First pages:

تاثير نظم حراثة التربة وكميات البذار في نمو وحاصل الحنطة (.L Triticum asetivum) والادغال المرافقة == Effect of Tillage System and Sowing Rates on Growth and Yield of Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and Associated Weeds Competed With It

Author name: علي عزيز سلمان السعداوي

Supervisor name: علي فرهود ناصر | عبد السلام غضبان مكي

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: نفذت تجربة حقلية في احد الحقول الزراعية للمركز الارشادي التابعة لقضاء الغراف (27) كم شمال محافظة ذي قار خلال الموسم الشتوي 2014 - 2015 في تربة ذات نسجه مزيجة غرينية بهدف دراسة تاثير نظم الحراثة وكميات البذار في صفات نمو وحاصل ونوعية الحنطة والادغال المرافقة لها باستعمال ثلاث كميات بذار هي (100، 150، 200) كغم هـ - 1 واربعة نظم حراثة ( نظام بدون حراثة، المحراث المطرحي، المحراث الحفار، المحراث القرصي العمودي ) اشتملت التجربة على 36 وحدة تجريبية ناتجة من التوافق بين عوامل كميات البذار ونظم الحراثة المستعملة، نفذت التجربة وفقا لتصميم القطاعات العشوائية الكاملة وبثلاث مكررات تضمن القطع الرئيسية نظم الحراثة في حين شغلت القطع الثانوية معاملات كميات البذار.اظهرت نتائج الدراسة : 1 - ان استعمال كميات البذار العالية 200 كغم هـ - 1 ادى الى تحسين خواص التربة الفيزيائية، اذ اعطى اقل معدل للكثافة الظاهرية 1,39 ميكاغرام - 3واقل معدل للمقاومة التربة للاختراق393,55 كيلونيوتن م - 2 واعلى معدل للمسامية 48,57%، وادت الى خفض الوزن الجاف للادغال عريضة ورفيعة الاوراق واعطت اقل معدل لهما بلغ 43,62 غم م - 2 و9,39 غم م - 2 بالتتابع، واعلى معدل لارتفاع النبات بلغ 92,8 سم وعدد الاشطاء في النبات بلغ 386,58 شطاء نبات - 1 وعدد السنابل بلغ 333,50 سنبلة م - 2 وحاصل الحبوب بلغ 2,61 طن هـ - 1وللحاصل البايولوجي بلغ 9,12 طن هـ - 1، في حين اعطت كمية البذار المنخفضة اعلى معدل لمساحة ورقة العلم بلغ 22,03 سم2 وطول السنبلة بلغ 7,97 سم وعدد الحبوب في السنبة بلغ 61,64حبة السنبلة - 1ووزن 1000 حبة بلغ 31,41 غم واعلى معدل النسبة المئوية للبروتين بلغ 14,76 % .2 - اثر نظم الحراثة المستعملة في تحسين خواص التربة الفيزيائية بالمقارنة معها قبل الحراثة، اذ بينت النتائج تفوق المحراث المطرحي باعطائه اقل معدل كثافة ظاهرية بلغ 1,33ميكاغرام م - 3 ومقاومة التربة للاختراق بلغ 335,95 كيلونيوتن م - 2 واعلى معدل للمسامية 50,6%، وكذلك تفوق المحراث المطرحي باعطائه اعلى معدل ارتفاع بلغ 91,59 سم وعدد الاشطاء في النبات بلغ 403,56 شطاء نبات - 1 ومساحة ورقة العلم بلغ 23,56 و21,16 سم2 وطول السنبلة بلغ 8,48 سم وعدد السنابل في متر المربع بلغ 367,00 سنبلة م - 2وعدد الحبوب في السنبلة بلغ 59,24 حبة سنبلة - 1وصفة وزن 1000 حبة بلغ 59,24 غم وحاصل الحبوب 3,10 طن هـ - 1 والحاصل البايولوجي بلغ 10,69 طن ه - 2والنسبة المئوية للبروتين 15,19 % في حين اعطى نظام بدون حراثة اقل معدل للوزن الجاف للادغال عريضة ورفيعة الاوراق بلغ 27,97 و12,49غم م - 2 على التوالي. 3 - اظهرت النتائج حصول تداخل بين معاملات كميات البذار ونظم الحراثة المستعملة في اغلب الصفات المدروسة ما عدا الصفات الفيزيائية للتربة والوزن الجاف للادغال رفيعة الاوراق وصفة عدد السنابل في المتر المربع ووزن 1000 حبة، وبينت نتائج الدراسة ان استعمال اعلى كمية بذار مع المحراث المطرحي اعطى اعلى معدل لحاصل الحبوب 4,04 طن ه - 1 | A field experiment was conducted on extension center station at Ai - Qraf zone in Thi - Qar cover orate during winter of seasone 2014 - 2015 in salty loam soil to study the effect of sowing rate and plowing system on growth characters and yield of wheat used IPA - qq Variety and study consist of three sowing rates : 100, 150, 200 K/h, and four plowing systems included no tillage, mold Plough, sub soil plowing and dices plowing. The study included 36 treatments as combined between the two factors and conducted as factored experiments in split blocks with three replicates and the results showed that : 1 - Used high sowing rates caused to improvement soil properties and reduced values of bulk density and total porosity and also reduced dry weight of narrow and broad leaved weeds which reached 43.62g/m - 2 , 9.93 g/m2 as respectively and gave high mean of plant height reached 92.8cm, height numbers of tillers parameter square and number of spikes/m2 reached 333.5 and high yield of grains 2.61 t/h - 1 and gave high biological yield 9.12 t/h - 1 while law sowing rates gave high average of flag leaf area reached 22.03cm2 and high number of grain per spike reached 61.64 and mean of weight of 1000 grains which was31.41 g and high protein percent reached 14.76.2 - The plowing system that used in the experimental caused to improve physical soil properties compared to its values before plowing and the mould plough was the best among all four plowing system that included in the study also this system of plowing gaveAbstracthigh plant height reduced 91.59cm and high mean of tillers per meter, high average of flag leaf area 23.59cm2, also high spike length reached 8.48cm, high number of spike/m - 2 reached 367 and high number of gains per spike which was 39.59 and weight of 1000 grains reached 3.1t/h - 1, and biological yield reached 10.69t/h - 1 and also high protein percent reached 15.19 while the no tillage system caused to reduce dry weight of both weed plants which was 27.97, 12.49 g/m - 2 respectively.3 - The results also showed that the interaction between sowing rates and plowing systems caused improvement of plant characteristics and reduced dry weight of narrow weeds and number of spike/m - 2 weight of 1000 grains and had no affect on physical soil properties.the treatment of high sowing rates with mould plough gave high grain yield reached 4.04t/h - 1.

