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Bubble Size Distribution Of Stirred Non Coalescinggas - Liquid System

Author name: aleety mashaan ibrahim .
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • /bubbles./ /particle size determination./

Mass Transfer From The Spherical - Cap Bubbles

Author name: Tagreed Moneem Nifai
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • Mass transfer

Extration Of Valuable Metals From Spent Hydrodes Ulfurization Catalysy By Two Stage Leaching Method

Author name: Mariam Faris abdul - nabi
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • catalysts - congresses

Catalytic Cracking Of Cumene In Fluidized Bed Reactor With Zeolite

Author name: RawaChassanYousif
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • Chemical engineering

Adsorption Of Benzene And Toluene From Btx Concentrate By 5A Molecular Sieres

Author name: Mays Saad Hussein
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • Adsorption

Experimental Study On Eucalyptus Oil Extraction Using Different Solrents

Author name: badoor muhsun kurji
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • solrent extraction

Kinetic Study And Modeling Of Foleic Acid Esterification Reaction With Ethanol

Author name: Sura Mawlood Abbas
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • Chemical reactions

Corrosion Inhibition Of Galranic Couple Copper Alloy / Mild Steel In Cooling Water System

Author name: Munaf Adnan Idan
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • Corrosion resistant alloys

Separation Of Oil From Oil In Water Emulsions Using Microfiltration Membranes

Author name: Al - Musawi . Samah Mohsin
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • Filters and filtration

Study The Performance Of Low Cost Material ( Peanut Hulls) For Dye Adsorption Using Inverse Fluidized Bed

Author name: Shaimaa Abood Alwan
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • Fluidization

Shell And Double Concentric Tubes Heat Exchanger Calculations And Analysis

Author name: fadhic abid allawi
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • heat - transfer media

Study Of Corrosion Of Electrical Submersible Pumps Esp In South Rumaila Oil Field

Author name: layla sideea mohamed
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • corrosion contral industry

Potential Of Rice Husk For Methylene Blue Dye Removal From Waste Water

Author name: Hamsa Natia Fadhil
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • chemical engineering

Disinfection By Product Removal By Activated Carbon Using Batch Mode

Author name: nabeel ibrahim hasan
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • filters and filtration

اداء المبادل الحراري الارضي الاحادي المسار باستخدام موائع تشغيلية مختلفة == Peformance of A Single Pass Earth - Tube Heat Exchanger Using Different Working Fluids

Author name: مصطفى جواد نعمة
Supervisor name: غزوان احمد محمد | عباس خلف محمد
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: العديد من التقنيات استخدمت لتحسين معدل الانتقال الحراري لاختزال حجم المبادلات الحرارية وتشغيلها باقل كلفة0المبادلات الحرارية الارضية استخدمت وبشكل واسع وذلك لتحسين تقنيات التبادل الحراري في العديد من التطبيقات الصناعية0المبادل الحراري الارضي هو اداة تسمح | Several techniques have been applied to enhance heat transfer rate in order to reduce the size of heat transfer devices and also operating cost. Earth tubes have been used as one of the most widely used heat transfer enhancement techniques in several industrial applications. Earth tube heat exchanger is a device which permits transfer of heat from fluid to deeper layers of soil and vice versa.The results of the heat transfer characteristics in earth tube heat exchanger are presented. The experimental test section is made of 50 m carbon steel pipe of 19.05 mm inner diameters and 25.95 mm outer diameters. The pipe was buried 2 m deep below ground surface. Water and gasoil were used as working fluids in the experimental runs. Experiments were performed under conditions of volumetric flow rates ranging from 0.5 to 2 m3/h and inlet working fluids temperature is between 35 to 70?C at winter season and between 50 to 70?C at summer season. Working fluids temperatures were measured at five points with equal length by thermocouples placed inside the pipe. Also, soil temperatures were measured at these points by thermocouples placed 0.5 m apart from pipe. The effects of working fluid flow rate, inlet temperature, pipe length on the overall performance of the earth tube heat exchanger was investigated at winter and summer seasons, respectively.It was shown that the heat transfer rate of the working fluid increases as the pipe length and inlet temperature increase, or volumetric flow rate decreases. Furthermore, the heat transfer rate in the first half of the pipe represents (33.3 to 87.5%) from the total heat transfer rate, depending on working fluid operating conditions. Also, it was noticed that the heat transfer rate in summer days is less than in winter days. Coefficient of performance (COP) analysis was also carried out to characterize the system performance at different operating conditions. The experimental earth tube heat exchanger (ETHE) system was attained a maximum COP of 45.589 at winter tests and 17.818 at summer tests for water as working fluid. But, the maximum COP was reached only 28.52 for gasoil as working fluid at summer.

