First pages:

تاثير حامض الهيوميك والاوكسينات في نمو نبات حشيشة الليمون Cymbopogon citratus L. وتراكيبه الافرازية ومكوناته الفعالة == Effect of Humic Acid And Auxins On Growth of Lemon Grass Plant (Cymbopogon Citratus L.), Secretors Stractures And Its Active Constituent

Author name: ايوب جمعة عبد الرحمن علي البياتي

Supervisor name: جميل ياسين التميمي | شاكر مهدي صالح

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Plant

Degree: Doctorate

University: Tikrit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology

Language: Arabic

University location: Salahaddin

First pages:

Abstract: اجريت تجربة حقلية باستخدام اصص بلاستيكية في كلية التربية - جامعة تكريت بهدف دراسة تاثير حامض الهيوميك والاوكسينات في الصفات المظهرية والتشريحية لنبات حشيشة الليمون ومحتواه من المادة الفعالة, نفذت التجربة العاملية وفق التصميم العشوائي الكامل CRD وبثلاث مكر | Afield experiment was conducted using plastic pots on lemon grass to study effect of Humic acid and Auxins in growth, anatomical characteristics and its content of active constituents this plant in Tikrit University - College of Education, using the factorial experiment in CRD.The first factor was humic acid as organic acid fertilizer and two ways for applied, The first spraying with Lighumus 18 concentration 1.5 ml/2L of water(H1).The second addition Liqhumus 18 with irrigation water 1.5 ml/2L of water(H2)In addition to the treatment control(without Liqhumus 18(H0). The second factor two type of growth regulators(IAA And IBA) and their mixture as follow : 1 - spray growth regulator IAA 150mg/L(A1).2 - spray growth regulator IBA150mg/L(A2).3 - spray the mixture (IAA+IBA) 150mg/L(A3).4 - (Control) spraying with water. The data analysis ststistical using analysis of variance test (ANOVA) and compared between the treatment using Duncan test at 5% level of probability, and results of the experiment were as follow : 1 - The treatment (H2A3) was superior in plant hight(150.92cm), leaf area(3278.0cm2), number of leaves/plant(49.16)and shot dry weight(153.86 g) While the lowest value of plant high were(127.17cm)leaf area(1341.0cm2), leaf number/plant(29057)and shot dry weight (98.58gm)in the control treatment.2 - The treatment (H2A3) was superior significantly in all plant elements content : Nitrogen(2.78%), phosphorus(0.388%), potassium(2.95mg/l), Iron (87mg/i), Copper(16.8mg/l)and Zinc(15.8mg/l)whereas control treatments gave the lowest value were (1.31%), (0.29%), (1.05mg/l), (47.66mg/l), (12.0mg/l)and(3.10mg/l)respectively.3 - The treatment (H2A3)gave high number of oil cell in the leaf blade(5.88)cell, leaf mid rib(5.88)cell and leaf sheath(6.88)cell while less value were in the treatment(H0A2)which gave(3.22)cell in leaf blade and(2.66)and(3.66)cell on midrib and sheath respectively gave by control treatment4 - The treatment (H2A3) was superior significantly increased the volatile oil percentage by (1.04%), Specific gravity(0.9460), oil density(0.9260)and refractive index(1.4839).while less percentage were (0.68%), (0.8890), (0.8880)and(1.4820)respectively in the control.5 - The treatment(H0A3)was superior significantly in Citral a compound percentage by(32.87%), total citral(54.59%)and linalool(11.53) hn the leaf and sheath.in compare with treatments(H0A1), (H1A0)and(H1A2)which never contain Citral, while less percentage of total Citral was (2.06%)in the control.6 - The treatment(H0A1)was significantly increased compound Citral b compound percentage(27.82%) in the leaf and sheathwhile less Citral b percentage was(1.90%) in the control.7 - Superior the treatment(H2A0) significantly in Limonen compound percentage by(88.81%) in the leaf and sheathwhile less Limonen percentage was(21.72%) in the treatment(H1A1).8 - the treatment(H1A1)was significantly superior in Myrcin compound percentage by(35.83%) in the leaf and sheath in compare with(H1A0) which never contain Myrcin.9 - the treatment(H1A3)was significantly superior in Geraniol compound percentage by(36.14%) in the leaf and sheath in compare with(H0A3)and(H2A1) which never contain Geraniol.

التنميط الوراثي لمستضدات التطابق النسيجي في عينة عراقية من مرضى السكري النوع الثاني == Hla Genotyping In A Sample of Iraqi Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Author name: احمد كاظم محمد

Supervisor name: محمد ابراهيم نادر | بتول حسن الغرابي

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Biotechnologies

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Baghdad - Institute Of Genetic Engineering And Biotechnology - Department Of Biotechnology

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: داء السكري مرض واسع الانتشارعالميا تختلف نسبة الاصابة بين البلدان المتطورة والنامية ويعتبر المسبب الرئيسي للاعاقة والموت في العالم.داء السكري النوع الثاني هو الاكثر حدوثا حيث تبلغ نسبة الاصابة (90 - 95%) من مجموع المصابين بالسكري للانواع الثلاثة الرئيسية. | Sixty of non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients who were diagnosed according to American Diabetes Association criteria (ADA) 2007 were selected from the specialized center of endocrinology and diabetes (Baghdad AL - Russafa Health Directorate) during the period between first of May 2013 to last of October 2013.Their age ranged 35 - 70 years. Fourty apparently healthy individuals their age ranged (35 - 70) years were considered as control. Enzymatic colorimetric methods used for measured FBS (fasting blood sugar) and HbA1c (glycohemoglobin) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for hormones and enzyme markers. Fasting blood sugar revealed high significant in patients with median (11.6 mmol/L vs. 5.9 mmol/L) and (P<0.001) in comparison to control groups.Elevation of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) with mean (9% vs. 5.5%) in comparison to control groups. Another reliable marker are the concentration Adpionectine hormone, Insulin hormone and adenosine deaminase activity the results of those estimated significantly difference between levels mean (20.7 vs. 34 ng /ml) in patients compared to healthy subjects (P<0.001) for adiponectin ; mean (106.6 vs. 59.3 ng/ml) for ADA (adenosine deaminase) with (P<0.001) and the median (12.1 vs. 16 uIU/ml) for insulin hormone with (P 0.001). In order to investigate the accuracy of previously mentioned tests, a statistical analysis [Receiver - Operator Characteristics (ROC)] has been applied to show the accuracy, specificity and sensitivity of the tests under test.This analysis revealed that serum ADA activity is the best marker with highly specificity 100%, sensitivity 100%, and accuracy 100% while; FBS was the best test with highly specificity 100%, sensitivity 100% and 100% accuracy in comparison with other tests. It was denoted that type2 DM was associated with certain HLA class II alleles were analyzed for their genotyping by Polymerase Chain Reaction - Sequences Specific Olegionucleotide (PCR - SSO) technique. The present study revealed that diabetic patients were positively associated with HLA - DQB1*0201 (83% vs. 5.0%) which is the most prevalent in patients followed by DRB1*1137 (46.7% vs. 0.0%); DRB1*0401 (41.7% vs. 2.5%), and DRB1*1306(15% vs.0.0%) while HLA, A*0201;B*3559;Cw*0410 and DQB1*0501 is negatively associated in type 2DM in comparison with healthy control groups.This study has shown that there is no significant association between FBS, HbA1c, serum insulin, HOMA2(Homeostatic Model Assessment2) ? - function, HOMA2 - IR, serum adiponectin, serum ADA and HLA alleles(DQB1*0201, DRB1*1137, DRB1*0401, DQB1*0501, DRB1*1306) in spite the significant associated between FBS and serum ADA and HLA - DRB1*0701 allele with (P 0.021, P 0.008) respectively.The current result concluded that there may be an important role for HLA genotyping in arising the chance for enhancing the susceptibility for either disease development or protection against its initiation.

تاثير التلوث البيئي على بعض النباتات النامية في مناطق ملوثة بالعناصر الثقيلة في محافظة نينوى == The Effect of Environmental Pollution On Some Plants Growing In Polluted Sites By Heavy Metals In The Province of Nenivah

Author name: حسين صابر محمد علي الراشدي

Supervisor name: يحيى داؤد وهب المشهداني | خليل ابراهيم بندر النعيمي

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Environment - Environmental pollution

Degree: Doctorate

University: Tikrit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology

Language: Arabic

University location: Salahaddin

First pages:

Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسة في جامعة الموصل / كلية التربية /قسم علوم الحياة، لتحديد بعض المناطق الملوثة بالعناصر الثقيلة (Cu, Zn, Cd) في محافظة نينوى، وتاثيرها على النمو والقيمة الغذائية وتراكمها في الاجزاء المختلفة للانواع النباتية المختلفة المزروعة في هذه المواقع | this study is conducted in the University of Mosul - College of Education department of biology to identify some of the areas polluted with heavy metals (cu, zn, cd) in the Province of Nineveh, and their effect upon the growth and the nutrition value and its accumulation within the different planted species in these areas. Furthermore, the effect of soil treatment with cadmium, zinc, and copper have been studied with different concentration on the physiology growth and response and the nutritious value of the safflower, fenugreek, coriander, and flares and its ability to accumulate the heavy metals in its different parts as a technique of treating polluted soil with heavy elements through plants.The results showed that the upper Maximum recorded value of cadmium and copper in the soil of Hawi ALkanisa area reached 1.509, 15.900 mg/kg soil respectively and zinc in the soil of Hamam Alaleel area which reached 181.470 mg/kg.The most polluted area with heavy metals was Hawi ALkanisa, Alshora, Hamam Alaleel and Aldanadan in comparison with the other areas and this affected negatively on the growth and nutrient value of vegetables (Malva sylvestris, Beta vulgaris, Apium graveolens, Menthae piperitae, Raphanus saltivus, and Lepidium sativum) planted within these area where it had been noticed the decrease of these plants growth and its neutrinos value with respect to plants content of nutritious mineral elements such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, chloride, and sodium with concentration of proteins and carbohydrate and the occurring of an increase in the concentrations of heavy metals (cu, zn, cd) in the different plant parts in comparison with the growing plants in other less polluted areas.It became clear that the most resistant plants to the effects of these elements was the Raphanus sativus which belongs to the plant family Cruciferae known of its role in removing and treating polluted soil with heavy metals.The study in the plastic greenhouse showed that soil treatment with cadmium within concentrations (1, 2, 3) mg/kg and with zinc in concentrations (150, 300, 450) mg/kg and with copper in concentrations (50, 100, 150) mg/kg of soil caused decreasing the growth of safflower, fenugreek, coriander, and flares plants, and decreasing its protein, carbohydrate, and potassium concentration in the different plant parts. Moreover, it caused increasing peroxidaes and Superoxide dismutase enzymes in the Shoot and increasing heavy metals concentration in the different plant (the Shoot and Root group and grains)of the four plants.Also increasing these elements concentration was directly proportional with increase concentration in soil, and the study showed that the most tolerant plants for elements effect was safflower in comparison with the other plants.

