ازالة المحتوى الكبريتي بالاكسدة العميقة باستخدام الكاربون المنشط المحفز == Deep Oxidative Desulfurization Using Catalyze Activated Carbon
معالجة مياه المصب العام للحقن في حقل الناصرية النفطي == Water Treatment of Main Outfall Drain For Injection In Nasiriyah Oil Field
السلوك التاكلي للحديد الكاربوني في نواتج المياه للصناعات النفطية المحتوية على غاز CO2 == Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel In CO2 - Containing Oilfield Produced Water
Author name:
خالد حامد رشيد عبد الخالق
Supervisor name:
ابرائيل سركيس يارو
Abstract:
ان وجود غاز ثاني اوكسيد الكاربون ( (CO2في طبقة الماء المالح بشكل غاز مذاب تحت ضغوط عالية والمصاحبة للنفط الخام يكون حامض الكاربونيك. الحديد المطاوع يشغل المادة الاساسية في تركيب خطوط الانابيب الناقلة في الصناعة النفطية والغازية , بسبب رخص ثمنها , مقاومته | Carbon dioxide is present in water as a dissolved gas under the high pressures common in underground oil and gas reservoirs. In the dissolved state it forms carbonic acid. The primary material of construction for pipelines in the oil and gas industry is mild steel, because of its price, strength and availability. However, carbon steel corrodes in the presence of carbonic and organic acids such as acetic acid (HAc). It is therefore important to investigate the conditions in which HAc causes corrosion damage to mild steel. The extent of HAc/CO2 corrosion depends on many other variables such as : temperature, CO2 partial pressure, pH, flow regime, etc.The corrosion rates of API X65 mild steel alloy have been studied by three different techniques : i. Weight Loss Technique.ii. Potentiodynamic Polarization Technique.iii. Characterization of the Corroded Surface Techniques.i. Weight Loss Technique : A series of experiments were performed to study the effect of simulated brines solutions on the corrosion rate of mild steel with and without acetic acid. The corrosion rates of mild steel were found to be similar in simulated brines solutions and 3.5 wt % NaCl solutions. The corrosion experiments were planned to form a second - order mathematical expression using Full Factorial Experimental Design (FFED) : a - Four variables experiments (influence of temperature, solution pH, acetic acid (HAc) concentration and speed of rotation). b - Three variables experiments (influence of temperature, solution pH and speed of rotation).The results of this investigation are summarized as follows : The second - order polynomial regression analysis of the objective function (corrosion rate), using Full Factorial Experimental Design (FFED) via STATISTICA software, gave two mathematical expressions for four and three variables experiments. Arrhenius Equation and Transition State Equation were used to evaluate the activation parameters : Activation Energy (Ea), Enthalpy of Activation (?H*) and Entropy of Activation (?S*). The values of average Equilibrium Constants (K*) were also calculated at each value of average Gibbs Free Energy Change (?G), to determine the spontaneous of corrosion reaction. The corrosion rate of mild steel in presence and absence of acetic acid were increased with increasing of temperature, acetic acid (HAc) concentration and speed of rotation, but decreased with increasing of pH of solution. Multi - variable regression analysis of objective function (corrosion rate) in presence and absence of acetic acid in weight loss technique as a function of experimental variables (temperature, solution pH, acetic acid (HAc) concentration and speed of rotation), yielded two suggested mathematical expressions.ii. Potentiodynamic Polarization Technique : In this investigation a theoretical model Equation proposed by Korobove and Medvedeva Korobove and Medvedeva, [2000] was used to analyze the shape of polarization curves. The values of polarization resistance (Rp) were also obtained, these values were increased with decreasing of temperature and speed of rotation in absence and presence of the protective film formation. The polarization resistance values in absence of acetic acid are larger than the polarization resistance values in presence of acetic acid, due to the formation of the protective film.The values of mass transfer correction factor (?) were also obtained, these values will approach unity at low overpotential and it decreases as overpotential increases in presence and absence of the protective film formation. Generally, in absence of acetic acid, the values of (?) are adjacent to each other and almost unite value compare with presence of acetic acid at different temperatures and speeds of rotation due to the protective film formation as diffusion barrier is accelerated by measures that restrict the transport of reaction products from the surface.The limiting diffusion currents of hydrogen in CO2 saturated, 3.5 wt% NaCl solutions under turbulent conditions in presence and absence of the acetic acid has been correlated. iii. Characterization of the Corroded Surface Techniques : The effect of presence and absence of the acetic acid (HAc) on the CO2 corrosion of grade API X65 mild steel alloy was investigated at optimum conditions in weight loss technique (45.4 °C, pH 4.8, 2178.5 ppm HAc and 1296.6 rpm) and in absence of acetic acid (68.7 °C, pH 7.9 and 1425.8 rpm) by using analyses of protective film thickness, porosity, roughness, Vickers micro - hardness (VMH), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), computerized metallurgical optical microscopy technique (CMOMT) and X - ray diffraction (XRD). In presence of acetic acid, a porous layer (Fe3C cementite/FeCO3 siderite layer) was formed. In absence of acetic acid, a fairly dense layer ferrous carbonate (FeCO3 / siderite layer) was formed. In absence of acetic acid, the roughness and hardness of protective film were greater than that of film formation in presence of acetic acid.