ازالة المحتوى الكبريتي بالاكسدة العميقة باستخدام الكاربون المنشط المحفز == Deep Oxidative Desulfurization Using Catalyze Activated Carbon

Author name: ياسمين منذر جاعد
Supervisor name: ودود طاهر محمد
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: ازالة المحتوى الكبريتي من الوقود هي قضية بيئية حاسمة على نحو متزايد. عملية الهدرجة(HDS) تزيل المركبات الكبريتية مثل المركبتان والكبريتيد من الهيدروكربونات، ولكن بعض الكبريت - يحتوي على مركبات (مثل dibenzothiophene) من الصعب جدا ازالتها وتحتاج عمليات عميقة | Removal of sulfur species from fuels is an increasingly critical environmental issue. Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) removes sulfur compounds, such as mercaptans and sulfides from hydrocarbons; however, some sulfur - containing compounds (such as dibenzothiophene) are very difficult to remove and need deep desulfurization processes.This work was applied to the desulfurization diesel fuel produced from the conventional HDS process or ultra - desulfurization. The used fuel types were either real diesel fuel or simulated diesel fuel, where sulfur - containing compound (dibenzothiophene) converted to its corresponding sulfone by oxidation using hydroperoxide as an oxidant and formic acid as cocatalyst with activated carbon (AC), in addition to its adsorbent virtue. Simulated diesel fuel according to British Petroleum 200B doped with dibenzothiophene was prepared.The experimental study was divided into two parts, preliminary study, that include thermally (activated carbon with heat treatment (ACH)) and chemically treatments (i.e. activated carbon impregnated with copper (Cu/AC), activated carbon impregnated with nickel(Ni/AC), activated carbon impregnated with copper and nickel (Cu - Ni/AC) and activated carbon with nitric acid treatment (ACN) ) to the parent activated carbon, these types were tested at different operating conditions (i.e. temperature = 25 and 60 ?C, pH=2, H2O2/diesel fuel ratio=3/100 and activated carbon doses = 0.7 and 1.0 g) to achieve the best one that gives higher desulfurization efficiency. ACM that is a mixture of ACH and ACN (equal percentage) gives 80% sulfur removed at operating conditions of temperature= 60 ?C, pH=2, H2O2/diesel fuel ratio=3/100 and ACM doses = 0.7 g. In general, the activity of activated carbons as follows ACM >ACN > ACH > Ni/AC > Cu/AC > Cu - Ni/AC > parent AC While, the second part represents the main study, that deals with the desulfurization process in details, using ACM with operating conditions of temperature of 60 - 80 ?C, pH of 0 - 4, H2O2/diesel fuel ratio of 3/100 to 7/100 and ACM doses of 0.5 to 1.0 g Maximum desulfurization efficiency achieved was 92.3% at operating conditions of temperature= 80 ?C, pH =0, H2O2/diesel fuel ratio= 5/100 and ACM dose =1.0 g.Finally, two experiments with the best conditions above were done on the real diesel fuel. Maximum desulfurization efficiency was 25% at temperature= 80 ?C, pH =0, H2O2/diesel fuel ratio= 5/100 and ACM dose =1.0 g.

