Show: 25 50 75 100 Results

Search results: 25 out of 3,038

دراسة نظرية لطاقة الترابط لذرة الليثيوم

Author name: محمد عبد الحسين حسوني وادي الكعبي
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University of Kerbala - College Of Science - Physics Department
Language: English
University location: Karbala
First pages:

التقنين الاشعاعي البيئي للمياه الجوفية في غرب محافظة البصرة باستخدام تقنية التالق الحراري == Environmental Radiation Dosimetry of Groundwater in West of Basra Governorate using Thermoluminescence Technique

Author name: سيف قاسم هلال
Supervisor name: رياض جاسب ابو الهيل
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study includes calculation the dose rate of emitted gamma - rays from groundwater taken from different locations in the Basra govemorate by use of thermoluminescence technique . it emphasis on the the characteristics of TL - reader ,TL - dosimeter (calcium fluoride) to know the suitability of these systems for environmental monitoring. It is found that the zero dose reading for calcium fluoride is 0.18 m rad .It is also found that most dosimeters of the same materials have nearly equal sensitivities and that all thebatches have high uniformity which makes them capable for environmental use. Experimental observations have indicated that there is linear relation between response and dose for the material which qualifies it for measuring doses within the low dose range. The variations in the response of the TL - reader using internal light source have also been investigated ,it is found that TL - reader has high stability .The fading in a environmental field for calcium fluoride is 7% in one month.Making sure that these systems are suitable for environmental monitoring programing ,calcium fluoride has been used for measuring gamma - rays emitting from natural background radiation ,it is foundthat the natural dose rate of gamma - rays emitted from the locations : Albrjisiya, khor aizubair, Safwan, Jabal Sanam, Um Qasr, Um Eanij and Al - lahees are (5.80,6.41, 5.32, 5.25,5.26,4.60 and 4.86) μrad/h receptivity . Thus, the dose rate of radiation emitted From ground water of province of Basra is 5.35 μ rad/h . the results proved that the inhabited area ling within the environmental monitoring satiations are the area in which the radiation is natural and that the rate that the human being exposed equal 11.5μrad/h which considered naturalexposure limit.

تحضير وتشخيص بعض البلورات السائلة وخلائطها الثنائية البلورية السائلة ودراسة بعض خواصها الفيزيائية == Preparation & Characterization of some liquid crystals and Binary liquid crystalline mixtures and study some of their physical properties

Author name: زينب نديم مطشر
Supervisor name: اياد جاسم الحجاج
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: study included as a first step the preparation of compound 4 - heptyloxy benzaldehyde and derivatives by linking alkoxy series with the aldehyde, and in the second step was to prepare Schiff base compounds through interaction of equal moles of the compound 4 - heptyloxy benzaldehyde with some primary amines with different polar groups, and in the third stage was to prepare mixtures from the Schiff base compounds resulting from the second step,and we obtained five liquid crystalline mixtures at low temperatures and some of them close to room temperature, and then the chemical structures was chacterized and the absorption bands for functional groups was given by FTIR spectroscopy scan . A microscope with polarized light (POM) and a differential scaning calorimeter (DSC) was also used to study the liquid crystalline phases for individual compounds, as well as binary liquid crystalline mixtures and then a discussion of changes taking place at phase transition temperatures for individual liquid crystalline compounds as well as their binary mixtures , as characterized by these mixtures it owns a wide range of temperatures and some are close to room temperature ranging between (22.1 - 53.1 ℃). we has been studying some of the physical properties of these mixtures and compare them with the pure liquid crystals to see what has been achieved to improve these properties by studying the electrical properties (conductivity and dielectric ), as well as the activation energy , we has also been studying the photoelectric effect and determine the threshold voltage in the cases of parallel and vertical alignments , and the study shown a variation in the dielectric behaviour of binary liquid crystalline mixtures of remarkable increase compared to individual liquid crystalline compounds either the positive or negative dielectricanisotropy , ranging from ( - 1.320 - 2.234), while the variation in the electrical conductivity of binary mixtures of liquid crystal range (0.138 - 0.351 (ohm.m) - 1, and finally studied photoelectric effects for individual liquid crystalline compounds, as well as binary liquid crystal mixtures show that liquid crystalline mixtures have seen a clear decline in the threshold voltages (1.3 - 3.9Volt

دراسة نظرية لانتشار نبضة كاوسية في الياف البلورة الفوتونية والعوامل المؤثرة فيها == Theoretical Study of the Propagation Gaussain Pulse in Photonic Crystal Fibers and the Parameters Influencing it

Author name: دعاء حسين هاشم
Supervisor name: حسن عبد الله سلطان
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In this thesis the propagation of short Gaussian pulse in Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCFs) are studied, the effect of the fiber parameters on the pulse like the absorption, dispersion and nonlinearity studied also.Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation (NLSE) was solved numerically using the spectral or Split - Step Fourier Method (SSFM) to determine the pulse spatio - temporal evolution.The study includes the effect of the photonic crystal arrangement especially the holes number, hole - hole spacing and holes dimeter on the effective refractive index and the dispersion of the photonic crystal fiber.The Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation (NLSE) was solved using the Finite differences in the frequency domain (FDFD) method.The two zeros dispersion were studied to calculate the zero dispersion wavelength (ZDW) by applying the international golden ratio (1.16180339887) for the ratio of the hole - hole spacing to the holes dimeters.The study shows that the pulse propagation depends strongly on the absorption, dispersion and nonlinearity of the PCF, and the pulse wavelength must be near the ZDW to ensure the propagation with little loses.The dependence of the nonlinear refractive index, the dispersion and the ZDW of the PCF were proved.The study shows that the golden ratio can be used to have two ZDWs, and a new ratio of hole - hole spacing to the hole dimeter equal to 2 can be used to achieve two ZDWs.

دراسة تاثير جهود المصيدة على سلوك الدالة الموجية في تكثيف بوز اينشتاين == Study influence of the trapping potentials on the behavior of the wave function in Bose - Einstein condensation

Author name: وليد حميد عبد المالكي
Supervisor name: خالد محمد جياد الموسوي | خالد محمد جياد الموسوي
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This dissertation have been studied and analyzed the wave function behavior under trapping potentials that are usually used in experiments which led to formed Bose - Einstein condensation in ultra cold gases. The wave function behavior is dealt with under the effect of three types of potentials : the Harmonic oscillator, the double well, and the Optical Lattice. These are used individually, overlapped together, and when two different kinds are shed on each other in an orthogonal form. Besides, factors and variables that have major or minor roles in potentials the distribution that determine the wave function behavior is discuss in this dissertation.And study parameter ???????? range of effect on the nature of the Harmonic oscillator trapping potential and the Wave Function distribution, this factor effect is studied under the effect of the Harmonic oscillator Trap. As well as, studying this parameter effect on the Wave function behavior under the effect of other three types of potential traps used in Bose - Einstein condensation which are : the Optical Lattice potential overlapped with the Harmonic oscillator potential, the Optical lattice potential orthogonally shed on the harmonic oscillator potential. Also, studied the wave function behavior under the effect of the double well potential when the range of distribution centre is ∓0.5 and when the distribution centre increases to ∓2.And also discussed the effect of the nonlinear G on the wave function behavior under the effect of the Harmonic potential in terms of value and distribution. Through studying under the effect of the Harmonic potential, it have noticed that there is a linear relation between the energy and the chemical voltage at the centre of the trap as well asbetween the wave function and Energy. Yet, the linear relation is not exist between Energy and the frequency rate ???????? as well as between the wave function and the chemical potential. While there is a nonlinear relation exist under the effect of the optical lattice potential overlapped with the Harmonic potential at the centre of trap as well as the relation is exist between the wave function and the energy at the centre of the trap. It is noticed that when the optical lattice potential orthogonally shed on the Harmonic potential a linear relation exists between the energy and the chemical potential with anisotropy value and this linear relation becomes more clear at high value of anisotropy while the wave function behavior increases exponentially with anisotropy values. Furthermore, we have studying the effect of Factor ???????? and Factor ???????? on the Wave Function behavior under the harmonic potential trap plus the optical lattice potential .

دراسة تاثير الترابط والقدرة الضائعة في الموجهات المترابطة على كفاءة المجمع - الموزع البصري باستعمال طريقة الفروقات المحددة == Study The Effect of Coupling and Crosstalk in Directional Couplers on The Performance of Multi / Demultiplexers Using Finite Differences Method

Author name: منصور حنظل منصور زغير
Supervisor name: صباح مهدي محمد امين
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Directional couplers can be used to make important planar optical integrated circuits for optical communications, such as Mach - zehnder interferometers and wavelength division multiplexers. Wavelength division multi/demultiplexing of optical signals is an efficient means to increase the information density per fiber.Both the coupled mode theory and the FD numerical method are used in this study to analyze multiwaveguide DCs.In this thesis, we present an analytical expression for crosstalk of MWGDC based on relationship between the normal modes and local modes, where these modes are obtained numerically using FD mothed.Also, the mode field profile and their evolution along the structure are presented through the analytical expression and calculated numerically using FD method. With the help of this analytical expression, the input power can be controlled to be enter from a chosen hannel. This enable us to calculate the crosstalk that corresponds to a certain input channel.The transmission characteristics of a four channel multiplexer based on three MZI can be described in terms of the propagation matrices. In this study, the coupling coefficient of DC and the phase shift of MZI are treated to be wavelength dependent parameters. Crosstalk introduced by such process are also calculated.The transmission characteristics of three arm MZI as a DWDM is investigated theoretically by deriving the propagation matrix of 3WGDC using coupled mode theory. Thus, two parameters are introduced,  and  , as a designing controlling parameters for DWDM devices. By adjusting these parameters a DW DM devices can be presented.