مقارنة عزلات مختلفة من الفطر Rhizoctonia solani Kühn باستخدام تقنيات الوراثة الجزيئية وبعض المعايير المظهرية والفسلجية

Author name: علاء محمد رشا عبد الامير الرديني

Supervisor name: محمد عامر فياض | طالب احمد جايد

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Plant - Diseases

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: This study had been carried out at Plant Protection Department and Genetic Engineering Labs of Agricultural College / Basrah University, while pots experiments were carried out at fields of Agricultural College / Basrah University. The present study included a comparison experiments of different Rhizoctonia solani isolates depending on molecular genetic techniques alongside with morphological and physiological parameters, host range and anastomosis groups identification.Thirty two different isolates of R. solani have been isolated from several host plants from several plant families throughout different geographical areas at Basra governorate. Result of pathogenicity test revealed that the majority of R. solani isolates caused a significant reduction in the germination percent of cabbage seeds, the isolates of Rs5, Rs16 and Rs19 were found to be more pathogenic and led to complete inhibition of germination, hence, the other isolates varied in their effect on seed germination percent and reported the range of 3.3 - 66.7 %, while, the isolate of BRs15 (binucleate isolate) did not show any significant effect on seeds germination compared to control (untreated) treatment (100%). According to pathogenicity test results, the most pathogenic isolates (Rs2, Rs5, R9, Rs16, Rs27 and Rs29) were selected for more followed experiments.Morphological analyses of R. solani isolates elucidated a profound difference among these isolates, the colony color was dark brown with the Rs9 isolate, light brown at the Rs16, while it was cream at the Rs2, Rs5, and Rs27, a white color with light brownish color was observed with the isolates of Rs29. The growth patterns at the medium supplemented with Potassium Chlorat showed that the isolates of Rs5, Rs9, Rs27 and Rs29 were sensitive to chlorate, while, the isolates of Rs2 and Rs16 were resistant to Chlorate. Regaling the effect of temperature on the growth of R. solani, it was found that the optimal growth temperature was at 25 °c for all examined isolates, while no growth was observed for all isolates at the temperature of 10 and 40 °c. The best pH values for growth supporting were 6 and 7 for all examined isolates.Anastomosis group analysis revealed the occurrence of anastomosis among the isolates of Rs5, Rs16, Rs27 and Rs29 with the standard isolate AG2, this confirms that these isolates belong to the group AG2, while the anastomosis between the two isolates Rs2 and Rs9 with standard isolate AG2 did not happen, therefore these isolates belong to a different group. Microscopic observation revealed theBoccurrence of more than two nuclei in each cell of examined isolates the average of nuclei number was 4 - 8 nucleus / fungal cell, while the number of binucleate isolate BRs15 exhibition two nuclei / fungal cell.The DNA extraction experiments for R. solani isolates (Rs2, Rs5, Rs9, Rs16, Rs27, Rs27, Rs30 and AG2) revealed the efficiency of CTAB procedure to get a high DNA yield and that it’s a good quality, as indicated results of measuring the concentration of DNA isolates it was good quantity amount (197.9 - 560.4 ng / μl) was obtained by following this procedure. The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) results showed that all DNA of examined R. solani isolates were amplified by employing different RAPD primers, also each genetic primer succeeded in differentiation among isolates, as showed the polymorphic bands and monomorphic bands.The results of restriction fragment length polymorphism technique (RFLP) using RS1 and RS4 primers showed that the bands size for R. solani isolates obtained between 500 - 522 bp, restriction technique results using enzymes AvaII, HincII, MseI and MunI showed that Rs2 isolate belong to the group AG1 - IB, while Rs5, Rs16, Rs27, Rs29 and the standard isolate (AG2) belong to the group AG2 - 2, while Rs9 isolate belongs to group AG11 so Rs30 isolate belongs to group AG3 - PT.Result of host range of R. solani isolates showed a significant differences in the host preference, the isolates of Rs2 was able to infect all plant hosts except okra plant, while Rs5, Rs16, Rs27 and Rs29 were able to induce the infection on marshmallow, okra, cowpea, cotton and eggplant, no infections were reported on the host of melon and wheat plants, regarding R. solani isolate Rs9 an infection was observed on marshmallow, wheat and cotton, while no infection was noticed on melon, okra, cowpea and eggplant.Results of binucleate R. solani isolates role in protection of cotton plant from the infection with R. solani, revealed their protective role, the pathogenic effect of R. solani was significantly reduced, the germination percents were increased with BRs15 treatment reached 83.3, 86.7, 93.3, 83.3 and 90% at the treatments of Rs2, Rs5, Rs9, Rs16 and Rs27 respectively, without any significant difference with control treatment (93.3%). The highest germination percent was observed at BRs15 treatment with Rs29 and reported the percent of 96.7 %. Similar results were observed with damping - off percent of cotton plant, which proved the significant efficiency of binucleate isolate in their protection against all examined R. solani pathogenic isolates.

تاثير الرش بالجبرلين والمنغنيز في نمو وحاصل ونسبة البروتين لمحصول الماش Vigna radiata L. == Effect of spraying by Gibberellin and manganese on growth yield and quality of mung bean(Vigna radiata L).

Author name: علاء صبري فضالة الازيرجاوي

Supervisor name: كريم حنون محسن

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: Field experiment executed during 2016 autumn season in farmers' fields in the AL - Aufia district southwest of Missan province ( about 3 km from city center) in Silty loam soil. The objective of the study was to know the effect of sprayed of gibberellin and manganese on growth, yield and protein percentage of Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.).The experiment executed in split - plot in (R.C.B.D) design with three replicates, main plot were include three gibberellin concentration ( 0 , 100and200 mg GA3wq L - 1) , While sub plot were include three concentration of manganese (0, 50and100mg Mn L - 1) the local variety of Mung bean was used, the experiment include 27 experimental units, area of each units(3×3)m.The stude include following characteristics : Number of days from planting to maturity ,plant height(cm), number of leaves(leaf plant - 1), number of branches, leaf area(cm2), leaf area index, number of pod plant - 1, number of seed pod - 1, weight of 100 seed(gm), total seed yield(kg ha - 1), percentage and protein yield in seeds(%).The result of the study showed the following : 1 - gibberellin sprayed with concentration 200 mg l1 - caused significant increasing in most of growth characteristics of mung bean (plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, leaf area,), and most of yield characteristics (number of pod in plant, number of seed in pod ,total seed yield 865.70 kg ha - 1, percentage and protein yield in seeds ,and sprayed of gibberellin non - significant on weight100seed.2 - Sprayed of manganese with 100 mg L - 1 concentration modify total studied characteristics and gave highest average plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, leaf area, leaf area index, number of pod in plant, number of seed in pod , total seed yield 898.76 kg ha - 1, percentage and protein yield in seeds.3 - Results also showed a significant Interaction between gibberellin and manganese, the combination of (200 mg GA3 L - 1×100mg Mn L - 1) gave the highest seed yield 1002.66 kg ha - 1 and protein Yield 268.86 Kg ha - 1,the increase of total seed Yield due to most of growth characterists and Yield components.

