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انتاج وتنقية وتوصيف البلانتريسين من سلالات محلية لبكتريا Lactobacillus plantarum Production, Purification and Characterization of Plantaricin from Local Strains of Lactobacillus plantarum

اسم المؤلف: ولاء شوكت علي
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد
اسم المشرف: رشيد محجوب مصلح
الموضوع العام: علوم الحياة
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
السنة: 2010
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
المستخلص: تم الحصول على 118 عزلة تعود لجنس عصيات الحليب Lactobacillus من الخضر المتخمرة والعجائن الحامضية، واخضعت جميع هذه العزلات للفحوصات الزرعية والمجهرية فضلا عن الفحوصات الكيموحيوية بغية تشخيصها حتى النوع واظهرت النتائج ان 73 عزلة منها تعود للنوع Lactobacillus plantarum ، منها 48 عزلة من الخضر المتخمرة و25 عزلة من العجائن الحامضية، وكانت هذه البكتريا سائدة في الخضر المتخمرة اذ بلغت نسبة عزلها 73.85% بينما بلغت نسبتها في العجائن الحامضية 47.17% . تم التحري عن قابلية عزلات بكترياLb.plantarum على انتاج البلانتريسين باستخدام 3 طرائق هي : الاشرطة المتقاطعة(flip - streak method) والتنقيط (spot on the lawn method) والانتشار بالحفر(well diffusion method) ضد 12 نوعا من البكتريا الموجبة والسالبة لصبغة غرام والمتضمنة : Staphylococcus aureus وStaphylococcus epidermidis وListeria monocytogenes وEnterococcus feacalis وLactobacillus acidophilusو Bacillus spp. وPseudomonas aeruginosa وPseudomonas fluorescens وSerratia marcescens وSalmonella typhi و. Klebsiella sppو Escherichia coli. واظهرت النتائج ان 8 عزلات كانت منتجة للبلانتريسين بطريقة flip - streak و7 عزلات كانت منتجة له بطريقة spot on the lawn بينما استطاعت 12 عزلة من انتاجه بطريقة الانتشار بالحفر،مما يدل على ان انتاج البلانتريسين في الاوساط السائلة كان افضل من انتاجه في الاوساط الصلبة،وعدت طريقة الانتشار بالحفر هي الافضل في التحري عن انتاج البلانتريسين. اظهرت البلانتريسينات المنتجة من عزلات Lb.plantarum فعالية عالية ضد P. aeruginosa عندما ابدت 83.3% من هذه العزلات فعاليتها التثبيطية ضد هذه البكتريا بينما اظهرت 16.7% فقط من هذه العزلات تاثيرها التثبيطي ضد بكتريا Lb. acidophilus ولم تبد اية عزلة من عزلات Lb.plantarum اية فعالية تثبيطية ضد بكتريا Bacillus spp. ، هذا وكانت العزلة Lb.plantarumVGW8 هي الافضل في انتاج البلانتريسين اذ تمكنت من انتاجه في الاوساط الصلبة والسائلة بالطرائق الثلاثة اعلاه، فضلا عن فعاليتها التثبيطية العالية تجاه 10 انواع من البكتريا الموجبة والسالبة لصبغة غرام. هذا وقد حددت الظروف المثلى لانتاج البلانتريسين من العزلة VGW8 Lb.plantarum واظهرت النتائج ان الوسط الامثل للانتاج كان الوسط المحضر مختبريا في هذه الدراسة والذي اطلق عليه وسط الانتاج السائل ورمز له (PLM) المتكون من 2% كلوكوز و2% ببتون و1.5% مستخلص الخميرة و1.5% مستخلص اللحم و0.25% من ملح K2HPO4 و0.5% من مادة tween 80 ،برقم هيدروجيني(pH) 5 وبدرجة حرارة30 م وبحجم لقاح 2% من المزروع البكتيري الذي يحتوي على 1×109 خلية /مل ولمدة حضانة 12 ساعة في ظروف لاهوائية. تمت في هذه الدراسة ايضا تنقية البلانتريسين اذ سخن المستخلص الخام للبلانتريسين بدرجة 80 م لمدة 10 دقائق قبل البدء بالتنقية والتي تضمنت خطوتين الاولى هي الاستخلاص بالمذيب العضوي (البيوتانول) والثانية الفصل بطريقة كروماتوغرافيا الترشيح الهلامي باستخدام عمود (Sepharose 6B). وقد اظهرت النتائج الحصول على البلانتريسين بفعالية نوعية 10666.67 وحدة/ملغم بروتين وبعدد مرات تنقية بلغ 13.067 وبحصيلة نهائية 12%.اطلق على البلانتريسين النقي اسم بلانتريسين VGW8 نسبة الى العزلة المنتجة Lb.plantarumVGW8 .كذلك فقد تم توصيف البلانتريسين المنقى VGW8 واظهرت النتائج ان وزنه الجزيئي كان 14400 دالتون بطريقة الترحيل الكهربائي بوجود المادة الماسخةsodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS) . واظهرت فعالية البلانتريسين النقي ثباتية عالية في قيم من الرقم الهيدروجيني(pH) تراوحت ما بين 3 الى 9 ،اذ احتفظ بكامل فعاليته عند تلك القيم لكنه فقد نصف فعاليته في pH( 2 و10) وكامل فعاليته في pH القاعدي (11 و12).