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Epidemiological characteristics of animal bite registered in Pasteur Institute - Baghdad / Iraq 2009 - 2012

Author name: thani muhssin dadan
Supervisor name: Saleh Jassim Alwan
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Applied Epidemiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

Outcome of Newborn Admitted in Neonatal Care Unit, Center Teaching Hospital of Pediatric, Baghdad Al - krakh Health Directorate , 2015

Author name: Riyadh Marweh Ibrahim
Supervisor name: Ahmed Samir Al - Naaim
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Applied Epidemiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

العدوى المكتسبة في وحدات العناية المركزة في مستشفيات محافظة البصرة ،العراق 2013 == Nosocomial Infection in Intensive Care Units at Basra Hospitals, Iraq, 2013

Author name: زكي عبد السادة صغیر
Supervisor name: ايمان عدنان القصير
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Applied Epidemiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Nosocomial infection is defined as infection not present and withoutevidence of incubation at the time of admission to health care setting. It isconsidered as a major public health problem worldwide, which is affectedboth developed and developing countries. It was contributed to highmorbidity and mortality, and will become even more important as a publichealth problem with increase economic and human impact. The patients inICUs are 5 - 10 time more likely to have NCI than other hospital patients. Thefrequency of NCI at different anatomical sites and the risk of infection varyby the type of ICU, while the frequency of specific pathogens varies byinfection sites.In Iraq, there was no accurate proportion and enforced surveillance of the NCIin the MOH, and few academic studies that dealt with this topic.The objectiveof this study, to determine the burden of NCI and distribution by anatomicalsites in the ICUs. We conveniently select (110) patients admitted to the ICUsof three major hospitals in Basra city from 15th May to 1st of August, 2013.A total number of 32( 29.1%) patients developed at least one nosocomialinfection. The urinary tract infection was the most frequent ICUs nosocomialinfection 39.6%, followed by Bloodstream infection 25%, Lower respireterytract infection 22.9% and lastly surgical site infection 12.5%. There are acertain specific risk factors play important role in occurrence of NCI in ICUssuch as use of the invasive devices, including endotracheal, tracheostomy,nasogastric intubation and urinary catheterization, which is consideredstatically significant association with NCI in the ICUs ( P< 0.05) also antherpositive correlation( r = 0.7) between rates of NCI and length of ICU stay hasbeen reported and high coverage of antibiotic as prophylaxis raise ofantibiotic - resistance NCI in the ICUs which considered as a risk factor, nosignificant association with NCI (P> 0.05). In spite of heavy use of antibioticVIIin the ICUs, we found heavy growth microorganisms in Urine, Blood, andsputum and swap cultures. Gram negative bacteria cause (83.3%) of infection,which is the most common cause of NCI in the ICUs, followed by Grampositive bacteria (9.8%) and fungus (5.9%). These pathogens are ubiquitousin health care sitting. The Kliebsiella ssp was the most common, followed byE.coli organism. It was concluded at intensive care units of the majorhospitals in Basra city had higher rate of the NCI, more than that in developedcountries and most of developing countries. The nosocomial urinary tractinfection was the most common NCI sites in ICUs, followed by blood streaminfection. Enhance surveillance system and Enforced implementation of ICCguidelines in ICUs should be emphasize.

تقييم برنامج رصد وفيات الامهات في محافظة واسط, العراق 2012 == Evaluation of Maternal Mortality Surveillance System in Wassit governorate, Iraq, 201211

Author name: وجدان سعيد عاصي
Supervisor name: سهير محمد محمود الجبوري
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Applied Epidemiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: This cross sectional study was conducted on maternal deaths in Wassit governorate for 2012. The study was conducted to evaluate the surveillance system for maternal deaths in the hospitals and the MCH unit in the health directorate.Review of all the death registers in the hospitals, (6) hospitals, forensic medicine section, offices of birth and death registration from 365 dead women at reproductive age 22 was maternal death which included in the study.The study showed that the maternal deaths occur mainly in the younger age group, multiparum and resident in rural area. The main cause of death was hemorrhage, pulmonary embolism and septicemia. 73% of deaths occurred during delivery, 50% in the health institution. 77% of death refereed to the forensic medicine unit, 91% of the death certificates no pointing at the section of reproductive age.The sensitivity of the surveillance system to detect maternal deaths was 82% 18 deaths detected by the surveillance program befor implementation and RAPID test. The positive predictive value 100%. MMR was 46/100000 live births inWassit governorate for 2012.Evaluation of the surveillance programme at the level of hospitals showed some weak points in the structure, quality, support function and the core function which needs strengthen and re evaluation, the surveillance program at the level of the MCH unit was good so according to this results we recommend : 1 .Improving the quality & quantity of service provided to pregnant women during pregnancy and childbirth especially in the rural area. 2. Increase community awareness about the importance of delivery in health institutions and danger signs during pregnancy, delivery and purprium.3. Monitoring and evaluation of the surveillance system based on current priorities (structure, core function, quality) then strengthening and utilization of existing system for data collection, analysis and response.4. Training and retraining all the staff in the hospitals for detection and reporting maternal deaths.

تحليل الاصابات الميكانيكية للسنوات 2010 - 2012 باستعمال المعلومات الماخوذة من البرنامج العراقي لرصد الاصابات == Analysis of Mechanically caused injuries for the years 2010 - 2012 using data from Iraqi Sentinel Injuries Surveillance System