تحضير حليب فول الصويا المتخمر ودراسة صفاته الكيميائية والميكروبية والحسية وتاثيره على بعض المعايير الذموية للجرران == Preparing Fermented Soymilk and Studying the Chemical, Microbiological and Sensory Characteristics and its Effects on Certain Blood Criteria of Rats

Author name: علاء سعد ناجي الشريفي

Supervisor name: علي احمد ساهي | علاء كرين نعيمة

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Food

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The current study includes soymilk extraction from its grains with three different extraction methods and study the chemical composition, physical properties of the milk for each method. the second method was chosen because its produce milk includes 10.44% total solid material, the chemical composition consist of moisture 89.56%, protein 4.188%, fat 2.47%, ash 059%, carbohydrate 3.192%, and phytic acid 0.225% while the rate of mineral ions ferric, magnesium, phosphor, calcium and potassium (0.004, 0.1, 0.03, 0.09 and 0.063) respectively. The starter company which consist of Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium sp. were used in soymilk fermentation and the best incubation temperature 40 °C for 7 hours , inoculation volume 5% the log of the total count of lactic acid bacteria 10.74 cfu / gm and the log of Streptococcus thermophilus 8.56 cfu / gm and the log of L. acidophilus 7.86 cfu / gm, the log of Bifidobacterium 7.65 cfu / gm, the pH was 4.42 and the rate of total acid was 0.8%. The cold storage effect for 28 days were studied for probiotic bacteria survival, the log of total bacterial account 9.78 cfu / gm, the log of St.thermophilus 8.07 cfu / gm and the log of Bifidobacterium sp 6.5 cfu / gm, while the log of L. acidophilus account was the most effect 4.1 cfu / gm the pH value decreased for 4.6 while the total acidity percentage was 0.81%.The chemical composition of yoghurt was studied The percentage of each moisture, protein, fat, ash and Carbohydrate were (88.8, 4.2, 2.3, 0.82 and 4.6) respectively, the phytic acid rate decreased for 0.075% The experimental animals were fed with milk soybean yogurt with 3 ml and 2 ml for 40 days , the result showed decreasing the rate of cholesterol and triglyceride in T1 treatment which were( 114.24 , 74.5 mg / deciliter) respectively compared with control (97.78, 124.67 mg / deciliter) the hematocrit, hemoglobin, White blood cells, thrombocytes, red blood cells, and the average quantity of hemoglobin, the size of blood cells and the hemoglobin concentration in T1 treatment were (49.66,14.76, 18.96, 246.3, 6.4, 16.4, 62.33, 30.53) respectively compared with control (42.0, 12.0, 12.6, 206.3, 6.0, 13.53, 45.33, 24.6) respectively. The standard of immunity were investigated for the experimental animals the rate of neutrophil degreased in T1 treatment which was 7.83% while in control 14.72% the rate of lymphocyte increased in T1 treatment 90.62% while degreased in control 82.0%.The sensory evaluation showed that the yogurt produced from soybean milk include garlic taste had the highest degree 86.6% while the yogurt without addition of taste had the lowest value which was 53.7%.

تاثير موعد الزراعة ومسافتها والرش بالهيومس السائل في النمو وحاصل البذور والزيت لنبات الخلة البلدي Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. وفعاليته التثبيطية لبعض الاحياء الدقيقة == Effect of Sowing Date, Plant Spacing and Spraing with Liquid Humes on Growth and Yield of Khellah Plant Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. and its Inhibition Activitie on Some Microorganisms

Author name: علا عدنان فائز حبيب الجابري

Supervisor name: عصام حسين علي الدوغجي

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Plant - Gardening

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The present study was conducted during the growing season of 2013/2014 in the Medical and Aromatic Plants Unit Field, Agricultural Collage, Basrah University, to study the effect of sowing date, plant spacing and spraying with liquid hummus and their interaction on growth and seed and fixed yield of Khella plant Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. " Syrian Local " and its biochemical effects.The study Included 12 factorial treatments, which were the combinations of two sowing dates 1/10 or 20/10, three plant spacing 20, 30 or 40 cm and spraying with liquid humus in concentration of 0.75 ml. l. - 1 or without ( spraying with distill water) and their interactions. A Complete Randomized Block Design in a factorial experiment was used with three replicates. The results analyses with SPSS program and Least Significant Differences Test (L.S.D) in level 0.05 was used to compared The most important results may be summarized as follows : - 1. Effect of sowing dates : Plants sown on 1/10 gave a significantly increases in plant height, leaf number. Plant - 1, number of main lateral branches. plant - 1 , earliest in inflorescences appearance, number of inflorescences. plant - 1, total seed yield. plant - 1 (54.3 gm), weight of 1000 seed, seeds productivity. hectare - 1 (4754kg), total fixed oil. plant - 1 (2.9gm), fixed oil productivity. hectare - 1 (309.5 kg), leaf total soluble carbohydrates content, seed total soluble carbohydrates content. Whereas plants grown on 20/10 had a significantincreases in dry matter percentage, fixed oil percentage ( 8.3%) and seed total protein percentage.2. Effect of plant spacing : Plants cultivated at 40 cm a part had a significant increases in leaf number. plant - 1, earliest in inflorescences appearance and number of inflorescences. plant - 1. Whereas plants cultivated at 30 cm a part had a significant increases in weight of 1000 seed and leaf total soluble carbohydrates content, Plants cultivated on 20 cm a part gave a significant increases in seeds and fixed oil productivity. hectare - 1 (3543kg and 311.2 kg), respectively.3. Effect of spraying with liquid humus : - Plants sprayed with liquid humus had a significant increases in leaf number. Plant - 1, dry matter percentage, number of inflorescences. plant - 1, total seed yield. plant - 1 (34.0 gm), seeds productivity. hectare - 1 (3543kg), fixed oil percentage (8.1%), total fixed oil. plant - 1 (2.6gm), fixed oil productivity. hectare - 1 (267.2 kg) and leaf total soluble carbohydrates content.4. Effect of the interactionsThe Interactions between the study factors, showed a significant effect in all studded parameters except leaf total chlorophyll content.5. The activity of the Khella seed and leaf extracts against certain types of pathogenic bacteria to human.The activities of aqueous, methanolic and ethanolic extracts of either leaves or seed were tested against some types of bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aerugnesa and Staphylococcus aureus at fiveconcentrations 50, 100, 200, 300 or 400 mg. L. - 1. The aqueous extract of the seeds showed inhibition effect in all studied concentrations, the effect increased with the concentration increases.6. The activity of the Khella seed and leaf extracts against two pathogenic fungi Aspergillus nigerCandida albicanThe activities of aqueous, methanolic and ethanolic extracts of either leaves or seed were tested against two fungi Aspergillus nigerCandida albican at five concentrations 50, 100, 200, 300 or 400 mg. L. - 1. All the extracts showed inhibition effect in growth diameters of both fungi, the methanolic extract of leaves was the more effected