دراسة نظرية للتركيب الالكتروني الحجمي والسطحي لسبيكة نصف هيوسلر FeCrSe والحد الفاصل (111) FeCrSe/GaP == Theoretical Study of the Bulk and Surface Electronic Structure of the Half Heusler Alloy FeCrSe and the Interface of FeCrSe/GaP(111

Author name: مظاهر حبيب جولان الاسدي
Supervisor name: Mudhahir H. Jolan
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: قدمنا في هذه الدراسة ايضاحات مهمة حول الخواص المغناطيسية والتركيب الالكتروني في سبيكة نصف هيوسلر FeCrSe. وقد بينت النتائج ان FeCrSe هي مادة فيرومغناطيسية نصف معدنية عند ثابت الشبيكة المتوازن هو 5.506Å، وان العزم المغناطيسي الكلي المحسوب هو 2μB يخضع تماما لقواعد سليتر - بولنك. بالاضافة الى ذلك، بحثنا على نطاق واسع الخواص الالكترونية والمغناطيسية والنصف معدنية للسطوح (001) و(111) لسبيكة نصف هيوسلر FeCrSe والحد الفاصل مع القاعدة GaP (111) باستعمال حسابات المبادئ الاولية ضمن نظرية الكثافة الدالية. وتوضح كثافة الحالات الذرية ان الصفة النصف معدنية المثبتة في الحجم FeCrSe تكون محفوظة عند السطح (001) المنتهي بـ CrSe - والسطح (111) المنتهي بـ Se - ، ولكنها فقدت عند السطوح (111) المنتهية بـ Fe - وCr - والسطح (001) المنتهي بـ Fe - . علاوة على ذلك، للحد الفاصل FeCrSe/GaP (111)، تكون الصفة النصف معدنية للحجم محطمة عند الهيئة Se - P بينما يبين الحد الفاصل والحد الثانوي الفاصل Se - Ga تقريبا استقطاب برم 100%. ضمن هذه الدراسة اوضحنا، من حسابات طاقات التلاصق (γ) للحد الفاصل ان الشكل او الهيئة Se - Ga هو اكثر استقرارا من الاخر Se - P. وايضا درسنا العزوم المغناطيسية، فلاحظنزايادة العزوم المغناطيسية المحسوبة لـ Se وGa عند الحد الفاصل Se - Ga (111) وP عند الحد الفاصل Se - P (111) مقابل قيم الحجم المناظرة لها بينما العزم المغناطيسي الذري لذرة Se عند الحد الفاصل Se - P (111) يقل. ونلاحظ ايضا ان العزوم المغناطيسية للحد الفاصل الثانوي لذرة Fe عند كلا السطحين الفاصلين Se - Ga (111) وSe - P (111) تقل مقارنة بقيم الحجم. | In this study, important illustrations about the electronic structures and the magnetic properties of half - Heusler alloy FeCrSe.The results show that FeCrSe is half - metallic ferromagnet at equilibrium lattice constant (5.506 Å). The calculated total magnetic moment of 2.00 μB follows quite well the Slater - Pauling rule . We investigate extensively the electronic, magnetic, and half - metallic properties of the half - Heusler alloy FeCrSe (111) and (001) surfaces and the interface with GaP (111) substrate by using the first - principles calculations within the density functional theory. The atomic density of states demonstrates that the half - metallicity verified in the bulk FeCrSe is maintained at the CrSe - terminated (001) and Se - terminated (111) surfaces, but it is lost at both Cr - and Fe - terminated (111) surfaces and the Fe - terminated (001) surface. Furthermore, for the interface of FeCrSe/GaP (111), the bulk half - metallicity is destroyed at Se - P configuration while Se - Ga interface and subinterface show nearly 100% spin polarization. We explained within this study, the calculated interfacial adhesion energies exhibit that Se - Ga shape is more stable than the Se - P one. We also studied the magnetic moments, The calculated magnetic moments of Se, Ga at the Se - Ga (111) interface and P at the Se - P (111) interface increase with respect to the corresponding bulk values while the atomic magnetic moment of Se atom at the Se - P (111) interface decreases. We also notice that the magnetic moments of subinterface Fe at both Se - Ga and Se - P (111) interfaces decrease compared to the bulk values.

دراسة نظرية لفحص نقل الالكترون خلال نقطتين كميتن مقترنتين == Theoretical Study to Investigate the Electron Transport Through Double Coupled Quantum Dots

Author name: محمد عبد الزهرة نجدي
Supervisor name: هيفاء عبد النبي جاسم
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In this study, a model calculation is introduced for the electron transportthrough a system consists of two quantum dots coupled serially, embeddedbetween two nonmagnetic leads (source and drain), due to the importance ofthis kind of systems in many academic and experimental applications.In our treatment, the time independent Anderson - Newns Hamiltonian modelis considered as a basis to study the system dynamics and then to derive spindependentanalytical formula to calculate the occupation numbers of thequantum dots energy levels, the corresponding quantum dots energy levelsand the molecular virtual energy levels, as a function of bias voltage .These relations are solved self - consistently, which are all employed tocalculate the tunneling current. The differential conductance is calculatednumerically by using finite differences method.And as the efficiency of electron transport through coupled quantum dotsdepends on the system parameters such as the energy levels position of eachquantum dot, the Coulomb repulsion energy on each quantum dot, theeffective exchange energy, the tunneling coupling between the dots and leadsand the coupling energy between the two quantum dots, all these parametersare studied and investigated in details and the role of all these parameters inthe tunneling current and the differential conductance calculations ispresented. also our treatment is applied to two kinds of systems, when thequantum dots are symmetric and when they are asymmetric depending on ourchoice for the over mentioned parameters. Our treatment is utilized to studythe following : 1 - - - Two regimes are studied, the first is the strong coupling regime and thesecond is the weak coupling regime.2 - - - The role of the spin exchange interaction in determining the type ofinteraction (if it is attractive or repulsive) between the quantum dots.3 - - - The role of the spin exchange interaction between the quantum dots indetermining the coulomb blockade in the strong coupling regime.And according to our calculations, we conclude that at the strong couplingand when neglecting the effective exchange interaction, one can determinethe bias voltage values that correspond to the maximum values of thedifferential conductance which is equal to the value of the couplinginteraction between the quantum dots. And the maximum and minimumvalues in the differential conductance curve are changed when the quantumdots energy levels are lying below the energy reference. Also, ourcalculations that concern to the effective exchange interaction make it sure that our results can be utilized to study the electronics that related to the coupled quantum dots. Our calculations that related to the Coulomb blockade make it sure that one can use the quantum dots molecule as an electronic switch. Our calculations that concern to the gate voltage effect investigation in the case of equilibrium can be employed in the detection about the type of coupling with the environmental which effects directly in determining the rates of electron tunneling from the left lead to the active region and then to the right lead.

تحضير ودراسة بعض الخصائص الفيزيائية للمتراكب بولي انلين طين الكاؤولين العراقي == Preparation and study of the Some physical properties of imbricated Polly Aniline - IraqiAlca?lan clay

Author name: عباس عبد سويف البديري
Supervisor name: غفران محمد باقر شبيب
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Polyanilin/Alcaulan Iraqi clay was modify by mecanochemical method with ideal condition and temperature range (0 - 5)0c after distillation Aniline (monomer) well.Several techniques have been used such as FT - IR ,X - ray to determine the crystalline ,scanning electron microscope (SEM) and finally (FAM) in order to study the surface roughness mediated .Many of physical properties such as mechanical properties which represented by hardness curves at different temperature which proved in hardness values range (2 - 7) for Alcaulan clay and (3 - 9.5) for PAni/Alcaulan while the results of tests fracture resistance (according to Brazilian way ) in different temperature was (2.9 - 4.92) for Alcaulan clay and (3.1 - 5.01) for PAni/Alcaulan .Optical properties show the type of electronic transition which found indirect transition and the optical energy gap about 2.15 eV.PAni/Alcaulan films was prepared by adding hydrochloric acid HCL after dissolved it in DMF as well as with addition to sulfuric acid H2SO4.The value of electrical conductivity of PAni - HCL/ Alcaulan are (0.4*10 - 7, 0.6*10 - 7, 0.7*10 - 7, 0.8*10 - 7, 0.9*10 - 7) s/cm. The value of PAni - H2SO4/Alcaulan are (4*10 - 7, 6*10 - 7, 6.5*10 - 7, 7.3*10 - 7, 9.1*10 - 7) s/cm.Also the value of electric conductivity of PAni - HCL/ Alcaulan with Iodine are (2*10 - 7, 6*10 - 7, 8*10 - 7) s/cm , and of PAni - H2SO4/Alcaulan are (19*10 -

الخواص البصرية اللاخطية ومحدد القدرة البصري للصبغات العضوية في المحاليل والاغشية البوليمرية باستخدام تقنية مسح حزمة الليزر على المحور z == Nonlinear Optical Properties and Optical Power Limiting of Organic Dyes in Solutions and Polymer Films Using The Laser Beam Z - Scan Technique

Author name: سيف الدين عبد الكريم قاسم
Supervisor name: عماد الدين حسين علي السعيدي
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The research in this thesis is concerned with our extensive study of the spectral properties, the nonlinear optical properties, and the optical power limiting effect, for three organic dyes : Leishman, Giemsa, and Brilliant Cresyl Blue. Three different solvents were used to dissolve each dye : Chloroform, Ethanol, and Dimethyl(formamide) (DMF).We prepared dye solutions at four different concentrations : 0.03 mM, 0.05 mM, 0.07 mM, and 0.09 mM. Dye doped polymer films at concentration 0.09 mM were also prepared by mixing the dye with the polymer poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) which already dissolved in the chloroform and using the casting method to obtain the desired polymer films.The linear absorption spectra of the dye solutions and the dye doped polymer films for different concentrations were analyzed by using the double - beam spectrophotometer in order to find the spectral range for each dye .2Our study was focused mainly on the nonlinear optical properties of the dye solutions and the dye doped polymer films. We employed in this study the laser beam z - scan technique and the solid - state laser (SSL) operating with the continuous wave (CW) at wavelength 532 nm and with variable output power over the range 0 - 100 mW .We have also studied the effect of the laser beam intensity on the nonlinear optical parameters of the dye solutions prepared by dissolving each dye in the Dimethyl(formamide) (DMF) solvent. Two values for the laser beam intensity were used for irradiating the samples (The dye solutions), these are : 1.11 kW / cm2 and 2.22 kW / cm2.Our obtained results from the present study reveal that all solutions of the three dyes and the dye - doped polymer films have a negative value for the nonlinear refractive index (n2 < 0) (occurrence of the self - defocusing effect) and also a negative value for the nonlinear absorption coefficient (β < 0) (saturable absorption).The values of the nonlinear optical parameters for each dye were calculated, these parameters are : The nonlinear refractive index (n2), the nonlinear absorption coefficient (β), and the absolute value of the nonlinear optical susceptibility (|χ(3)|). The solvents effect on the values of these optical3parameters was studied, and we find that the solvent plays an important role on the variation of these values.We also studied the optical power limiting for the dye solutions and the polymer films by using the laser beam z - scan technique. Good optical power limiting properties were obtained. The values of the optical power limiting threshold for the dye solutions at different concentrations and also for the dye doped polymer films were determind. We note that the value of the optical power limiting threshold depends on the kind of the used solvent for dissolving the dye. The smallest value for the optical power limiting threshold is 6.7 mW for the Brilliant Cresyl Blue dye doped polymer in chloroform at concentration 0.09 mM, while the smallest value for the power limiting threshold for the Brilliant Cresyl Blue solution in the same solvent at concentration 0.09 mM is 7.8 mW. The value of the power limiting threshold depends the kind of the used dye or the kind of the used solvent in preparing the sample and also on the concentration of the dye.The results that we have obtained from our present study show that the three dyes, Leishman, Giemsa, and Brilliant Cresyl Blue exhibit large nonlinear optical effects, suggesting that they are good promising materials for applications in the nonlinear photonic devices, the optical power limiting, and other optical devices.