كما اظهرالبلانتريسين ثباتية عالية تجاه المعاملات الحرارية المختلفة (20 - 100) م لمدد زمنية مختلفة شملت (10 و30 و60) دقيقة ويلاحظ من النتائج انه في الوقت الذي تمكن فيه البلانتريسين من الاحتفاظ بكامل فعاليته عند المعاملات الحرارية المختلفة (20 - 80 ) م للمدد الزمنية اعلاه، لم يتمكن من استرداد سوى نصف الفعالية عند تعرضه لدرجة حرارة 100 م لمدة 60 دقيقة او عند تعرضه لدرجة حرارة المؤصدة (121 م) لمدة 15 دقيقة. كما بينت النتائج طبيعة البلانتريسين البروتينية عندما فقد كامل فعاليته بعد معاملته بالانزيمات الحالة للبروتين ( ببسين وتربسين وبابين) في حين لم تتاثر فعاليته عند معاملته بالانزيمات (لايبيز والفا - اميليز ولايسوزايم).كذلك فقد اظهر البلانتريسين ثباتية عالية بعد معاملته بالمذيبات العضوية(كلوروفورم واسيتونايترل وداياثيل ايثر وايثانول وميثانول وايزوبروبانول وتولوين واثيل اسيتيت)، والمنظفات (توين80 وتوين20 وترايتون اكس100و EDTA ويورياو SDS) ، وبعض الايونات الفلزية (الصوديوم والبوتاسيوم والكاليسيوم والباريوم والزنك والحديد) حيث استعاد كامل فعاليته بعد معاملته بها لكن فعاليته انخفضت الى النصف بوجود ايوني المغنيسيوم والمنغنيز.تمت ايضا دراسة فعالية البلانتريسين VGW8 ضد P.aeruginosa وS.aureus واظهرت النتائج ان البلانتريسين يمتلك الفعالية القاتلة للبكتريا عندما انخفضت اعداد البكتريا مع زيادة تركيز البلانتريسين الى 320 وحدة /مل، فقد اظهرت النتائج ان هذا التركيز كان كافيا لقتل بكتريا P.aeruginosa بعد ساعتين من التعرض للبلانتريسين ولقتل بكتريا S.aureus بعد اربع ساعات من التعرض له. ايضا فقد تمت دراسة الفعالية التحللية للبلانتريسين VGW8 واوضحت النتائج انه يمتلك الفعالية الحالة للغشاء الخلوي عندما انخفضت الامتصاصية الضوئية عند الطول الموجي 600 نانوميترمن 0.59 الى 0.17 لبكتريا P.aeruginosa بعد ساعتين فقط من التعرض للبلانتريسين وبتركيز 320 وحدة/مل ، ومن 0.51 الى 0.20 لبكتريا S.aureus بعد 4 ساعات من التعرض للبلانتريسين وبالتركيز نفسه(320 وحدة/مل).وتمت ايضا دراسة تاثير البلانتريسين VGW8 على نفاذية الخلية وبينت النتائج ان الامتصاصية الضوئية عند الطول الموجي 260 نانوميتر قد سجلت زيادة من 0.5213 الى 2.9112 لبكتريا P.aeruginosa ومن0.4614 الى 2.6405 لبكتريا S.aureusدليلا على خروج الحامض النووي (DNA) من الخلايا نتيجة لتحللها.يتضح من هذه النتائج ان هدف البلانتريسين VGW8 هو الغشاء الخلوي. | A total of 118 isolates of Lactobacillus were obtained from fermented vegetables and sourdoughs. All the isolates were subjected to the cultural, microscopical and biochemical examinations for the identification of species. The results showed that 73 isolates belongs to Lactobacillus plantarum, 48 isolates from fermented vegetables and 25 isolates from sourdoughs. Lb. plantarum was dominate in fermented vegetables with 73.85% percentage of isolation while in sourdoughs the percentage of isolation was 47.17%.Three methods (flip - streak, spot on the lawn and agar well diffusion methods) were used to detect of plantaricin production by Lb. plantarum isolates against 12 species of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria which included, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus feacalis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bacillus spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Serratia marcescens and Klebsiella spp. The results showed that 8 isolates produced plantaricin by flip - streak method, 7 isolates produced it by spot on the lawn method, while by the agar well diffusion method ,12 isolates were able to produce plantaricin, suggesting that the production of plantaricin was best in the broth medium than in the solid medium. The agar well diffusion method was considered the best one for detection of plantaricin production. Plantaricins of Lb. plantarum isolates exhibited high activity against P. aeruginosa when 83.3% of Lb. plantarum isolates showed antibacterial activity against this bacterium, whereas the lowest activity was against Lb. acidophilus when 16.7% of Lb. plantarum isolates showed antibacterial activity against it. No activity against Bacillus spp. was observed.Lb. plantarum VGW8, was the best isolate for plantaricin production. It produced it in both broth and solid media by all detection