مسح وتشخيص بعض الملقحات الحشرية ومصادر حبوب اللقاح في محافظة ميسان == Survey and Identification Some Pollinators and Pollen Resources in Missan Province

Author name: عقيل عبد الرزاق كريدي

Supervisor name: طه ياسين مهودر العيداني | خالد عبد الرزاق فهيد

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Plant - Prevention

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Plant Protection

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: survey and identification of the most important pollinators were conducted in three locations in Missan province (Amarah, Maymonnh , Almajar alkabir) , for the purpose to survey and identify the most important pollinators in the province,In view of the diversity of plants and insects pollinators the study select three plants , ber tree Ziziphus spina - christi and two crops are alfalfa Medicago sativa and Egyptian clover Trifolium alexenderianum to confine the pollinating insects. Honey bee Apis mellifera be one of the most important pollinator . So pollen sources in the sediment of honey and propolis is studied to identify botanical origin that visited by insects to keep them and provide fingerprint about plant diversity in the province.The study showed the following : 1. there are many insects visiting flowers of ber , alfalfa and clover were some of them are classified to the species level, while others were classified to the generic level such as wild bees Andrena sp. , Megachle sp., Tetralonia sp.And some species belong to family syrphidae such as Eristalis sp. , Syrtta sp. and Syrphus sp..2. Honey bee Apis mellifera is the most common and attracting to the two experiment crops flowers . where on average of 0.978 insects per 3m² during five minutes in alfalfa and 1.2 insects in clover were recorded. the second important is the wild bee Andrena sp. with an average of 0.662 insects in alfalfa and 0.8 in clover. 3. Honey bee were holding maximum quantity of pollen from alfalfa and clover . The average load was 67874 Pollen Grains (PG) was recorded . This quantity may be greater when it's estimated in the bee when they returns to hive .Wild bee Andrena sp. loud of pollen grain counted 54233 PG and ,IIthe wild bee long horn Tetralonia sp. carry about 51664 PG , while the leaf cutter wild bee Megachile sp. and white - banded digger Amegilla quadrifasciata carry 44256 and 38154 PG respectively , The least loud was carried by syrphid fly Eristalis aeneus was 27657 PG in it's gut .4. Honey bee Apis mellifera was the most insect spending time of foraging pollen on clover in average 9.76 second and 8.85 second on clover and alfalfa flowers respectively in the daylight , the next were the miner bee Andrena sp. spending 5.53 sec and 4.32 sec on clover flowers and alfalfa respectively . The white - banded digger wild bee A. quadrifasciata and the leaf cutter wild bee Megachile sp. have not seen visiting clover while they visit alfalfa flowers .5. pollen spectrum in spring and autumn honey sediment was studied , wich showed an important and new sources the tamarisk Tamarix brachystachys that is record the first time as a predominant pollen source , this source rated over than 45% in three sample of spring honey while as known between researchers and bee keepers that spring honey called a Eucalyptus or clover honey. Some weed were also important as pollen sourcessuch as Capparis spinosa , Sonchus oleraceus in addition to Prosopis juliflora and some species of the Families Cruciferae , Compositae and Umbelliferae.6. the light microscope showed that The most important resource of propolis Eucalyptus camaldulensis , Tamarix spp. and Prosopis juliflora

مقارنة القيمة الغذائية لاسماك الكارب الشائع Cyprinus carpio L. من مصادر مختلفة == Comparison of nutritional value of the common carp Cyprinus carpio L. from different sources

Author name: عطور عبد الكريم طاهر العطبي

Supervisor name: امجد كاظم رسن | صلاح مهدي نجم

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The current study was carried out during the period from December 2015 and June 2016 to assess the chemical composition, fatty and amino acids and the total bacterial count of the muscular tissue from the common carp Cyprinus carpio L. in Basrah city which were cached from Shatt Al - Arab river at Abul - Khasib, obtained from earthen ponds at the University of Basrah, fish cages in Shatt Al - Arab river at Al - Hartha district and those imported from Iran Republic which were available in the domestic markets of Basrah city.The results of the study were statistically analyzed using CRD design applying SPSS statistical package ver. 17 on 50 fish from each source with 3 replicates per sample and the studied factors were tested using RLSD test at 0.05 probability level.The results of the statistical analysis indicated no significant differences (p>0.05) in moisture content between Shatt Al - Arab samples, imported samples, iced pond fish and iced cage fish. No significant differences (p>0.05) were detected also between fish from ponds and cages. Significant differences (p<0.05) were detected between fresh fish from ponds and cages with fresh and iced fish from Shatt Al - Arab or imported fish. The highest moisture content of fresh fish was 78.2% in Shatt Al - Arab samples while the lowest 70.8% was in fresh cage fish. The highest moisture content in iced fish 79.4% was in imported samples while the lowest 74.1% was in cage fish. As for ash content, the statistical analysis revealed significant differences (p<0.05) between imported fish and other fish samples. Significant differences (p<0.05) were observed also between fresh pond fish and other samples.However, no more significant differences (p>0.05) were detected between other fish samples. The highest ash content in fresh fish 2.29% was in pond fish and the lowest 0.98% in imported fish. Similarly, the highest ash content in iced samples 1.45% was in pond fish and the lowest 0.87% in imported samples. The statistical analysis of fat contents demonstrated significant differences (p<0.05) between Shatt Al - Arab fresh and iced samples and other samples. Fat content in pond fish was in line with those in iced cage and iced imported fish but significantly (p<0.05) differ from those in fresh pond and imported fish while no such differences were shown between pond and imported fish. The highest fat content in fresh fish 11.9% was in imported fish and the lowest 3.43% in Shatt Al - Arab fish. Similarly, the highest fat content of iced fish 9.99% was in imported fish and the lowest 3.17% in Shatt Al - Arab fish. The statistical analysis showed that protein contents in fresh fish from Shatt Al - Arab, ponds and cages were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those in imported fish while protein contents in fresh and iced imported fish were significantly (p<0.05) lower than it in other fish. The highest protein content in fresh fish 18.71% was in pond fish and the lowest 10.05% in imported fish. Similarly, the highest protein content in iced fish 16.96% was in pond fish and the lowest 9.98% in imported fish. The statistical analysis showed that the caloric values of fresh and iced fish from Shatt Al - Arab were significantly (p<0.05) lower than other fish except for iced pond and imported fish. Additionally, no significant differences (p>0.05) were observed in caloric values between pond, iced cage and imported fish while pond and Shatt Al - Arab fishes only showed significant differences (p<0.05) in comparison with other samples. The highest caloric value for fresh fish 165.62 Kcal/100 g in cage fish and the lowest 98.5 Kcal/100 g in Shatt Al - Arab fish. On the other hand, the highest caloric value for iced fish 148.4 Kcal/100 g was in cage fish and the lowest 93.9 Kcal/100 g in Shatt Al - Arab fish.The fatty acids was assessed in the laboratories of The College of Agriculture, University of Basrah by using GC - MS QP210 Ultra , SHIMADZU, JAPAN equipped with capillary column DB - MS 5 with static phase (5% phenyl, 95% methyl polysiloxane) and ultra - high purity Helium 99.9%. The fatty acid analysis for the muscular tissue of fish indicated high levels of oleic ،palmitic ،stearic ،stearic ،docosahexaenoic acid in comparison with lower levels of myristoleic ،eicosadienoic ،dihomo - gamma - linolenic and pentadecyclic acids. The statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between both fresh and iced samples from the different fish sources. However, significant differences (p<0.05) were detected between imported fish and fresh and iced fish from ponds and cages. Additionally, no significant differences (p>0.05) were observed between fresh and iced imported samples with both fresh and iced pond fish while fresh and iced cage fish differed significantly (p<0.05) from fresh pond samples.Amino acids were assessed by using HPLC system with ion exchange and Ninhydrin post column derivation in Shimadzu Spd - 6 Av uv - Visible detector. The analysis of amino acids in fish muscular tissue demonstrated high levels of Aspartic ،Serine ،Glutamic،Alanine and Glycine and low levels of Cystine ،Tryptophan ،Isoleucine ،Methionine،Histidine ،Threonine and Tyrosine. The statistical analysis showed no significant differences between fresh and iced Shatt Al - Arab samples with fresh and iced imported fish. No significant differences (p>0.05) were observed also between fresh and iced pond fish with fresh and iced cage fish. On the other hand, significant differences (p<0.05) were found between fresh and iced Shatt Al - Arab fish with fresh and iced imported samples. Additionally, another significant differences were detected between fresh and iced pond fish with fresh and cage fish.As for the total bacterial count, the statistical analysis revealed significant differences (p<0.05) between all fresh and iced fish samples. The highest level in fresh fish 7.6 x 103 cfu/g was observed in Shatt Al - Arab fish while the lowest level 2.0 x 103 cfu/g in imported fish. In comparison, the highest level in iced fish 7.44 x 107 cfu/g was also in Shatt Al - Arab fish but the lowest level 5.72 x 107 cfu/g in cage fish.