دراسة تصنيفية مقارنة لانواع الجنس Heliotropium L. (Boraginaceae) في وسط وشمال العراق == Comparative Taxonomical Study of The Genus Heliotropium L. (Boraginaceae) In Mid And North of Iraq

Author name: محمد عدنان هاشم ال ابليش

Supervisor name: طالب عويد الخزرجي | عقيل حسين العاصي

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Plant

Degree: Doctorate

University: Tikrit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology

Language: Arabic

University location: Salahaddin

First pages:

Abstract: تضمن البحث الحالي دراسة مقارنة مظهرية وتشريحية وكيميائية ووراثية لثمانية انواع تابعة للجنس Heliotropium L. (Boraginaceae) في وسط وشمال العراق هي H.bacciferum Forssk., H.ellipticum Ledeb. H.europaeum L., H.lasiocarpium Fisch., H.noeanum Boiss., H.ramosissi | The current research study is a comparative morphological, anatomical, chemical, genetical of the genus Heliotropium in mid and north of Iraq between eight species belonging to the genus of the family Boraginaceae, and the study included some morphological characteristic of the roots, stems, leaves, flowers (calyx, corolla, stamens, pistils), inflorescence, fruits and pollen grain shows that there are clear differences between the species under study. The study included aspects of anatomy and the differences included the qualities of epidermis leaf and stem and stomata as well as study transverse sections of roots, stems, leaves and petiole and peduncle, fruits, Nutlets and seeds, also studied the system of Venation in the leaf where he studied the type of venation as well as study the direction of midrib, thickness, branching as well as the study of secondary veins, Arrangement, Aerioles and Veinlets that showed clear differences between species.The study showed that pollen grains in the species are Tricolporate in all species except H.bacciferum it contains four grooves and pollen grains of contain Psaudotricolporate found in all species except H.lasiocarpium was completely absent of false grooves have distinguished this species by this character, showed the study of pollen grain Psaudotetracolporate in species H.bacciferum only and did not appear in the rest of the species. the study noted that there are variations evident in the two axes equatorial and polar as well as in the length of the groove, width, the rate of the thickness of the wall of pollen grain, the rate of diameter germination aperture in all species. The study showed clear difference between species in dimensions of upper and lower epidermis leaf, as well as a study stomata index on the surfaces of upper and lower leaves where show that all species were the lower surface more than the upper surface in density of stomata and Trichomes were studied in all parts of plants under study it was observed that there is variation in the distribution of hair and their locations as well as the lengths of hairs and thickness of the walls and shape of apex and base. Studied species in pathway of photosynthesis showed that two species are C4 plants H.noeanum, H.suaveolens either species H.bacciferum, H.ramosissimum, H.lasiocarpium was belong of intermediate C3 - C4 species while the rest were from C3 plants after analysis qualities and similarities of these qualities were very important to isolate the species from each other because present of bundle sheath, thickness of leave in cross section, thickness of cuticle, thickness of chlorenchyma and collenchymas tissues, frequency of stomata and it distribution, the number of aerioles and veinlets density and size. Has also been studying the chemical content of alkaloids and found that there are six alkaloids isolated for the first time from inflorescences for plants belonging to the genus Heliotropium were isolated using the technique liquid chromatography for identified six alkaloids compounds (indicine and supinine, indicine - N - oxide, heleurine, heliotrine and lindelofidine), which included the study of compounds Alkaliods type, concentration and percentage and the pyrrolizidine alkaloids that have a biological importance of cure tumors and cancers. The study showed high percentage of heliotrine in four species of Heliotropium H.bacciferum, H.ramosissimum, H.europaeum, H.noeanum were (48%, 54%, 51%, 54%) while heleurine was high percentage in two species H.suaveolens, H.supinum were (33%, 56%), while the study showed lower percentage of indicine - N - oxide in three species H.ramosissimum, H.noeanum, H.supinum were (2%, 4%, 1%). The current research identified for the first time on the content of the Glycosides from inflorescences in eight species of Heliotropium from mid and north of Iraq. These species are H.bacciferum, H.ellipticum H.europaeum, H.lasiocarpium, H.noeanum, H.ramosissimum, H.suaveolens, H.supinum by using the liquid phase chromatography diagnosis of six compounds (heliotrope, isopyrrolidine, isorhamnetin, naringenin, quercetein, triterpene) results showed that plant species studied vary their content of these compounds, with absent of naringenin in the species H.noeanum while absent of triterpene in species H.ellipticum, H.europaeum, H.supinum. They also showed the studied differences in concentrations glycosides and percentage of species as shown H.europaeum, H.lasiocarpium, H.noeanum, H.ramosissimum, H.supinum, H.suaveolens lower concentrations (12 - 37 mg / ml) and percentages (1 - 9%) for quercetein compared to the rest of the species studied and the species H.europaeum, H.lasiocarpium, H.noeanum, , H.supinum, H.suaveolens were higher concentrations (99 - 442 mg / ml) and percentages (26 - 51 %) for heliotrope compared to other species. These results indicate the possibility of the adoption of the content glycosides for inflorescence criterion for the separation between species as well as use for medical purposes, especially pyrolizidine and isopyrrolidine important in the treatment of tumors and cancer. Studied the genetic variation through the study of random variation indicators RAPD for eight species of the genus Heliotropium, and using 14 primer showed variation between the species under study and were divided into two groups are : 1. Group A : Included only two species H.bacciferum, H.ramosissimum where the genetic distance between these two species (0.249) where the two species are similar in genetic traits and genetic content in the absence of many bands of the primers and appear in the other. 2. Group B : Included six species of the genus Heliotropium under study and was less genetic distance between H.ellipticum, H.europaeum where (0.105) and this is a great similarity in appearance bands between the two species in some of primers, then the following two species were also two other, where he was the closest genetic distance between the two species H.lasiocarpium, H.noeanum where (0.153) and was very close two species of H.ellipticum, H.europaeum were was (0.125). The data were analyzed and characteristics after into the program (NTSYSpc) to study morphological and anatomical, chemical, genetic and find a genetic distance inter - species on the basis of similarity So was isolated species to groups and based on a large number of morphological characteristics and anatomical, chemical, genetic possible distinguish species from each other and show the variation at the level of species belonging to the genus Heliotropium.

دراسة ادلة التنوع الاحيائي لتقييم مجتمع العوالق الحيوانية في نهر الكوفة - العراق == A Study of Biodiversity Indices To Assessment The Zooplankton Community In The Kuffa River - Iraq

Author name: حسين عليوي حسن الكرعاوي

Supervisor name: مهند رمزي نشات

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Zoology - Invertebrates

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Al-Qadisiyah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology

Language: Arabic

University location: Qadisiyah

First pages:

Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسة على نهر الكوفة في وسط العراق والتي هدفت الى التعرف على التنوع الاحيائي للعوالق الحيوانية من خلال قيم بعض ادلة التنوع الاحيائي وكذلك والتعرف على نوعية المياه من خلال قياس بعض الخصائص الفيزيائية والكيميائية لمياه النهر وكذلك من خلال قيم دل | The Present study was carried out on the AL - Kuffa River in the middle of Iraq to know biodiversity of zooplankton by through some of biodiversity indices values and to know water quality by through measurement some physical and chemical characteristics of water as well as by through the Canadian Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) values. The samples of the study have been collected monthly for water and zooplankton for the period from March 2012 till February 2013 at four selected stations in the river; the first is located in Al - Kufel city, the second in Al - Kuffa city, the third in Aboskeer city and the four after Al - Mushkab city. The study was achieved by measurement of some physical and chemical properties of water were analyzed based on the importance of these parameters the parameters studied included Air temperature, water temperature, pH, water current velocity, turbidity, total suspended solids, electrical conductivity, salinity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, percentage of saturation, biological oxygen demand, total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulphat, phosphate and nitrate. The study also included biological aspects using density, Rrelative abundance index (Ra), Constancy index (S), Species richness index (D), Shanon - Weiner index (H), Species uniformity index (E) and Jaccard presence - community were also employed to determine the values of species composition, density and zooplankton biodiversity in the study area. The results showed clear consensus from air temperature and water temperature in all study locations.Air and water temperature ranged from 6 to 41 ?C and 7 to 34?C respectively, the Water current velocity values were fluctuated according to the different water levels during the study period and ranged from 0.19 to 0.71 m/sec, while the (TSS) values were low and ranged from 3.54 to 52.05 mg/l, and turbidity 1.69 to 55.76 NTU, the pH values were neutral tend to light alkaline and ranged was ranged from 7.1 to 8.7, The electrical conductivity values varied from 810 to 1810 ?s/cm, according to the values of salinity 0.51 to 1.158 ‰ the water of the river was classified as Oligohaline, (TDS) showed medium values ranged from 440.4 to 977 mg/l. This study showed that river were well oxygenated the dissolved oxygen values ranged from 5.5to12.2mg/l and high percentage of saturation recorded from 72 to 148 %, The study recorded values to the BOD5 were ranged from 0.9 to 6.4 mg/l.The study showed that the water of the river was classified as slight alkaline and bicarbonate ions were dominant throughout the study period according to the values of total alkalinity from110 to 210 mg CaCo3/l, and the river water classified as very hard according to the total hardness values from 237.9 to 538.2 mg CaCo3 /l., While the concentrations of calcium and magnesium were from 73.19 to134.1 and from10.46 to 55.59 mgCaCO3/L respectively, The chlorid and sulfate values were from117.6 to 244.5 mg/l and136.9 to 528.14mg/l respectively, The nutrients showed clear fluctuation in their concentrations, nitrate values were varied from 3.55to36.43?g/l and phosphate values were from 0.15 to 2.89 ?g/L.. In the current study about 164 Taxonomic units of zooplankton were identified, the rotifer was dominate group including 92 taxa to rotifera, 35 taxa belonging to cladocera and 37 taxa to copepod. The Zooplankton showed high density in river 29470 ind /m3 during April 2012 while lower1100 ind/m3 in December 2012 also the rotifer recorder density from 425 to 17925 ind/m3, cladocera density from 25 to 4850 ind/m3 and copepod density from 300 to 15450 ind/m3 the high values were in spring and autumn while lowest values were recorded in summer and winter. The results of relative abundance index showed that the species rotifera : Keratella cochlearis, K.valga, Euchlanis delatata while the cladocera Alona rectangular, Bosmina longirostris, Chydorus sphaericus, Simocephalus vetulus and the copepods : nauplii were more abundant in the kuffa river. also the results of Constancy index showed fourteen taxa belonged to zooplankton which were considered "Constant" at stations However the other taxonomy units varied from "accessory" and "accidental" taxonomy units in study stations he Values of the index of Species richness of Rotifer varied from 3.42 to18.26 and Cladocera varied from 0.9 to8.13 and Copepod from1.46 to 6.13 with greatest values were recorded in April While lower values in September and June The highest percentage of similarity 70.58% for Zooplankton were reported from stations 3 and 4 in and lowest similarity reaching 50.30% from stations 2 and 3. the Shanon - Weiner index of total Zooplankton varied from 1.81 to 4.13 bit/ind while the Shanon index of Rotifer from 1.85 to 3.78 bit/Ind, Cladocera varied from 0.001 to 3.03 bit/Ind and Copeoda varied from 0.35 to 2.71 bit/Ind with greatest values were recorded in April 2012 and September 2012 While lower values in and June 2012 and January 2013, The uniformity index of Rotifer varied from 0.01 to 0.9, Cladocera from 0.01to 1 and Copeoda from 0.14 to 0.88 These high values indicate that there is no ecological stress on zooplankton in the study area. The results of the Canadian Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) for aquatic life showed that the water quality of River Kuffa in the study area obtained good to marginal level (90.93 - 62.76) the highest value was recorded at station 1 through April 2012 and lowest value was recorded at station 2 through July 2012

التغيرات الفسلجية لضربين من الباميا Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench بتاثير حامض الدبال والزولفاست == Physiological Changes To Varieties of Okra Abelmoschus Esculentus (L.) Moench By Effect of Humic Acid And Zolfast

Author name: ندى سالم عزيز الموسوي

Supervisor name: عبد الامير علي ياسين

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Plant - Physiology

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Al-Qadisiyah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology

Language: Arabic

University location: Qadisiyah

First pages:

Abstract: نفذت هذه الدراسة في كلية الزراعة/ جامعة القادسية خلال المدة من 10/4/2011 حتى 15/10/2011. الهدف منها دراسة الاستجابة لضربين من الباميا (الحسيناوية والبتيرة) لطريقتي اضافة حامض الدبال ومستحضر الزولفاست (الرش الورقي ومع ماء الري) وبتركيزين لكل منهما (الموصى | This study was conducted in Agriculture College, AL - Qadisiya University during the period of 10/4/2011 till 15/10/2011. The aim of the study was studying response of two okra varieties (Al - Husenawyia and Al - Pteira) humic acid and zolfast application methods (foliar and addition to irrigation water) and this concentration (recommended and doubled) on growth and productivity as well as leaf mineral and fruit medicinal active constituents.The humic acid and zolfast formulas were added by the use of hand sprayer or with irrigation water with the recommended and doubled concentrations for humic acid and zolfast as foliar spraying were 1 ml.L - 1 and 2 ml.L - 1 if doubled respectively while when used with irrigation water 4.8 ml.L - 1 and 9.6 ml.L - 1 if double for humic acid 7.2 and 14.4 ml.L - 1 for zolfast if doubled.The design of the experiment was Randomized complete blocks in a factorial arrangement (2×2×5) in three replications. The RLSD at 0.05 was used as a method to compare means separation treatment effect was evident. The results showed : 1 - Al - Husenawyia variety was superior in total leaf area, vegetative fresh and dry weights, root fresh and dry weights, P% and content addition to specific leaf weight, relative growth rate, fruit length, number of fruit/plant, fruits yield compared to Al - Pteira. Percentage of protein, carbohydrates, total soluble solids, caprylic, lauric saturated fatty acids and all the unsaturated fatty acids. Mucilage, folic acid and oil refractive index were also higher with Al - Husenawyia compared to Al - Pteira had higher stem diameter, fruit fresh and dry weight, K%, boron content and percentage of saturated fatty acids (Myristic, Palmatic, Stearic, Arachidic and Behinic). Ca% was the same for both cultivars.2 - Foliar application method of humic acid and zolfast showed beneficial effect on and all parameters studies except root fresh and dry weight and percentage of saturated fatty acids increased with irrigation water (except Lauric acid which was increased with foliar application). Methods of application did not affect stem diameter, Ca% in leaves and fruit total soluble solids.3 - Although the double recommended concentrations of humic acid and Zolfast reduced saturated fatty acids significantly their recommended concentration lowered saturated fatty acids (Caprylic, Myristic, Palmatic, Stearic, Arachidic and Behinic) compared to control treatment. Percentage of fiber was lower with the use of zolfast compared to humic acid and control. While K% was lowered when zolfast used in the double recommended concentration. No significant difference were found between the recommended concentrations of humic acid or zolfast in stem diameter, total leaf area, relative growth rate, vegetative dry weight, root dry weight, P%, Ca%, boron content, fruit length, number of fruit/ plant, fruit dry weight, mucilage, carbohydrates%, folic acid, oil%, percentage of saturated fatty acids (Caprylic, Myristic, Palmatic and Arachidic) and unsaturated fatty acids (Oleic and Linoleic) and the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids/saturated.4 - The interaction between cultivars and methods of application revealed that foliar application of both humic acid and zolfast reduced saturated fatty acid (Caprylic, Myristic, Palmatic, Stearic and Arachidic) significantly of both cultivars, compared to their addition to irrigation.5 - The interaction between cultivars and substances of application (humic acid and zolfast concentrations revealed that both cultivars had different response in some traits of studied to applied concentrations of humic and zolfast. Al - Husenawyia variety had higher vegetative fresh weight, root dry weight and fruit of mucilage content with the double recommended humic acid. While Al - Pteira variety had higher TSS% and Lauric acid% when used the double recommended concentration of zolfast.6 - The interaction between methods of application and concentrations of application substances showed superior effect on some studied parameters. Foliar application method was superior on addition to irrigation application with all concentrations except root fresh and dry weight and saturated fatty acids% (except Lauric acid) which were increased when added to the irrigation water to all concentrations of application substances. The same interaction did not revealed significant difference in stem diameter, Ca% and fruit fresh and dry weight.7 - The three way interaction factors studied in the experiment revealed an increase in growth parameter of both cultivars when humic acid and zolfast were added in their higher concentration (double recommended) by foliar application expect root fresh and dry weight and saturated fatty acids% (except Lauric acid) which were increased when added to the irrigation water. Al - Husenawyia variety was higher in all parameters with the use of higher concentration of humic acid and zolfast when applied with irrigation water or foliar application. The three way interaction revealed no significant difference in stem diameter, vegetative dry weight, Ca%, fruit fresh and dry weight, TSS%, percentage of oil and unsaturated fatty acids (Linoleic and Myristoleic).8 - Results of electrophoresis analysis revealed that the use of the doubled recommended concentration of humic acid and zolfast with irrigation water participated in building higher protein molecules in fruits to both cultivars. While the double recommended concentration of humic acid and zolfast did not show this trait when foliar applied.