تحضير اغشية رقيقة من اوكسيد الخارصين ZnO النقي والمشوب بالالمنيوم باستخدام تقنية المحلول ودراسة خواصها البصرية (Sol - Gel) الغروي وتطبيقها كمتحسس غازي == Preparation of Pure and Doped with Aluminum Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Thin Films by Using (Sol - Gel)Technique and the Study of Optical Properties and Applications as A Gas Sensor

Author name: سعد عبد الله جبر الفاضلي
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In this study, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) thin films are prepared by using Sol - Gel technique . The samples are prepared with different thicknesses (58,69,77)nm . Different weight ratio of Aqueous aluminum chloride (AlCl3.6H2O) are added to the Sol - Gel ZnOwith percentage (0.345%, 0.824% , 1.703% and 2.146%). These solutions are deposited by using spin coating on glass substrate .In order to investigate the sensitivity and the response of these samples for the detection about different vapors and gases (ethanol , methanol , acetone and nitrogen ) , pure and (AlCl3.6H2O) doped ZnO films are prepared by using the same technique but by adding Aluminum electrodes on these films with dimensions (2.5x0.5)cm2 .This preparing is followed by thermal treatment for these films by using oven with temperature reaches to 450 oC.The structure properties of these films are studied by using X - ray diffraction (XRD) and the results show that these films are polycrystalline and the calculated lattice constant are close to the standard values . The samples are analyses by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopic (FESEM) and the results show that the grain arrangement are regular and these structures are packed and the grain shape is as spherical . But for the AZO films , we notice that the increasing of the doping percentage reduces the gra in size .We also study the optical properties of these films such as Absorption (A) , Transmission (T) , Reflection (R) , Absorption coefficient (α) , extinction coefficient (k) , the energy gap(Eg) , refractive index (n) , with its complex and real dielectric constant( ) , dissipation factor (tanδ) , Optical Dispersion Parameters (Eo , Ed) and optical conductivity ( ) . The effect of the films thickness on the optical properties of the ZnO films for the over mentioned parameters . The results we get are discussed and compared with other studies . This work elucidates and analyzes the studying of the effect of adding (AlCl3 . 6H2O) o Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and the results are with standards agree with the results of many other researchers . The optical constant are tabulated and compared with , the results of other . And in order to determine the electronic transitions type , Absorption coefficient is calculated and it shows that ZnO and AZO films have transition of direct type because the values of α > 104 . The energy gap of the ZnO films with different thickness (58,69 and 77) nm is calculated , since it is found that the increasing of the film thickness gives slight increasing in the energy gap . The experimental results show that the increasing of doping percentagein ZnO film increases the energy gap with very little amount . In the electronic application field , the study also included design and fabrication of gas sensor system from local materials , which contain of chamber that made of plates polymer that contain of base for install the sample , electrodes to link the sample the measurement circuit , glass flask with three holes , heater , N2 gas cylinder , glass tubes , valves and the measurement circuit electric .The study also includes the ability of responding of the films for the thicknesses (58 , 69 and 77 )nm , to these gases , and it is found that the highest response was at vapor ethanol at the thickness 58nm. The effect of chloride Aluminum on the response of these percentage (0.345% , 0.824% , 1.703% , 2.146%) is studied for the mentioned gases , and it is found that the highest response we get is 45% at the concentration 2.146% for methanol gas . The results are tabulated , discussed and compared with precedent studies.

دراسة تراكيز الرادون والثورون والراديوم ومعدلات الانبعاث الكتلي والتبخر السطحي للرادون في البقوليات الجافة والعسل الطبيعي == Study of Radon , Thoron , Radium concentrations ,as well as the mass and surface exhalation rates in dry legumes and natural honey

Author name: سارة عبد اللطيف كديمي
Supervisor name: عيسى جاسم محمد الخليفة
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In this study a sample of 50 different dry legumes and honey used (local and imported), the number of dry legumes samples under study were 21, including 5 samples of local and imported 16 samples collected from the Governorate of Basrah markets - Iraq. 29 samples of honey collected from local markets and apiaries in Iraq. The number of local honey 8 samples while the number of imported honey were 21 sample.Two methods in this research for various measurements and comparison between them. It is a method of (Misdaq and Satif.,1996) and the method of (Azam., 1995). Both methods are considered long - term methods for measuring the concentration of radon and thoron in various materials, Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTDs), a closed cylinder technique method. Results in the first part of the samples dry legumes have shown that radon concentration ranges between a higher value (698.9Bq / m3) in thesample (Turkish lentil (imported)) and less valuable (69.0Bq / m3) in the samples (Iranian Homs and Chinese beans (imported)),and the concentration of thoron between the highest value (865.0Bq / m3) in the sample (Chinese beans (imported)) and the lowest value (86.45Bq / m3) in the sample (Canadian lentil (imported)), and that the radon concentration rate and thoron for samples local dry legumes (3551.1Bq / m3), (364.1Bq / m3), respectively. For samples imported dry legumes the radon concentration rate and thoron (333.0Bq / m3), (420.8Bq /m3 respectively For the results of the honey samples in the first part has found that the radon concentration between the highest value (826.7Bq / m3) in the samples ( AL - noor Honey (Basra - Seder) (Local)) , (Honey AngizaGerman (imported)) and less value (242.9Bq / m3) in the sample (Honey Mount Haj Omran (Local)), and the concentration of thoron between a higher value ( 538.4Bq / m3) in the sample (Turkish Honey) and the lowest value (115.2Bq / m3) in the sample (Honey Mount Haj Omran (Local)) , and that the concentration of radon and thoron samples of local honey rate (457.5Bq / m3), (297.0Bq / m3), respectively. For samples imported honey, the radon concentration and thoron rate(469.0Bq/m3) , (314.1Bq/m3) , respectively. Results obtained in the second part of the samples dry legumes note that the concentration of radium between the highest value of a (2.4489Bq / Kg) in the sample (Indian Homs (imported)) and less valuable (0.4030Bq / kg) in the sample (Indian Mash (Imported )), and that the concentration of radium samples local dry legumes rate (0.8941 Bq / Kg). For the samples dry legumes imported, the concentration of radium rate (0.9270Bq / Kg), the results obtained in the second part of the samples honey note that the concentration of radium ranges It is among the highest value (1.7270Bq / Kg) in the sample (Honey fall Karbala (Local)) and less valuable (0.2111Bq / Kg) in the sample (Honey Mount Haj Omran (Local)), and that the concentration of radium samples of local honey rate (0.7441 Bq / Kg). For the samples of imported honey, the concentration of radium rate (0.6141Bq / Kg).Results mass emission rates of radon samples dry legumes, ranging from the highest value (0.4442Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1) in the sample (Indian Homs (imported)) and the lowest value (0.0731Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1) in the sample (Indian Mash (imported)) , and the arithmetic average of the mass emission rate of the samples the local dry legumes (0.1540 Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1), and for dry legumes imported (0.1681 Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1), and the results of area emission rates radon samples dry legumes, ranging from the highestvalue (2.0405 Bq.m - 2.d - 1) in the samples (Indian Homs and Turkish lentil (imported)) and the lowest value (0.5681Bq.m - 2.d - 1) in the sample (Indian Mash (Imported)), and the arithmetic average of the rate of the area emission rate of surface samples local dry legumes (1.0865 Bq.m - 2.d - 1), and for samples of imported dry legumes (1.1589 Bq.m - 2.d - 1). Results mass emission rates of radon samples of honey, ranging from the highest value of ( 0.3132 Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1) in the sample (Honey fall Karbala (Local)) and the lowest value (0.0383Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1) in the sample (Honey Mount Haj Omran (Local)), and the arithmetic average of the mass emission rate for samples of local honey (0.1359 Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1), and for samples of imported honey (0.1114 Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1), and the results of area emission rates of radon samples of honey, ranging from the highest value (3.1286 Bq.m - 2.d - 1) in the sample (AL - noor Honey (Basra - Seder) (Local)) and the lowest value (0.6257 Bq.m - 2.d - 1) in the sample (Honey ount Haj Omran (Local)), and the arithmetic average of the rate of area ssion samples of local honey (1.4828 Bq.m - 2.d - 1), and for samples of imported honey (1.1670 Bq.m - 2.d - 1).

تحضير الياف نانوية موصلة من الخلائط البوليمرية PANI : DBSA/PS بطريقة الغزل الكهربائي واستخدامها في تصنيع خلية شمسية عضوية - لاعضوية == Synthesis Semiconductor Nanofiber of Polyblend (PANI : DBSA/PS) By Electrospinning Method and Application in Solar Cell

Author name: دلال نصر منشد
Supervisor name: كريمة مجيد زيدان | علاء شاوي مشعان
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

دراسة حركيات ليزر النقطة الكمية بوجود البرم == Study of Dynamics of Quantum Dot Laser with Spin

Author name: حكمت عبد الحسين ابراهيم
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The dynamics of VCSE QD spin polarized laser is studied based on asix equations model that takes into account the effect of number ofcontrol parameters on populations in the wetting layer for bothpolarized components and those in the quantum dot .The carrier density in the wetting layer and the quantum dot vary indifferent manner although the former lends to the later . Also thedynamics of carriers in the quantum dot shows varieties of dynamicsthat range from simple to complex one while the dynamics of carriersin the wetting layer are always simple .The polarized field related to the spin up and spin down cases sufferseffects in different manners due to the variations of these controlparameters . the intensities of both two polarized components behavioralso range from simple and end up chaotically.It appears that output ellipticity can be used as a new tool to assess the dynamical state of the laser wither it in stable , periodic , aperiodic or chaotic .The modulation of the injection current for both components or for either one led to new dynamics , the system was not able to show when it work autonomously although the model has five degrees of freedom .