عزل وتشخيص بكتيريا . Vibrio spp من بعض الاسماك المتداولة في الاسواق المحلية لمدينتي البصرة والناصرية ودراسة بعض خواصها == Isolation and Identification of Vibrio spp. from some fish proffered in local markets of Basrah and Nasiriyah city and study some properties

Author name: عذارء عودة حسين الجبوري

Supervisor name: خديجة صادق جعفر الحسيني | منال بادي صالح التميمي

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Food

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The study included isolation and identification Vibrio spp. bacteria that taken from fresh and frozen fish (Tenualosa ilisha , Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Barbus sharpey and Spondyliosoma cantharus). 210 fishes were collected from Basrah market (Big market in Basrah, Al - Ashar, Al - Tanoma and 5 mile) while 150 fishes were collected of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Barbus sharpeyand Spondyliosoma cantharus) from Nasiriyah market (Big market and Harj market) this collecting process of samples took a period from 02.June till 30.November - 2013.Fishes were brought to laboratory and samples were taken from it and planted directly on biological media (Nutrient agar, Blood agar, MacConkey agar and selective medium (Thiosulphate Citrate Bile salt Sucrose Agar TCBS) then the petri dishes were incubated aerobically at temperature 37cº for 18 - 24 hours. 30 positive samples were identified of Vibrios depending on colony shape, cell under microscope, catalase test, oxidase test and motility test, afer that the types were identified depending on the biochemical tests and by using API20E kit, which led to identifying two kinds of Vibrios bacteria : Vibrio cholera and Vibrio fluvialis. These two bacteria were isolated from fresh fishes more than frozen fishes.Study observed that the Vibrios isolation percentage of these two bacteria in Basrah market was 26% (15 isolates) while the isolation percentage was 21% in Nasiriyah market (63 isolates).Sensitivity and antibiotics tests were done, results showed that all Vibrios cholera bacteria had 100% resistant against Aztreonem, while some of it had low resistant which was about 45% against Amoxicillin - clavulanic Acid and Nalidixic Acid, all Vibrio fluvialis bacteria isolates had resistant against Aztreonem, Amoxicillin - clavulanic Acid and Nalidixic Acid which was 100%, 75% and 25% respectively, while all VibrioAcholera and Vibrio fluvialis isolates were sensitive 100% against Amikacin, Ampicillin, Chloram - phenicol, Ciprofloxacin, Tetarcycline, Trimethoprim /Sulpha - methoxazole.Vibrio cholera and Vibrio fluvialis bacteria isolates were 100% tolerant for acidity at pH 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5 and 8.0, while Vibrio cholera bacteria was 60% tolerant to the acidity at pH 4.5, and Vibrio fluvialis bacteria was more resistant to the acidity of 20% and 50% tolerant at pH 4.0 and 4.5 respectively.The study showed to the ability of Vibrio cholera bacteria to resist the salinity reached 60% and 100% at concentrations 6% and 7% respectively, but it didn't grow on concentrations 8% and 9%.Vibrio fluvialis bacteria was resistant for the salinity in all the concentrations with different percentages reached to 100% at concentrations 6%, 7% and 40% at concentration 8%, while at concentration 9% there was only one sample had resistant of 20% and it was from frozn sample of Beni fish which taken from Big market in Basrah.All isolates from different sources could grow in 25 and 37 cº and in room temperature 15 cº during doing this experiment, while some isolates of Vibrios bacteria could grow with low density in 5 cº, while it couldn't grow in - 20 cº.By using Real Time (PCR) technology for detecting hemolysim enzyme gene in Vibrio spp., that 27 samples from Vibrio cholera bacteria and 3 samples from Vibrio fluvialis bacteria had this enzyme which analyzes red blood cell (RBC) and considered one of toxins that belongs to Vibrio spp. which has a role in occurrence of disease.