methods used in this study, this plantaricin exhibited a broad spectrum of activity against 10 species of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The optimum conditions for plantaricin production by Lb. plantarum VGW8 were determined and the results showed that the best production medium was production liquid medium (PLM) that prepared in this study, it composed of 2% glucose, 2% peptone, 1.5% yeast extract, 1.5% beef extract, 0.25% K2HPO4 and 0.5% tween 80,with pH 5, temperature 30°C for 12 hours under anaerobic conditions and inoculum size of 2% of cells number 1×109cell/ml.Purification of plantaricinVGW8 was made by heating crude plantaricin at 80ºC/10min and then purified by two steps method including extraction with n - butanol followed by gel filtration chromatography on Sepharose 6B column, the results showed that the specific activity was 10666.67AU/mg protein with 13.067purification folds and 12% recovery yield. The purified plantaricin was called plantaricin VGW8 according to the producer isolate Lb. plantarum VGW8.Physical characteristics were also studied and the results showed that the molecular weight of plantaricin VGW8 was 14400 Dalton by sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS - PAGE). Plantaricin VGW8 activity was stable at pH values (3 - 9) but 50% of its activity was lost at (2 and 10) pH values, and whole activity was lost at extreme alkali pH values(11 and 12).Also, plantaricin VGW8 showed high thermostability at different temperatures (20 - 100)°C for (10,30 and 60)min, it remained active after being treated with (20 - 80)°C for the periods above, but it retained only 50% of its activity after treatment at 100°C for one hour and autoclaving treatment (121°C/ 15 min).The results showed that the activity of plantaricin VGW8 disappeared when it treated with proteolytic enzymes (pepsin, trypsin and papain), whereas it retained whole activity when treated with lipase, lysozyme and α - amylase, indicating pure proteinaceous nature of purified plantaricin.As well as, treatment of plantaricin VGW8 with organic solvents (chloroform, acetonitrile, diethyl ether, ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, toluene and ethyl acetate), surfactants (tween 80, tween 20, triton X - 100, SDS, EDTA and urea) and the metal ions : Na, K, Ca, Ba, Zn and Fe, showed no effect of these treatments on the activity of plantaricin VGW8.While treatment with Mn and Mg reduced its activity to the half.The antibacterial activity of plantaricin VGW8 was studied against P. aeruginosa and S.aureus. It was observed that plantaricin VGW8 has bactericidal effect when the numbers of cells were decreased with increasing of plantaricin VGW8 concentration to 320 AU/ml. The results showed that the complete killing of P. aeruginosa was observed after 2 hours of incubation with 320 AU/ml of plantaricin VGW8, while the same effect was observed after 4 hours on S.aureus. Also, the lytic activity of plantaricin VGW8 was studied, and the results showed that exposure P. aeruginosa and S.aureus to 320 AU/ml of plantaricin VGW8 led to decrease absorbance at 600nm from 0.59 to 0.17 for P. aeruginosa within 2 hours and from 0.51 to 0.20 for S.aureus within 4 hours. Moreover, the effect of plantaricin VGW8 on the cell permeability was studied and the results showed that absorbance at 260nm increased from 0.5213 to 2.9112 for P. aeruginosa and from 0.4614 to 2.6405 for S.aureus, indicating that DNA leaked from cells due to the cell lysis. This means that the cell membrane is the target of plantaricin VGW8.
الصفحات الاولى:

قوى التغيير العالمية واثرها في ضبط الانتشار النووي التغير في الهيكلية الدولية انموذجا The Change Drivers And Its Impact In Control Of The Nuclear Proliferation - The Sample Of Changeability In International Paramedical -

اسم المؤلف: منعم خميس مخلف الهيتاوي