دراسة تركيز البورون في مياه محافظة ذي قار وتربتها باستخدام طريقة الكارمين وجهاز اللوفي بوند == Study of Boron Concentration in Water of Thi - Qar Governorate and Soil Using Carmine Method and Lovibond Device

Author name: تغريد عبد الحسين شاكر
Supervisor name: ثائر منشد سلمان
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In this study , we measured the boron concentration in the water and soil of Thi - Qar Governorates, where were collected (45) Sample Water also were collected (66) Sample soil from the districts of Thi - Qar and its environs province of southern Iraq , and we used that analogy chromatography Al carmine method (colorimetric carmine method) . we got the highest concentration of boron (0.801 ppm) in Garmat Bani Said area - Al Greej and the lowest value for the concentration of boron measured Al carmine manner of samples of clay in said Dhkeel - Al Ibrahim (2) area (0.368 ppm) . The concentration of boron has been in samples of mud rate in the province of Thi Qar was (0.614 ppm) also were measured exponent pH and ranged results between (7.208 - 8.368 ) and an average of (7.890) . As well as we used measurement chromatography Al carmine to measure the boron concentration in water samples way . We got the highest value for the concentration of boron water sample (1.057 mg / L) in Garmat Bani Said area - center (1) and the lowestvalue for the concentration of boron measured Al carmine way in water samples in Al Fuhood zone - Amayreh(1) (0.251 mg / L) . Boron concentration of water samples in the province of Thi Qar rat was (0.592 mg / L) .The boron concentration of water samples located within the normal allowable ratio globally but some are relatively high . As well as the measured pH and the results were pH ranging between (7.435 - 8.277) and an overall average of (7.885) .It was also some water samples to measure the soil by a device (Spectro Direct Lovibond) we got the highest value for the concentration of boron in the water samples (1.4 mg / L) in Al Fuhood zone - Amayreh area (3) , and the lowest value for the concentration of boron in Al Nasiriya - Al shuhada zone (1) (0.4 mg / L) . The soil samples were measured by a device (Spectro Direct Lovibond) has the highest value for the concentration of boron we got them in Al Tar - Al hareb area (1.1 ppm) and the lowest value for the concentration of boron in Al Tar - Al Ebrat (0.2 ppm) .

دراسة نظرية لبعض العوامل المؤثرة في سلوك دالة الموجة المستخدمة في تكثيف بوز اينشتاين

Author name: ايمان عبد الرضا موحي المالكي
Supervisor name: نوري حسين نور الهاشمي
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Laser Physics
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study entails some of the theoretical characteristics of Bose - Einstein intensification of the ideal gas properties, since the wave function behavior has been studied and analysed according to the effect three types of external potentials trapping that are used in the production Bose - Einstein condensation which are (harmonic potential, optical lattice potential , and double well potential) that have been used as individual or overlapping potentials, and the value of the non - linear has been confirmed according to fixed values in the whole study in order to the study the effect of the other elements. The effect anisotropy AL has been studied according to the behavior of the wave function and the distribution potential where the harmonic potential has individually at first, than it has been overlapped with the optical lattice potential in order to study this factor. Furthermore,the effect of this factor has been explained due to the distribution potential, function wave and relation type between the factor itself, chemical potential and energy. Additionally, we have used the intertwined harmonic potential with the optical lattice to study the effect of optical lattice potential factor q after confirming the harmonic potential AL at certain values, with exposition of it's effect the wave function behavior and distribution of potential with explanation to the nature of the relation between the chemical potential and energy with this factor. In addition to that, we have studied the influence of the center of double well potential coefficient A on the nature and behavior of the wave function and potential, and the nature of the relationship between this factor and chemical potential and energy. Noting the effect of these factors on the behavior of the wave function and the distribution of potential, therefore it has effect in Bose - Einstein condensation production.

دراسة نظرية لجزيئة صبغة الكركمين الطبيعية == Theoretical Study of Natural Curcumin Dye Molecule

Author name: حسين علي مدلول ضاحي
Supervisor name: حيدر محمد عبد الجليل | موسى كاظم محسن
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Laser Physics
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: تم تركيز البحث في هذه الرسالة لحساب الخواص الهيكلية والالكترونية والحرارية والطيفية لصبغة الكركمين الطبيعية والتي توجد في صيغتين ايزوميريتين صيغة الكيتون والاينول باستخدام نظرية دالية الكثافة عند المستوي B3LYP مع دوال اساس مختلفة . تم تنفيذ جميع العمليات الحسابية باستعمال برنامجGaussian 09 وبرنامج Gauss View 5.0.انتقال ذرة الهيدروجين من مجموعة الميثيلين المركزية(CH2) لترتبط بذرة الاوكسجين حتى تشكل اصرة هيدروجينية(O - H) يسبب تغيرات هندسية في شكل الايزوميرين, حيث شكل الاينول هي تركيب خطي تقريبا ولكن شكل الكيتون ليس خطي تماما. هذا يعود الى تشكل اصرة الهيدروجين, بالاضافة الى وجود هذه الاصرة في البنزين. وبالتالي الاواصر الهيدروجينية تؤدي الى تغير الخواص الفيزيائية للايوزوميرين. الدالة 6 - 311G+(d,p) اعطت نتائج جيدة للحسابات ولكن تم استخدام الدالة6 - 311G(d,p) لطيف UV - VIS. مجاميع الميثوكسي (OCH3) تاثيرها بسيط على المدارات الجزيئية. كذلك حسابات كل من الطاقة الكلية وطاقة اعلى مدار جزيئي ممتلئ وفجوة الطاقة اكدت ان الكيتون هو اكثر استقرارا من الاينول. وايضا الكيتون لديه قابلية عالية لقبول الالكترونات كما ثبت من خلال قيم كل من طاقة اوطا مدار جزيئي غير ممتلئ والكهروسالبية.من خلال نتائج طيف UV - VISتبين ان حزم الامتصاص تلاحظ في منطقة الاشعة فوق البنفسجية(UV). | The focus of the research for this thesis has been the calculation of the structural, electronic, thermal and spectroscopic properties of natural curcumin dye which exist in two isomers, ketone and enol forms, by using density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP level with different basis sets. All calculations were performed with Gaussian 09 program and Gaussian view 5.0.8 program.The hydrogen atom transfer from the central methylene (CH2) group to oxygen atom to form intra - molecular hydrogen (O - H) bond causes geometrical changes in two isomers; where the enol form is structure approximately planar but not completely planar for the ketone form, this is due to the existence of the strong intra - molecular hydrogen. In addition to that the intra - molecular hydrogen also presence in benzene rings. Therefore leads to change the physical properties of two isomers.The results showed that the 6 - 311G+(d,p) basis set gave satisfactory results for calculations. But for UV - VIS spectral has been used the 6 - 311G(d,p) basis set. The methoxy groups (OCH3) have a small influence on the high occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the energy of lower unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). Also the findings of each of the total energy, the energy of the high occupied molecular orbital and energy gap confirms that the isomer ketone is more stable than to the isomer enol. Also the ketone has a high electron - accepting, as was proven by the values of the energy of lower unoccupied molecular orbital and electronegativity. Through the results of the UV - VIS spectral showed that the absorption peaks were seen at the UV region

استخدام المطاط المعاد في تحضير عجنات مطاطية تستعمل كاغطية مانعة للرطوبة == USING RECLAIMED RUBBER FOR PREPARING RUBBER BATECHES APPLIED AS ANTIWETNESS COVERS