انتاج ايثايل ثلاثي بينوتايل ايثر من ثلاثي بيوتايل الكحول وايثايل الكحول باستخدام البيتا زيولايت المصنع من قشور الرز العراقي بواسطة التقطير التفاعلي == Production of Ethyl Tert - Butyl Ether From Tert - Butyl Alcohol And Ethyl Alcohol Catalyzed By ? - Zeolite Synthesis From Iraqi Rice Husk In Reactive Distillation
تصنيع وتشخيص الزيولايت النانوي المتبلور نوع ZSM - 5 والزيولايت المركب نوع ZSM - 5 / MCM - 41 لانتاج الوقود الحيوي == Synthesis And Characterization of Nanocrystalline ZSM - 5 And ZSM - 5 / MCM - 41 Composite Zeolite For Biodiesel Production
تثبيط التكلسات في انظمة التناضح العكسي باستخدام مواد كيمياوية == Scale Inhibition In Reverse Osmosis Systems Using Chemical Materials
معالجة الماء من حقول النفط باستخدام محاليل ايونية في منظومة التعويم بالهواء المذاب == Treatment of Oilfield Produced Water Using Ionic Liquids In A Dissolved Air Flotation System
ازالة الكبريت بالامتزاز من النفثا الثقيلة العراقية بواسطة 13X زيولايت == Adsorption Desulfurization of Iraqi Heavy Naphtha Using 13X Zeolite
دراسة الحركية ونمذجة تفاعل استرة حامض الاوليك باستخدام NaY زيولايت المحضر == Kinetic Study And Modeling of Olic Acid Esterification Over Prepared Nay Zeolite
عمليات التنافذ الامامي - العكسي لمعالجة المياه الملوثة بالزيوت == Forward - Reverse Osmosis Processes For Oily Wastewater Treatment
معالجة واعادة استخدام المياه الناتجة من حقول نفط الاحدب العراقية == Treatment And Reuse of Produced Water From Al - Ahdab Iraqi Oilfields
فعالية عامل مساعد محضر ومحفز بمعادن مختلفة لعملية ازالة الكبريت بالهدرجة لزيت الغاز العراقي == Activity of A Prepared Catalyst Promoted By Different Metals For The Hydrodesulfurization of Iraqi Gas Oil
ازالة المحتوى الكبريتي من وقود الديزل بواسطة الاكسدة والاستخلاص بالمذيب == Desulfurization of Diesel Fuel By Oxidation And Solvent Extraction
استخلاص الزيوت العطرية من قشور الحمضيات باستعمال التقطير البخاري بمساعدة المايكرويف == Extraction of Essential Oils From Citrus By - Products Using Microwave Steam Distillation
تثبيط تاكل الحديد الكاربوني الواطئ في حامض الكبريتيك باستعمال كحول البولي فينيل ومستخلص نبات PIPER LONGUM == Corrosion Inhibition of Low Carbon Steel In Sulfuric Acid By PVA And Piper Longum Extracts
تحضير الكاربون المنشط من نوى التمر باستخدام كاربونات البوتاسيوم كعامل منشط في ازالة صبغة المثيلين الزرقاء == Preparation of Activated Carbon From Date Stones By K2Co3 Activation For Methylene Blue Dye Adsorption
ازالة الكادميوم من المياه الملوثة بالترسيب الكهروكيمياوي باستخدام حزمة من الانابيب الفولاذية متحدة المركز == Removal of Cadmium From Wastewater By Electro - Deposition On Stainless Steel Concentric Tubes Bundle