Author name: عامر صادق سعودي
Supervisor name: احمد سمير النعيمي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Applied Epidemiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: رصد الاصابات موضوع مهم في طب المجتمع لاعطاء معلومات عن عدد الاصابات وميزاتها مثل المكان والزمان والظروف المرافقة والتي هي بدورها مهمة لمعرفة عوامل الخطورة وطرق السيطرة عليها.الهدف من هذه الدراسة هي وصف دقيق للاصابات الميكانيكية حصرا من حيث العدد والعمر والجنس ونوعيتها ووقت الوصول ومعدل الوفيات.المعلومات الخاصة بهذه الدراسة ماخوذة من البرنامج العراقي لرصد الاصابات الذي بدا العمل به عام2010 .هذا البرنامج يجمع المعلومات المتعلقة بالمصاب من حيث الاسم - العمر - الجنس - العنوان - مكان وقوع الحادثة - التاريخ والزمان - نوعية الاصابة - الاحالة - طريقة الوصول - اسم المستشفى او الطب العدلي - العلاج الاولي - القصد.المعلومات تؤخذ مباشرة من المريض او الشهود من مسرح الاصابة باستعمال استمارة خاصة المعلومات الخاصة بالاصابات تخزن بالكومبيوتربواسطة موظفين ماهرين بشكل ابي - انفو سوفتوير .في هذه الدراسة المعلومات نقلت الى اكسل لاجراء التصنيف والتجميع وعمليات التنظيف.التحاليل الرياضية تمت بالكومبيوتر باستعمال ابي انفو .35 وspss 21 .توزيع الاعداد والجدول المتقاطع تم اجرائه لكن لم يتم اجراء الاختبار الهام لان المعلومات تمثل كل المجتمع.تشكل الاصابات الميكانيكية %73.2 من جميع الاصابات - احتمالية حدوث الاصابات الميكانيكية في الذكور هي (77.4%) اما في الاناث فهي (61.6%).الاصابات الميكانيكية قليلة في الاطفال بعمر اقل من 6 سنوات فهي (63.2 %). لكنها اكثر بالاعمارفي سن المدرسة (7 - 10)سنة والاعمار من (11 - 19)سنة فهي (77% - 77.7%) على التعاقب. الاصابات الميكانيكية تقل تدريجيا بتقدم العمر لتصل في الاعمار المتوسطة الى 73.1% وفي الاعمار المتقدمة الى .73.4%محافظة كربلاء تتقدم على بقية المحافظات من حيث الاصابات 83.4% اما السليمانية فهي اقل الحافظات .58.1%الاصابات الرضية هي الاكثر تليها حوادث الطرق ثم حوادث السقوط من علو. اكثر الاصابات الميكانيكية تصل الى المستشفيات بحدود الزمن ساعة واحدة.الوفيات تشكل 9.5% من كل الاصابات الميكانيكية فيها الوفيات في الذكور(9.8%) اكثربوضوح بالمقارنة من الاناث (8.5%) .اقل الاعمار تعرضا للوفيات هي الاعمار من (11 - 15 سنة) فهي (4.7%) واعمار الاطفال في سن المدرسة (5 - 10) سنة فهي( 5%) لكن بصورة عامة الوفيات الحاصلة من الاصابات الميكانيكية ترتفع تدريجيا مع التقدم في العمر.البيت والشوارع والطرق الخارجية هي اكثر الاماكن التي تحدث بها الاصابات.الوفيات النسبية مرتفعة في الشباب والبالغين الشباب ومنخفضة في مجموعة الكهول. وهي بالمقارنة اكثر بالذكور من الاناث . على العموم الدراسة الحالية بالامكان الاستعانة بها للتحضير للتقرير السنوي للبرنامج العراقي لرصد الاصابات . | Injury surveillance is a specific form of public health audit. It can be designed to generate information on both the numbers and characteristics of injuries, such as the injury location, circumstances, cause, and mechanism. This information is crucial for detecting trends in injury incidence, identifying risk factors, developing injury control measures, and assessing their impact. This process is thus an epidemiological means to prevention. The objective of current study is to describe the frequency distribution of the study sample by age, gender, type of accident and time of arrival and aassess case fatality rate among mechanically injured subjects in relation to these factors. In addition a list of a proportionate mortality ratio by age, gender, place of occurrence and type was also required. The study is cross sectional in design. The data is part of a program designed for injury surveillance in Iraq which was officially functioning at 2010. The program gathered informations about : patient's name, age, gender, address, place of injury, date and time of injury, type of injury, initial patient displacement, mode of arrival to the health facility, name of the health facility and intention. Data is directly extracted from injured patients or witnesses of injury scene using a special format. The filled paper format is fed to computers by trained personnel using Epi - info computer software.In this study data were transported into an Excel file for data reclassification, grouping and many cleaning processes. Statistical analysis was computer aided using Epi - info 5.3, Excel 13 and SPSS 21. Frequency distribution and cross - tabulations were done. No test of significance was used, since the data represented the total population.Mechanical injuries constituted the highest proportion of reported injuries (73.2%), figure 3.1. Male gender was associated with a higher probability of having a mechanical type of injuries (77.4%) compared to females (61.6%). Mechanical type of injuries was least frequent among preschool children (63.2%) and most frequent among school age and teenagers (77.7 and 77% respectively). The relative frequency of mechanical type of injuries out of total recorded injuries declines slightly with increasing age to reach its lowest among middle age and elderly age group (73.1% and 73.4% respectively). Mechanical type of injuries occupied the highest proportion of reported injury cases in Karbala (83.4%), while this type of injuries represented the lowest share of total injuries in Sulaimaniya (58.1%).The Trauma was the most frequent type of injury, followed by Road traffic injuries, Falls. Most of mechanically injured cases arrived to the health facility in approximate 1 hours. Case fatality rate for the overall registered cases was 9.5%. The case fatality rate was obviously higher in male (9.8%) compared to females (8.5%). The lowest fatality rate was recorded for teenagers (11 - 15) 4.7% and school age children (5 - 10) 5%. The case fatality rate showed a positive age trend. Home and (street, high way, road) are the common place of occurrence of mechanical injuries . The proportionate mortality ratio was highest for very young and young adults, and lowest for elderly age group. It was higher for males compared to females. To sum up the current study can be adopted as a template for preparing the Iraqi Sentinel Injury Surveillance System report on a yearly base

التحري الوبائي المختبري التشخيصي عن اصابات السعال الديكي في محافظة المثنى , العراق اذار - ايلول/2013 == Lab - Based Surveillance of Pertussis in Al - Muthana Province, Iraq,Mar - Aug /2013

Author name: باسل صبر عودة
Supervisor name: علياء مكي حسن الصافي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Applied Epidemiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: المقدمة : السعال الديكي هو سبب مهم للوفاة في جميع انحاء العالم الرضع ، ويستمر الى ان يكون قلق على الصحة العامة حتى في البلدان ذات التغطية العالية . ، وكانت التقديرات لمنظمة الصحة العالمية تشير من انه في عام 2012 حوالي 200868من الحالات المبلغ عنها في جميع انحاء العالم من السعال الديكي حدثت في 90 ٪ منها في البلدان النامية، وتوفي حوالي 89،000 طفل من هذا المرض .الاهداف : هو تقدير معدل انتشار السعال الديكي بالاعتماد على التشخيص المختبري في اقضية محافظة المثنى ، اذار - ايلول،2013.الاساليب : اجريت الدراسة في خمس مناطق في المحافظة و121 مريضا يشتبه باصابتهم عند مراجعتهم للمستشفيات في الفترة من اذار - ايلول ، 2013. وقد تم عمل استبيان لكل الحالات المشتبه فيها . وقد تم اختبار ELISA لكل مريض للتاكد من تشخيص المختبري لمرض السعال الديكي.النتائج : 121 اشتباه فى اصابتهم بمرض السعال الديكي المسجلين في هذه الدراسة في محافظة المثنى كانت اعلى نسبة في الفئة العمرية 1 - 4 سنوات واقلها كان في اكثرمن 5 سنوات، لم يكن هناك سوى 27 ( 22.31 ٪ )حالة يشتبه المرضى السعال الديكي ايجابية ل اختبار ELISA حيث تم تلقيح 21 حالة مؤكدة ( 77.78 ٪ ) ووكان 61.90 ٪ لديهم ثلاث جرعات من اللقاح الثلاثي . كان متوسط اعمارهم (3.5 ) وبانحراف معياري ( 5.94 ) وكانت نسبة الذكور الى الاناث من الحالات المؤكدة ( 0.68 : 1 ) وكان 8 لكل 100000 من عدد السكان اقل من 14 سنة في الفترة من اذار - ايلول ، 2013.الاستنتاج : حدوث زيادة واضحة في احياء المثنى يشتبه الاصابة بالسعال الديكي وخصوصا الذين لا يتمتعون بالحماية حتى الان من التحصين النشط ،استخدمت ELISA اختبار الاليزا في التشخيص عن الاجسام المضادة ل مستضدات السعال الديكي لديه ميزة امكانات بشكل ملحوظ تحسين حساسية التشخيص ، لكنه لديها حاليا العديد من القيود والتي لا تتوفر للاستخدام السريري في العراق. ينبغي ان توجه كل الجهود لزيادة او الحفاظ على التغطية بالتحصين للقاح DPT وبنسبة لا تقل عن 90 ٪ في جميع الدوائر . تعزيز انظمة المراقبة وتشخيص العدوى للسعال الديكي وخاصة في الرضع عن طريق فحوصات PCR ، جنبا الى جنب مع فحوصات مصلية . هناك الحاجة لدراسات اضافية لصقل استراتيجية الوقاية من السعال الديكي | Background Pertussis is an important cause of death in infants worldwide, and continues to be a public - health concern even in countries with high vaccination coverage. Estimates from WHO suggest that in 2012 about 200868 reported cases of pertussis occurred worldwide, 90% of which were in developing countries, and about 89,000 children died from this disease.Objectives : is to estimate the prevalence of pertussis based on lab diagnosis at the districts of Al - Muthana province, March - August, 2013.Methods : The study was carried out in five districts in the province and 121 patients suspected involved where attending or admitted to three hospitals from March - August, 2013. A questionnaire was filled for each suspected cases. An ELISA test was done for each patient to confirm the diagnosis of pertussis.Results : 121 suspected pertussis patients enrolled in this study at Al - Muthana province the highest percentage was in 1 - 4 years age group and the least was in above 5 years, only 27 (22.31 %) suspected pertussis patients were positive to ELISA IgG test where 21 confirmed cases were vaccinated (77.78%) and 61.90 % have three doses of DPT. The mean of age was (3.5) with standard deviation of (5.94 ) and the male to female ratio of confirmed cases was (0.68 : 1 ) and was 8 per 100000 for less than 14 years old population from March - August, 2013.Conclusion : In the districts of almuthana a clear increase occurrence of suspected pertussis especially who are not protected yet by active immunization .ELISA test was used in the diagnosis for antibodies to B. pertussis antigens has the potential advantage of markedly improving diagnostic sensitivity, but it currently has several limitations of not availability for clinical use in Iraq. All efforts should be directed to increase or maintain high immunization coverage with DPT immunization at least 90% in all districts. Strengthened the surveillance systems and diagnosis of B. Pertussis infection particularly in infants by PCR, together with serological assays. Further studies are needed to fine - tune the pertussis prevention strategy.

