supervisor name: نوفل عبد الامير حسين الحلفي | الاء غازي الهاشمي

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Food

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The chemical composition was estimated for potatoes, sorghum and rice, and was noticed the difference in the chemical composition significantly for this sources. Increasing of moisture as compared with potatoes and rice which reached 76.3% , and sorghum significantly with high proportion of protein, fat and ash (13.80, 2.5 and 1.70)% respectively. The highest proportion of carbohydrate was found in rice as it reached 80.43% .Starch was extracted by the moist method and the chemical composition of starch was studied. The plant sources differed in chemical content, and was observed increasing in moisture significantly for potato starch (12.2%) as compared with sorghum and rice starch, while the superior content of the rice starch was in protein, fat and carbohydrates (1.45 and 0.33 and 90.87)% respectively, and the highest of ash was found in sorghum starch 0.52%.Then the extracted starch was modified from its primary sources physically by the moist thermal treatment and chemically by cross linkages. The physical characteristics of modified starch were studied, and the results were as the following : ● Each of the natural and modified starch from various sources in the physical properties, it was observed increasing in the solubility of the natural starch granules of potatoes, sorghum and rice from the modified starch granules. The solubility was increased gradually by increasing of the temperature, the highest solubility was found in the natural starch granules (6.2, 7.4 and 6.35) % respectively at temperature of 90 ̊C , and (6.14,6.87 and 6.13)% respectively in the modified starch granules by moist thermal method, and (5.4, 5.28 and 5.99)% respectively in the modified starch granules by cross linkages, while inceasing in the swelling of the natural starch granules to each of potatoes, sorghum and rice starch as compared with the modified starch granules and inceasing the swelling gradually by increasing the temperature. The highest swelling was found in the natural starch granules (10.35, 10.18 and 10.17) gram/gram respectively at temperature of 90 ̊C , while for modified starch samples by moist thermal method which reached (9.25, 9.22 and 9) gram/gram respectively and samples of the starch modified by cross linkages reached (8.97, 8.98 and 8.55) gram/gram respectively.●The percentage the percentage of phosphorus in the natural starch extracted from its primary sources was significantly at (P≤ 0.05) with the modified starch varied chemically by cross linkages as the superiority of the modified potato starch with highest which reached 0.39% .Active groups of chemically modified starch molecules have been identified diagnosed by FT - IR apparatus, as the presence of a band at wave length (998.411 ,99864 and 1020.64) cm - 1 respectively, which belongs to the elasticity vibrating for the bound C - O - P .The procedure of the Microencapsulation packaging for L.plantarum, L.caise and L.acidophilus was done by three different mixtures with concentrations ranged between (1 - 3)% each of sodium alginate, natural and resistant starch both individually, and found that the best mixture was when used a combination of sodium alginate and resistant starch at concentration 2% for each (mixture A), and used the starters Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus in the manufacture of the yoghurt and mixed with the starter of yoghurt, examined the change in the pH and titrating acidity for yoghurt product during different periods of storage at temperature of 4 ̊C and study the change in the logarithm of the live numbers during the storage period extended for 28 days.The effect of the packaging process on the survival, Bacteria was studied and the results were as showed the following : ●It was found that the resistance of coated bacteria using a combination of sodium alginate and starch resistant with concentration of 2% for each of them was the best of free bacteria resistance when exposed to low acidic conditions which reached 2.5, 2 and 1.5 , and particularly at the third hour of incubation as a percentage decline in live numbers logarithm / ml 34.76, 39.61 and 44.83% respectively, to L.plantarum bacteria and 36.25, 41.89 and 46.86% respectively, to L.caise bacteria and 35.35 , 41.84 and 45.78%, respectively, to L.acidophilus bacteria. As well as observed that the resistance of bacteria coated to different concentration of the yellow salts reached 0.1 , 0.2 and 0.3% was higher than the resistance of free bacteria after three hours of incubation as a percentage decline in live numbers logarithm / ml 2.54, 3.34 and 4.19% respectively to L.plantarum bacteria , and 2.87 ,3.78 and 4.60% respectively to L.caise bacteria , and 2.93,3.97 and 4.77% respectively to L.acidophilus bacteria .● coated bacteria showed better resistance during the process of freezdrying compared with free bacteria as a percentage decline in live numbers logarithm / ml 2.24, 3.01 and 4.16% respectively to L.plantarum bacteria , and 2.09, 3.34 and 4.47% respectively to L.caise bacteria , and 2.19,3.29 and 4.58% respectively to L.acidophilus bacteria .

دراسة التغيرات الكيميائية والميكروبية لجبن المونتيري المضاف اليه المعزز الحيوي == Study of chemical and microbial changes of Probiotic monterey cheese

Author name: هدى محمد عبد محمد السراي

Supervisor name: سرمد غازي محمد | حيدر ابراهيم علي

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Food

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: Probiotics bacteria[[ which[ including Lactobacillus acidophilus ,Bifidobacterium longum were added (1011 cfu/ml) during Monterey cheese manufacturing after the reactivation and the results obtained were : 1 - Decreasing of moisture content for Monterey cheese manufactured by adding the mixed starter Probiotic after 42 days of ripening, reaching )38.96(% comparing with the other samples. 2 - Increasing of protein ratio while using the mixed starter in manufacturing of Monterey cheese comparing with control Monterey cheese and Monterey cheese manufactured by adding the single starter, reaching after 42 days of ripening to (23.41, 23.78 and 23.6 ( 4 % respectively, as well as increasing of soluble nitrogen ratio in Monterey cheese manufactured by adding the mixed starter comparing with the other cheeses during the progress of ripening period to reach )0.875( after 42 days. 3 - Fat ratio increased in cheese samples, the higher increase was at the end of ripening period after 42 days in Monterey cheeses manufactured by adding mixed starter reaching )30.45(% after comparing with )31.20 and 31.03(% for control and single starter manufactured cheeses respectively. 4 - Salt ratio of Monterey cheese manufactured by adding mixed starter was )1.55( after 42 days of ripening comparing with control cheese and Monterey cheeses manufactured by adding the single starter which were )1.45 and 1.53( respectively.5 - Increasing of ash ratio for Monterey cheese manufactured by adding mixed starter reaching after 42 days of ripening (4.27)% comparing with control cheese and Monterey cheese manufactured by adding the single starter which were (4.16 and 4.20) % respectively. 6 - Decreasing of the pH for the three Monterey cheese samples, the maximum decrease after 42 days of ripening was (5.20) when adding mixed starter, while for the control and single starter Monterey chesses the pH was (5.62 and 5.42) respectively. We notice increasing the titratable acidity of Monterey cheese manufactured by adding mixed starter reaching (0.92) comparing with control and single starter Monterey cheeses which reached (0.54 and 0.72) respectively after 42 days of ripening. 7 - Increasing the numbers of proteolytic and lipolytic bacteria in the progress of ripening period until 28 days then started to reduce for all cheese samples. 8 - Increasing the numbers of total bacteria for cheese samples during ripening period until 28 days then started to reduce tow logarithmic cycle during manufacturing period. 9 - The result of electrophoresis showed that the average of not proteolyses for cheese manufacture using mixed starter was higher compared to others. 10 - Monterey cheeses manufactured by adding mixed starter was best than control and single starter Monterey cheeses when conducting the organoleptic evaluation, especially for flavor