Author name: احمد محي حمود جواد عجام
Supervisor name: سمير حسن هادي النصراوي | محمد حمزة دحام المعموري
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Physics Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: تناولت هذه الدراسة تحضير عجنة مطاطية متراكبة لكي يتم استخدامها في تصنيع اغطية عازلة للرطوبة, وقد تم ٳجراء هذه الدراسة بعدة محاور. اولا تم اختيار مطاط الستايرين - بيوتادايين (SBR) كمادة اساسية واضيف ٳليها المطاط معاد الحيوية (Reclaim Rubber) بنسب مختلفة pphr (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250) بالاضافة الى المواد المفلكنة والمعجلة والمنشطة لعملية الفلكنة, وتم تحضير العينات باستعمال قوالب ذات ابعاد خاصة وحسب المواصفات العالمية للفحص (ASTM) وباستخدام المكبس الحراري تحت ضغط 10MPa ودرجة حرارة 145°C ثم تم دراسة بعض الخواص الميكانيكية للعينات مثل خاصية الشد, الاستطالة, معامل المرونة, مقاومة التمزق, الصلادة, التشوه بالانضغاط, الوزن النوعي, البلى الاحتكاك وخاصية امتصاصية الماء. من خلال اجراء الاختبارات وجد ان خواص قوة الشد والاستطالة ومقاومة التمزق والوزن النوعي وامتصاصية الماء, تزداد مع زيادة نسبة المطاط معاد الحيوية وينخفض كل من معامل المرونة والصلادة والبلى الاحتكاكي وبعد ذلك تم اختيار العجنات التي تمتلك افضل خواص ميكانيكية وهي العجنة B5 التي تتكون من pphr(100SBR+200R.R) والعجنة B6 التي تتكون من pphr(100SBR+250R.R). ثانيا تم ٳضافة الياف الصوف وهي عبارة عن مخلفات صناعية ونواتج عرضية للصناعات النسيجية الملوثة للبيئة وكذلك الياف النايلون وهي عبارة عن نفايات لمواد بلاستيكية ملوثة للبيئة وبنسب pphr (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50) الى العجنتين B5, B6 فاصبحت كل عجنة تمتلك ست عينات مدعمة بالياف الصوف وست عينات مدعمة بالياف النايلون وتم تحضير العينات ودراسة تاثير ٳضافة الالياف على الخواص الميكانيكية للعجنة المطاطية. بعد مقارنة النتائج مع المواصفات القياسية, تم اختيار العجنة التي تتكون من (100SBR+200R.R+30Nylon.F) pphr حيث تمتلك استطالة (463%) ومقاومة تمزق (2.863MPa) وامتصاصية الماء (0.67%) بالرغم من قوة الشد لها (2.982MPa). ان اضافة الالياف بنوعيها الى العجنة المطاطية سببت انخفاض في قوة الشد من (3.846MPa) الى (2.982MPa) والاستطالة من (599%) الى (463%) وارتفاع في مقاومة التمزق من (1.45MPa) الى (2.86MPa) ومعامل المرونة من (0.067MPa) الى (0.075MPa) والصلادة من (46.83) الى (74.66) ومقاومة البلى الاحتكاكي من (0.046%) الى (0.528%) وانخفاض التشوه بالانضغاط من (9.09%) الى (4.77%) والوزن النوعي من (1.06g/cm3) الى (0.9g/cm3) وهذه النتائج تتلاءم مع المواصفات المطلوبة للمنتج, ولتحسين خاصية الشد تم اخذ 150g من العجنة التي تم اختيارها واضيف لها 50g من مادة اسود الكاربون وبعد اجراء فحص الخواص للعينة الناتجة تم الحصول على قوة شد بمقدار (5.16MPa) بالاضافة الى زيادة التحسن في الخواص الميكانيكية الاخرى. لمعرفة مدى التاثير الذي تحدثه الاشعة فوق البنفسجية (UV) على خواص المنتج تم تعريض عينات الاختبار الى الاشعة فوق البنفسجية UV ولفترات زمنية مختلفة (0, 15, 30, 45, 60) hour وللخواص التالية : مقاومة الشد والاستطالة ومقاومة التمزق والصلادة والوزن النوعي وامتصاصية الماء. فاظهرت النتائج حدوث انخفاض في مقاومة الشد بنسبة 6.39% والاستطالة بنسبة 7.81% ومقاومة التمزق بنسبة 10.78% والوزن النوعي بنسبة 1.53% وزيادة في قيمة الصلادة بنسبة 2.48% وامتصاصية الماء بنسبة 56.49% وهذه التغيرات تكون ضمن حدود المواصفات القياسية المعتمد عليها. تم اجراء اختبار التعجيل بالتعتيق الحراري لعينات الشد ومقاومة التمزق وامتصاصية الماء تحت درجة حرارة 70°C ولمدة 28 يوما فاظهرت النتائج حدوث زيادة طفيفة في قيمة مقاومة الشد (5.417MPa) ومقاومة التمزق (3.2Mpa) وامتصاصية الماء (0.793%) وانخفاض طفيف في قيمة الاستطالة (302%). | This study comprise the preparation of composite rubber batch to be used in the manufacture of insulation covers moisture and has been nominated by conducting this study with several axes. First was selected basic feed stock styrene - butadiene rubber (SBR) in addition to the Reclaim rubber and at different rates (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250) pphr in addition to the vulcanizing material and accelerators and activators to vulcanization process. The samples prepared by using the private dimensions of molds and according to international standards for testing (ASTM) and using a thermal piston under the compression 10MPa and temperature 145°C then some mechanical properties was studied for samples such as tensile properties, elongation, modulus of elasticity, tear resistance, hardness, deformation Compression, specific gravity, friction and property absorbency water. Through testing it found that The increasing of additives ratios of reclaim rubber due to increase the tensile strength and elongation and tear resistance and specific weight and absorbency of water, and decreases both the elastic modulus and hardness and friction. After that was chosen the samples which owns the best mechanical properties of a B5 sample consisting of (100SBR+200R.R) and B6 sample, which consists of (100SBR+250R.R). Second it has been added wool fabrics which is a waste, and outputs cross textile industries and nylon fabrics which is a waste plastics, at different rates (0,10,20,30,40,50) pphr to samples B5, B6, becoming a whole batch has six samples reinforced wool fibers and six samples reinforced nylon fibers was prepared samples and study the effect of adding fiber on the mechanical properties of rubber batch. After comparing the results with standard specifications, has been chosen the sample which consisting of (100SBR + 200R.R + 30Nylon.F), It has a tensile strength elongation (463%) and resistance to tearing (2.863MPa) and water absorbency (0.07%), exception the tensile strength (2.982MPa). The addition of fiber to both types of batchs rubber caused a decrease in the tensile strength of (3.846MPa) to (2.982MPa) and elongation of (599%) to (463%) and increase in the tear resistance of (1.45MPa) to (2.86MPa) and elastic modulus of (0.067Mpa) to (0.075MPa) and the hardness of (46.83) to (74.66) and wear resistance of (0.046%) to (0.528%) and low deformation by compression of (9.09%) to (4.77%) and spesific gravity of (1.06g/cm3) to (0.9g/cm3), and these results fit with the required product specifications, and to improve the tensile properties were taken 150g of selected sample and add them 50g of carbon black material and after an examination of properties of the sample resulting been get the tensile strength by (5.16MPa) in addition to the increased improvement in other properties. To find out the extent of the impact of ultraviolet radiation (UV) on the properties of the product have been exposing the test samples to UV radiation and for different periods of time (0,15,30 ,45,60) for properties : the tensile strength, elongation, tear resistance, hardness, specific weight and absorbency of water. The results indicate a reduction in tensile strength 6.39% and the elongation of 7.81% and tear resistance of 10.78% and specific weight of 1.53% and increase in the value of hardness at 0.024% and absorbency of water of 4.8%, and these changes are within the limits of the standard specifications. Was conducted testing of heat aging to tensile strength and tear resistance and absorbency of water samples under a temperature of 70°C for a period of 28 days, The results indicate to increase in tensile value by (0.04%) and tear resistance by (0.04%) and decreasing in elongation value of (0.01%).

استخدام طرق تقسيم مختلفة للكشف عن الاورام والشذوذ في الصور الطبية == Utilizing Different Segmentation Methods to Detect Tumors and Abnormalities inMedical Images

Author name: علا سعد خضير عبود
Supervisor name: رباب سعدون عبدون
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Physics Department
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: من بين اخطر الامراض التي تؤدي الى الوفاة بين البشر هي الاورام, لذا فان الكشف السريع والدقيق عن هذه الاورام يعد مهمة حيوية, ان التشخيص الدقيق يعتمد على طرق محكمة والتي تنفذ لكشف مناطق الشذوذ في الصور الطبية قيد الفحص مثل : صور التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي(MRI) والمسح المقطعي (CT) والماموغرام الرقمي وغيرها من انواع الصور الطبية. الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو تقديم تقنيات كفؤة ودقيقة لها القدرة لمعالجة وتقسيم صور طبية تعود لثلاث انماط مختلفة هي التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي(MRI) والمسح المقطعي (CT) والماموغرام ولثلاثة اعضاء مختلفة هي الثدي والدماغ والكبد بالرغم من كون كل نمط من انماط التصوير الطبي له خصائصه الخاصة به من حيث طريقة الاستحصال وقدرة التفريق. بالاضافة الى ذلك, ان صور كل عضو بشري لها صفاتها الخاصة طبقا للانسجة والاجسام المتنوعة التي تعود له. لانجاز مهمة الكشف عن الاورام والشذوذ, عرضت في هذا العمل سبعة تقنيات تقسيم : العنقدة ذات الطريقة الحادة (K - means) والعنقدة ذات الطريقة المرنة (FCM) ومصفوفة الحدوث (التكرار) للمستويات الرمادية (GLCM) ومعادلة الرسم البياني(Histogram equalization) والتي تعتبر من طرق التحسين التي تعتمد على قيمة البكسل. اضافة الى ذلك ثلاث طرق هجينة مقترحة هي : K - means و; GLCM K - means وFCM وK - means K - ومعادلة الرسم البياني. لقد اوضحت النتائج ا ن هناك عدد عناقيد ملائم لتقسيم كل نوع من انواع الصور الطبية عند تطبيق طريقتي ال(K - means) و(FCM).ان طريقة معادلة الرسم البياني(Histogram equalization) والتي تستخدم عادة لاغراض تحسين الصور الرقمية ممكن تطبيقها وبسداد لتقسيم الصور الطبية ولاستخلاص مناطق الشذوذ فيها. علاوة على ذلك, عند تطبيق الطريقة الهجينة (K - means وFCM) ذات مرحلتي تقسيم قد ساعدت على اختزال زمن التنفيذ الطويل ليصبح صغيرا جدا والنسبة المؤية لاختزال الزمن وجدت انها تتراوح ما بين (0.16 - 0.03).من خلال نتائج كل التقنيات المقترحة تبين ان هذه الطرق جميعها قد نجحت في كشف وعزل واستخلاص مناطق الورم والشذوذ طبقا لاستشارة ثلاثة من اطباء الاشعة كما وان النتائج متوافقة وبشكل جيد مع تخطيط اطباء الاشعة الثلاثة | Among the most dangerous diseases that cause death among people are tumors, so fast and accurate detecting of these tumors are a vital task. The accurate diagnosis depends upon the robust methods that are implemented for detecting the tumor and abnormalities regions in the tested medical images like : MRI, CT scan, digital mammograms and other types of medical images.This study aims to present efficient and accurate techniques that capable to process and segment medical images of three different modalities are : mammography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computed Tomography (CT) images, and images of three different organs that studies here are : breast, brain and liver, although each medical imaging modality has its own characteristics of the acquisition approach and the resolution. As well as, each human organ image has its special properties according to the various tissues and objects that belong to. To achieve the tumors and abnormalities detection task, seven segmentation techniques are presented in this work : clustering hard scheme (K - means); clustering soft scheme (Fuzzy c - means, FCM); Gray level co - occurrence matrix (GLCM) and Histogram equalization which is one of the pixel - based enhancement methods. As well as three proposed hybrid methods : K - means and GLCM; K - means and FCM and K - means and histogram equalization.The results showed that there is an appropriate number of clusters that is suitable to cluster each type of medical images by implementing K - means and FCM. Histogram equalization techniques that is usually utilized for digital image enhancement, can be implemented ad equality to segmentation and to extract abnormalities regions.In addition applying hybrid methods (K - means and FCM) with two passes segmentation can reduced the long elapsed time to be very small, and the relative percent reduction of time became (0.03 - 0.16).From the results of all the proposed technique, these techniques succeed to detect, isolate and extract the tumor and abnormalities regions according to the consultation of three radiologist, and they are in good agreement with the delineation of radiologists.

المقاربات شبه الكلاسيكية والكمية لتفاعلات الاندماج النووي للانظمة المتوسطة == Semiclassical and Quantum Approaches of Nuclear Fusion Reactions for Medium Systems

