Author name:
ماهر محمد خضيري
Supervisor name:
ميسون مهدي صالح الطائي | مؤيد جاسم ياس العماري
Abstract:
اجريت الدراسة الحالية في نهر الفرات عند سدة الهندية خلال المدة من تشرين الاول 2012 لغاية ايلول 2013 لغرض دراسة بيئة وحياتية المجتمع السمكي، وتم اختيار موقعين، يقع الموقع الاول في شمال سدة الهندية، ويقع الموقع الثاني في جنوب سدة الهندية، وتضمنت الدراسة تاث | The Present study was carried out on the Euphrates River during the period from October 2012 to September 2013 to study ecology and biology of fish community in the river, two study sites were chosen the first one was in the north and the second one was in the south of Al - Hindiya dam.The study was included the effects of some physical, chemical factors of water and Al - Hindiya dam on ecological and biological of fish population as well as measurement of the concentrations of some heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Mn, Zn) in both dissolved and particulate phases of water and in the tissue of three types of freshwater fish that was high dominance in three age groups. Study of the number of species, individuals, Total of weight of individual. Some ecological indices were study as index of Relative abundance, Species Richness index and Shanon wiener index for determining the evaluate of biodiversity of fish. Also Jaccared index of similarity was used to explain the similarity between sites of study and among months. Constant index was used to determine the constancy of taxa. Biological study of this of three fish that have high dominance from the side of food, age, growth, sex ratio, gonado somatic index and length - weight relationships. Air temperature and water temperature were ranged in two study sites between (15 - 43.8) C? and (10 - 29) C? respectively, pH values were between (7.6 - 8.6), Water current velocity values were between (0.14 - 0.72) m/sec, light penetration values were between (27.3 - 193.3) cm, the value of electrical conductivity were between (822 - 1323) ? sem/cm , Total dissolved solid values were between (663.3 - 932) mg/L, while The total suspended solid were between (0.009 - 0.23) mg/L and the values of dissolved oxygen were ranged between (6.13 - 10.33) mg/L.The biological oxygen demand were recorded values that range between (0.68 - 4.3) mg/L. . The water of Euphrates river were considered slight alkaline according to the results of present study and ranged between (33.33 - 164.3) mg CaCO3/L and the water were very hard according to high values record for total hardness (391.6 - 886.6) mg CaCO3 /L, while the values of calcium and magnesium hardness were ranged between (86.1 - 188.4), (19.8 - 138) mg CaCO3/L respectively.The values of phosphate were ranged between (0.51 - 13.12) ?g/L and Nitrate values were ranged between (6.23 - 70.17) ?g/L, while the values of nitrite were ranged between (0.17 - 4.98) ?g/L. in especially, the effects of Al - Hindiya dam, the results were showed that numbers of species before and after of Al - Hindiya dam were ranged between (23 - 17) species respectively. the results were showed positive and negative correlation between physical, chemical properties of water and Heavy metals with number of species, individuals, weights and Biodiversity indices. This study showed that the mean concentrations of the heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Mn, Zn) of the dissolved phase in water were (2.14, 1.61, 3.10, 7.63) ?g/L respectively and in the particulate phase were (33.99 112.87، 84.21، 21.12،) ?g/g dry weight respectively, the results of present study were showed that the concentration of heavy metals in water in dissolved and particulate phases within local and world limitations. The heavy metals in muscular tissue for three groups of this fish were ordered in as following : Zn >Mn > Pb > Cd. Twenty - three fish species were collected, (17) of them belonged to Cyprinidae family and two species belonged Bagridae family while only one species represented each family of Mugilidae, Siluridae, Mastacembelidae, Cichlidae, the number of species were ranged during the period of study between (5 - 18), The total number of individuals was 2401 individual and the number of individual were ranged monthly between (129 - 276) individual, while the total weight of individuals were 232868 gm during the period of study and The weight of individuals were ranged monthly between (13072 - 29598) gm. Carassius auratus wae recorded with the highest percentage in number and weight as 35.2% and 27.5% respectively. while A.vorax was after C.auratus in total number 13.6%, but it was after C.auratus and C.carpio in total weight 16.9% of the total individual weight. The values of species richness index were ranged between (0.79 - 3.23) and numerical of shanon wiener index values (Hn) were ranged between (1.26 - 2.39), while the weight of shanon wiener index value (Hb) were ranged between (1.21 - 2.35). the numerical and weight of eveness index (Jn) were ranged between (0.65 - 0.86), (0.68 - 0.89) respectively during the period of study. Jaccared similarity index were ranged between (23% - 92%). And the study was revealed that the most species recorded during the period of study were constant species according to constancy index. C. carpio fish were Omniovorous and It's feeding activity was ranged between (70% - 91.42%) and feeding intensity was (6.9 - 12.17) degree/fish.while C. auratus were detritious, It's feeding activity was ranged between (56.75% - 94.28%) and feeding intensity was (6.91 - 12.87) degree/fish. A. vorax were carnivorous and It's feeding activity values were ranged between (69.2% - 90.32%), while feeding intensity values were ranged between (6.85 - 13.03) degree/fish. The results was showed the values of age and length for C. carpio that ranged between (1 - 5) years, (9.7 - 40.2) cm , and C. auratus were ranged between (1 - 6) years, (8.3 - 28) cm, while A.vorax were ranged between (1 - 7) years, (10 - 62) cm respectively. Sex ratio and gonado - somatic index (GSI) varied between the three species, sex ratio of C.carpio (male : female) was 1 : 3.1. (GSI) for male was ranged between (2.21 - 12.02) and for female between (3.36 - 19.36).The sex ratio of C. auratus male : female was 1 : 1.9, GSI values for male was ranged between (0.89 - 8.53) and for females between (1.23 - 61.37). A.vorax sex ratio male : female 1 : 1.5, GSI value for male and female were ranged between (0.36 - 2.84) and (0.24 - 5.83) respectively.Variation of values of slope factor (b) were calculated from length - weight relationships for three species of fish, the values of (b) factor for C.carpio, C.auratus and A. vorax (3.08, 2.97, 2.92) respectively during the period of study