معالجة مياه المصب العام للحقن في حقل الناصرية النفطي == Water Treatment of Main Outfall Drain For Injection In Nasiriyah Oil Field

Author name: جعفر جبار مدلول
Supervisor name: احمد فائق العلوي
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يهدف العمل الحالي لانتاج مياه ملائمة للحقن في حقل الناصرية النفطي من المصب العام يتكون الجزء العملي من هذا البحث من ثلاثة مراحل(1) التخثير/ التلبد , (2) مرشح ماء الجاذبية الطبيعية او غشاء دقيق و(3) تقنية اغشية النانو. المرحلة الاولى, تخلص عملية التخثير/ | The aim of the present work is to produce water appropriate for injection in Nasiriyah oil field from Main Outfall Drain (MOD). The experimental work in this research consists from three stages (1) coagulation/ flocculation, (2) natural gravity water filter or microfiltration membrane (MF) and (3) nanofiltration membrane (NF) technology. The first stage, coagulation/flocculation process removed the suspended solids from MOD and reduced the turbidity to the demand limits. The variables studied were initial turbidity (11.8 - 100 NTU), coagulant dosage (0 - 55 ppm), speed of the slow mixing step in the jartest apparatus (2nd step) (20 - 40 rpm), time of 2nd step (20 - 40 min), and settling time (10 - 50 min). Turbidity increases by increasing initial turbidity and decreases by increasing the coagulant dosage, speed and time of 2nd step and settling time until the reaching to the optimum for them at the minimum turbidity, then any increasing of the coagulant dosage, speed and time of 2nd step will increase the turbidity, while any increasing of settling time will do no effect on turbidity. The optimum dosage for alum was 35, 40 and 50 ppm. While, for ferric chloride it was 15, 20 and 30 ppm and for polyelectrolyte 4, 8 and 10 ppm for 11.8, 30 and 100 NTU initial turbidity respectively. The optimum speed of 2nd step was 25 rpm for each of alum (35 ppm), ferric chloride (15 ppm) and polyelectrolyte (4 ppm). While the optimum time of 2nd step was 30 min for each of alum (35 ppm), ferric chloride (15 ppm) and polyelectrolyte (4 ppm) and settling time was 30 min for each of alum (35 ppm), ferric chloride (15 ppm) and polyelectrolyte (4 ppm). The second stage, natural gravity water filter or microfiltration MF was used to ensure that the particle size was in the demand limits (less than 10 ?m) and reduce the turbidity and the total suspended solids (TSS) to the demand limits (5 NTU and 3 - 3.5 mg/l). It was found that turbidity and TSS increases by increasing the inlet turbidity and TSS and the results was arranged progressively as the following : Natural gravity water filter ? 5 ?m MF ? 1 ?m MF. The final stage, nanofiltration NF membrane technology was used to remove sulphate from MOD. The variables studied were feed concentration (1800 - 9630 mg/l) and operating temperature (27 - 37 oC). Also concentrate recirculation was used to obtain high recovery percentage of water can be inject. It was found that product flow rate increases by increasing temperature and decreases by increasing salts concentration in feed. Also it was found that salts concentration in product increases by increasing feed concentration and temperature. Rejection percentages were (94.475 - 95.631 %), (88.088 - 90.714 %), (83.33 - 93.2 %), (85.116 - 92.727 %) and (65.385 - 72.727 %) for sulphate, total hardness (TH), Ca2+, Mg2+ and Cl - respectively and recovery percentage of product water was (11.429 - 38.143 %) for polyamide membrane (TFC). In the case of concentrate recirculation, feed concentration, permeate concentration and volume of permeate increases with increasing in operating time and 12.69 liter of water valid for injection in oil field was recovered from 25 liter feed after 180 minute.