اسم المشرف: منعم صاحي حسين العمار
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
الموضوع الدقيق: الدراسات الاستراتيجية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
السنة: 2010
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
المستخلص: The change regards basic character of age or our life, the changeability has been happened as a result of interaction of many drivers, the response was differs to this change from state to anther.The important of nuclear proliferation issue had been raised, especially in the world after the cold war era.The research in history of the development of nuclear proliferation issue. So important, to know what its development? And what's reach of it ?.And also we must to study the international system, international structure and the pattern of power distribution and as a result that phenomenon (nuclear proliferation )regards from most complex of international strategic and politic. In the other hand the important of study rise in present an image to world changing and discover the connection between the nuclear proliferation control and the pattern of power distribution in one hand, and with the international system ,the international structure.The study aimed to achieve many purpose such as : 1 - Try to give an image a bout the global change.2 - Try to know ,what the density of nuclear weapons.3 - What the nuclear proliferation control means ?what its machineries ? and its approach? .4 - What the international system ,the international structure mean? and what's machineries of the changing of it?.5 - How was the international relations in the cold war era ? and how effect by the nuclear proliferation control?.6 - How was the international relations after the cold war era ? and how effect by the nuclear proliferation control?. how the unipolar system effected by the machineries which using to control of the phenomenon ?. 7 - What is the future of the phenomenon?.To achieve these purpose the study depend on many approaches, historical, systematic, analytic, descriptive and futurism approaches. The study distributed on introduction, four sections and abstract. The first section deal with the theoretical and conceptual. While the second section deal with study of the nuclear proliferation and international powers relations in the cold war era. The third section concert by the nuclear proliferation and international powers relations after the cold war era.The fourth section study the scenario of the future of the international structure and the nuclear proliferation control. The thesis had been reached many conclusion we can summarized in the following : 1 - The change is a comprehensive operation on systems function and social relations, and its multilevel and multidimensional. The changeability as outcome don’t happened in the system forma alone but also in functions which system perform it. . 2 - The political changeability describe as general, permanent ,comprehensive ,complex ,infinity and time phenomenon (depend on time as mainly factor in changeability.3 - There are many theories had been explained the change operation, according to that the researchers looked to this operation as circler or linear development.4 - The international system had been passed in physical changes . 5 - The international system will not stable in one forma ,but will take many forms according to objective and selfish of the system ,its development and at systems structure according to structural theory.6 - There are many changes drivers ,the changeability of the international structure, and regard as a outcome of the change drivers push towards acting certain forma for concerning phenomenon. 