تقييم الاستجابة المناعية عند المرضى المصابين بالجرب في محافظة النجف == Evaluation of Immune Response In Scabietic Patients In Najaf Governorate

Author name: ملاك ماجد عبد الامير الموسوي

Supervisor name: هادي رسول حسن | ازر هادي ملوكي

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Microbiology - Parasites

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Kufa - College Of Science - Department Of Biology

Language: English

University location: Najaf

First pages:

Abstract: اجريت الدراسة الحالية في محافظة النجف في الفترة الممتدة مابين شباط 2012 لغاية تشرين الثاني 2013 في العيادة الاستشارية للجلدية في مدينة الصدر الطبية وكليتي العلوم والتربية للبنات في جامعة الكوفة. كان عدد المصابين بالجرب الذين ارتادوا العيادة الاستشارية لل | The present study was carried out in Najaf governorate, during the period from February 2012 till November 2013 in Dermatology Outpatient Clinic in Al - Sader Medical City, College of Science and College of Education for Girls in Kufa University. The number of scabietic patients who attended the outpatient clinic during February to November 2012 were 300 (168 males and 132 females). Their ages ranged from 10 to 65 years. They were included to show the prevalence of scabies. Sixty scabietic patients (out of 300 patients) who did not have allergic diseases, helminthic infections, previous attack with scabies, and/or getting any antihistamines drugs were included for human IL - 1?, TNF - ?, IL - 4, IL - 5 and total IgE assays using ELISA technique; superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity assay and eosinophils(%). These assays were applied on scabietic patients (who were divided according to onset of symptoms or duration of scabies symptoms into early and late scabietic patients) as well as healthy controls.Also Sarcoptes scabiei mite proteins were extracted. Then heat stable mite proteins concentration was determined by Bradford’s method. SDS - Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS - PAGE) analysis was used. The activity of mite allergens was assayed by skin prick test (SPT) in 10 scabietic patients and 5 controls with 1.2 ?g/ml and 2.4 ?g/ml. House dust mite (HDM) antigens were skin prick tested in patients with scabies and controls.The prevalence of scabies in current study constituted 6.54% from all the dermatoses which attended the clinic. The males represented 56% and females were 44%. The age group (10 - 19) years was the highest prevalence of scabies (41.7%). Early scabietic patients represented 72% versus late scabietic patients were 28%. The results revealed that a highly significant elevation (p< 0.001) in serum cytokines (IL - 1?, TNF - ?, IL - 4 and IL - 5) as well as IgE, SOD and eosinophils (%) in the two groups of scabietic patients in comparison to the controls.Results of correlation demonstrated that IgE, SOD and eosinophils (%) were positively and significantly correlated (p< 0.001) with the studied cytokines in early, late scabietic and control groups. IgE was positively correlated with IL - 1?, TNF - ?, IL - 4 and IL - 5 in early scabietic patients, whereas, it had negative correlation with IL - 1?, TNF - ?, and positive correlation with IL - 4 and IL - 5 in late ones. SOD showed negative correlation with IL - 1? and TNF - ?, and positive correlation appeared with IL - 4 and IL - 5 in both scabietic patients. Eosinophils (%) were positively correlated with all the studied cytokines in two groups of scabietic patients.The results also revealed that SDS - PAGE profile of the parasite heat stable proteins consisted of protein bands with molecular weights ranged from less than 10 to over than 100 kDa. Skin test demonstrated that (7/10, 70%) and (8/10, 80%) of scabietic patients had a positivity against 1.2 ?g/ml and 2.4 ?g/ml of sarcoptic mite extracts, respectively when prick tested. HDM extract was found to be positive in (4/10, 40%) of scabietic patients; while controls revealed negative result.It can be concluded that scabies affect TH1 and TH2 immune response as well as SOD activity and eosinophils. Sarcoptic proteins contain heat stable allergens which able to cause immediate type - 1 hypersensitivity when 1.2?g/ml of mite protein is skin prick tested, and there is a cross reactivity between Sarcoptes scabiei and HDM allergens

استخدام التراكم الحيوي للعناصر الثقيلة في انسجة الديدان المتطفلة على نوعين من اسماك المياة العذبة في محافظة القادسية == The Usage of Bio - Accumulation of Heavy Meyals In Tissues of Parasitic Helminthes of Two Types of Fresh Waters Fishes In Al - Qadisiya Governorat.

Author name: عاصفة مطرود ياسين المياحي

Supervisor name: هادي مدلول حمزة الميالي

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Microbiology - Parasites

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Al-Qadisiyah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology

Language: Arabic

University location: Qadisiyah

First pages:

Abstract: اجريت الدراسة الحالية في اربعة انهار ضمن محافظة القادسية هي نهرالديوانية والشامية والحمزة وعفك, اذ جمعت 945 سمكة تعود لنوعين من الاسماك هما الشبوط الاعتيادي Barbus grypus والخشني Liza abu وبعــد فحصها وجـد ان 205 سمكة مـن اسماك الشبوط الاعتيادي و344 سمكة | The present study has been conducted in four parts of AL - Qadisiya (Diwaniya center, Shamiya, Hamza and Afaq). A sample of 945 fish of Barbus grypus and Liza abu has been examined. It was found that 205 of the Barbus grypus fish and 344 of the Liza abu were infected with parasitic intestinal worms. Some parasitic intestinal worms have been detected such as the Neoechinorynchus iraqensis in both fish types. The female paulisentus in Barbus grypus, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi were found in both Barbus grypus, Liza abu and the larva of Contracaecum spp was seen in the Liza abu and Barbus grypus type. In Diwaniya river had high infection of both fish types was 61.31%. The Barbus grypus fish were recorded with 70.11% while the Liza abu fish infection was 57.21%.. In Hamza river the total percentage of infection was 56.79 % in both types. The Liza abu infection in the four parts of Diwaniya as 56.30%. In September the infection percentage was higher by 63.21% in the two kinds of fish. while in February, December the infection rate was as low as 50%. It was also found that length categories of (26 - 24.1)cm of Barbus grypus had high percentage of 67.16%, while the length category (28 - 26.1) cm suffered 64.47% infection with intestinal worms in the length category (> - 30.1) was 22.22%.As for the Liza abu it had a high percentage of infection in length category (12 - 10.1) cm, the percentage was 67.53% and dropped to 46.53% in length category (8 - 6)cm.The present study has discovered many pathological changes (visable and microscopic)caused by the intestinal worms, Among the visable changes was embolism and bleeding of the walls of the infected intestinal microscopic changes included an increase in the phlogistic and phagocytic cell and ruining of the internal tissue lining the intestines and atrophy villi.Eight heavy metals were measured.They included Cadmium, Lead, Zinc, Nickel, Copper, Manganese, Mercuryand Chromiumby means of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer tissues from the a forementioned types of fish were measured for these heavy metals these tissues were from the liver, muscles, gills, two kinds of intestinal worms (Cestode and Nematode) were measured also water and sediments (deposits) from four districts of Diwaniya throughout the year, Cadmium registered high concentrations in autumn (12.67) Mg/ gm in the liver of the Barbus grypus. lower concentrations of Cadmium were registered in Winter (1.30) Mg/ gm in the liver of Liza abu.The Barbus grypus livers had high concentrations of lead in autumn (21.03) Mg/ gm in Hamza rivers, where as gills of the Liza abu registered lower concentrations(6.43) Mg/gm in spring.The livers of the Barbus grypus registered high concentrations of zine in autumn which where (32.27)Mg/ gm in Hamza river. Shamiya river they dropped to 21.17 Mg/ gm in spring, It was observed that Nickel had high concentrations in the livers of both fish types, The highest of which was in autumn, the the Hamza river had the highest concentrations in autumn which were (29.17, 28.63, 27.67) Mg/gm.In spring the nickel concentrations were low in the gills of the Liza abu11.10 Mg/ gm in Shamiya river, The livers of the Barbus grypus had the most concentrations of copper which reached 2.02 Mg/ gm while livers of the Liza abu had 1.92 Mg/ gm concentrations in autumn in Hamza river.Manganese showed low concentrations in the Liza abu gills in winter and spring they ranged (1.67, 1.73) in Shamiya river, manganese concentrations increased in autumn and summer to reach (14.83, 10.07) Mg/ gm in the Liza abu liver and (15.13, 10.57) Mg/ gm in the muscles of the Barbus grypus in Hamza river, Marcury had the lowest concentrations 24.37 Mg/ gm in the gills of Liza abu in Afaq river, It was observed that the livers of the Barbus grypus were more vulnerable, the highest concentrations was registered 49.97 Mg/ gm in Hamza river followed by Diwaniya which registered 48.97 Mg/m in autumn. Chromium registered lowest concentrations compared to the other metals,.cestodes isolated from the Barbus grypus registered high of mercury concentrations that reached 37.667 and 37.300 Mg/ gm in Hamza and Diwaniya rivers, chrome concentrations was low in the tape worms 0.166 Mg/ gm while nematodes, the concentrations was 0.157 Mg/ gm in Shamiya river.cestoda and nematodais isolated from the intestines of Liza abu registered high concentrations in autumn, cestoda had the most of the concentrations of heavy metals, Mercury and nickel had high concentrations of (35.783, 25.840) Mg/gm, copper and chrome had lower concentrations(1.881, 0.174) Mg/gm inHamza river, nematode registered high concentrations that reached 33.994 Mg/ gm in mercury in Hamza river.As for the rivers sediments Autumn was the most effected by heavy metals for the sediments in Hamza river had high concentrations in Manganese, mercury, and chrome (367, 376.97, 290.93) Mg/ gm respectively while the lowest concentrations was for copper 22.53 Microgram/gram in Shamiya river in spring. The rivers water registered low concentrations of heavy metals in spring, The Shamiya river had low concentrations of lead and cadmium (80.57, 54.60) Mg/gm, autumn registered higher concentrations compared to spring where the highest concentration of manganese and Copper was (512.37, 442.83) Mg / gm in Hamza river.