تثبيط التكلسات في انظمة التناضح العكسي باستخدام مواد كيمياوية == Scale Inhibition In Reverse Osmosis Systems Using Chemical Materials

Author name: زهراء احمد عبد الامير
Supervisor name: نجوى صابر مجيد
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تم في ھذا البحث دراسة تثبيط تكون تكلسات كاربونات الكالسيوم على سطح غشاء نظام تناضح عكسي باستخدام نوعين من مثبطات تكون التكلسات وھما كلوريد الزنك ومادة بوليمرية بتراكيز منخفضة ودراسة تاثير تغيير معدل جريان المحلول الداخل, حامضية المحلول الداخل, تركيز ال | The present study deals with the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) inhibition on the membrane surface of the reverse osmosis (RO) desalination system by using two types of scale inhibitors which are Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2) and Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonate (PAPEMP) in low concentrations and study the effect of changing the feed solution flowrate, PH of the feed solution, concentration of the inhibition material and the type of the inhibitor used on the inhibition process. In this study a range of 10 - 25 l/h of feed solution flowrate was used, the concentration of CaCl2 was 610 mg/l, the concentration of NaHCO3 was 511 mg/l, the concentration of MgSO4 was 49 mg/l, the feed pH was in the range of 6 - 10, the operating pressure kept constant at 3 bars and the temperature washeld constant at room temperature (about 40 °C) through all experiments. The concentration of the feed solution was constant, but the concentration of the inhibitors was changed using 2, 4 and 8 mg/l of Zinc Chloride then using 8 and 15 mg/l of Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonate The results showed that : Permeate rate increases as the feed flowrate increases while it decreases with time.Total dissolved solids decreases as the feed flowrate increases while it increases with time.Recovery rate decreases as the feed flowrate increases and it also decreases with time.Permeate rate, recovery rate and the total dissolved solids decreases as the inlet solution pH increases.Permeate rate and recovery rate increases while the total dissolved solids decreases when Zinc chloride or Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonate was used.Permeate rate and recovery rate increases when Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonate inhibitor was used more than the increment of them when Zinc chloride inhibitor was used.Total dissolved solids decreases when Zinc chloride inhibitor was used more than the diminution of them when Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonate inhibitor was used.

معالجة الماء من حقول النفط باستخدام محاليل ايونية في منظومة التعويم بالهواء المذاب == Treatment of Oilfield Produced Water Using Ionic Liquids In A Dissolved Air Flotation System

Author name: اوس عباس فاضل
Supervisor name: سوسن عبد مسلم محمد | سعدي كاظم عبد الحسين
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: في العراق معدل تراكيز الزيوت والشحوم (OG) في الماء المنتج يجب الا يتجاوز 09 ملغم\لتر. ولذلك فانه يتطلب معالجة المياه المنتجة بغية تلبية الحد التنظيمي للتصريف مسبقا.تم جلب نماذج الماء المنتج الخام من شركة نفط الوسط ) Md.O.C ( من الحقول النفطية من شرق بغد | In Iraq the average Oil and Grease (OG) in water concentration in discharge produced water must not exceed 10ppm. Therefore treatment of produced water is required in order to meet the pre - disposal regulatory limit.Raw produced water samples were procured from the Middle oil company (Md.O.C) (from East of Baghdad fields).Jar tests experiments were used to give a first, rough estimation for coagulants dosage of Ferric chloride and aluminum sulfate and pH values that will be used in the batch Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) experiments. Then, the effects of the three ionic liquids (ILs) types; 1 - hexyl - 3 - methylimidazolium tetra fluoroborate (ILE), 1 - hexyl - 3 - metylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (ILF) and 1 - octyl - 3 - methylimidazolium tetra fluoroborate (ILG) on the performance of the batch DAF unit were evaluated.It was concluded that, the beast operating conditions of the batch DAF unit were at a saturation pressure of 5 bar, recycle ratio of 50% and ambient temperature of 30 - 35 ?C. Ferric chloride with a dosage of 10 ppm was chosen as the suitable coagulant due to its low sensitivity to pH change, and its high removal efficiency for oil and turbidity in about ten minutes. ILs were used at concentration of 50 ?l per one liter of treated produced water. It was used in two positions of the DAF system; the saturation vessel and the treatment tank. The OG removal efficiency using ILG as an efficient surfactant in saturation vessel was higher than that in the treatment tank and higher than other ILs (ILG>ILF>ILE). The highest demulsification rates were obtained through saturation pressure range (2 - 5) bar. It reached about 90% removal efficiency at a pressure of 5 bar, and it was obtained 85% at saturation pressure of 3 bar which reduces the operation costs. The treated water concentration at 3bar was 9.5 ppm which meets the Iraqi pre - disposal regulatory limit.The results of testing the three ILs (ILE, ILF and ILG) in the saturation vessel and the treatment tank were used to produce contour line for the OG removal efficiency. This was conducted in order to detect the performance of the three ILs The results of optical microscope which was used to study coalescence of oil droplets in water phase, lead to consider the ILG as an effective demulsifier for Iraqi oil field produced water It was noted that the use of ILs in saturation vessel allowed micro bubble generation at operating pressures lower than 3 bar with high - energy savings.