اتجاه سرطان القولون والمستقيم في العراق من 2003 - 2011 == Trend of Colorectal Cancer in Iraq from 2002 - 2011

Author name: صفاء الدين عبد الرحمن الدهان
Supervisor name: فارس حسن اللامي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Applied Epidemiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Background : Colorectal cancer is a very heterogeneous disease that is caused by interaction of genetic and environmental factors. It is the third most common cancer in men and the second in women worldwide and affects men and women of all racial and ethnic groups and most often found in people aged 50 years or older.Objectives : Since there is no published data about its trend in Iraq. This study is to identify the pattern of Colorectal Cancer, to calculate the incidence; and to determine the demographical and geographical distribution of cancer in Iraq from 2002 - 2011.Methods : Descriptive cross - sectional study design, data were collected from Iraq Cancer Board and Directorate of planning and human resources /Ministry of Health Iraq from 2002 - 2011 and from Al Amal national hospital for cancer management in Baghdad include; basic demographic /clinical data, and data on histological types, site and grade, stage of tumor, Microsoft excel sheet and epi info software used for data entry and analysisResults : Total of 7246 cases of Colorectal Cancer were registered from the 2002 to 2011, The mean age was (53.9) years for males and females Male was more affected than female in all age groups and male to female ratio varied from 1.17 : 1 in 2002 to 1.28 : 1 in 2011.The peak age group affected was (40 - 59) year from 2002 - 2011 with the exception of 2006, 2010 and 2011 were the highest age group affected was 60 years &above.The Highest incidence rate was in Kirkuk, Najaf and Baghdad while the lowest incidence rate was in Salah Aden, Erbil and Wasit. The commonest site of cancer was Rectum, Adenocarcinoma was the most frequent histological type of Colorectal Cancer (84 %), most was of moderate differentiation. 26% were localized and 16% with distant metastasis.Conclusions : IRAQ is considered a country with a low Colorectal Cancer incidence particularly for older individuals. However, Colorectal Cancer incidence has been steadily increasing in the country over the period from 2002 to 2011.

تقييم خدمات الفحص الطوعي الاسترشادي لمرض نقص المناعة المكتسب (الايدز) في بغداد ،2014 == Assessment of HIV/AIDS Voluntary Counseling and Testing Services in Baghdad 2014

Author name: نزار عبد المهدي ناهي
Supervisor name: صالح جاسم علوان
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Applied Epidemiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تعتبر خدمات الفحص الطوعي الاسترشادي ((VCT حجر الزاوية للوصول مبكرا الى الوقاية والرعاية لخدمات الدعم في مجال فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية / الايدز. وبالرغم من كون ان هذه الخدمة قد تم العمل بها في بعض المواقع منذ عام 2004، فاننا لا نملك اي دراسة لتقييم طريقة تنفيذ هذه المراكز او تقييم ادائها في العراق.الاهداف : تقييم مراكز الفحص الطوعي الاسترشادي في محافظة بغداد وفقا للمعايير الوطنية والدولية.الاساليب : تم استخدام دراسة مقطعية لما مجموعه (23) في بغداد بواسطة استبيان وقائمة من المؤشرات المعدلة لرصد وتقييم خدمات الفحص الطوعي الاسترشادي الخاصة بمنظمة الصحة العالمية ((WHO الايدز ومنظمة البرنامج الاممي لمرض نقص المناعة المكتسب ((UNAIDS.النتائج : بينت نتائج الدراسة بان الخطة الاستراتيجية الوطنية للبرنامج الوطني لمكافحة الايدز لا تزال قيد الاعداد، وليس هناك خطة واضحة لاجراء الدورات التدريبية لمقدمي خدمة الفحص الطوعي الاسترشادي، توفر جميع المواقع التي شملتها الدراسة اختبار فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية، بينما تقدم مشورة ما قبل الفحص في (73.9٪) من المراكز ، في حين ان (17.3٪) فقط من هذه المواقع يقدمون مشورة ما بعد الفحص لعملائها.قد تبين ايضا ضعف خدمات الاحالة من والى الخدمات الصحية الساندة الاخرى. الغالبية (62.5٪) من مقدمي خدمة المشورة هم فنيي المختبرات، ان (57٪) من المواقع تعطى النتائج لعملائها في مدة تزيد عن يوم واحد. فيما يتعلق بالتدريب فان (43٪) من مقدمي خدمة المشورة لم يتم تدريبهم لتقديم هذه الخدمة وان كل مقدمي الخدمة لم يتلقون اي تدريب تعزيزي خلال العام الماضي. يستخدم الاختبار السريع ((Raped test في (43٪) من المواقع التي شملتها الدراسة. في حين تستخدم المواقع المتبقية طريقة ال (ELIZA). لم تتوفر غرفة المشورة وخصوصية العميل في (82.6٪) من المواقع في حين ان المواد التعليمية والواقي الذكري متوفرة في (21.7٪) من المراكز. بينت الدراسة ايضا ان عدد المستفيدين من خدمة الفحص الطوعي الاسترشادي في المراكز التي تم مسحها هو(354) مستفيد في الاشهر الثلاثة التي سبقت الدراسة وان غالبية المستفيدين هم من الذكور وبنسبة (84٪) من العدد الكلي .الخلاصة : بينت الدراسة بان خدمات الفحص الطوعي الاسترشادي لمرض نقص المناعة المكتسب البشري في بغداد هي اقل من المعايير الوطنية والدولية الموصى بها.التوصيات : تم التوصية بتعزيز بناء القدرات والتدريب لجميع مقدمي خدمات المشورة والفحص لفيروس نقص المناعة البشرية ، تشجيع استخدام الاختبار السريع في جميع المواقع المسؤلة عن تقديم هذه الخدمة، تعزيز العمل بنظام الاحالة، انشاء نظام للرصد والتقييم، ضمان توافر غرف المشورة في جميع المراكز المعنية، وتعبئة المجتمع المحلي للاستفادة من هذا النوع من الخدمات. | Background : Voluntary Counseling and Testing of HIV (VCT) is a cornerstone for early access to prevention, care, and support services in the area of HIV/AIDS. Although VCT has been available at some sites across the Iraq since 2004, there has been no study conducted to evaluate its implementation and performance in Iraq.Objectives : To assess implementation of VCT services in Baghdad governorate according to the national and international standard.Methods : A cross sectional study to (23) VCT sites in Baghdad utilized indicators from the United Nations program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and the World Health Organization (WHO).Results : The national strategic plan for the National AIDS Program (NAP) is still under preparation, there was no clear Plan for conducting counselors training courses, all surveyed sites were providing HIV testing, 73.9% were providing pre - test counseling, and 17.3% were providing post test counseling. Weak linkage with other health services. 57% of the sites gave the results to their clients in more than one day. 43% of the counselors were not trained and no refresh training has been received by any counselor during the last year. Counseling room and client privacy was not available in 82.6% of the sites while Provision of VCT educational materials and condoms were only conducted in 21.7%. The study show low service utilization by local community with male client represents 84% of all clients.Conclusion The quality of VCT services in Baghdad is below the recommended national and international standards. Recommendations : Capacity - building of counselors according to the international training guideline, using rapid test in all VCT sites, enhancing referrals, establishing a monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system and ensuring availability of counseling rooms and community mobilization to utilize this kind of services.