تاثير عدد من المستخلصات النباتية الطبية في تركيز هرمون الميلاتونين وبعض المتغيرات الفسلجية والنسجية في ذكور الجرذان البيض == Effect of Many Medical Plant Extracts In Melatonin Hormone Concentration And Some of Physiological And Histological Parameters In Albino Male Rats

Author name: وداد محمود لهمود العبي

Supervisor name: زيد محمد مبارك المهداوي | صالح محمد رحيم العبيدي

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Zoology - Physiology

Degree: Doctorate

University: Tikrit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology

Language: Arabic

University location: Salahaddin

First pages:

Abstract: صممت الدراسة الحالية للبحث في الاجهاد التاكسدي المستحدث بتاثير الجرعة العلاجية لعنصر الحديد لوحده بشكل املاح الحديد بهيئة اقراص Ferrous fumarat (2.85ملغم/كغم من وزن الجسم/يوم)التي تعادل (200ملغم /70كغم من وزن جسم الانسان /يوم)وقد بلغت كمية الحديد فيها (0. | The current study was designed to observe the oxidative stress induced by first dose for Iron salt alone as ferrous fumarat (2.85 mg /kg of b.wt./day)was equivalent to (200mg/70 kg of b.wt. of person)and it is containing of iron (0.94mg iron/kg of b.wt.), or by giving together doses of iron (ferrous fumarat) salt conjunction with doses of copper (in copper sulfate) in white male rats which has been given one of The experimental unit (8.57 mg/kg b.wt./day)was equivalent to (600mg / 70 kg of b.wt. of person) which use for treating acute anemia, in experimental group were given dose (8.57 mg/kg b.wt./day + 8.57 mg copper sulfat/kg b.wt./day) daily by the oral feeding and the dosage considered as the (first treatment group), with regard to a second dose of iron and copper were as follows (17 mg iron /kg b.wt./day +17 mg copper/kg b.wt./day) and considered a (second dose), research on the role of the aqueous extracts for number of plant commonly used in popular medicine like pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), green tea (Comellia sinensis L.) and virgin olive oil (Olea europaea L.) to limit or inhibit the accumulation of these salts in number of organic Tissues and normalization of the variables in the balance oxidants - antioxidants and a number of Biochemical and Physiological parameters in addition to the Histological Changes in Liver, Kidney and Testis of the white male rats used through 30 day of The experiment, The present study aimed to evaluate activity of many plant juice Like sour Cherry (Prunu scersus L) sweet Cherry (Prunu savium L.)sweet paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) and Banana (Musa paradisiacal L.) in number of Biochemical and Physiological variation, in addition to Histological changes in the Liver, Kidney and Testis in white male rats and oxidative stress induced by Hydrogen peroxide(0.5%) during the experimental period of 30. current study investigation included the effect of exposing the white male rats for continuous lighting and the constant darkness for a period (30 days).The present study aimed show the effect of Tryptophan experimental in most Physiological, Biochemical and Histological activities. The experiments had been performed in the animal house at Dept.of Biology of Education Fecundity at Tikrit Univ. from Jan. 2011 through July 2011. male rats were measured (250 - 350)gram, in age (16 - 20) weeks, (110) experimental, the rats were divided to (22) groups in which each consisted of (5) rats.The first experiment results have revealed the following : - 1 - The giving of Ferro alone and the Second dose has caused a noticed significant increase at the level of (p<0.01) in the total number of white blood cells (WBCs) and in the concentrations of each of Glucose(Glu), Total cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), Low density of lipoprotein - cholesterol (LDL - C), (VLDL - C), Malondialdehyde(MDA)and Peroxy nitrite(ONOO.) compared with control group, whereas it caused a high significant decrease at the level of (p< 0.01) in the concentration of each of High Density of lipoprotein of cholesterol(HDL - C), Total protein (TP), Glutathione(GSH) and ceruloplasmin(CP) and a decrease in sperm parameters. The two groups have also noticed a significant decrease of (p<0.01) in the concentrations of the melatonin hormone in the rats blood serum, growth Hormone and the Luteinizing hormone, in addition to the testosterone hormone and a decrease in the effectiveness of the catalase enzyme; taking into consideration the accumulative increase of Ferro element in the liver, kidneys and testes for both groups. As for the accumulation of copper, it has been noticed in the second dose group in liver, kidneys, and testes tissues, whereas the group of animals exposed to Ferro alone has noticed a high significant decrease in copper concentration in the three studied organs.2 - The giving of a first dose to white male rats (rattus ratus) has revealed a lack of significant differences in each of the total number of white blood cells, and the concentrations of most of biochemical parameters and sperm parameters, taking into consideration the significant decrease in the concentrations of each of (HDL - C), (GSH), (CP), (Mel), and (CAT). It has been noticed the occurrence of a significant increase in the concentration of (LDL - C). This group has also suffered a significant and insignificant increase in the Ferro accumulation in the studied organs, with a simple decrease of the accumulation of copper element in the three studied elements compared to the sound control group.3 - The giving of the three vegetal extracts which are Punica granatum L., Comellia sinensis L., and Olea europaea L. for animals exposed to second dose has caused a high significant decrease (p< 0.01). The effective power of extracts according to their arrangement and order in which first is Olea europaea L., then Punica granatum L., and lastly is Camellia sinensis L. have revealed positive significant changing in many biochemical parameters, with high significant increasing in (Mel), (GH), (LH), and (T) blood serum conc. in addition to the effectiveness of (CAT), compared to the group of animals exposed to second dose. All the sperm parameters in each of Olea europaea L. and Punica granatum L. have revealed a significant increase compared to the second dose group, whereas the Comellia sinensis L. has not revealed the occurrence of significant changes in most of the sperm parameters except in the percentage of active and moving sperms when compared with the second dose group.As for the accumulation of mineral elements, all the groups treated with vegetal extracts and exposed to second dose have witnessed a decrease in the accumulation of Ferro element in the liver, kidneys and testes tissues when compared with the second dose group, and this is also a fact concerning the accumulation of copper element.4 - The giving of Ferro alone and second dose have caused clear malady and tissue changes represented by diffusion of fat drops in a wide range between the liver cells. There has also been a poisonous and harmful effect of kidney tissue represented by the harm occurring in the disintegration and damage of the glomerulus and damage to the renal tubules, on the level of testis tissue, there have occurred huge damages in most tissue structures of the testes with a loss of most of the sperm formation stages, whereas the first dose group has not revealed any clear tissue changes compared to the sound control group. These changes have decreased when treated with vegetal extracts for each of Punica grantum L., Olea europaea L. and Comellia sinensis L. with the availability of Ferro and copper elements, since these elements have largely decreased the negative effects by affecting the three tissue levels which are liver, kidney and testes. Olea europaea L. has revealed a magnificent role on the reformative level of damaged tissues with a big similarity to the control group which exceeded both of Punica granatum L. and Comellia sinensis L. compared to the second dose group.Second experiment results : - 1 - The treatment of animals with hydrogen peroxide revealed very high significant changes at the level of (p<0.01), (p<0.05) in white blood cells, and in most of the biochemical and hormone criteria and sperm parameters which are similar to the effect of each of the Ferro dose alone and the second dose when compared with the sound control group.2 - The treatment of animals exposed to oxidative stress via hydrogen peroxide with Capsicum annuum L. and Musa paradisiacal L. separately Shown positive effect more than Prunus cersus L. and Prunus avium L. all juice led to the occurrence of noticed significant decrease at the level of (p<0.01) in the total number of white blood cells and in the concentrations of (Glu), (TC), (TG), (LDL - C), (VLDL - C), (MAD) and the root (ONOO.). This is compared with the group exposed to hydrogen peroxide alone, taking into consideration the occurrence of high significant increase in the concentrations of (HDL - C), (TP), (GSH), (CP) and in sperm parameters. There has also been noticed a significant increase in (p<0.01) in the concentrations of each of (Mel), (GH), (T) and (CAT)and (LH) compared to the group exposed to hydrogen peroxide alone.3 - The treatment with industrial tryptophan did not reveal any changes in the total number of most of the studied biochemical and hormone concentrations, but there has been witnessed an occurrence of significant decrease in the concentration of (LDL - C). As for the sperm parameters, the changes were between significant decrease and no significant changes when compared with the control group, with a significant increase in the effectiveness of enzyme CAT and concentration of hormone (Mel) in blood plasma with the sound control group.4 - The exposition of male rats (rattus ratus) to a period of continuous lightness led to the occurrence of several physiological and biochemical changes and to a high significant increase of (p<0.01) in sperm parameters and in the concentrations of hormones (Mel), (GH), (T), and (CAT) in blood plasma when compared with the control group; except for the occurrence of high significant increase in concentration of (LH). The darkness group revealed slight insignificant changes in most of the biochemical criteria and between the lack of changes in concentrations of (GH), hormone (T) and enzyme (CAT). This group also suffered the occurrence of high significant increase in concentration of (Mel) and a significant decrease in concentration of hormone (LH) when compared to the control group.5 - The giving (H2O2)caused several tissue changes in the livers of male rats (Rattus ratus). This has caused clear tissue and malady changes and similar to the Ferro and second dose groups. These changes have reduced when treated with Prunus cersus L., Prunus avium L., Capsicum annuum L. and Musa paradisiacal L. with the presence of hydrogen peroxide in that it greatly reduced the negative effects of hydrogen peroxide on the level of the three tissues of liver, kidney and testes. There is a lack of harmful tissue effects of industrial tryptophan on the tissues under study, when compared with the control group. In addition, both groups of rats exposed to durations of continuous lightness and darkness have suffered very huge tissue damage on the level of the three tissues, but the continuous lightness group suffered more damage when compared with the control group and continuous darkness duration.