ازالة الكبريت بالامتزاز من النفثا الثقيلة العراقية بواسطة 13X زيولايت == Adsorption Desulfurization of Iraqi Heavy Naphtha Using 13X Zeolite

Author name: موفق محمد يحيى
Supervisor name: حسين قاسم حسين
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: اجري هذا العمل لدراسة تاثير الامتزاز الانتقائي في ازالة مركبات الكبريت من النفثا الثقيلة العراقية التي تم توريدها من مصفاة الدورة. انجزت عملية الامتزاز بواسطة 13 منخل جزيئي داخل العمود ذو الحشوة الثابتة. X 6?? - من ??5 LHSV وقد نفذ الامتزاز الانتقائي في | This work was conducted to study the effect of selective adsorption on removal of sulfur compounds from Iraqi heavy naphtha which was supplied from Al - Dura refinery. The adsorption was carried out by molecular sieve 13X in a fixed - bed column.The selective adsorption was run out at different operating conditions such as LHSV from 1.5 - 6.0 h P - 1 P , molecular sieve bed weight from 15 - 30 g , sulfur inlet concentration of feedstock from 600 - 1650 ppm, and adsorption temperature at 25 PoPC and 40 PoPC.The breakthrough time, breakpoint and saturation state ( bed replace point ) were determined for different operating conditions in addition to the ratio of accumulated effluent weight per bed weight. Also , regeneration possibility of 13X spent catalyst was studied by using oxidative technique at different temperatures and air flow rates.The results show that increasing in LHSV and inlet concentration makes the breakthrough curves more steeper , also the breakthrough time and breakpoint decreases. Increasing the bed weight will increase both the breakthrough time and breakpoint.The best operating conditions for removing sulfur compounds were LHSV 3.0 h - 1 , bed weight of molecular sieve about 20 g and 25oC temperature , where the sulfur content in a heavy naphtha was reduced from nearly 600 ppm to less than 1 ppm (by weight).Regeneration step was thermally took place by hot air flow in a range of 16.66 - 25 liter / min and temperature range from 200 - 350 oC , the best desorption conditions for (85.8%) weight percent removal were at 16.66 liter / min air flow and 350 oC.

دراسة الحركية ونمذجة تفاعل استرة حامض الاوليك باستخدام NaY زيولايت المحضر == Kinetic Study And Modeling of Olic Acid Esterification Over Prepared Nay Zeolite