الخصائص الوبائية لحالات الحصبة المسجلة في محافظة النجف الاشرف للفترة من 2007 الى 2014 == Epidemiological Characteristic of Reported Measles Cases in AL - Najaf province /Iraq 2007 - 2014

Author name: عبد الامير حسين حسن الموسوي
Supervisor name: احمد سمير النعيمي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Applied Epidemiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Measles is worldwide, and still epidemic and highly infectious and threatened the life of all populations, but is preventable by full immunization.The importance of this study in AL - Najef government because of previous outbreak. And also a mixing of social due to internal displace populations and religious events during the year.Objective study : to describe the epidemiological characteristics of all reported measles cases in the public health of Najaf government during 2007 - 2014.Method of study : cross sectional for all suspected measles cases that are reported retrospectively in the public health section of directorate of health in AL - Najaf province during 2007 - 2014, and the data collected from the notification and investigation form of measles then entered and analyzed by using EPI - Info and SPSS 21. The result showed 582 of suspected cases, 359 0f them were confirmed, 56% female, the peak age group <5 years.The seasonal distribution of the cases appears in JAN - MAY. There was highly obvious association between the numbers of doses of vaccination with the confirmed cases,The Odd Ratio for having a confirmed case for those with a single dose of vaccination is 0.18 compared to those unvaccinated. and the risk of having confirmed measles for those with unvaccinated increased 5.6 time compared to those with protected a single dose, during the outbreak period (2007 - 2009).We recommend promoting the active surveillance and good collection of notification form and keeping for study in future, improving complete MVC with a good cold - chain and periodic campaigns before winter

الخصائص الوبائيه للحروق في مستشفى بغداد للحروق, بغداد, العراق 2015 == Epidemiological Characteristics of BurnInjuries in Baghdad Burn Hospital,Baghdad, Iraq, 2015

Author name: رنا خالد الناصر
Supervisor name: فارس حسن اللامي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Applied Epidemiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Background : Burns are a global public health problem, accounting for an estimated 265,000 deaths annually, in 2013 fire and heat resulted in 35 million injuries. This resulted in about 2.9 million hospitalizations and 238,000 deaths. This makes it the 4th leading cause of injuries after motor vehicle collisions, falls, and violence. About 90% of burns occur in the developing world. This has been attributed partly to overcrowding and an unsafe cooking situation. Iraq burn injuries are the second cause for visiting emergency room after gun fire according to World Health Organization (WHO) Injury Surveillance Pilot Project, Iraq, 2008.Objectives : To describe epidemiological and clinical characteristics, estimate the case fatality rate and identify the main determinants of death among burn cases in Baghdad Burn hospital, Baghdad, Iraq during 2015.Patients and Methods : A cross sectional study was conducted in Baghdad Burn Hospital. The study population was all the burn cases that were admitted to these hospitals during 2015. The files of the patients were obtained from the statistics department in the hospital. All burn patients with different types and degrees of burn injuries who were admitted to this hospital during 2015 were included in the study. Patients with minor superficial burns treated in the emergency department as out patients and cases that admitted for surgical treatment of old scars were excluded.Data was collected using a form included demographic data, etiology, burn type, anatomical location and percentage of body surface area burned, operating procedures and outcome were recorded.Results : This study involved 676 patients, 32.90% of them were females. 26.62% patients were below 10 years of age. Two thirds had less than 20% of body surface area burns (66.42%) and only 9.46% had more than 50% body surface area burns.Flame burns were the commonest (71.59%) followed by scalds (23.37%) and electrical 2.52%. Scalds were common in children. About 76.33% of patients improved 8.28% left on their responsibility and 2.07% shifted to other hospitals. Case fatality rate was 13.30%, Mortality was 44.4% with sepsis as the leading cause, multiple organ failure, and shock were other causes of mortality.Conclusions : Burns injury is a major public health concern and is associated with high mortality. Flame, scald and electrical burns are commonly a result of domestic and occupation accidents and are preventable. Strict follow up to the infection control guideline can minimize the high case fatality rate.

Epidemiological Characteristic of Multi - Drug Resistant Tuberculosis in Iraq July/2011 - July/2015

Author name: قيس قاسم ابراهيم
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Applied Epidemiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Background : Multi - Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR - TB) is global and national public health problem that threatens the success of TB control programs.The aim of this study : To describe the epidemiologic characteristics of MDR - TB cases registered in Na0onal Tuberculosis Control Program (NTP) of Iraq during the period July 2011 - July 2015.Methods : A Cross - sectional, record based study was conducted at the Chest and Respiratory Diseases Specialized Center for all electronic records and patients’ forms available from July /2011 to July/2015. A form for collec0ng data was prepared by the researcher according to (MDR) patients Files which is provided by the NTP. Chi - square testing was used to measure the level of sta0s0cal significance set at p<0.05 and a confidence level of 95%.Results : A total of 319 cases, males were (72.6%); the mean age was 40.03±12.24 years, one third of the cases (31.7%) were from Baghdad. cases from urban area (57.8%); Cat - 2 Failure form (88.0%) of the MDR group; pulmonary were (98.3%) of the site of the disease; (17%) with Diabetes Mellitus; duration in days spend by the patient in the first line treatment, direct smear conversion negative and culture conversion nega0ve were (502±133.56), (117±77), (145±91) respec0vely; default was(28.5%) of the ceases; favorable outcome was sta0s0cally significant among middle age groups(30 - 49years) (χ2=8.548, df =2, P = 0.014).Recommendations : Increase attention for better managements of the patients in the first line treatment; give good education messages to patient of MDR - TB and Increase the number of labs capable for early diagnosis is the suitable strategy to control MDR - TB disease.

التدخين بين الكوادر الطبية والصحية في مستشفيات بغداد 2016 == Smoking among Health Care Workers in Baghdad Hospitals, 2016

Author name: ولاء طالب یوسف
Supervisor name: ايمان عدنان القصير
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Applied Epidemiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Background : Smoking is the inhalation of the smoke of burning tobacco encased in cigarettes, pipes, shisha or argela and cigars. Smoking causes diminished overall health, increased absenteeism from work, and increased health care utilization and cost. Quitting smoking lowers the risk for smoking - related diseases and can add years to life. The global tobacco epidemic is predicted to kill 10million people annually over the next 20 to 30 years (mainly in developing countries). Health Workers have potential role in preventing smoking among patients as they are health educators and counselors for quitting smoking.Objectives : To determine smoking prevalence among Health Care Workers and to study HCWs knowledge and attitudes toward tobacco smoking during work.Methods : A cross sectional study was conducted on three general hospitals in Baghdad Al Karkh side that were chosen randomly and all Health Care Workers that agree to participate during time of visit to their hospitals were included in the study and they were 448; from end of June to end of August 2016; data collected through self - filled questionnaire then data was entered and analyzed by excel sheet and SPSS software. Results : Mean of age of participants was 35.6±10 years; the prevalence of current smoker was 12.5%; most of particip ates were aware about smoking complications (92%); most of participates expressed positive attitudes towards smoking control irrespective of their own smoking status; about 90% of participates were bothered from Second Hand Smoking; the mean of cigarette smoking was 20±12 cigarettes per day; the mean of 1st age for starting smoking was 21±8 years & the mean of period of smoking was 13.7±8 years. About 39% of smokers had signs of nicotine addiction.Conclusion : The prevalence of smoking was relatively low; males were significantly more prone to smoke (96%) compared to females; there was no significant association between smoking and profession; females were significantly bother from Second Hand Smoking; smokers that get sickness from smoking were more prone to stop smoking and there was significant association between periods of smoking with nicotine addiction.Recommendations : Activation of penalty fines on smoking during work or induce Official penalty & Provision of special places for smoking in work places.

تقيم الوضع التغذوي بين الاطفال المصابين باعتلال طيف التوحد == Nutritional Status Assessment among Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder Al - Najaf 2015

Author name: سرى حسن الحارس
Supervisor name: علياء مكي حسن الصافي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Applied Epidemiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Background : Autism is a neurodevelopment disorder with symptoms arising that are apparent throughout the patient’s lifespan. Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is characterized by impaired social and communication interactions as well as restricted, repetitive interests and behavior. . Epidemiological studies show that the incidence of autism is increasing, which may be due to the diagnostic category of ASD having been developed. There is vital importance in the treatment of autism, is early diagnosis which is conducive to more rapidly improving the quality of patients’ health.Aim of Study : To determine the nutritional status of ASD children in Al - Najaf province 2015 Methods : A descriptive cross - sectional study conducted to assess nutritional status in children with autism. A convenient sample of patients with autism in (Al Imam Al Husain Institute of Autism) and autistic patients in psychiatric department in AL - Hakeem hospital from 30th of April 30th of August 2015.The data were collected by questionnaire developed and filled by investigator through direct interview with autistic patient parents that visit psychiatric department in Al - Hakeem hospital and from case study sheet that present in AL - Imam Al Husain Institute of Autism which include ID, gender , residency, age of child (or date of birth??), the age level of education of parents, their occupation, and by measuring weight and height of children and compare with wt./age, wt/ht, ht/age & BMI/age growth charts .Epi - info software and Excel sheet for entry and analysis of data .Results : the sample size was 98 child, 86 boys and 12 girls & males to females ratio was 8 : 1, age groups were (28%) ≤ 5 yr ,(72%) more than 5 year in which (52%) of them were normal, (33.9%) were overweight and (14%) were underweight, (28%) of the ≤5yr. were (45%) of them were overweight (37%) of them had wasting,& (16%) were normal, no significant association between the nutritional state with gender, residency, age of father, age of mother, occupation of father, occupation of mother, educational level of fathers and but there were significant association between level of education of mother and age group. p value 0.03 .and between age group of children and NS p value less than 0.0000 (less than 0.05).Conclusion : most cases below and equal 5 yr were overweight& obese 45% and large percent of above 5years 33% were overweight & obese, there is significant associations between nutritional status and level of education on ofmothers for children >5 years and NS .