7 - The changeability in international structure and its form will effect in all aspect of the nuclear proliferation operation, because the strategic and tactics which followed by the active powers in international system will changing according to its position in international structure or international system.8 - The nuclear proliferation basically will take two forms ,horizontal and vertical ,the international law and international agreement prevent the horizontal and regardless about the vertical .9 - There are many approaches to the nuclear proliferation, but the basic types are global and regional approaches ,and there are integrated relation between them.10 - The nuclear proliferation control concept differs from disarmament concept but that will not prevent studying the first concept as a part of the second.11 - There are strong relation between the nuclear abilities and nuclear weapons , but not necessity every state have nuclear abilities will industry and have nuclear weapons .12 - The international system regarded on of the most unstable type among anther of the political systems.13 - In spite of the state stay the main actor in international relations but it not unique actor, many actors become play important role by the nature of international political system.14 - The international political system depend on the interaction relation, any behavior of any actor will effect by the others, so that we will must to study these groups especially the radical groups which have political purpose.15 - There are may form take it by the international premedical such as unipolar, bipolar and multipolar .16 - The distribution of international nuclear power there are declared nuclear powers according to NPT, nuclear state by de facto,and the threshold state.17 - The nuclear proliferation in the cold war era according to international power relation, the ideological conflict and the distribution of power, the military forces played political objective more than military. 18 - The nuclear proliferation machineries passed in many stages , in some time two - party agreement or multiparty agreement 19 - The détente between the US and soviet union push the nuclear nonproliferation before the end of the cold war.20 - After the end of the cold war , the US dominated on the world, theories and vision explain the capitalism victory it began to reread the history to make a new history ,the neorelastic,the end of history and the clash of civilizations, the last warning from the American over - confidence, and to ready to the future.21 - The machineries of the nuclear proliferation control after the cold war according to American domination by the American system such as missile shield project, extend the NPT, and motivation and sanctions system.22 - In spite of the regional approach was not prefer by the USA, it plays important role in American nuclear policy, the connection so closed between the international and regional approaches.23 - After the events of 11 - september 2001 escalate which international terrorism phenomenon which had been changed the world vision to nuclear issue also the concept of the war changed, the preemptive war have been followed.24 - The double standers policy had been followed by USA with its treatment with the nuclear programs.25 - The international satisfaction was born by necessity of the change to control to the spread of nuclear weapons.26 - The international structure may be witness an significant changing, the type of the multi appear, the partnership type it must with American leadership, which reflects to the future of nuclear proliferation phenomenon may take two types : a - The nuclear proliferation out of the control.b - The nuclear proliferation under of the control.27 - We must to ensure the next danger to the humanities life is not in the nuclear proliferation, but in the international, regional nuclear technology, may using in changing world. And local conflict and its developing especially if based on it.