Author name: رويدة نزيه عباس
Supervisor name: عمار صالح عباس
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تم تحضير زيولايت من نوع استرة حامض الاوليك. اجريت فحوصات الاشعة السينية ونسبة الصوديوم ونسبة السيليكا الى الالومينا والمساحة السطحية والحجم المسامي للعامل المساعد المحضر.اظهرت الفحوصات التوافق بين العامل المساعد المحضر مع التركيب العام للزيولايت القياسي. | The NaY zeolite catalyst was prepared from locally available Iraqi kaolin in order to use it in the esterification reaction of oleic acid. X - ray diffraction, scanning electronic microscopy, sodium content, silica to alumina ratio, surface area and pore volume were determined for the prepared NaY zeolite. The results of x - ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy show that the prepared NaY zeolite has approximately the same crystal structure as the standard. The sodium content was 12.26 wt. %, and the silica to alumina mole ratiowas 2.6, surface area 330 m2/g and pore volume 0.35 cm3/g. Because of the oleic acid is one of the free fatty acids that can found in vegetable oils and animal fats. Oleic acid used as a suggested feedstock to study and simulate production of biodiesel via esterification reaction.Esterification reaction was analyzed at different operational conditions including the ethanol/oleic acid molar ratio of 3/1 and 6/1, different temperature from 40 to 70 °C, reaction time up to 180 minutes and catalyst (2, 5 and 10 wt. % NaY zeolite). The maximum conversion of oleic acid (about 0.83) was observed at 6/1 ethanol/oleic molar ratio, 70 °C reaction temperature, 10 wt. % NaY zeolite as a catalyst, and 60 minutes contact time. The study of the kinetics of the esterification reaction of oleic acid, indicated that the value of the activation energies of esterification ware 42692 and 17218 J/mol for forward and backward reaction respectively, and frequency factors were 7.2*104 (mol - 1/minute) for forward reaction and 4.5 (mol - 1.25/minute) for backward reaction. The values of reactants and products orders were 1, 1, 1.2 and 1 for oleic, ethanol, ester and water respectively.The statistical analysis of the esterification reaction and experimental data indicates that the average relative error was 1.53, within 0.95 confidence level.ReactOp cascade package simulator used for simulation the behavior of batch and plug flow reactors in different operating modes (adiabatic and isothermal) carried out at selected operating conditions Contents Contents.

عمليات التنافذ الامامي - العكسي لمعالجة المياه الملوثة بالزيوت == Forward - Reverse Osmosis Processes For Oily Wastewater Treatment

Author name: نور حمود زغير
Supervisor name: حسن فرهود مكي
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: في هذه الدراسة, تم بحث مدى ملائمة عمليات التنافذ (الامامي - العكسي) لمعالجة المياه الملوثة بالزيوت. حيث طبقت عملية التنافذ الامامي لاسترجاع الماء النقي من المياه الملوثة بالزيوت. تم استخدام زيت محرك الديزل والكازولين نوع (15W - 40) لتحضير محلول اللقيم, بي | In this study, the feasibility of Forward - Reverse membrane osmosis system was investigated for treating the oily wastewater. Forward osmosis (FO) process was applied to recover pure water from oily wastewater. Gasoline and diesel engine oil (15W - 40) was used to prepare the feed solution (FS). While sodium chloride (NaCl) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2) salts were used as draw solutions, and the membrane that was used in FO process was cellulose triacetate (CTA) membrane. While reverse osmosis process was used to recovery water from the diluted draw solution using polyamide (thin film composite (TFC)) membrane. In the first stage was applying the FO process for treating the oily wastewater with two parts. The first part included the FO process using the batch system whereas the second part included the FO process using the flowing system for different draw solutions. Theoperating parameters studied were : draw solution type, draw solution concentrations (0.25 - 0.75 M), oil concentration in FS (100 - 1000 ppm), the temperatures of FS and DS (30 - 45 °C), pH of FS (4 - 10) and for the forward osmosis flowing process the flow rate of both DS and FS (20 - 60 l/h), while the pressure was maintained at 0.5 bar. The run - time of the FO process was for five hours. It was found that water flux through membrane decreases with increasing time, while oil concentration in the FS increases with increasing time. Also, it was found that the water flux produced from the osmosis cell and oil concentration in FS increase by increasing the concentration of draw solutions, the flow rate of FS and the temperature for a limit (40oC), then, the water flux and oil concentration decrease with increasing the temperature because of happening the internal concentration polarization phenomenon. By increasing the oil concentration in FS and the flow rate of the DS, the water flux and oil concentration in FS were decreased. While it had a fluctuated behavior with increasing the pH of oily wastewater. It was found also that MgCl2 gives water flux higher than NaCl. It was observed that the best operating conditions in this study were : concentration of salt (0.75 M) for MgCl2, oil concentration (100 ppm), pH of FS (7.3), temperature of feed and draw solution (40oC), flow rate of FS (60 l/h), and flow rate of DS (20 l/h). The values of resistance to solute diffusion within the membrane porous support layer were 55.93 h/m and 26.21 h/m for NaCl and MgCl2 respectively. The second stage was applied reverse osmosis process for separating the fresh water from a diluted (NaCl) solution using different parameters such as draw solution concentration (0.08 - 0.16 M), feed flow rate (20 - 40 l/h) within two hours of work of the reverse osmosis system.