التنوع السمكي وبعض الخصائص الحياتية في الجزء الشمالي لشط العرب وبعض مقترباته == Fish biodiversity and some biological characteristics in the Northern part of Shatt Al - Arab River and some of its reaches

Author name: عبد المحسن جعفر عبد الله

Supervisor name: ساجد سعد حسن النور

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The aimed of the present study to find out the nature of the qualitative compositionand some biological aspects in the North part of Shatt Al - Arab River and some of its reaches after emergence of many changes in the region and habitats segmenting by Dam construction on Euphrates River in the area between Chibyish and Mudina town and establishment of Qlat - Salih Regulator, reduction of water discharge to minimum limits, entry of alien species on an ongoing basis, so it is necessary to conduct a study to find out the nature of the diversity of fish in the region, and it has shown that the composition of community differs from previous studies revealed that introduced alien small size species and some of uneconomic species were dominate. The samples were caught monthly from the river from December 2013 to May 2015 North of Basrah Province. Several fishing tools were used to collect fishes seine, fixed, draft, cast net and electrofishing. Three stations were selected; the station 1 was in the North of Qurna town about five kilometers North the point which the Tigris and Euphrates River confluence, station 2 at the place of Seweeb River is meeting the Shatt Al - Arab Rive and station 3 at the point that Al - Shafii River which meet Shatt Al - Arab river. Some environmental parameters were measured, namely air temperature ranged from 15ºC in December 2014 in station 3 to 43ºC in the August 2014 at station 2 and 3, while the water temperature from 11ºC in January 2015 for station 1 to 36 ºC in July at station 2. Light penetration revealed 33 cm in April and May 2014 and 132 cm in January 2015 for station 3. Current speed ranged between 0.03 m/s in January 2015 in station 3 and 0.29 m/s in October 2014 for station 1. Salinity ranged from 0.66 g/L in January 2014 for station 1 to 1.46 g/L in February and March 2015 in station 1 and October 2014 for station 2. The pH values tend toward the alkaline, the lowest 7.30 in May 2014 for station 2 and 8.90 measured in February 2014 in station 1. Monthly discharges, average incoming from the Tigris River recorded 35.20 ± 8.47 m3/s in November 2014 to 73.85 ± 17.55 m3/s on February 2014. Lower values of reactive nitrate were recorded 0.69 μ g at. N/L in March 2015 at station 3 and highest 24.32 μ g at. N/L in May for station 2, however the values of reactive phosphate recorded, the lowest 0.0037 μ g at. N/L in March 2015 at station 2, the highest was 0.589 μ g at. N/L in November 2014 for station 1. A total of 29405 individuals was collected during the study period represented 916521g included 33 species eight of them were marine species contain 29 genera belong to 14 families of Osteichthyes, Cyprinids family occupied first degree in the number of species (13) and genera (12), the numerical relative abundance of marine species in the study area was 3.38% and the relative abundance gravimetric was 8.45%. A significant positive correlation was found between number of species and water temperature (r=0. 506). Liza abu, Carassius auratus and Coptodon zillii were the most total numerical relative abundance 30.89, 29.30 and 15.64 % respectively, C. auratus, S. triostegus and C. zillii were the most total weight relative abundance and composing 27.58, 14.27 and 11.64% respectively in the study area. Discharges rates flowing from the Tigris River revealed negative effect with the number of species and the insignificant negative correlation was recorded (r= - 0.109) with discharge monthly rates, and fluctuation relationship was noticed between discharges and ecological indices. However, native species included 15 seasonal species 4 and 14 for rare species. Diversity index (H) ranged between 0.91 in January 2015 at station 3 to 2.05 in March 2015 for station 2, richness index (D) 0.83 in February 2014 at station 3 and 2.79 in March 2015 at station 1, evenness index (J) recorded 0.38 in January 2015 and the highest 0.78 in September 2014 for station 1. The percentage of similarity among stations by Jaccard similarity index (Ss%) showed variation uneven during study months. Cluster analysis of species similarity pointed to clumping in groups controlled by temperature. The Multivariate analysis was (CCA) adopted to clarify the impact of a biotic factors on the distribution of species. Total catches were ranged between 16380 g in December 2013 to 80309g in December 2014. The total average catch per unit of effort was 24.953 kg/hr for seine nets ranged from 0.928 kg/hr in December 2014 at station 2 to 30.271 Kg/hr during January 2015 for station 3. The number of fishing boats in the study area 143 their length between 5 - 7m most of them without an engine. The impact of alien species direct effects during the destruction of nests and reproductive ground, especially eggs which lie on a plant for native species and hybridization between alien and native species, and indirect effects of competition on food, ecological space, environment destruction and aggressive behavior. The length groups of all fish species were recorded, the lowest values were for Alburnus mossulensis, Acanthobrama marmid, Hemiculter leucisculus and Garra rufa, they were 7.3 - 18, 6.3 - 17, 7 - 17 and 7.2 - 17.8 cm respectively, whereas the highest were for Silurus triostegus, Leuciscus vorax and Mastacembelus mastacembelus, they were 10.8 - 72.4, 9.5 - 57.3 and 14 - 55 cm respectively. Faben method used for estimating growth parameters (L∞,K) by applying FiSAT program for C. auratus, Carasobarbus luteus and L. abu, the values of L∞ for three species 38.97, 35.69 and 22.19 cm respectively, and for K 0.29 to the C. auratus and C. luteus and 0.41 for L. abu, the results revealed five years age for C. auratus and C. luteus whereas four years age for L. abu. The present study showed high values of diet overlap between L. abu and Cheon subviridis 09% also high values 90% Oreochromis aureus and Oreochromis niloticus S. triostegus and L. vorax 89%, but it did not reach the competition limit, also high diet overlap 86% and competition was found between C. auratus and C. luteus Absolute fecundity for C. auratus females ranged from 1303 for 8.8 cm total length and 10g weight to51245 egg for 30.1 cm total length and 557g weight, and for C. luteus from 2098 for 13.1 cm total length to 14147 egg for 20.9 cm total length and 131g weight, while in L. abu from 6247 for 9.7 cm total length and 11g weight to 41219 egg for 17.5 cm total length and 63g weight.

تاثير التقليم الورقي والرش بالاثيفون في صفات الثمار الفيزيوكيميائية والفسلجية والتشريحية والحاصل في نخيل التمر Phoenix dactylifera L. صنف الحلاوي117 == Effect of leaf pruning and ethephon spray on fruit physico - chemical , physiological , anatomical and yield of Phoenix dactylifera L., cv. Hil