تاثير بنزوات الصوديوم كمادة حافظة في مستويات بعض الهرمونات والمعايير الكيموحيوية في ذكور الجرذان البيض == Effect of Sodium Benzoate As A Preservative In Levels of Some Hormones And Biochemical Parameters In White Male Rats

Author name: اسيل نجاح صبر

Supervisor name: احسان ريسان ابراهيم الركابي

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Zoology - Physiology

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Al-Qadisiyah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology

Language: Arabic

University location: Qadisiyah

First pages:

Abstract: هدفت هذه الدراسة الى تحديد تاثيرات مادة بنزوات الصوديوم في مستويات بعض الهرمونات ومؤشرات الاجهاد التاكسدي والمعايير الكيموحيوية في ذكور الجرذان البالغة وغير البالغة ولمدد مختلفة. ولبيان هذه التاثيرات صممت تجربتين رئيستين لهذه الدراسة، استعمل في التجربة ا | This study was aimed to determining the effects of sodium benzoate in the levels of some hormones and oxidative stress indicators as well as biochemical parameters in mature and immature albino male rats in different durations.To detect these effects two main experiments were designed in the current study, (60) immature male rats were used in the first main experiment that included three secondary experiments each one of these was included four groups of immature albino male rats, (5) male for each group.In the first secondary experiment G1, G2, and G3 groups were orally given sodium benzoate daily in concentrations of 50, 100, 200 mg/ kg of body weight for one week, whereas in the second and the third secondary experiments G1, G2, and G3 groups were orally given sodium benzoate in the same concentrations daily for two and three weeks respectively. The control groups of the three secondary experiments were given distilled water throughout experiments. (60) of mature male rats were used in the second main experiment that have included the same design as the previous one.After the end of treatments in each experiment, the following parameters were studied : hormonal parameters that included corticosterone, luteinizing hormone LH, testosterone T, thyroid stimulating hormoneTSH and thyroxin T4, oxidative stress indicators (glutathione and malodialdehyde) and biochemical parameters that included (liver enzymes ALT and AST, total bilirubin, albumin, globuoline, total serum protein, sodium and potassium).The results of the first main experiment are pointed out : 1 - A significant increase(P<0.05) in the level of corticosterone hormone in both G2 and G3 groups during one weak of treatment and in G1, G2, and G3 groups during two and three weeks of each treatment. 2 - A significant decrease (P<0.05) in the levels of luteinizing hormone and testosterone in G3 group also the thyroid stimulating hormone and thyroxin in both G2 and G3 groups during one week of treatment, the levels of all these hormones were also revealed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the G1, G2, and G3 groups during two and three weeks of treatment. 3 - A significant decrease (P<0.05) in the glutathione level was accompanied by a significant increase in the malondialdehyde level in both G2 and G3 groups during one week of treatment and also in the G1, G2, and G3 groups during two and three weeks of treatment in comparison with control groups. 4 - A significant increase (P<0.05) in the ALT and AST enzymes levels in G1, G2 and G3 groups during each duration of experiment in comparison with control groups. 5 - A significant increase(P<0.05) in the total bilirubin level in both G2 and G3 groups during one week of treatment. Also in G1, G2, and G3 groups during two and three weeks of treatment in comparison with control groups. 6 - A significant decrease(P<0.05) in the albumin and total serum protein levels in both G2 and G3 groups during one week of treatment, the decreased albumin and globuline levels were also accompanied by a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the level of total serum protein in G1, G2, and G3 groups during two and three weeks of treatment in comparison with control groups.7 - A significant increase(P<0.05) in the sodium level in G1, G2, and G3 groups during each duration of experiment in comparison with control groups. 8 - A significant increase (P<0.05) in the potassium level in both G2 and G3 groups during one week of treatment and in G1, G2, and G3 groups during two and three weeks of treatment in comparison with control groups. 9 - Comparison between treatments durations for all parameters was showed a significant difference (P<0.05) in levels of most parameters during two and three weeks of treatment in both G1 and G2 and with increasment of treatment duration in G3. The results of the second main experiment were presented that : 1 - A significant increase (P<0.05) in the corticosterone level in G3 during one week of treatment also in both G2 and G3groups during two weeks of treatment as well as in G1, G2, and G3 groups during three weeks of treatment in comparison with control groups. 2 - A significant decrease (P<0.05) in the levels of luteinizing hormone, testosterone, thyroid stimulating hormone and thyroxin in both G2 and G3 groups during two weeks of treatment and in G1, G2, and G3 groups during three weeks of treatment in comparison with control groups. 3 - A significant decrease(P<0.05) in the glutathione level was accompanied by a significant increase in the malondialdehyde level in both G1and G2 during two weeks of treatment, as well as in G1, G2, and G3 groups during three weeks of treatment in comparison with control groups. 4 - A significant increase(P<0.05) in the ALT and AST enzymes levels in the G1, G2 and G3 groups during each duration of experiment in comparison with control groups. 5 - A significant increase(P<0.05) in the total bilirubin level in G3group during one week treatment, also in G1, G2, and G3 groups during two and three weeks of treatment in comparison with control groups. 6 - A significant decrease(P<0.05) in the albumin and total serum protein levels in G3 group during one weak treatment, also in G1, G2, and G3 groups during two weeks treatment. The significant decrease(P<0.05) in the albumin and globuline levels in G1, G2, and G3 groups during three weeks treatment was accompanied by a significant decrease in the total serum protein level in compare with control groups.7 - A significant increase (P<0.05) in the sodium and potassium levels in G1, G2, and G3 groups during two and three weeks of treatment in comparison with control groups.8 - Comparison between treatments durations for all parameters was showed a significant difference (P<0.05) in levels of most parameters during three weeks of treatment in G1 and during two and three weeks of treatment in G2 and G3.

تاثير فطريات المايكو راي زا الشجيرية والمادة العضوية في مرض الذبول المتسبب عن الفطر Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici في نبات الطماطة Lycopersicon esculentum == Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza And Organic Matter On Wilting Caused By (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Lycopersici) In Tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum)

Author name: ثامر عبد الشهيد محسن علي الابراهيمي

Supervisor name: بتول زينل علي

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Microbiology - Fungi

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Al-Haytham College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Biology

Language: Arabic

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of three arbuscular mycorrhizal species (Glomus etunicatum, G. leptotichum, Rhizophagus intraradices) and the organic matter (Peatmoss) on controlling the wilting caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici on tomatoes using pot cultures. The study was included two experiments : 1 - The first experiments was performed to select the best mycorrhizal species or a maxture of two or three species acting on several parameters, Results showed the followings : - Significant increase of the tri mixture activity of the three mycorrhizal species compared to the dual mixture or single species on mycorrhizal colonization, mycorrhizal dependency and the weight of mycorrhizal roots after four and eight weeks planting. - The highest activity of the trimixture of AM fungi in increasing the plant growth parameters after four and eight weeks planting. - The highest activity of the tri mixture of AM fungi in increasing the percentage of N, P, K and the protein in leaves and roots after 8 weeks planting compared to other treatments.2 - The second experiment was performed to study the effect of the tri mixture of AM fungi (which gave the highest activity in the first experiments) and the organic matter in the presence of the pathogen F.o.l. and their interactions on mycorrhizal parameters, disease parameters, analysis of some elements and compounds, study of some plant growth parameters, enzymatic and non - enzymatic antioxidants in tomato plant, Results revealed the followings : - Significant increase in mycorrhizal colonization included % of mycorrhizal frequency, mycorrhizal intensity in the root system, mycorrhizal intensity in in root fragments, abundance of arbuscules in parts of root fragments, abundance of arbuscules in root system and the highest values were shown in the treatment (organic matter x 4weeks pathogen infection) after six and ten weeks planting. - Significant increase in dry weight of mycorrhizal roots, the highest was shown in the treatment (organic matter x control) after 10 weeks planting. - Increase in percentage of mycorrhizal dependency after 6 and 10 weeks planting and the highest percentage was shown in the treatment (absence organic matter x control) after 10 weeks. - Increase in number of mycorrhizal spores, the highest was recorded in the treatment (organic matter x 4weeks pathogen infection) after 12 weeks. - Significant decrease in % of disease parameters in leaves and roots, the lowest percentage were recorded by the treatment (trimixture of mycorrhiza x organic matter x 4weeks pathogen infection) for all parameters. - Results of plant growth parameters showed significant increase of all for different weeks. The treatment (trimixture of mycorrhiza x organic matter x control) recorded the highest for all parameters tested in plant. - The treatments affected the flowering and fruit duration, the shortest was shown by the treatment (trimixture of mycorrhiza x organic matter x control) - Significant increase in percentage of N, K and protein in leaves and roots, and chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll in leaves, the highest values were shown in treatment (trimixture of mycorrhiza x organic matter x control). - The treatment (trimixture of mycorrhiza x organic matter x 4weeks pathogen infection) recorded the highest percentage of P, souble carbohydrates, highest content of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide in leaves and roots as well as highest percentage of lignin in roots. - Significant increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in leaves and roots, the highest activity recorded by the treatment (trimixture of mycorrhiza x absence organic matter x 4weeks pathogen infection). - Significant increase of non - antioxidant enzymatic in antioxidants included content of carotene in leaves, content of ascorbic acid, proline, total phenol, and glutathione in leaves and roots, The treatment (trimixture of mycorrhiza x organic matter x control) showed the highest content of carotene and ascorbic acid while the treatment (trimixture of mycorrhiza x organic matter x 4weeks pathogen infection) showed the highest content of proline, total phenol and glutathione in leaves and roots.

دراسة تصنيفية لانواع مختارة من نباتات ذوات الفلقتين في محافظة كربلاء المقدسة, العراق == Taxanomical Study For Selected Dicot. Spp. In The Holy Karbala Province, Iraq