Author name: مهند حسن متعب
Supervisor name: فـؤاد عطية مجيـد
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Physics Department
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: في هذه الدراسة حسب المقطع الكلي للاندماج النووي σ_fus، وتوزيع حاجز الجهد الاندماجي D_fus للانظمة المتوسطة والتي تشمل (_ ^6)He+(_ ^64)Zn، (_ ^6)Li+(_ ^64)Ni ، (_ ^6)Li+(_ ^64)Zn، (_ ^7)Li+(_ ^64)Zn، (_ ^7)Be+(_ ^58)Ni، (_ ^13)C+(_ ^48)Ti، (_ ^19)F+(_ ^56)Feو (_ ^35)Cl+(_ ^26)Mg حيث اجريت هذه الحسابات باستخدام التقريبان : اولا، المقاربة الشبه الكلاسيكية تعتمد بالاساس على نظرية Alder وWinther والتي استعملت لتعالج التهيجات الكولومية للنويات والتي تسمى بطريقة اقتران القنوات للاستمرار المقطع (CDCC). الحسابات تم انجازها في حالة غياب وتضمين تاثيرات الاقتران. ان المقاربة شبه الكلاسيكية تستعمل تقريبWenzel وKramers وBrillouin (WKB) لمعالجة احتمالية الاندماج الكلاسيكية بينما الحركة الذاتية تمت معالجتها عن طريق معادلة شرودنكر المعتمدة على الزمن. ثانيا، المقاربة للميكانيك الكمي حيث تعاملنا مع المسالة مستخدمين حسابات الميكانيك الكمي الشاملة انجزت الحسابات في حالة عدم تضمين تاثيرات الاقتران وكذلك مع الاخذ بنظر الاعتبار تاثيرات الاقتران.انجزت الحسابات باستعمال البرامج الحاسوبية SCF للحسابات الشبه كلاسيكية وCC لحسابات الميكانيك الكمي. البرنامج الحاسوبي SCF والذي كتب بالاصل من قبل H. D. Marta ومجموعته البحثية باستعمال برنامج لغة الفورتران ، بينما البرنامج الحاسوبي CC والذي كتب بالاصل من قبل L. F. Canto ومجموعته البحثية باستعمال لغة الفورتران. قمنا بتعديل هذه البرامجيات الحاسوبية لتاخذ بنظر الاعتبار الحركة النسبية بين الهدف والقذيفة. طريقة مربع كاي (chi - square) استعملت لايجاد مدى تقارب حساباتنا النظرية بالمقارنة من البيانات العملية الى جانب ذلك قمنا باضافة توزيع حاجز الاندماج ليحسب مباشرة من هذه البرامج. تم استخراج توزيع حاجز الاندماج D_fus من البيانات العملية لمقطع تفاعل الاندماج الكلي σ_fusوطاقة مركز الكتلة باستعمال طريقة الفرق بين ثلاث نقاط. بنفس الطريقة قمنا بحساب توزيع حاجز الاندماج D_fus من النظرية.قورنت الحسابات شبه كلاسيكية وحسابات الميكانيك الكمي الشاملة لمقطع الاندماج الكلي σ_fus وتوزيع حاجز الاندماج D_fus مع البيانات العملية المتوفرة لكل نظام، وباستعمال طريقة مربع كاي الاحصائية (chi - square) وجد ان حسابات قنوات الاقتران للميكانيك الكمي في توافق افضل مع البيانات العملية من الحسابات شبه الكلاسيكية لاغلب الانظمة قيد الدراسة | In this study, the total fusion cross section σ_fus, and the fusion barrier distribution D_fus were calculated for the medium systems which are (_ ^6)He+(_ ^64)Zn, (_ ^6)Li+(_ ^64)Ni, (_ ^6)Li+(_ ^64)Zn, (_ ^7)Li+(_ ^64)Zn, (_ ^7)Be+(_ ^58)Ni, (_ ^13)C+(_ ^48)Ti, (_ ^19)F+(_ ^56)Fe and (_ ^35)Cl+(_ ^26)Mg. The calculations have been performed by using two approaches : Firstly, the semiclassical approach which based on Alder and Winther (AW) theory originally used to treat the Coulomb excitation of nuclei which is called Continuum - Discretized Coupled Channels (CDCC) method. The calculations have been preformed in the absence of coupling effects and in the case the coupling effects were included. The semiclassical calculations used Wentzel, Kramers and Brillouin (WKB) approximation to treat the classical probability while the intrinsic dynamics is handled by the time - dependent Schrodinger equation. Secondly, the quantum mechanical approach, in which we treat the problem using the full quantum mechanical calculations. The calculations were performed in the case of no coupling included and with the coupling effects were taken into consideration. The calculations have been performed by using SCF code for semiclassical and CC code for quantum mechanical calculations. The SCF code is originally written by H. D. Marta and his collaborators using fortran language, while the CC code is originally written by L. F. Canto and his collaborators using fortran language program. We had modified these codes to include the relative motion between the projectile and target. The chi - square method had been employed to find how close our theoretical calculations in comparison to the experimental data, besides we had also added the fusion barrier distribution to be calculated directly from these code.The fusion barrier distribution D_fus has been extracted from experimental data of the total fusion reaction cross section and the center of mass energy using the three - point difference method. In the same manner, we calculate the fusion barrier distribution D_fus from theory. The semiclassical and full quantum mechanical calculations of the total fusion cross section σ_fus and the fusion barrier distribution D_fus were compared with the available experimental data for each system, and by using statistical chi - square method, it is found that the quantum mechanical coupled channels calculations are in better agreement with the experimental data than the semiclassical calculations for most systems under study

دراسة الخصائص الكهربائية والبصرية لجسيمات SnO2 وCuO النانوية مع خليط (PVA - PEG) == Study of Electrical and Optical Properties of SnO2 and CuO Nanoparticles with (PVA - PEG) Blend

Author name: نصير جبار حسين الكريطي
Supervisor name: بهاء حسين صالح ربيع المرعب
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Physics Department
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: في هذه الدراسة تم تحضير نوعين من المتراكبات النانوية (PVA - PEG - SnO2) (PVA - PEG - CuO) باستخدام طريقة الصب وبتراكيز مختلفة من المضافات النانوية (ثنائي اوكسيد القصدير , اوكسيد النحاس) النانوي. وقد شخصت وفحصت الاغشية بطرق مختلفة مثل فحوصات المجهر الضوئي والتحليل الطيفي للاشعة تحت الحمراء (FTIR) وصور المجهر الالكتروني الماسح (SEM). اظهرت نتائج الفحص بواسطة صور المجهر الضوئي توزيع جسيمات ثنائي اوكسيد القصديرو اوكسيد النحاس النانوية لجميع اغشية المتراكب النانوي. حيث يظهر تكون شبكة مستمرة من الايونات داخل خليط البولمرعند النسبة (8wt.%). واظهرت نتائج فحوصات FTIR))ان جميع القمم لاغلب اواصر الامتصاصية تبقى في نفس موقع الاطوال الموجية. وقد تمت دراسة التغيرات الحاصلة للسطح لاغشية المتراكبات النانوية باستخدام صورالمجهر الالكتروني الماسح SEM)), والتي اظهرت ان اغشية المتراكبات النانوية تحتويان على العديد من الجسيمات الكروية او التكتلات التي تتوزع عشوائيا وتنتشر على السطح. وقد اظهرت النتائج ان المقاومة الكهربائية المستمرة للمتراكبات النانوية تكون ذات معامل حراري سالب, اي تقل المقاومة الكهربائية بزيادة درجة الحرارة. وان طاقة التنشيط تقل مع زيادة تراكيزجسيمات (ثنائي اوكسيد القصدير,اوكسيد النحاس) النانوية. اما في ما يتعلق بالخواص الكهربائية المتناوبة فان ثابت العزل والفقدان العزلي للمتراكبات النانوية يقلان مع زيادة تردد المجال الكهربائي المسلط ويزدادان مع زيادة تركيز جسيمات (ثنائي اوكسيد القصدير,اوكسيد النحاس) النانوية وكذلك اظهرت النتائج ان التوصيلية الكهربائية المتناوبة للمتراكبات النانوية تزداد بزيادة تراكيز جسيمات (ثنائي اوكسيد القصدير,اوكسيد النحاس) النانوية وتزداد عند الترددات الواطئة وتبقى ثابتة تقريبا عند الترددات العالية. اظهرت نتائج الخصائص البصرية للمتراكبات النانوية ان الامتصاصية تزداد بزيادة تركيزجسيمات ثنائي اوكسيد القصديرو اوكسيد النحاس النانوي .المتراكبات النانوية PVA - PEG - CuO) ) و(PVA - PEG - SnO2 ) ذات امتصاصية عالية في المنطقة فوق البنفسجية وامتصاصية قليلة في المنطقة المرئية والمنطقة تحت الحمراء , الانتقالات الالكترونية في هذه المتراكبات النانوية تكون غير مباشرة (مسموحة وممنوعة) , وان فجوات الطاقة غير المباشرة تقل بزيادة تراكيزجسيمات (ثنائي اوكسيد القصدير,اوكسيد النحاس) النانوية. ان معامل الانكسار ومعامل الخمود وثابت العزل (الجزء الحقيقي والخيالي) يزداد بزيادة تراكيز جسيمات (ثنائي اوكسيد القصدير,اوكسيد النحاس) النانوية. | In this study, two types of nanocomposites have been prepared : (PVA - PEG - SnO2) and (PVA - PEG - CuO) by using casting technique with different concentration of additives nanomaterial (tin dioxide ,copper oxide) nanoparticles .The examination results by photos optical microscope show distribution of tin dioxide, copper oxide nanoparticles atoms for all nanocomposites films, it also shows continuous network of ions inside the polymers blend at ratio (8 wt.%).The examination results (FTIR) showed that all peaks of the most bond remain in the same wave number. The morphology of the (PVA - PEG - SnO2) and(PVA - PEG - CuO) nanocomposites films have been studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, which show that the nanocomposites films have many of spherical particles aggregates or chunks randomly distributed and spread on the surface. The obtained results show that the D.C electrical resistance of the nanocomposites has a negative thermal coefficient, i.e., it will be decreased with the increasing of the temperature .The activation energy decreases with increasing the concentration of the tin dioxide and copper oxide nanoparticles. The A.C electric properties show that the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the nanocomposites decrease with increasing the frequency of applied electrical field and they increase with the increase of the concentration of the tin dioxide and copper oxide nanoparticles .The A.C electrical conductivity increases with increasing the concentration of tin dioxide and copper oxide nanoparticles,increases with the increase frequency, and almost constant at high frequency.The results of optical properties of the nanocomposites show the absorbance increase when increasing the concentration of tin dioxide and copper oxide nanoparticles. The (PVA - PEG - SnO2) and (PVA - PEG - CuO) nanocomposites have high absorbance in the (UV - Region) and low absorbance in the (Vis - Region) and (Inf - Region) ,the electronic transitions in these nanocomposites are indirect (allowed and forbidden), indirect energy gaps decrease with increasing the concentration of the tin dioxide and copper oxide nanoparticles.The refractive index , extinction coefficient , and the dielectric constant (real part and imaginary) increase with increasing the concentration of the tin dioxide and copper oxide nanoparticles.