العنف الاسري بين النساء في محافظة النجف 2012 - 2014 == Domestic Violence among Women in Najaf Province /2012 - 2014

Author name: هديل جعفر كاظم
Supervisor name: ايمان عدنان القصير
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Applied Epidemiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Background : Domestic Violence (DV) against women is a global problem without social, cultural, religious, geographic, economic or national boundaries.Worldwide, at least 1in 5 of the worlds female population has been physically or sexually abused by a man or men at some time in their life. In Arab and Islamic countries, the scope of DV is not yet considered a major concern despite its increasing frequency and serious consequences. In Iraq a family public health survey documented that 83.1% of women reporting at least one form of marital control.Objectives : 1. To explore complaining of women regarding domestic violence in Al - Najaf province for 3 years.2.To throw a light on the associated factors for domestic violence against women.Methodology : A cross sectional study was conducted in Al - Najaf province during period from June to Sept. 2015.A total number of 300 current women were accessed to computer record (2012 - 2014) not paper record about their exposure to domestic violence. Hundred married women from each year were included. The included women were with complete file case ready for the court.Results : Out of the total sample(300) from the Directorate of domestic violence in Al - Najaf province, 91.7% were complaining of physical violence and 8.3% were complaining of verbal abuse. Conclusions and Recommendations : High prevalence of physical Domestic violence among women in Al - Najaf province. Occupation of husband, Age of husbands with year had significant effect on violence. Deal with Domestic Violence as a public health problem. Identify the problem to public by media to educate the public to focus on girls 'education can be viewed as a type of longterm prevention.

تقييم نظام ترصد الحصبة, دائرة صحة الرصافة,بغداد, العراق, 2013 == Evaluation of Measles Case - Based Surveillance System, Baghdad - Resafa, Iraq, 2013

Author name: اسعد مهدي اسعد
Supervisor name: فارس حسن اللامي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Applied Epidemiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • ترصد الحصبة
  • قييم الرصد
  • مؤشرات تقييم الاداء
  • بغداد الرصافة
First pages:
Abstract: يتطلب التخلص من مرض الحصبة نظام ترصد رصين وذو جودة عالية. بدا نظام ترصد الحصبة في العراق في عام 2005, ومن خلال هذا النظام يجب الابلاغ عن كل حالة (حمى مع طفح جلدي) والتحري والتحقق منها على الفور. اجريت هذه الدراسة لتقييم نظام ترصد الحصبة في دائرة صحة بغداد/ الرصافة للفترة من 1/ايار/2013 ولغاية 31/ تموز/2013, وهو اول تقييم لهذا النظام بهذا الاسلوب في العراق.اهاف البحث : 1. تقييم جودة واداء النظام، 2. تحديد الفجوات الموجودة في النظام ومجالات تحسينها,3. صياغة التوصيات لغرض تحسين النظام.طريقة البحث : 1. تقييم نظام ترصد الحصبة من خلال الزيارات الميدانية لـ : شعبة الرصد الوبائي في مركز السيطرة على الامراض الانتقالية/بغداد, وحدة الامراض الانتقالية في دائرة صحة بغداد/الرصافة, وحدة الامراض الانتقالية في جميع القطاعات (7), مستشفيات اطفال عدد 2 ومراكز رعاية صحية اولية عدد 14 اختيرت عشوائيا. حيث تم اعتماد قائمة معدلة لمؤشرات معيارية تابعة لمنظمة الصحة العالمية والدلائل الارشادية لمراكز السيطرة على الامراض والوقاية منها في الولايات المتحدة الامريكية, حيث تمت دراسة هيكلية النظام (Structure), وظائفه الجوهرية (Core functions) والوظائف الداعمة (Support functions) بالاضافة الى نوعية النظام (Data quality or system attributes).2. وصف للمعلومات المسجلة في نظام ترصد الحصبة في العراق من عام 2008 ولغاية عام 2012 مع تحليل مؤشرات الاداء الموصى بها من قبل منظمة الصحة العالمية خلال هذه السنين.نتائج البحث : 1. نتائج التقييم : ا. معظم الوظائف الجوهرية للنظام (كشف وتسجيل وتاكيد الحالات المشتبه اصابتها بالحصبة والابلاغ عنها وعن الاوبئة والـتاهب لها) تفوق المعيار الافتراضي للاداء الجيد(80%). اما تحليل المعطيات وتفسيرها فكانت تتم فقط على مستوى شعبة الرصد الوبائي في بغداد وكذلك التغذية الاسترجاعية فانها دون المستوى في القطاعات (42,9%). ب‌. فيما يتعلق بالوظائف الساندة للنظام فالدلائل التوجيهية والمعيارية (Standards and guidelines) لنظام ترصد الحصبة ولسحب النماذج وعملية احالتها للمختبر موجودة في اغلب المؤسسات المزارة, اما نسبة الكوادر المدربة في القطاعات فكانت (62,5%) وفي المراكز الصحية (71,4%) ولا يوجد متخصصين في علم الاوبئة في كافة المستويات المزارة عدا شعبة الرصد الوبائي في مركز السيطرة/بغداد ودائرة صحىة بغداد/الرصافة. وعلى الرغم من ان الزيارات الاشرافية تجري من قبل المستويات العليا فان توثيق توصيات الزيارات كانت موجودة في (71,4%) من القطاعات و(50%) من المستشفيات المزارة و(42,9%) من المراكز الصحية المزارة. ت‌. اما اكتمال بيانات الترصد((completeness فقد كان يتراوح مابين (83% - 90,9%). وانية التوقيت (Timeliness) فيما يخص تسليم التقارير حول ترصد الحالات والاوبئة فكانت بنسبة (100%). بالاضافة لذلك, فان نظام الترصد تبين بانه مفيد وبسيط ومقبول وعلى درجة عالية من المرونة. اما حساسية النظام فكانت (92%) في المستشفيات المزارة و(95%) في المراكز الصحية المزارة. وكانت القيمة التنبؤية الايجابية (3,6%) في المستشفيات و(9,5%) في المراكز الصحية.2. فيما يخص المعلومات المسجلة في نظام ترصد الحصبة في العراق من عام 2008 ولغاية عام 2012 : ا. تراكميا, تم تسجيل (3,292) حالة اشتباه اصابة بمرض الحصبة في دائرة صحة بغداد/الرصافة للفترة من عام 2008 الى 2012. من بين هذه الحالات كانت هنالك (2,603) حالة مؤكدة, وحوالي (63,4%) منهم كانت اعمارهم (9 - 60 شهر) و(15,6%) هم اقل من (9 شهور). اما فيما يخص الموقف التلقيحي لهذه الحالات فكان (68,2%) منهم غير ملقحين, (22,4%) ملقحين والبقية كان موقفهم التلقحي غير معروف. من هؤلاء الملقحين, كان (99,3%) منهم ملقحين بجرعة واحدة فقط من لقاح الحصبة وكانت نسبة المعلومات المؤخوذة من كارت التلقيحات تمثل (0,2%) فقط. ب‌. على الرغم من انه تم تحقيق تقدم في معظم مؤشرات تقييم الاداء الموصى بها من قبل منظمة الصحة العالمية, فان هنالك ضعف في تحقيق بعض المؤشرات في بعض القطاعات. هذه المؤشرات هي "النسبة المئوية لحالات اشتباه الاصابة بمرض الحصبة التي تم التحقق منها بصورة كاملة", و"النسبة المئوية لحالات اشتباه الاصابة بمرض الحصبة مع عينة وردت في المختبر في غضون 7 ايام من جمع العينة" و"معدل حالات غير الحصبة وغيرالحصبة الالمانية لكل مئة الف نسمة". الاستنتاجات والتوصيات : اظهرت الدراسة بان نظام ترصد الحصبة ذو حساسية عالية وقد حقق اهدافه المعلنة, على الرغم من انه لم يكن مرضيا تماما على جميع المستويات ولاتزال هنالك بعض الفجوات في النظام.واوصت الدراسة بضرورة تكرار التقييم بصفة دورية, اجراء البحوث العملياتية وتقييم مستقل للتغطية بلقاح (MCV) وتعزيز التدريب والاشراف والتغذية الاسترجاعية. | Background : Measles Case - Based Surveillance (MCBS) was started in Iraq in 2005 and every case of fever and rash should be immediately notified and investigated. Evaluation of Baghdad - Resafa Directorate of Health (DOH) was conducted in 2013. Objectives : to evaluate the quality of system, its performance and to determine the gaps and areas for improvement.Methods : Field visits to surveillance section within Communicable Diseases Control Center/Directorate of Public Health and Primary Health Care/Ministry of Health - Iraq (Iraq - CDCC) and surveillance units at Baghdad - Resafa DOH, its seven districts, two pediatric hospitals and fourteen Primary Health Care Centers (PHCCs) using checklist consist of modified WHO proposed list of indicators for monitoring and evaluation. Epidemiological analysis of MCBS data was done from 2008 - 2012.Results : Case detection, registration, confirmation, reporting; and epidemic preparedness were performed well at all levels. Data analysis and interpretation was only performed routinely at national level. Feedback reports were maintained at national, DOH and in 42.9% of the districts. Standard and guidelines were present in most studied areas. Only 62.5 % of the districts and 71.4 % of the visited PHCCs had trained staff. Although supervision was conducted, documentation and recommendations of the visits were present at DOH level, 71.4% of the districts; and only 50% of the hospitals and 42.9% of PHCCs. Completeness of surveillance data was varied from 83% to 90.9%. Timeliness was 100% for surveillance report submissions and outbreak detection. The system was useful, simple, accepted; and flexible at most levels. Sensitivity of the system was 92% in visited hospitals and 95% in visited PHCCs. Predicted Value Positive (PVP) was 3.6% in visited hospitals and 9.5% in visited PHCCs.Cumulatively 3,292 suspected cases were reported in Baghdad - Resafa DOH during 2008 - 2012. Among these, 2,603 (79%) were confirmed measles cases. Around 63.4% were 9 - 60 months, 15.6% were under nine - months. Around 68.2% were not vaccinated, 22.4% were vaccinated and the rest were of unknown vaccination status. About 99.3% of the vaccinated had one dose only. Card retention rate was 0.2% only. Despite progress achieved for most of WHO performance indicators, there was weakness in “percentage of suspected measles cases with complete investigation”, “percentage of suspected measles cases with specimen received at lab within 7 days of collection” and “non - measles non - rubella rate” in some districts. Conclusion and recommendations : The system appeared highly sensitive and met its stated objectives; although it was not fully satisfactory at all levels and some gaps are still there. It was recommended to repeat the evaluation periodically; conduct operational researches and independent assessment of Measles Containing Vaccine (MCV) coverage and to enhance training, supervision, and feedback