Author name: زينة خليل ابراهيم البهادلي

Supervisor name: علي حسين عيسى الموسوي | خليل ابراهيم الشمري

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Plant

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Baghdad

Language: Arabic

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: تناول البحث الحالي دراسة بيئية لعدة مواقع من محافظة كربلاء المقدسة بين شهري شباط وايار ولسنتي 2013 و2014 من حيث نوع الترب والمجتمعات الاحيائية لهذه المواقع جمعت خلالها انواع مختلفة من النباتات تابعة لعائلات مختلفة ضمن ذوات الفلقة الواحدة وذوات الفلقتين اذ | The present work includes ecological study for different locations of the holy Karbala province between February and May and for the years2013, 2014, investigating soil kinds and communities in these locations. Different plant species of Monocots and Dicots were collected from variable soil kinds, such as sandy saline soil, loamy saline soil and sandy gravely soil. The species of Haloxylon salicornicum, Zygophyllum coccenium were dominant in the communities of sandy saline soil, Nitraria retusa, Juncus sp. and Halocnemum strobilaceum were dominant in loamy saline soil.Comparative anatomical study has been done for (30) Dicots wild species grown in these environments of Karbala province, as follow : a.Family : Aizooaceae1) Aizoon hispanicum L. b.Family : Chenopodiaceae2) Chenopodium murale L.3) Halocnemum strobilaceum (Pall.)M.Bieb.4) Haloxylon salicornicum (Moq.)Bunge ex. Boiss.5) Salicornia herbacea L.c. Family : Compositae (Asteraceae)6) Carthamus oxycantha M.B. 7) Launaea capitata (Spreng.)Dany 8) Launaea mucronata (Forssk.)Muschl. 9) Rechardia tingitana (L.)Roth. d. Family : Convolvulaceae10) Convolvulus oxypyllus Boiss. e. Family : Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)11) Diplotaxis harra (Forssk.)Bioss. 12) Sterigosella africana (L.)Boch. 13) Sterigosella grandiflora (Bnge)Bochantsev 14) Savignya parviflora (Del.)Webb. 15) Neotorularia torulosa (Desf.) Hedge & J. Leonard 16) Zilla spinosa (Turra)Prantl. f. Family : Cucurbitaceae 17) Citrullus colocynthis (L.)Schrad. g. Family : Geraniaceae18) Erodium laciniatum (Cav.) Willd.h. Family : Malvaceae19) Malva parviflora L. i. Family : Neuradaceae 20) Neurada procumbens L. j. Family : Nitrariaceae21) Nitraria retusa (Forssk.)Aschers.22) Peganum harmala L. k. Family : Papillionaceae23) Trigonella stellata Forssk. m. Family : Polygoniaceae 24) Rumex versicarius L. n. Family : Resedaceae25) Oligomeris linifolia (Vahl)Macbr.q. Family : Solaneaceae 26) Lycium barbarum L.r. Family : Tamaricaceae 27) Tamarix florida Bge.28) Tamarix macrocarpa (Ehrenb.)Bge.u. Family : Zygophyllaceae29) Fagonia glutinosa Del. 30) Zygophyllum coccenium L. The present research focused on many anatomical characters and studies comparatively, such as epidermis types, stomatal complexes, leaf venation, cross sections of root, stem and vertical sections of leaf blades. Different cross sections were shows variability cuticle thickness and epidermis, vascular cylinder tissues, collenchyma and sclerenchyma in different species studies. Variations were noticed among these tissues in the variable species.Thickness of cuticle epidermis of leaves were variable, and unifacial and bifacial mesophylls were noticed for the first time in some species studies. Some cross sections were obtained for scale leaves in Tamarix florida, Tamarix macrocarpa, Halocnemum strobilaceum, Haloxylon salicornicum and Salicornia herbacea.The anatomical characters of these plant parts has not been studied before for these species, at least for Iraqi specimens. The following species Launaea capitata, Oligomeris linifolia and Zilla spinosa were glabrous in all vegetative and reproductive organs. In time that the other species, Haloxylon salicornicum , Salicornia herbacea, Launaea mucronata, Reichardia tingitana, Strigosella grandiflora , Peganum harmala, Lycium barbarum, Tamarix florida and Tamarix macrocarpa were glabrous just in the vegetative parts, but hairy (pubescent) in the reproductive organs. The indumentums was variable in thickness within variable plant organs and parts, even on the lower and upper leaf surfaces. Different kinds of crystals were found and verified in the stems and leaves of different species. Size and density of these crystals were variable in variable locations of stem and leaf tissues.. Geographical distribution was investigated for all the studied species using Iraqi satellite maps by GIS program. Neotorularia torulosa was the most distributed species, and Rumex versicarius was the least distributed one. Schedules, schemes, illustrations and micrographs were presented for the different species studied in this work. Lastly results were discussed depending on available references and reasons.

دراسة تصنيفية لانواع الجنس Echinops L. (Compositae) في العراق == Comparative And Systematical Study of The Genus Echinops L. (Compositae) In Iraq

Author name: سكينة عباس عليوي

Supervisor name: علي حسين عيسى الموسوي

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Plant

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Baghdad

Language: Arabic

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: تناول البحث الحالي دراسة تصنيفية مقارنة لانواع الجنس Echinops L. في العراق حيث شملت الصفات المظهرية والتشريحية وحبوب اللقاح، وكذلك البيئة التوزيع الجغرافي فضلا عن المعاملة التصنيفية. شملت الدراسة المظهرية دراسة صفات الجذور والسيقان والاوراق والرؤوس الزهري | The present investigation dealt with comparative systematic study of the genus Echinops L. (Compositae) in Iraq.The work involved comparative morphological and anatomical characters, in addition to palynology, ecology, geographical distribution and taxonomic treatment for these species. Morphological characters of roots, leaves, involucre bracts, inflorescence, in addition to, indumentum variations were discussed and the study concluded that stems, leaves, involucres bracts, especially the inner most layer characters were useful aid in distributing species of the genus. Comparative anatomical characters were used, such as characters of leaves, epidermis stomatal complexes, variation patterns, cross sectionings of stems, leaves as well as L.S of growing points. The study revealed that the anatomical characters are important taxonomically. The present investigation observed that pollen grains of all species were tricolporate and echinate. The taxonomic important of grains characters were assessed of the species. Maps of geographical distribution were prepared for all species studied. The study shown that most species were distributed in the North area of Iraq and a few species of the genus were distributed in the East and South of Iraq. In conclusions, (11) species of the genus Echinops were recognized in Iraq. Taxonomic treatment was carried out for all Echinops species and key was designed for them

الخصائص المظهرية والجزيئية للفطر Aspergillus niger وتقييم قابليته في انتاج حامض الستريك تحت ظروف مختلفة == Phenotypic And Molecular Characteristics of The Fungus Aspergillus Niger And Evaluation Its Ability To Produce Citric Acid Under Different Conditions

Author name: علي عبد الهادي ماهود السوداني

Supervisor name: ماجد كاظم عبود الشبلي

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Microbiology - Fungi

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Al-Qadisiyah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology

Language: Arabic

University location: Qadisiyah

First pages:

Abstract: نفذت هذه الدراسة لتقييم قابلية فطريات من التربة في انتاج حامض الستريك باستخدام وسط غذائي صناعي مدعم بمصادر كربونية ونيتروجينية واملاح وتحديد بعض الظروف المثلى للانتاج من العزلة الفطرية الاكفا بعد تنميتها على وسط المولاس المروق ووسط راشح قشور الرز المدعمين | This study was carried out to evaluation the ability of fungi from the soil in the production of citric acid using synthetic culture medium supplemented with sources of carbon, nitrogen and salts and determine some optimal conditions for the production of citric acid from the most efficient fungal isolate after growing it on the clarifying molasses medium and rice husks filtrate medium supplemented with some nutrients, and also determine the genotype for the most efficient fungal isolate in the production of citric acid by PCR - RFLP technique and determine the sequence of DNA bases for the region ITS1 - 5.8S rRNA gene - ITS2, and the study also included a purification of the citric acid by precipitation method and detection it by (HPLC) High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The results showed the presence of 21 fungal isolates included 12 isolates for the fungus Aspergillus niger by frequency amounted to 57.14 % and 5 isolates for the fungus Trichoderma viride by frequency amounted to 23.8 % and 4 isolates for the fungus Mucor spp. by frequency amounted to 19.04 %, were excluded from the study some fungal isolates which showing the ability to produce aflatoxins. The screening 16 local fungal isolates of fungi A. niger, T. viride and Mucor spp. it appeared that the fungal isolate A. niger 5 was the most efficient in the production of citric acid, and also the results showed a single two bands of DNA with a molecular size 480 and 66 base pairs at using RsaI restriction enzyme and that the genotype of the A. niger 5 is of the type A Some optimum cultural and environmental conditions for the production of citric acid from the selected isolate were studied. It was obtained the highest production of citric acid which amounted to 28.947 g/l at the clarifying molasses medium and 30.015 g/l at rice husks filtrate medium using 15 % reducing sugars, 0.25 % ammonium sulfate, 0.1, 0.2 % KH2PO4, 0.025 % MgSO4.7H2O, adjusted primary pH of medium to 3.5, 4 inoculated with 4 % from the initial inoculation which it concentration 1 x 106 spore/ml and incubated under shaker conditions at 200 rpm at 30 C for 8, 9 days for the clarifying molasses medium and rice husks filtrate medium respectively. The results of detected of citric acid using HPLC showed two peaks for both standard citric acid and citric acid under study at retention time amounted to 12.637 and 12.641 minutes respectively.

دراسة علاقة الاجهاد التاكسدي ببعض العوامل الفسلجية والكيموحيوية والنسجية في احداث الاجهاض لدى النساء الحوامل في مدينة كركوك == Study of The Relation of Oxidative Stress With Some Physiological, Biochemical And Histological Factors In Abortion Induction Among Pregnant Women In Kirkuk Province

Author name: ليلى عبد الستار صادق سليمان ليلاني

Supervisor name: صالح محمد رحيم العبيدي | زيد محمد مبارك المهداوي

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Zoology - Physiology

Degree: Doctorate

University: Tikrit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology

Language: Arabic

University location: Salahaddin

First pages:

Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسة للفترة من 1 كانون الثاني 2010 ولغاية 31 كانون الاول 2011 في مستشفى كركوك العام ومستشفى ازادي التعليمي في مدينة كركوك وشملت الدراسة (160) سيدة من السيدات اللواتي يراجعن صالات الولادة وكانت على الشكل الاتي : (100) سيدة تعاني من الاجهاض و(3 | The study was conducted from the 1st of January 2010 till the 31 December 2011 in Kirkuk - General hospital and Azadi - teaching hospital in Kirkuk province, the study was included (160) women who are attending labor word and they are follows : (100) women who have abortion, [30]normal vaginally delivered women and they are regarded 1st control group, in addition to that another [30]new pregnant women between (14 - 16) weeks of pregnancy aged (16 - 45) years who are regarded as 2nd control group and they are consulted special Gynecologists for primary health care center for follow up. The current study was designed for research purposes to detected some of Biochemical , hematological and histological variables which have direct relationship with oxidative stress among studied sample to determine the effect of this variables on aborted women in Kirkuk province. The study found that : 1 - There was a continues increasing in the number of abortion between the year 2010 - 2011. 2 - Many causes were related to abortion occurrence which arranged according to their importance as follow : Hormonal. Infective, Congenital, parasitic. 3 - Villi dimension (width and length) measures less than those of 1st control group (normal vaginally delivered women).4 - Placental weight (wt) taken from aborted women measure less than those taken normal delivered group (1st control group).5 - From the study results, it was indicated that the total body mass index (BMI) among aborted women recorded less significant value (p< 0.05) than those of 1st control group and high significant value in comparison to the 2nd control group (new pregnant women 6 - The current study show that the consented level of malondialdehyde(MDA) in blood serum among aborted women is higher than those of 1stcontrol group and 2nd control group. Also it was indicated that the level of MDA in placental extracted is higher than 1stcontrol group.7 - Regarding Glutathione concentration, the aborted women recorded significant elevation in level of blood serum in comparison to the two mentioned control groups, also its concentration in placental extract is higher than 1st control group only.8 - The study found that the level of glutathione peroxidase GPX concentration is significant decrease among aborted women in comparison to the 1st control group while the level of peroxy nitrate PN was a significantly increase in its concentration in blood serum.9 - The current study revealed that there is now a significant in albumin conc. And uric acid in blood serum among aborted women in comparison to2nd control group.10 - The study referred to the significant different value (p<0.05) in concentration of estrogen hormone in blood serum among aborted women which indicated that there is a low conc. also progesterone hormone level recorded less than in the women in comparison both control groups.11 - The study found that the Concentration of Tri - iodothyronine hormone which recorded is a low in aborted women comparison both control group while thyroxin hormone referred to the a significantly decreased in blood serum comparison to 1st control group and now significant comparison to 2nd control group.12 - Concerning the prolactin hormone level which recorded alow conc. Level among aborted women.13 - Blood pressure recorded a significant decrease in both tow measures (systolic and diastolic).14 - Hemoglobin (Hb) and red blood cells (R.B.C) recorded a significant decrease in its value among aborted women and a significantly elevation in white blood cells level(W.B.C)in comparison to both control groups.15 - Toxoplasmosis antibodies were detected in 10% of aborted women.16 - Histological studies, Histological study revealed that there is an obvious cross - sectional placental changes among studied women. The study show that there is a large amount of Red Blood Cells (R.B.C.) in placental section among women subjected to previous complete abortion which indicates a sever hemorrhage, the RBC seen collected in some area of referring to degeneration and hemolysis process with the presence of small piece of uteri in the tissue epithelium distributed between red blood cells due to while in women subjected to spontaneous abortion, the histological appearance enlarge and small pieces of uterine tissue epithelium distributed blood vessels which indicated that is an aggregation of RBC and seen of the nuclei appear atrophied in there is a presence of double size degradation nuclei and hemolysis of muscle nuclei which presented either spindle or flat in shape.In women subjected to incomplete abortion, the histological section a show the of uterine lying cells with muscle cells and bleeding due to rupture of placental blood vessels with hemolysis of red blood cell which appear like clusters duo to congestion process and the muscular layer appears clear fibers, necrosis.It is also obvious that in those women who subjected to in complete abortion, there is a large amount of falling muscle tissue with abortion process which is a thin structure with little necrosis in some area of it hamolysis can be seen presented by R.B.C decomposition and swelling of uterine lying nuclei and necrosis which the chromatin bodies appear either as spare parts or atrophied for the final analysis with the other appeared empty and necrolizal due to ruptured uterine lying epithelium and hemolysis is of R.B.C

التقييم الجزيئي لنسخ جين المقاومة الدوائية MDR1 في بعض المرضى العراقيين البالغين المصابين بسرطان ابيضاض الدم الحاد == Molecullar Assessment of Multidrug Resistance Gene (MDR1) Transcript In Some Adult Iraqi Patients With Acute Leukemia

Author name: كفاح جبار شاكر اليعقوبي

Supervisor name: عبد الحسين الفيصل

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Biotechnologies

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Baghdad - Institute Of Genetic Engineering And Biotechnology - Department Of Biotechnology

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: The present study aims to shed light on the follow up of acute leukemic (AL) patients at initial diagnosis and after treatment to assess the response and early relapse through evaluating the gene expression level of one of the major multidrug resistance genes which is the multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) to investigate the possible association between level of MDR1 gene expression and the clinical outcomes and this may be considered as a potential marker for response to chemotherapy of acute leukemic patients. Furthermore, the current study correlates between the MDR1 gene phenotype and MDR1 genotype in three important coding regions (C1236T, G2677T/A, and C3435T considering the potential influence of altering MDR1 activity and its effect on therapy outcome as well as susceptibility to develop cancer.White blood cells (WBCs) isolated from 106 blood sample of acute leukemic patients were provided by Iraqi hospitals in Medical City. These samples were distributed as follows : 46 newly diagnosed patients with acute leukemia who had not received chemotherapy and follow - up 25 after 1st induction, 17 after 2nd induction and 8 at consolidation, with 10 blood samples of healthy voluntaries. Two comparative groups were taken included 46 sample of peripheral blood (PB) and 26 sample of bone marrow biopsy (BMB) in paraffin blocks to validate the level of gene expression compare to WBCs. For genotyping analysis, 56 of blood sample were taken to study genetic variation of MDR1 gene polymorphism. The samples preservation with TRIzol was done. Samples subjected to total RNA and DNA extraction, then molecular study by using reverse transcription, Quantitative Real Time - polymerase chain reaction (qRT - PCR) and direct sequencing, at Molecular Oncology Unit in Guy´s Hospital - Kings College / London.The study reached at the following results : 1 - The results showed age groups (20 - 39 years) were associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), while (13 - 19 years) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).2 - The level of MDR1 gene expression showed high significant differences with WBCs compared to PB and BMB.3 - The clinical outcomes indicated that the rate of complete response (CR) of newly diagnosed acute leukemic patients was 19(41%), while 27(58.7%) was non - responder (NR).4 - Statistical analysis showed significant differences with NR at initial diagnosis in acute myeloid leukemia, while appeared after 1st induction in lymphoid type.5 - The results of positivity MDR1 gene expression were 10(21.7%) out of 46 newly diagnosed in acute leukemia, while 36(78.3%) were MDR1 - negative depend on (1.1±0.03) cutoff value.6 - The positivity MDR1 gene expression appeared mainly in non - responders patients at initial diagnosis, and with early relapse patients, after complete remission, in consolidation.7 - The MDR1 mRNA expression showed significant differences with high level in NR compared to CR patients at initial diagnosis. During treatment follow up the increased level of MDR1 gene expression in CR patients and appeared non - significantly with NR.8 - The results of MDR1 C1236T genotype and allele frequency showed that 1236CC wild type genotype and C allele were significantly frequent in healthy control. While CT heterozygous genotype frequency was highly significant in AML and no significant difference in allele frequency. ALL showed non - significant difference in genotype and allele frequency of MDR1 C1236T.9 - Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (ORs and 95%CI) analysis showed no evidence associated with risk factor in MDR1 C1236T ALL carriers. While risk factor observed in AML with MDR1 1236CT carriers.10 - The results of MDR1 phenotype - genotype association indicate that MDR1 1236CC wild type was significantly high expression among healthy and it was aprotective genotype. While the MDR1 1236CT showed significant differences with high level of MDR1 gene expression in AML patients. Whereas ALL revealed significant differences in high level of MDR1 gene expression with MDR1 1236TT genotype. Both CT and TT were affected genotypes.11 - The results of MDR1 G2677T genotype and allele frequency indicated that 2677GA genotype significantly appeared with low frequency in healthy control with no significant difference in allele frequency. Both ALL and AML showed high significant frequency in 2677GT genotype. G allele frequency was showed significant differences in AML while non - significant in with ALL.12 - Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (ORs and 95%CI) analysis showed the MDR1 2677GT genotype was associated with risk factor to developing ALL and AML. Whereas the GG appeared associated with AML only.13 - MDR1 phenotype - genotype association, indicate that MDR1 2677GA genotype was significantly high expression in healthy individual. While AML patients showed significant differences with high level of MDR1gene expression in 2677GT genotype. ALL showed significant differences with high level of MDR1 gene expression in MDR1 2677TT genotype.14 - The results of MDR1 C3435T genotype and allele frequency showed significant difference in genotype and allele frequency with heterozygous CT in both control and AML patients and mutant T allele. Whereas non - significant genotype and allele frequency with ALL.15 - Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (ORs and 95%CI) analysis showed that the MDR1 3435CC genotype carriers associated with risk to developing ALL. While no risk factor associate with MDR1 C3435T variants to develop AML.16 - MDR1 phenotype - genotype association, indicate that the wild type 3435CC genotype was significantly high expression in healthy control. The MDR1 3453CT genotype showed high significance with high level of MDR1 gene expression inAML. While ALL showed significantly high level of MDR1 gene expression in 3435TT genotype.17 - The results of MDR1 genotype - phenotype association showed similar impact of MDR1C1236T, G2677T/A and C3435T genotypes in AML clinical outcomes. The MDR1 CT/GT/TT genotypes were associated in NR AML with high level of expression at presentation, compared to significant low level in CC/GG genotype. In contrast, CR patients were observed non - significant with MDR1 gene expression at presentation and significant with low MDR1CC/GG genotypes in post treatment. In regards to ALL patients the MDR1 TT genotype showed significant differences with high level of MDR1 gene expression in NR and CR ALL at presentation and significant only with NR at post treatment. So there was no clear evidence between MDR1 genotypes and clinical outcome with ALL.18 - The haplotype results showed that the three MDR1 C1236T, G2677T/A and C3435T genotype were linkage disequilibrium significantly with heterozygous haplotype B (CT - GT - CT) compared to A(CGC) and C(TTT). Also B haplotype appeared significantly with high level of MDR1 gene expression compared to A and C. According to the clinical outcome, haplotype B was observed significant differences in NR AML patients while other haplotypes were non - significant