تاثير جسيمات TiC النانوية على الخواص التركيبية والبصرية والكهربائية لمخاليط PVA - PAAm وتطبيقاتها == Effect of (TiC) Nanoparticles on Structural, Optical and Electrical Properties of (PVA - PAAm) Blends and their Applications

Author name: وليد هادي راضي اليساري
Supervisor name: مجيد علي حبيب الخفاجي
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Physics Department
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: م تحضير المتراكبات النانوية (PVA - PAAm - TiC) بطريقة صب المحلول نسب وزنية مختلفة من الجسيمات TiC النانوية هي (2, 4, 6, and 8) نسبة وزنية. تم دراسة الخواص التركيبية والبصرية والكهربائية (المستمرة والمتناوبة) للمتراكبات النانوية. الخواص التركيبية تضمنت مطياف الاشعة تحت الحمراء FTIR , صور مجهر الالكتروني الماسح وصور المجهر الضوئي . نتائج الخواص التركيبية لطيف FTIR بينت ازاحة في موقع القمم وايضا تغير في الشكل والشدة مقارنة مع اغشية ( (PVA - PAAm النقية . صور المجهر الماسح الالكتروني والمجهر الضوئي بينت توزيع ذرات الجسيمات النانوية لكاربيد التيتانيوم داخل المخاليط البوليمر ( (PVA - PAAm. نتائج الخواص البصرية للمتراكبات النانوية (PVA - PAAm - TiC) بينت زيادة الامتصاصية، معامل الامتصاص، معامل الخمود، معامل الانكسار، ثوابت العزل الحقيقي والخيالي للخليط البوليمري ( (PVA - PAAm بزيادة تركيز الجسيمات TiC النانوية بينما النفاذية وفجوة الطاقة تقل بزيادة تركيز الجسيمات النانوية .TiC المتراكب النانوي (PVA - PAAm - TiC) تمتلك امتصاصية عالية في المنطقة فوق البنفسجية. نتائج الخواص الكهربائية المستمرة للمتراكب النانوي بينت بان التوصيلية الكهربائية المستمرة للخليط البوليمري ( (PVA - PAAm تزداد بزيادة تركيز الجسيمات النانوية TiC ودرجات الحرارة بينما طاقة التنشيط تقل بزيادة تركيز الجسيمات النانوية . TiC نتائج الخواص الكهربائية المتناوبة للمتراكبات النانوية بينت بان ثابت العزل الكهربائي وفقدان العزل الكهربائي للمتراكب النانوي (PVA - PAAm - TiC) يقل بزيادة تردد المجال الكهربائي المطبق وتزداد بزيادة تركيز الجسيمات النانوية TiC بينما التوصيلية الكهربائية المتناوبة تزداد مع زيادة تردد المجال الكهربائي المطبق والنسب الوزنية لجسيمات النانوية TiC . نتائج تطبيق المتراكب النانوي (PVA - PAAm - TiC)لخزن الطاقة الحرارية واسترجاعها بينت ان زمن التسخين والتبريد يقل بزيادة تراكيز الجسيمات TiC النانوية المضافة | The (PVA - PAAm - TiC) nanocomposites have been prepared by solution cast method with different weight percentages of titanium carbide nanoparticles are (2, 4, 6, and 8) wt.% . The structural, optical and (A.C and D.C ) electrical properties of nanocomposites have been studied. The structural properties includes Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and optical microscope. The results of structural properties for spectroscopy (FTIR) showed shift in peak position as well as the change in shape and intensity comparing with pure (PVA - PAAm) blend. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and optical microscope images showed distribution of titanium carbide nanoparticles inside (PVA - PAAm) blend .The results of optical properties for (PVA - PAAm - TiC) nanocomposites showed that the absorbance, absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, refractive index, real and imaginary dielectric constants of (PVA - PAAm) blend were increased with increase the TiC nanoparticles concentrations while the transmittance and energy band gap were decreased with increase the TiC nanoparticles concentrations. The (PVA - PAAm - TiC) nanocomposites have high absorbance in the UV - region. The results of D.C electrical properties of nanocomposites shows that the D.C electrical conductivity of (PVA - PAAm) blend increases with increasing the TiC nanoparticles concentrations and temperature while activation energy decreases with increasing the concentration of the TiC nanoparticles. The results A.C electrical properties of nanocomposites showed that the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of (PVA - PAAm - TiC) nanocomposites were decreased with increasing the frequency of applied electric field and increased with increasing the TiC nanoparticles concentrations while the A.C electrical conductivity increases with increasing the frequency of applied electric field and concentrations of the TiC nanoparticles. The results for thermal energy storage and release application for (PVA - PAAm - TiC) nanocomposites showed that the heating and cooling time for decreased with adding TiC nanoparticles concentrations

تاثير التقوية بالسليكا النانوية المصنعة محليا على الخواص الميكانيكية لعجنة الجدار الجانبي للاطار == Reinforcement Effect of Nano Silica Locally Manufactured on Mechanical properties of Side wall Tire Batch

Author name: علي خليف كتاب
Supervisor name: سمير حسن هادي النصراوي | محمد حمزة دحام المعموري
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Physics Department
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: تم تحضير سليكا نانوية بواسطة الترسيب من ماء الزجاج باضافة حامض الهيدروكلوريك. اكدت العديد من الفحوصات على السليكا النانوية مثل ]المجهر الالكتروني الماسح (SEM) ، التحليل الكيميائي بالاشعة السينية XRD))[. واظهرت نتائج الاختبارات بان السليكا النانوية الناتجة ذات اشكال كروية غير منتظمة بمساحة سطحية عالية مع حجوم تقريبية اقل من 100nm بالتحديد في مدى (75 - 90) nm وهذا ما اكده فحص المجهر الالكتروني الماسح (SEM)والتحليل الكيميائي بالاشعة السينية (XRD). بالاضافة الى نقاوة السليكا بنسبة 100% وكثافة cm3/0.3511g وتركيب شبه متبلور عند الزاوية (2θ = 21°) والتي حصل عليها من فحص الاشعة السينية وبعد تحسينها بخلطها مع عامل الربط(APTS) ظهرت بيكات بلورية. السليكا النانوية استخدمت كمواد مدعمة اضيفت بالنسب المئوية (0.02,0.04,0.06,0.08,0.1,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1)pphr الى عجنه المطاط المتكونة من مطاط طبيعي(RSS) ومطاط ستايرين بيوتاديين مع ثبوت افضل نسبة من اسود الكاربون (.(50pphr للحصول على خليط مثالي من السليكا النانوية مع المطاط، يضاف عامل الربط (APTS) بنفس نسبة السليكا النانوية المضافة، والتي تحمي سطح السليكا القطبية من جهة ويتفاعل مع ارضية المطاط من جهة اخرى. للتحقق من تاثير السليكا النانوية على تحسين الخواص الميكانيكية لعجنه الجدار الجانبي للاطار تم اجراء الفحوصات التالية (قوة الشد، معامل المرونة, الاستطالة، مقاومة التمزق, الصلادة, الارتدادية, الانضغاطية، ، الوزن النوعي ,سلوك الكلال). اوضحت النتائج بانه عند اضافة السليكا النانوية الغير المحسنة والسليكا النانوية المحسنة، تظهر زيادة في قوة الشد، معامل المرونة, مقاومة التمزق ، حيث تصل الى 19.5MPa, 13.96 Mpa, 7.50 Mpaعلى التوالي عند 0.1 pphrمن السليكا النانوية غير المحسنة والسليكا النانوية المحسنة. ولكن تقلل من الاستطالة مع اضافة بنفس نسب السليكا النانوية غير المحسنة والسليكا النانوية المحسنة. كل اضافة من السليكا النانوية غير المحسنة والسليكا النانوية المحسنة هي بمثابة مالئ يزيد من تماسك العجنه المرنة، وبالتالي فان خواص الصلادة، الوزن النوعي ستزداد عند0.02pphr من السليكا ، تزداد الارتدادية عند 0.02pphr من السليكا ثم تبدا في الانخفاض مع زيادة الدقائق النانوية الى 0.04 pphr من السليكا. تزداد الانضغاطية عند 0.02pphr من السليكا ثم تبدا بالانخفاض مع زيادة الدقائق النانوية الى 0.04 pphr من السليكا. تزداد مقاومة نمو الشق حتى 1783cycle ، وكلمزاادت كمية السليكا الى اكبر من 0.04 pphr ينتج زيادة الاجهادات في العجنه مما يخلق عيوب او تشققات. ولكن نلاحظ من خلال النتائج بان عند اضافة السليكا النانوية المحسنة حصول تحسن واضح في الخواص الميكانيكية جيدة لعجنه الجدار الجانبي للاطار | This is done by precipitation from water glass by adding hydrochloric acid. Many tests are several on the nano silica such as the (XRD, SEM). The results of the tests nano silica prepared that it forms a spherical irregular, which has a high surface area of roughly sizes less than 100 nm exactly in the range of (75 - 90)nm are confirmed by SEM .With purity of silica is 100% and density of 0.3511 g/cm3.sems - amorphous structure at (2θ = 21° ) is obtained by XRD and after being modified by a coupling agent (APTS) a crystalline peak appears. Nano silica which is used as filler using percentages of (0.02,0.04,0.06,0.08,0.1,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1)pphr to the rubber recipe consisting of styrene butadiene rubber(SBR)/ Natural Rubber(RSS) with the optimum constant percent of carbon black (50pphr). Get a perfect blend of nano silica with rubber, it was added modified nano silica worker couplings on the same percentage of nano silica, which protects the surface of the polar silica and reacts with the rubber matrix. Achieve the effect of nano - silica on the mechanical properties of the side wall tires (Tensile strength, Elongation, elastic modulus, tear resistance, Sp. Gravity, compression, hardness, fatigue, Resilience) are Required. The results showed that the addition of modified no nano silica and modified nano silica, an increase in tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and tear resistance values up to 19.5Mpa,13.96Mpa and 7.50Mpa respectively at 1 pphr of modified nano silica . the elongation properties decreased by the addition of modified no nano silica and modified nano silica . Each percent of the addition of silica nano and modified nano silica act as a filler and it increases the hardness and elastic recipe, and then concluded that the hardness properties, specific gravity properties will increase. At 0.02 pphr of nano silica, increase in the resilience appear then begins to decrease with nanoparticals increase to 0.04 pphr. At 0.02 pphr of silica and an increase in the compression starts after that to decrease with nanoparticals increase to 0.04 pphr but at the addition amounts 0.1 pphr of modified nano silica give the good compression loss. At 0.8pphr of nano silica increase the resistance to crack growth up to 1783 cycles. As the amount of increase result in increased pressure in the recipe which creates cracks . However, we can see from the results that when adding the modified nano silica by the addition of the(APTS), we notice a clear improvement in the mechanical properties of the kneading of the side wall batch.