دراسة اتجاهات مرض التهاب الكبد الفايروسي في العراق للسنوات 2007 - 2014 == Trends of Viral Hepatitis, Iraq 2007 - 2014

Author name: حسين محمود كاظم
Supervisor name: جواد كاظم الديوان
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Applied Epidemiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Background : Viral hepatitis is a serious global public health problem and a major cause of morbidity and mortality particularly in developing countries. There are five distinct types of hepatitis virus. Hepatitis A, B, C, D and E viruses. Globally, every year there are an estimated 1.4 million cases of hepatitis A, 20 million hepatitis E infections, over 3 million acute cases of hepatitis E, and 56 600 hepatitis E - related deaths. HBV affected 7% of world population and causing more than 1 million deaths annually, while HCV affected 3% of world population and causing 366,000 deaths, annually. In Iraq, the carrier rate of HBV and HCV is 1.6% and 0.4% respectively. Goal : To decrease the morbidity and mortality resulting from viral hepatitis infection.Objective : to identify the trends of viral hepatitis, Iraq, 2007 - 2014.Material & Methods : A descriptive cross - sectional study was conducted from1st June to 31st August 2015 at Communicable Diseases Control Center (CDC)/Iraq on all confirmed hepatitis cases and clinically diagnosed hepatitis cases registered in Iraq provinces during eight years period (2007 - 2014). Data were obtained from the computer stored registries of these cases in Viral Hepatitis Section and Surveillance Section in Communicable Diseases Control center (CDC)/Iraq. Results : the higher incidence rate of hepatitis A, B and C occurred in 2013 (were 31.58, 11.49, and 3.69 respectively), higher incidence rate of hepatitis E in 2011 was 1.17 while higher incidence rate of clinical hepatitis in 2010 was 55.38.Conclusion and Recommendation : High incidence rate of HAV, HEV, HBV and HCV. The peaks of HAV were noticed in 2010 and 2013. Looking for good sanitation, Screening for risk groups, Vaccination for HBV.

الوضع الوبائي لمتلازمة العوز المناعي في العراق من 1990 - 2017 == Epidemiological Profile of HIV in Iraq From 1990 - 2017

Author name: قيس عبد العزيز عبد المطلب
Supervisor name: جواد كاظم الديوان
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Applied Epidemiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Background : HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a disease of far greater demographic diversity, affecting all ages, sexes, races, and income levels; involving multiple transmission risk behaviors; and having a broad geographic distribution worldwide.Globally, there are about 36.7 million people living with HIV, and 1.81 million new HIV infections occurred worldwide in 2016. There is insufficient epidemiological data on HIV infection in Iraq, so this study was conducted to estimate the prevalence, incidence and other epidemiological characteristics of HIV patients in Iraq.Methods : Descriptive cross sectional study was conducted by reviewing all records of HIV patients that retrieved from the Iraqi HIV Surveillance Center from1990 - 2017. Corresponding population data of Iraqi population was obtained from the Ministry of Health (MOH) - Directorate of Planning and Resource Development - Health and Vital Statistics Department. Results : The total number of the registered HIV patients in the Iraqi HIV Surveillance Center from 1990 - 2017 were 385 documented HIV cases. The prevalence and incidence of HIV infection in Iraq in 2017 were 0.66/ 100,000 populations and 0.24/100,000 population respectively, and they increased gradually over the last 27 years.The mean age of patients with HIV at time of detection was 31±12 years. Most of the patients aged 25 years and above that account for (86.8%).Males showed much higher percentage of HIV infection than females about 82%.Most of the cases concentrated in Baghdad governorate (123 cases) that represent 52.8%, followed by Erbil governorate (21,8.4%).Clinically suspecting HIV infection was the main route for detecting cases (22.07%), followed by blood donation (20%) of the cases.Sexual activities represent the major role of transmission about 57%, followed by blood and blood products consumption that represent 22.5%.Conclusions : The prevalence and incidence of HIV infection continue to rise over the last 27 years especially in the last five years. We recommend paying more attention to the control and prevention measures and enhancement of surveillance system.Keywords : HIV, Iraq, Epidemiology, ART.

الوفيات والمراضة الناتجة عن حالات التهاب المعدة والامعاء بين الاطفال دون سن الخمسة سنوات في بابل, 2007 - 2017 == THE MORTALITY and MORBIDITY of GASTROENTERITIS in UNDER 5 YEARS CHILDREN, BABYLON PROVNCE (2007?2017)

Author name: رزاق هاشم محمد
Supervisor name: علياء مكي حسن الصافي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Applied Epidemiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Background : Diarrhea is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality among children in developing countries. It was the second leading cause of death in children under five years, accounting for 9 % of all deaths among children under age 5 worldwide in 2015. Despite the availability of simple effective treatment, about 1,400 young children die each day which is equivalent to 526,000 children a year. According to Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS - 4), the incidence of diarrhea in Iraq was 15% .The objective of this study was to identify the incidence and deaths of gastroenteritis in children under five year in Babylon, 2007 - 2017.Methods : A descriptive cross - sectional study by reviewing all reported cases of gastroenteritis in hospitals and districts of Babylon province between 2007 - 2017.Incidence, mortality rate and case fatality rate (CFR) for <5 years population were calculated.Results : The mean of cases was 69,436 patients. A mean of outpatient was 60,243(86.8%) and 9,194(13.2%) were admitted cases. Male to female ratio was 1.1 : 1. Incidence of gastroenteritis was 237.8/1,000, the highest incidence was in 2012(302 /1,000), the lowest was in 2016(163/1,000), most deaths occur in children <1year (82.1%). CFR was (1.1/10,000), the highest case fatality rate was in2007 (3.9/10,000), there was no deaths in 2013 and 2015, therefore CFR was 0%.Proportional mortality rate (PMR) the mean was (0.3%); the highest PMR was in 2007 (0.8%), because there was no deaths in 2013 and 2015 PMR (0%).The incidence was higher in infants (477/1,000), than1 - <5 years (168.2/1,000) as means, which represented 2.8 times more in infants.Conclusion Diarrhea is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five years, which need to pay more attention for PHC efforts and community cooperation, improvements of living situations and encouragement of Breast feeding.Key words : Gastroenteritis, Babylon, Under 5 years children, Incidence, Case fatality rate, Proportional mortality rate.