ازالة المحتوى الكبريتي من وقود الديزل بواسطة الاكسدة والاستخلاص بالمذيب == Desulfurization of Diesel Fuel By Oxidation And Solvent Extraction

Author name: شيم بهجت عبد الكريم
Supervisor name: ودود طاهر محمد | رغد فريد
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يهدف البحث الى ازالة المحتوى الكبريتي من مقطع الديزل المهدرج للتخلص من المركبات الكبريتية الثايوفينية التي تتعذر ازالتها بواسطة عملية الهدرجة المعتمدة في المصافي النفطية. ودراسة افضل الظروف للحصول على اعلى نسبة ازالة.رست الظروف التشغيلية التالية : سرعة ال | Removal of sulfur species from fuels is an increasingly critical environmental issue. Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) removes sulfur compounds, such as mercaptans and sulfides from hydrocarbons; however, some sulfur - containing compounds (such as diebenzothiophene) are very difficult to remove and need deep desulfurization processes.This work was applied to the desulfurized diesel fuel produced from the conventional HDS process for ultra - desulfurization. The used fuel types in this investigation were either real diesel fuel or simulated diesel fuel, where sulfur - containing compound ( dibenzothiophene DBT) converted to its corresponding sulfone by oxidation using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant and acetic acid as homogenous catalyst, and solvent extraction by using acetonitrile (ACN) or N - methyl - 2 - pyrrolidone (NMP) as extractants.Simulated diesel fuel according to British Petroleum 200B doped with dibenzothiophene (DBT) was prepared, the effect of stirring speed (150, 250, 350 and 450) rpm, temperature (30, 40, 45 and 50) ?C, oxidant/simulated diesel fuel ratio (0.5, 0.75,1 and 1.5) (v/v), catalyst/oxidant ratio (0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75) (v/v), solvent type, and solvent/simulated diesel fuel ratio (0.5, 0.6, 0.75 and 1) (v/v) were examined in order to obtain the maximum sulfur removal. The results of this work exhibit that the highest removal of sulfur 98.5% for N - methyl - 2 - pyrrolidone and 95.8% for acetonitrile were obtained under the conditions of operating in table below : Stirring Speed (rpm) 350 Temperature (?C) 50 Oxidant (hydrogen peroxide)/simulated diesel fuel ratio 1 Catalyst (acetic acid)/oxidant ratio 0.5 Solvent (ACN or NMP)/simulated diesel fuel ratio 1 Experiments with the above best conditions were carried out on Real diesel fuel obtained from Al - Dora refinery with 1000 ppm sulfur containing compounds. It was found that sulfur removal from real diesel fuel was 62.5% for acetonitrile and 75% for N - methyl - 2 - pyrrolidone.