خصائص اغشية اوكسيد الرصاص (PbO) الرقيقة المبخرة حراريا في الفراغ == Characterization of Thermal Vacuum Evaporation Lead Oxide (PbO) Thin Films

Author name: امين علوان محيميد البومنصور
Supervisor name: فؤاد شاكر هاشم الجبوري
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science For Girls - Physics Department
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: في هذه الدراسة رسبت الاغشية الرقيقة لاوكسيد الرصاص على ارضية زجاجية نظيفة غير مسخنه بتقنية التبخر الحراري تحت ضغط 1×10 - 7 ملي بار بمعدل ترسيب 0.7 نانومتر/ثانية بسماك مختلفة تراوحت 200 ,130 ,60 ±5 نانومتر عند درجات حرارة تلدين مختلفة 523 ,623, 723كلفن لمدة ساعتين. اظهرت نتائج حيود الاشعة السينية بان الاغشية الرقيقة لاوكسيد الرصاص ذات طبيعة غير متبلورة قبل التلدين. فيما اظهرت انماط الحيود بعد التلدين اغشية متعددة التبلور فتكون من مزيج α - PbO)) رباعي قائم و(β - PbO) معيني قائم باتجاه مفضل للمستوي (020).اثبتت فحوصات مجهر القوى الذرية بان اغشية اوكسيد الرصاص ذات سطوح متجانسة بصورة جيدة. وجد ان معدل الحجم الحبيبي المستنبط من بيانات حيود الاشعة السينية يزداد بزيادة درجة حرارة التلدين لكل السماك كما اظهرت انها بقيم اصغر من ذات النتائج وفقا لقياسات مجهر القوى الذرية. بينت نتائج الخصائص البصرية بان النفاذية تقل بزيادة درجة حرارة التلدين لكل السماك. ان اغشية اوكسيد الرصاص لاقل سمك 60 نانومتر الملدنه عند 523 كلفن لمدة ساعتين تمتلك نفاذية جيدة تتجاوز 93% في طيف المنطقة تحت الحمراء , لكن قلت مع زيادة درجة حرارة التلدين لتصل85% بينما كانت اغشية اوكسيد الرصاص للسمكين 130 و200 نانومتر الملدنه عند 523 كلفن لمدة ساعتين تمتلك نفاذية 91% و89% في المنطقة تحت الحمراء, لكنها تتناقص مع زيادة درجة حرارة التلدين لتصل 85% و. 87%النفاذية العالية في المنطقة تحت الحمراء تشير الى ان اغشية اوكسيد الرصاص هي مواد جيدة في تطبيقات الزراعة. كل اغشية اوكسيد الرصاص المرسبة اظهرت انتقالات مباشرة وفجوة الطاقة تقل بزيادة درجة حرارة التلدين التي تتراوح بالقيم (3.79, 3.60 , 3.49 eV) (3.52 0, 3.32, 3.140 eV) , (3.59, 3.295, 3.165 eV)للسماك,130 ,60 200 ±5 نانومتر على التوالي. وقد تم حساب الثوابت البصرية مثل معامل الامتصاص ومعامل الانكسار ومعامل التمدد وثابت العزل الحقيقي والتخيلي والتوصيلية البصرية. كما درست الخصائص الكهربائية للاغشية الرقيقة لاوكسيد الرصاص المحضرة ووجدت انها اشباه موصلات من نوع n - typeووجد ان تركيز حاملات الشحنة (n) والتوصيلية الكهربائية تزداد بزيادة درجة حرارة التلدين, بينما التحركية والمقاومية تقل بزيادة درجة حرارة التلدين .التوصيلية الكهربائية تزداد بصورة اسية بزيادة درجة حرارة التلدين. واظهرت النتائج كل الاغشية تمتلك طاقتين تنشيط وهذه الطاقة تتناقص مع زيادة درجة حرارة التلدين | In this research, Lead (II) monoxide (PbO) thin films deposit on unheated cleaned glass substrates, by thermal evaporation technique under pressure of 1×10 - 7 mbar and rate of deposition 0.7 nm.s - 1 , with different thickness consistently 60,130 and 200 ±5 nm at different annealing temperature 523,623 and 723 K for 2 hr. The X - ray diffraction (XRD) results indicate that the PbO films before annealing are in amorphous nature. The diffraction patterns corresponding after annealing reveal that the films crystallize in polycrystalline mixed compounds of Tetragonal α - PbO and Orthorhombic β - PbO. Atomic force microscope (AFM) confirmes that the PbO films have high homogeneous surface. The average crystallite size is estimated from XRD data that is increased with increasing annealing temperature for all thickness, and shown that it is smaller than that from AFM data. The optical properties results show that the transmittance decreases with increasing annealing temperature for all thicknesses. PbO film shows at the lower thickness 60nm which annealed at 523K for 2hr possesses transmittance that exceeds 93% in the IR radiation region of spectrum, but it decreases with increasing annealing temperatures to reach 85%,while PbO films of thicknesses 130nm, and 200nm annealed at 523K for 2hr possesses a transmittance 91% and 89% in the IR region, but it decreases with increasing annealing temperatures to reach 85% and 87%. The high transmittance in the IR region indicates that PbO films are good materials for application in agriculture. All deposited PbO thin films show directly allowed transitions and the optical energy gap decreased with increasing annealing temperature, which taken the values (3.79, 3.60 and 3.49 eV), (3.520, 3.32 and 3.140 eV) and (3.59, 3.295 and 3.165) eV for thicknesses 60, 130,and 200 ±5 nm respectively. The optical constants such as absorption coefficient, refractive index, extinction coefficient, real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant and optical conductivity are calculated. The electrical properties of the films are studied and it is found that all prepared PbO thin films are n - type semiconductors and found that the carrier's concentration (n) and electrical conductivity (σ) increased with increasing annealing temperature, while the mobility (µ) and the resistivity (ρ) decreased with increasing annealing temperature. The electrical conductivity increase exponentially as the annealing temperature increases for all thickness. The results show that all films have two activation energy and this energy decreases with increasing annealing temperatures.

تاثير امتزاز الغاز على التركيب الالكتروني لشرائط نانوية هجينة من السلسين - الجرافين باستعمال نظرية الكثافة الدالية == Effect of Gas Adsorption on the Electronic Structure of Silicene/Graphene hybrid Nanoribbons using Density Functional Theory

Author name: علي صبحي جابر الخواجة
Supervisor name: حمد رحمن جبر
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science For Girls - Physics Department
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: تم استقصاء امتزاز مجموعة جزيئات غاز شائعة وهي CO وCO2 وNH3 وNO NO2 وSO2 على اشرطة نانوية مؤلفة من سلسين|جرافين ((SiGNRs باستعمال نظرية الكثافة الوظيفيةdensity functional theory (DFT) وبتقريب (PBE) Perdew, Burke, and Ernzerhof مع مجموعة الدوال الاساس 6 - 31G. اظهرت النتائج ان امتزاز جميع الغازات CO وCO2 وNH3 وNO وNO2 على الاشرطة النانوية للسلسين|جرافين هو امتزاز كيمائي قوي مع طاقات امتزاز اكبر من1eV ، ونتيجة للتفاعل القوي لهذه الغازات على الاشرطة النانوية للسلسين|جرافين فان هذه الاشرطة النانوية يمكن ان تستعمل كمحفز او منشط ، وبالتالي امكانية اقتراحها كمحفز خالية من المعادن، باستثناء الامتزازات الاتية : CO2 على الاشرطة النانوية للسلسين|جرافين المشابه للكرسي عند الموقع T1، وامتزاز NH3 وNO2 على SiGNR المشابه للكرسي عند الموقع T2، وامتزاز NO وNH3 على SiGNR ذو النوع المتعرج عند الموقع T2، وامتزاز NO2 على SiGNR ذو النوع المتعرج عند الموقع T1 وجميع امتزازات SO2 على SiGNRs فانها امتزازات فيزيائية ضعيفة وبطاقات امتزاز تتراوح ما بين0.045) eV الى(0.84 ، وهذا يدل على ان SiGNR يمكن ان يكون كمتحسس جيد لـ (,CO CO2، NH3, NO2 وSO2) عند المواقع المشار اليها. علاوة على ذلك، فان فجوة الطاقة للاشرطة النانوية للسلسين|جرافين عند امتزاز الغازات CO2 وCOو NH3 وNOو NO2 وSO2 تكون مفتوحة وبطرق مختلفة. بشكل عام، فان فجوة الطاقة لـSiGNR المشابه للكرسي اكبر من تلك التي لـ SiGNR ذو النوع المتعرج. وقد وجدنا ان SiGNR المشابه للكرسي والذي يمتز جزيئات الغاز لـ CO وCO2 وNH3 وSO2 عند الموقعT1 تكون قيمة جهد التاين والالفة الالكترونية له صغيرة بالمقارنة مع اشرطة السلسين|جرافين الاخرى، وهذا يدل على ان هذه الانظمة لديها القدرة على التبرع بالكترون، اي يحتاج الى طاقة صغيرة لازالة الكترون لتصبح ايونات موجبة.توضح النتائج ايضا على ان القيمة الاكبر لـ EHOMOلامتزاز NO وNO2 للنوع المتعرج لـ SiGNR عند الموقع T1 هي eV5.635 - وeV5.541 - على التوالي، وهذه القيم تظهر ميل الجزيئة للتبرع بالالكترونيات والقيمة الاصغر قيمة لـ ELUMO للنوع المتعرج لـ SiGNR عند الموقعT1 هي eV5.344 - و5.315 eV - ، وهذه القيم تظهر ميل الجزيئة الى تقبل الالكترونات | The adsorption of common gas molecules (CO, CO2, NH3, NO, NO2 and SO2) on silicene/graphene nanoribbons (SiGNRs) is investigated using density functional theory (DFT) with Perdew, Burke, and Ernzerhof (PBE) /6 - 31G basis set. The results show that all the adsorption of (CO, CO2, NH3, NO and NO2) on SiGNR is a strong chemisorption with adsorption energies being larger than 1eV, due to the strong interaction of (CO, CO2, NH3, NO and NO2) on SiGNR which could catalyse or activate, suggesting the possibility of SiGNR as a metal - free catalyst. Except the adsorption of CO2 on armchair SiGNR at site T1, NH3 and NO2 on armchair SiGNR at site T2, CO and NH3 on zigzag SiGNR at site T2, NO2 on zigzag SiGNR at site T1 and all adsorbed SO2 on SiGNRs are weak physisorption with Ea ranging from (0.045 to 0.84) eV, indicating that SiGNR could be a good (CO, CO2, NH3 NO2 and SO2) sensor at these sites. Moreover, the energy gap of SiGNR is opened upon adsorption of (CO, CO2, NH3, NO, NO2 and SO2) in various ways. In general, the energy gap for armchair SiGNR is larger than those of zigzag SiGNR. We found that the armchair SiGNR with CO, CO2, NH3 and SO2 gas molecule adsorption at site T1 has small value of ionization potential and electron affinity compared with other SiGNRs, this indicates that these systems have the ability to donate an electron; it needs a small energy to remove an electron to become cation. Our results indicate that larger values of EHOMO for adsorption NO and NO2 zigzag SiGNR at site T1 is ( - 5.635 and5.541 - ) eV, show that a propensity of the molecule to donate electrons and smaller value ELUMO for zigzag SiGNR at site T1 is ( - 5.344and - 5.315) eV, these values show that a propensity of the molecule to accepter electrons
1 ... 65 66 67 68 69 ... 122