الاصابات المنزلية المميحة للنساء في العراق 2010 - 2015 == Fatal Domestic Injuries among Females, Iraq, 2010 - 2015

Author name: ختام محسن علي
Supervisor name: بتول علي غالب ياسين
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Applied Epidemiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Background : Injuries and violence are among the most prominent public health problems in the world, as well as being a leading cause of mortality.Globally, each year more than 11,000 people are estimated to die within homes from preventable unintentional injuries. The majority (73%) of family victims were females.Objectives : This study is conducted to describe the epidemiological characteristics, estimate incidence and identify mechanism of fatal female domestic injuries (FFDI) in Iraq for the period of 2010 - 2015.Methods : A cross sectional study was conducted on all female home fatalities reported from all the coroner offices in Iraq for the period of 2010 - 2015 as part of Iraqi Injury Surveillance System (IISS). The injury surveillance form included detailed data on the demographics, injury circumstances and injury mechanisms. Populations' data of the country and the provinces were obtained from Ministry of Health (MOH) and Ministry of Planning.Results : The total number of FFDI during this period was 9,181with an average annual incidence of 11.9/100,000 female population (FP). FFDI represented 13.1% of total Fatal Injuries of IISS and 53.3% of domestic fatal injuries of IISS.Page II The incidence of FFDI decreased from 12.4/100,000FP in 2010 to 11/100,000FP in 2015. Mean age group was 47years, 55% occurred at the age group 10 - 29 years. The highest incidence 21.4/100,000FP was recorded at the age group 20 - 29 years. About 72% of FFDI were unintentional with average annual incidence 8.4 /100,000FP and 72% occurred during 6am - 5pm. The main causes of FFDI were : Burn (62%), electric injury (11.5%), and gun fire (7%) with average annual incidence 7.4, 1.3, and 0.7/100,000FP, respectively. The highest average incidence was reported in Erbil (22.3/100,000FP), Misan (20.2/100,000FP), and Sulaimaniya governorates (16.8/100,000FP) Conclusions : There is a need for implementing of effective community based preventive programs by regulatory measures, environmental changes, and education which may play a crucial role in the prevention of injuries in female home environments.

تقييم كفاءات مسؤولي الرصد الوبائي علي مستوى القطاعات، العراق 2017 == Assessment of Competencies of Surveillance Officers at District Level, Iraq 2017

Author name: رفل علياء مكي الصافي
Supervisor name: علياء مكي حسن الصافي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Applied Epidemiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Background : Assessment of communicable diseases surveillance officers is regarded as one of important aspects for the detection of obstacles that prevent the development of surveillance system which would certainly affect the control programs of these diseases.Objective : To assess the background characteristics communicable diseases' surveillance officers at all district levels of all Iraqi provinces .Method : A cross sectional study from the 15th March to 30th September,2017 in which all the communicable diseases' surveillance officers (136) that are employed by MOH all over Iraq were included. A structured questionnaire developed by the researcher and explained during coordination meeting for the surveillance unit in DOH/ MOH. It was then sent by e mail to the surveillance focal persons in DOHs at the provinces level. The questionnaire form gathered demographic data, service characteristics and status of their competencies including : basic epidemiology, biostatistics, surveillance, outbreak investigation, rapid response to health incidence, laboratory models, developing scientific reports and the basic computers skills.Results : The response rate was 85.3%, about half of surveillance officers was responsible for less than 10 PHCC, while only 13.8% were responsible for 20 - 29 centres. More than half of surveillance officers (55.3%) were responsible for 1 - 2 hospitals, while only 9.6% were responsible for 3 - 4 hospitals. The age of study participants ranged between 21 and 62 years and the males constituted more than three quarters (78.4%) of the study sample, Diploma was the highest educational certificate. Those who did not attend any training activity constituted 15.6% of the study sample. Cholera was the most frequently reported incident investigated in an outbreak activity (53.8%). Food poisoning was the most frequently reported incident for a rapid response activity (43.8%).Microsoft word was the most frequently reported skill that reached the required level of proficiency (48.3%).Conclusions and recommendations : The health surveillance system in Iraq at district level was operated mainly by low qualified and under - trained health personnel. There is inequity in distribution of work load (regarding PHCCs and hospitals) and training sessions between surveillance officers in health offices, therefore redistribution is recommended which is the responsibility of health policy makers during the planning and implementing health programs.Supporting continuous training programs on epidemiology, biostatistics, outbreak investigation, computer skills and writing scientific research with increase incentives. Availability of computer and internet facilities must be financed.

الوضع الوبائي لمرض الهيموفيليا في بغداد - العراق 2016 == Epidemiological Profile of Hemophilia in Baghdad - Iraq, 2016

Author name: كمال عبد الرزاق كاظم
Supervisor name: فارس حسن اللامي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Applied Epidemiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Background : Hemophilia is an X - linked bleeding disorder that affects males mainly. Globally, there are about 400,000 people with hemophilia and only 25%of them receive adequate treatment. There is insufficient epidemiological data on hemophilia in Iraq, so this study was conducted to estimate the prevalence, incidence and other epidemiological characteristics of hemophilia patients in Baghdad, 2016.Methods : A cross sectional study was conducted by reviewing all records of hemophilia patients for 2016 that retrieved through visiting all hemophilia centers in Baghdad. Corresponding population data of Baghdad was obtained from the Ministry of Planning.Results : The total number of the registered hemophilia patients in Baghdad centers who are residents of Baghdad was 654. The current prevalence of hemophilia was 7.7/100,000 population and it was 3.6/100,000 population in 2007. The current incidence of hemophilia was 16.3/100,000 livebirths and it was 8.4/100,000 livebirths in 2007. Severe hemophilia represented 63.4% from all types and the male patients represented 97.1%. The prevalence of HCV was 22.9%, for HBV was 0.9% and 0.2% for HIV. Inhibitors werepositive in 11.6% of hemophilia patients. Target joints found among 45.1% of patients. About 27% of patients were on prophylactic therapy. Only one death was recorded among hemophilia patients in Baghdad, 2016.Conclusions : The prevalence and incidence of hemophilia in Baghdad was doubled in 10 years' period. We recommended establishing an electronic national registry to have a perfect database for hemophilia and enhancing the prophylactic treatment.

الصفات الوبائية لمرض الاسهال الحاد في الاطفال دون سن الخامسة في العراق 2016 == Epidemiological Characteristics of Acute Diarrhea in Children under Five Years in Iraq, 2016

Author name: عمار عبد الله حمد
Supervisor name: ايمان عدنان القصير
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Applied Epidemiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Background : Diarrhea is one of the principle causes of morbidity and mortality among children in developing countries. It was the second leading cause of death in children under five years, accounting for 9 % of all deaths among children under age 5 worldwide in 2015. Despite the availability of simple effective treatment, about 1,400 young children die each day which is equivalent to 526,000 children a year. According to Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS - 4), the incidence of diarrhea in Iraq was 15% .Theobjective of this study was to identify the incidence and deaths of acute diarrhea in children under five year in Iraq, 2016. Methods : A descriptive cross - sectional study by reviewing all reported data from the directorate of health all over Iraq to the surveillance section in the Communicable Diseases Control Center in Baghdad. Incidence and case fatality rate (CFR) for <5 years population were calculated.Results : The total number of acute diarrheal cases was 251,388. A total of outpatient was 211,665(84%) and 39723(16%) was admitted cases. Male to female ratio was 1.1 : 1. Incidence of acute diarrhea was 47/1,000, the highest incidence was in Diwaniya (119.2 / 1,000), Erbil (89.8 /1,000), and Thiqar (77/1,000). The total death due to acute diarrhea was 154, male : female ratio was 1.2 : 1 and most deaths occur in children <1year (60.4%). CFR was 0. 77/1,000, the highest case fatality rate was in : Baghdad - Karkh (3.70/1,000), Diyala (2.49/1,000), and Diwaniya (1.14/1,000).Proportional mortality rate (PMR) was 7.7/1,000; the highest PMR was in Diwaniya (24.8/1,000), Salah aldin (18.9/1,000), and Diyala (17.5/1,000). Percentage of ORS used was 85%.The completeness of reported site for all provinces was 88%.Conclusion Diarrhea is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five years, which need to pay more attention for PHC intersectoral cooperation and community participation, and encouragement of Breast feeding.