استخلاص الزيوت العطرية من قشور الحمضيات باستعمال التقطير البخاري بمساعدة المايكرويف == Extraction of Essential Oils From Citrus By - Products Using Microwave Steam Distillation

Author name: سارة جبير صالح
Supervisor name: ابتهال كريم شاكر
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يهدف هذا البحث الى استخلاص الزيت العطري من ثلاثة انواع من قشور الحمضيات (البرتقال, الليمون, اللالنكي) بطريقتين : التقطير البخاري والتقطير البخاري بمساعدة المايكرويف.ودراسة تاثير عوامل الاستخلاص : (وزن القشور, وقت الاستخلاص,طاقة المايكرويف ونوع قشور الحمضي | The main objectives of this research is to extract essential oil from : orange( citrus sinensis), lemon( citrus limon) and mandarin( citrus reticulata) peels by two methods : steam distillation (SD) and microwave assisted steam distillation (MASD), study the effect of extraction conditions : weight of the sample( 398.56g, 281.8g, 116.76g), extraction time, microwave power( 135W, 265W, 445W) and citrus peel type( orange, lemon, mandarin) on oil yield and compare the results of the two methods, the resulting essential oil was analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC).Essential oils are highly concentrated substances used for their flavor and therapeutic or odoriferous properties, in a wide selection of products such as foods, medicines and cosmetics. Extraction of essential oil is one of the most time and effort consuming process. Microwave - assisted extraction is a green technique for the extraction of natural products. (MASD) was better than (SD) in terms of rapidity, energy saving and yield. (MASD) gave higher yield than (SD) with shorter extraction time, yield of orange oil extracted by (MASD) was (1.150%) in (35min.) compared to (1.095%) in (45min.) by (SD) process, same results obtained for lemon and mandarin. It was found that the optimal microwave power was (135W) and the yield was : (1.150%, 1.115%, 0.940%) for orange, lemon and mandarin respectively, (MASD) increased extraction temperature in short time and to a higher level compared to (SD).It was found that the optimal weight was (398.56g) and the yield in (SD) was : (1.095%) and MASD (1.091%) for orange oil, same results obtained for lemon and mandarin.The best citrus peel type which gave the highest yield was orange followed by lemon then mandarin in both processes.Limonene is the most abundant component in citrus essential oil, (GC) analysis showed that the amount of limonene increased in low microwave power with long extraction time for mandarin oil it was (84.3891% at 135W in 60min.), while for (SD) it was (83.0271% in 75min.) and decreased with increasing microwave power for orange oil it was (80.9661% at 265W in 35min.) while for (SD) it was (83.2189% in 45min.), (SD) was more convenient to give high amount of limonene because of the graduate temperature rise, while in microwave extraction exposure to low microwave power for long time would give complete recovery and better quality of essential oil.

تحضير الكاربون المنشط من نوى التمر باستخدام كاربونات البوتاسيوم كعامل منشط في ازالة صبغة المثيلين الزرقاء == Preparation of Activated Carbon From Date Stones By K2Co3 Activation For Methylene Blue Dye Adsorption

Author name: اسماء فاضل عباس
Supervisor name: مثنى جبار احمد
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Present study deals with the preparation of activated carbon (AC) from date stones by K2CO3 activation via microwave heating and the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution by using such carbon as adsorbent. The influence of radiation time (4 - 12min), radiation power (540 - 700W) and impregnation ratio (0.5 - 2.5g/g) on the yield and MB uptake of such carbons were studied. Central composite design was used to determine the optimum preparation conditions and two quadratic models were developed to correlate the preparation variables for both responses.The optimum preparation conditions were reported as 8 min radiation time, 660 W radiation power and 1.5 g/g impregnation ratio resulting in 19.99% yield and 460.123 mg/g MB uptake. From the analysis of variance (ANOVA), it was found that the radiation time had the greatest effect on the yield while impregnation ratio had the greatest effect on MB uptake.The characteristics of AC were examined by pore structure analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The BET surface area and total pore volume were indentified to be 1144.25 m²/g and 0.656 m³/g, respectively. Batch adsorption study was adopted to determine the experimental adsorption isotherm data of different initial concentration of MB (50 - 450 mg/l). The equilibrium data were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Sips isotherm models. The results showed that the experimental data were well fitted with sips isotherm with maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 484.7 mg/g. Pseudo - First order, Pseudo - Second order, and intraparticle diffusion models were used to analyze experimental kinetics data with high correlation coefficient for Pseudo - second - order model.
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