Author name: ظافر ناصر عبود خلف القطراني

Supervisor name: علي حسين محمد الطه

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Plant - Gardening

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: This study was conducted in a private orchard at Abi El - Khassib district , Basrah Governorate, during the growing season of 2014 to investigate the effect of leaf pruning at levels of 6 , 9 and 12(leaf . bunch⁻¹)during the onset of pollination and spraying ethephon on bunches at concentrations of Zero , 250 and 500 (mg.L⁻¹) , once, at Kimri stage on fruit physico - chemical , physiological , anatomical characters and yield of date palm ,cv. Hillawi . Results showed that leaf pruning treatmeats of 9 and 12 leaf . bunch⁻¹ recorded significant increases in fruit , pulp fresh weight , fruit size , length and diameter and water content of fruit at Rutab stage, carotene pigment concentration of fruit skin and respiration rate of fruit at Kimri and Khalal stages, ripening percentage at Khalal and Rutab stages, bunch weight of tree at Tamir stage . Leaf pruning treatments of 6 and 12 leaf.bunch⁻¹ increased total chlorophyll pigment concentration of fruit skin at Kimri stage significantly. Leaf pruning treatment at 12 leaf.bunch⁻¹ recoreded significant increases in cell length and width of inner mesocarp of fruit at Khalal stage, and total yield of tree at Tamir stage. Treatments of 6 and 9 leaf.bunch⁻¹ increases significantly total chlorophyll pigment concentration of fruit skin and number of cells in mm² of inner mesocarp of fruit at Khalal stage, whereas treatment at 6 leaf.bunch⁻¹ increased fruit dry matter percentage and total acidity and respiration rate of fruit at Rutab stage. Ethephon treatments at concentrations of 250 and 500 mg.L⁻¹ had significant increases in fresh weight of fruit at Rutab stage, and respiration rate of fruit at both Kimri and Khalal stages. Treatment of 500 mg.L⁻¹ ethephon recorded significant increases in pulp weight of fruit , fruit volume , length , diameter , total soluble solides , phosphorus concentration of fruit at Rutab stage, and carotene pigment concentration of fruit skin at Kimri , Khalal stages, and ripening percentage of fruit at Khalal and Rutab stages, and cell length and width in inner mesocarp of fruit at Khalal stage, and bunch weight and total yield of tree at Tamir stage. Both treatments of Zero and 250 mg.L⁻¹ ethephon recorded significant increases in total chlorophyll pigment concentration of fruit skin at Kimri and Khalal stages, and number of cells in mm² of inner mesocarp of fruit at Khalal stage, whereas control treatment of ethephon increased fruit total acidity and respiration rate significantly at Rutab stage. Bi - combination of leaf pruning at 12 leaf .bunch⁻¹ and spraying ethephon at concentration of 500 mg.L⁻¹ recorded significant increases in most of the studied characters as compared to other bi - combination treatments

دراسة بعض الجوانب الحياتية والبيئية للروبيان الشرقي Macrobrachium nipponense (De Haan, 1849) وطرائق تربيته واكثاره في البصرة، العراق == Study of Some Biological and Ecological Aspects, Aquaculture and Breeding Methods of Oriental Prawn Macrobrachium nipponense (De Haan, 1849) In Basrah, Iraq

Author name: طارق حطاب ياسين المالكي

Supervisor name: مالك حسن علي | امنة علي هاشم

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: تضمنت الدراسة الحالية انشاء مفقس للروبيان الشرقي Macrobrachium nipponense وتجربته عمليا على الاناث الحاملة للبيض والمصطادة من منفذ المسحب خلال شهري حزيران وتموز لسنة 2013 واجراء عملية التكاثر وتسجيل اربع مراحل تطور جنينية في البيض، وتراوحت مدة التطور الجنيني للبيض بين (20 - (30 يوما.بينت الدراسة تسجيل افضل معدل وزن لليافعات في اثناء تربيتها في الاحواض المختبرية والمغذاة على عليقة ذات محتوى بروتيني 42 % مع نسب البقاء مرتفعة بين 90) - (95%، وهذا ما انعكس على التركيب الكيميائي لجسم الروبيان بعد التجربة. بينت نتائج السلوك بان الروبيان المدروس يفضل التعلق ضمن عمود الماء، اذ بلغ افضل معدل وزن عند استعمال عليقة الرقائق (Aquafin) ونسب بقاء 95 % خلال مدة التجربة، واظهرت نتائج تجارب الاقلمة الملحية واستهلاك الاوكسجين بان التركيز الملحي نصف القاتل (LC50) لليافعات خلال 96 ساعة كان 15.5 psu مع نسب بقاء مرتفعة في الملوحتين (0.9 و(5.0 psu، ولوحظ ارتفاع تدريجي باستهلاك الاوكسجين مع ارتفاع كل من درجة حرارة الماء والملوحة. بلغت نسبة الجنس 1 : 3.8 ذكور : اناث على التوالي. تراوح عدد البيض للروبيان المصطاد من منفذ المسحب بين 3,600) - (10,200 بيضة /انثى. في حين بلغ معدل التفقيس لليرقات (1632 ± (861 يرقة زؤيا، وكان معدل عدد اليرقات نسبة الى وزن الجسم 225 ± 110 /غم من وزن الجسم، كما لوحظ وجود ارتباط بين وزن الامهات مع كل من وزن البيض وعدد اليرقات الفاقسة، واظهرت نتائج رعاية اليرقات حديثة الفقس في انظمة الاستزراع المختلفة بان اغلب اوزانهواصل الى 3 ملغم خلال المدة الممتدة بين 12) - (22 يوما ، وكانت اعلى معدلات نسب بقاء لليرقات 63.75 % سجلت في الحوض الطيني فيما تراوحت بين 27.50) - (47.50% في الانظمة الاخرى.بلغت معدلات الاوزان النهائية (813 و978) ملغم لليافعات الفاقسة المرباة في الاقفاص الطافية والغاطسة على التوالي، في حين بلغت معدلات الاوزان 805) و950) ملغم لليافعات الطبيعية المرباة في الاقفاص الطافية والغاطسة على التوالي خلال 28 يوما، وبنسب بقاء بين (86 - 93)%، في حين تراوحت معدلات اوزان اليافعات المستزرعة في النظام المغلق من (938 والى 4010) ملغم خلال 90 يوما، وبنسب بقاء بين 86) - (92 %، وسجلت اعلى نسب البقاء ليرقات الروبيان ويافعاتها المرباة خلال 42 يوموابلغت 78.13% في الحوض الطيني فيما تراوحت بين (47.50 - (58.13% في الانظمة الاخرى. تحقق افضل معدل اوزان لليرقات المغذاة على عليقة (46% بروتين) ولمدة ستة اسابيع في الحوض الطيني وكان697 ملغم واقلها في الحاضنات وبلغ 312 ملغم، تتحول اليرقات حديثة الفقس (طور الزؤيا) الى طور ما بعد اليرقي بعد عمر 12) - (22 يوما، في حين طور اليرقة المتقدمة بعد عمر 23) - (44 يوما يتحول الى الطور اليافع الذي بدوره يتحول بعد عمر (45 - 129) يوما الى الطور قبل البالغ الذي بعد عمر 130 - 179 يوما يصل الى الطور البالغ، اي بعد عمر 180 يوما الروبيان يصبح في الطور البالغ.حددت انتاجية المفقس من الاحواض الداخلية بين (53,504 - (190,000 يرقة زؤيا، في حين ينتج بين (32,355 - (99,560 يرقة متقدمة، وتراوح الانتاج من الاحواض الخارجية ما بين (4,347 - (24,098 يرقة زؤيا، وبين 2,527) - (18,828 يرقة متقدمة، كذلك على ضوء نتائج المساحة الكلية للحوض الطيني وحوض الالياف الزجاجية فان عدد يرقات الزؤيا التي يمكن ان تستوعبها تتراوح ما بين 36,559) - (15,300,000 يرقة زؤيا، وبين (21,248 - 11,954,400) يرقة متقدمة، اما مجموع الانتاج الكلي في جميع انظمة الاستزراع الداخلية والخارجية فكان ( 12,600,188 - 15,760,462) يرقة زؤيا، وبين 9,753,349) - (12,197,630 يرقة متقدمة.بلغت النسب المئوية للتركيب الكيميائي لبعض مكونات العليقة المصنعة في الدراسة الحالية والمستعملة في تغذية اليرقات 44.84) و51.27 و2.57) % للبروتين والدهن والرماد على التوالي، في حين بلغت لعليقة مسحوق الاسماك المستعمل في تغذية الامهات واليافعات (40.37 و25.29 و15.13) % للبروتين والدهن والرماد على التوالي. | This study included hatchery construction for oriental prawn Macrobrachium nipponense, a gravid females were collected from Al - Masshab Outlet, Basrah, during the peak of occurrence in June - July / 2013, is for application of breeding process, with recorded four developmental of eggs, with range time of embryonic development stage of eggs between 20 - 30 day. The present study revealed that the best weight for juvenile in laboratory which were feeding on diet contain 42% protein with high survival rates between 90 - 95%, this reverse on the chemical composition of prawn body after the experiments. Showed result behaviour that this prawn preferred to feeing hold on the ponds columns, it reach a best weight by using flake feed (Aquafin), with survival rate 95% during the experimental period. The salinity acclimation and oxygen consumption showed that LC50 for juvenile was 15.5 psu after 96 hours, with high survival rate in tow salinities 0.9 and 5.0 psu. A gradual increasing in oxygen consumption with increasing temperature and salinity clearly proved in this experiment. Sexual ratio was recorded to be 1 : 3.8 for males : females respectively. The number of eggs were collected from Al - Masshab Outlet between 3,600 - 10,200 egg for number of females, while the ranged of all hatching larvae were 1,632 ± 861 zoae. The range of ratio of larvae to the ratio of body weight was 225 ± 110 g from body weight of prawn, and the present study showed that there is a correlation between female weight with both egg weight and number of hatching larvae, by using different nursing systems of newly hatched larvae for 12 to 22 day, and the larvae reached weight to 3 mg., while higher range of survival larvae were 63.75% in muddy pond, in others systems were 27.50 - 47.50 %.The final weight range were reached 813 and 978 (mg) for hatched juveniles that were reared in floating and emerged cages respectively, while the naturally reared Juvenile have weight range between 805, 950 (mg) for nature floating and emerged cages during 28 day, with a survival rate between 86 - 93%, and weight range of juvenile reared in closed system from 938 to 4,010 (mg) during 90 day, with survival rates 86 - 92 (%). High levels of survival rate recorded to be 78.13% for larvae and juvenile of prawn cultured earth in ground pond during 42 day, comparison with 47.50 - 58.13% in others system. The best weight for larvae that feeder on protein diet (46%) for six weeks in ground pond reached to 697 mg while the lowest weight in nursing system reached to 312 mg. The age which zoea needs Metamorphosis zoae between 12 - 22 days to reach post - larvae, were 23 - 44 day for Metamorphosis post - larvae to Juvenile, and this needs between 45 - 129 day for reached to sub - adult with in 130 - 179 day. After 180 day more prawn reached to adult stage.The hatchery production of zoea larvae was fluctuated between 53,504 - 190,000, it and between 32,355 - 99,560 post - larvae. The total production from earth pond (mud pond and fiberglass tank), the number of zoae larvae between 36,559 - 15,300,000 larvae, and between 21,248 - 11,954,400 post - larvae. While the total production in all culture systems were 12,600,188 - 15,760,462 zoea larvae, and between 9,753,349 - 12,197,630 post - larvae.The chemical composition for prepared diet the present study which used for nutritional diet experiment were 44.84 % protein, 51.27 % fat and 2.57 % ash. Fish meal constituents was 40.37 % protein, 25.29 % fat and15.13 % ash