تقييم ممارسات الجلسة التلقيحية في مراكز الرعاية الصحية الاولية - محافظة واسط, العراق 2017 == Assessment of Immunization Session Practices in Primary Healthcare Centers - Wasit Province, Iraq, 2017

Author name: علي صادق جعفر
Supervisor name: فارس حسن اللامي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Applied Epidemiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Vaccination is a great public health achievement in human history. Annually, vaccines prevent more than 2.5 million child deaths globally. In 2016, about 19.5 million infants worldwide were not covered by DTP3, 60% of them live in 10 countries including Iraq. According to WHO and UNICEF, one third of below one year infants did not complete their immunization schedule. Wasit is among the governorates with a large number of underimmunized children. High quality immunization session practices (ISPs) can ensure safer, more effective vaccination and higher coverage rates. Objectives : To assess ISPs in Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCs) in Wasit, and if ISPs are correlated to some PHCs’ characteristics.Methods : A cross sectional study was conducted on 14 PHCs. One fourth of PHCs in each district were selected using simple random sampling. Each PHC was visited once to assess ISPs, using a modified WHO immunization session checklists. Information on vaccinators and PHC’s were collected using two, self - designed questionnaires.Results : PHCs were scoring variably in ISPs, ranging from 0.52 to 0.78 with a mean of 0.68 ± 0.07. ISPs were grouped into seven domains (mean) : vaccine management (0.51), cold chain management (0.40), session equipment (0.88), communication (0.27), vaccine preparation and administration (0.72), registration (0.83) and waste management (0.84). Three of PHCs’ characteristics : population size, below one - year monthly target and average number of daily vaccinees showed statistically significant, negative correlation with ISPs which was of intermediate strength.Conclusion : None of the PHCs was practicing near standard ISPs. ISPs showed statistically significant, negative correlation, of intermediate strength with population size, below one - year monthly target and average number of daily vaccinees for each PHC

الاضطرابات النفسية لدى كبار السن بين مراجعي عيادة كبار السن في مدينة الطب بغداد/ العراق 2017 == Mental Disorders among the Elderly People Attending Geriatric Clinic of Baghdad Medical City, Baghdad/ Iraq, 2017

Author name: احمد عبد الامير ابراهيم
Supervisor name: جواد كاظم الديوان
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Applied Epidemiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Background : The aging population is currently one of the main issues facing international health care systems. Between 2015 and 2050, the proportion of the world’s population 60 years and over will increase from 12% to 22%. Iraqi population was exposed to wars and conflicts, which are in turn, affect their mental health. We conducted this study to measure the prevalence and identify types and potential associated factors of MDs among elderly people attending Geriatric Clinic of Baghdad Medical City. Methodology : A cross - sectional study conducted and a systematic random sampling technique was used to select 320 elderly people attending Geriatric Clinic of Baghdad Medical City for non - psychiatric complaints. We collected data on basic demographics and associated risk factors using a questionnaire filled through self - reported questionnaire.Mental disorders (MDs) were defined based on Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) with a cutoff score of 20+. Accredited tools used by WHO were used to identify the types of MDs.Results : The prevalence of MDs in the study sample was 24.4%. The prevalence of MDs types were : Depression 16.6%, anxiety 12.8%, dementia 5.3%, substance abuse 2.5%, suicide thoughts 5.6%, and suicide attempts 2.5%. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the determinant factors of elderly MDs revealed the following significant factors : Aging, smokers, living depends on others, loneliness and social isolation, visual impairment, economic state deterioration, neglect and mishandling, and chronic diseases are the determinant factors of elderly MDs.Conclusions : Mental disorders are wide spread among elderly people and enhanced elderly mental health care services should be provided

تقييم المعايير الالزاميه لسلامة المرضى في عينه من المستشفيات التعليميه في بغداد 2014 == Assessment of Critical Standards of Patients Safety in a Sample of Teaching Hospitals in Baghdad 2014

Author name: هناء عبد اللطيف عبد الرزاق
Supervisor name: فارس حسن اللامي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Applied Epidemiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: سلامة المريض هو نظام الرعاية الصحية الجديد الذي يؤكد على التقارير والتحاليل والوقاية من الخطا الطبي الذي غالبا ما يؤدي الى احداث الرعاية الصحية السلبية . مع الاعتراف بان لاخطاء الرعاية الصحية الاثر في 1 من كل 10 مرضى في جميع انحاء العالم . تعتبر منظمة الصحة العالمية بان سلامة المريض قلق مستوطن . في عام 1970 حددت الابحاث الاضرار التي تصيب 36% من الراقدين في وحدات طبية عامة و13% من الراقدين في وحدات العناية المركزة من المرضى غالبا ما يكون نتيجة للعلاجات . الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو اجراء تقييم اساسي لتحديد الفجوات في المعيار الالزامي لسلامة المريض في بعض المستشفيات التعليمية في بغداد وذلك لغرض ملئ هذه الفجوات في هذه المستشفيات بحيث تصبح جاهزة للانضمام في مبادرة المستشفى الصديقة لسلامة المريض .الطرق : اجريت دراسة مقطعية وصفية مع العنصر التحليلي باستخدام دليل تقييم سلامة المريض لمنظمة الصحة العالمية لسنة 2011 كاستبيانات لتقييم المعايير الحرجة التي هي المعايير الالزامية التي يجب ان تمتثل لها المستشفى لتصبح جاهزة للانضمام في مبادرة المستشفى الصديقة لسلامة المرضى . اخذت عينة من اربعة مستشفيات تعليمية عامة في بغداد . تم استخدام الاساليب الاحصائية واتجاه واحد انوفا للتعرف على الاختلافات بين المتغيرات .النتائج : اظهرت الدراسة ان مستشفى غازي الحريري للجراحات التخصصية قد حققت نسبة عاليه 80% في حين حققت مستشفى بغداد التعليمي متوسط 67% من مجموع درجات المعايير الالزامية .الاستنتاج : تم تقييم مستوى الامتثال الكلي للبنية التحتية لسلامة المريض في المستشفيات بانها عالية لكن الحصول على 100% من المعايير الالزامية في المجالات الاربعه ضروريه كي تعتبر في المستوى الاساسي من المستشفى الصديقة لسلامة المريض . | emphasizes the reporting, analysis, and prevention of medical error that often leads to adverse health care events. Recognizing that health care errors impact 1 in every 10 patients around the world, the WHO calls patient safety an endemic concern. In 1970, research identified that 36% of admissions to general medical units and 13% of admission to intensive care units followed adverse events in which patients had been harmed most often as result of medications. The objective of this study is to conduct a baseline assessment to identify the gaps in the critical standard of patient safety in a sample of teaching hospitals in Baghdad for fill in these gaps so that these hospitals become ready to be enrolled in the Patient Safety Friendly Hospital Initiative .Methodology : A descriptive cross sectional study with analytic element was conducted in a convenient sample of four public teaching hospitals in Baghdad governorate using the checklist of WHO patient safety assessment manual, 2011 as questionnaires to assess the critical standards which are compulsory standards with which a hospital has to comply to become enrolled in the PSFHI. Convenience sample of four public teaching hospitals in Baghdad. Statistical methods and one way anova were used to identify the differences among the variables.Results : the study showed that Gazi Al - Hareery Specialized Surgeries Hospital had the highest percentage 80% while Baghdad Teaching Hospital with average 67% of the total scores for critical standards.Conclusion : The overall compliance level of patient safety infrastructure was evaluated high in the studied hospitals but acquiring 100% of critical standards in the four domains are essential to be considered at the basic level of PSFHI
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