دراسة لمرض لفحة سعف النخيل المتسبب عن الفطر Diplodia phoenicum وبعض الفطريات المرافقة له وامكانية مكافحة المرض كيميائيا واحيائيا == A study of date palm leaflets blight caused by Diplodia phoenicum and some fungi associated with it and the ability of it?s chemical and biological control

Author name: ضرغام صباح لفتة باقر العوفي

Supervisor name: محمد عامر فياض | يحيى عاشور صالح

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Plant - Prevention

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Plant Protection

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: This study was carried out at the laboratories of plant protection Department - College of Agriculture - Basrah university for a.peroid during 1/9/2014 - 27/7/2015 . The study aimed to detect the leaflet bligh disease for different datepalm cultivars such as Chipchap ,Sayer , Zehdi and Khodrawi at three regoins, Medainah , Abu Al - khaseeb and Nashwa.The result showed that the infection percent was 86.51, 83.61 and 76.03% at Medainah , Abu Al - khaseeb and Nashwa respectively . The results also showed that the infection intensity was 25.96 , 23.56 and 21.1 % for the three above regoins respectively .The higher infection intensity was noticed on Chipchap culture which was 30% while the lowest one found on Sayer culture which was 23.3% .The infection intensity also differs according to surfaces , it was 76.37 % on the lower surface , while it was 55.55 , 37.91 and 24.34% on the middle ,foot and terminal of leaflet .Leaflet dried and oval pustules which contain the spores of serenomyces phoenicis were recorded as symptoms represented the scorch disease while the other fungi caused yellowish and spotting symptoms sixteen species belonging to 13 genera were isolated from the leaflets , these species were as follows : Chaetomium atrobrunneum , C.globosum , Chalaropsis thielavioides , C.radicicola ,Stemphylium.sp.,Bipolaris australis ,Cladosporium herbarum , Nigrospora sphaerica , Diplodia phoenicis , Phoma glomerata , Fusarium verticillioides , Alternaria alternate ,bA. longipes ,Coniochaete sacchareo , Melanospora sp., andS.phoenicis.Most of of them caused blight disease .Among of them D. phoenicis and S. phoenicis gave scorch symptoms pathogenicity testing .The study epplained that Extract agare was the best medium for A. phoenicis growth ;it was 7 cm , while PCA gave the lowest growth, the fungus growth , the best growth 6.83 cm was noticed on 25 c while the growth stopped on 35 c . PH also effected on the fungus radial growth , it was 4.35 cm at PH4 , while it was 6.57 cm at PH 8 .Tested fungicides revealed significant differences . Dazim and Revus Top inhibited the radial growth in a percent of 100% ,while it reduced to 83.34% with the fungicides Hunter , so Dithane M4S inhibited the radial growth to 54.22% . The biological agent Trichoderma harzianum antagonists with D. phoenicis in the alevel 1,P. fluorescence also inhibited D. phoenicis in a percent OF 100%.The field experiment revealed that pa fluorescence reduced infection intensity to 50% , while Dazim biological agent T. harzianum treatment were the lowest treatment in reducing the infection intensity which reduced to 4.1 and 6.3 respectively .