الصفحات الاولى:

الاصلاحات الدستورية في الدول العربية (1991 - 2007) CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMATIONS IN ARAB STATES (1991 - 2007)

اسم المؤلف: حازم صباح احميد
اسم المشرف: مها عبد اللطيف حسن الحديثي
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
السنة: 2010
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
المستخلص: بدات الدعوة الى الاصلاحات الدستورية في الدول العربية منذ التغييرات الكبرى التي حدثت في العالم، خاصة في العقد الاخير من القرن العشرين بعد تفكك الاتحاد السوفيتي والكتلة الاشتراكية، وانهيار نظام القطبية الثنائية بانفراد الولايات المتحدة الامريكية في الساحة الدولية وطرح ما يسمى بالنظام الدولي الجديد، هذه الهيمنة السياسية والاقتصادية دفعت الى تصاعد الدعوات الى الاصلاح الدستوري ضمن اطار شعارات الديمقراطية وحقوق الانسان، وبناء مؤسسات المجتمع المدني وازدادت هذه الدعوات بشكل كبير بعد احداث 11 ايلول 2001 . وفي هذا السياق فقد مثل الاصلاح الدستوري في الدول العربية نوع من الاشكالية من خلال التناقض بين ما هو وطني وما هو عالمي، اذ ان الترابط ما بين مطلب الاصلاح وبين مطلب وضع الدستور وتعديله، هو ترابط تاريخي له ضرورات واقعية، فمن ناحية لا يمكن ضمان واستمرار واستقرار عملية الاصلاح بغير دستور يحميها، ولكن ليس الدستور فقط هو الضامن لعملية الاصلاح، اذ ان الدستور مهما كان صريحا واضحا، الا انه لا يمكن ان يضمن عملية الاصلاح الا اذا توافرت الارادة السياسية للنظام السياسي على البدء فيه او الاستمرار في دعمه وتطويره، فالاصلاح الدستوري هدفه احداث تغييرات ملموسة في بعض او جميع نصوص الدستور تقود في النهاية الى الاصلاح الشامل، اذ لا يمكن ان يتحقق اي اصلاح بدون اصلاح للدستور، ويتم ذلك من خلال وجود دستور يحدد العلاقة بين الحاكم والمحكوم وكيفية تشكيل السلطات العامة، وما مدى صلاحية هذه السلطات وما هي العلاقة بين كل سلطة واخرى، وان يكون هناك نص واضح يبين الحقوق والحريات العامة للمواطنين، واذا كان هناك دستور تجاوزه الواقع، فلا بد ان يتم اصلاح ذلك الدستور لينسجم مع الواقع القائم. وهنا يطرح الاصلاح الدستوري بهدف اصلاح القواعد الدستورية التي تشير عن سيطرة سلطة ما على بقية السلطات، او انتهاك حقوق المواطنين وحرياتهم، او تكريس نظام حكم معين. اما الاليات العملية لاصلاح الدستور فتنص عليها قواعد الدستور، وهي تختلف صعوبة او سهولة بحسب مرونة الدستور او جموده. كذلك فان الدستور هو انعكاس للظروف التي تعيشها الدولة، وعليه فلابد من تعديل نصوصه بما يتماشى مع تلك الظروف، والا حدث انفصام بين النص والواقع. اذ ان كثيرا من الدول العربية تخشى من اثارة فكرة اصلاح الدساتير رغبة في تحقيق وحماية الاستقرار، كما لو كان الاصلاح مهددا او معرقلا للاستقرار، وكيف ان الاصلاح قد يكون مطلوبا من اجل الاستقرار، وان عدم القيام بالاصلاحات الدستورية، او مقاومة متطلبات الاصلاح كثيرا ما كان من اسباب تهديد الاستقرار، وبذلك فقد اصبح الاصلاح الدستوري في الدول العربية هدفا ضاغطا وتحول شيئا فشيئا مع انكشاف ضعف الانظمة الحاكمة في الدول العربية وعجزها عن موازنة الضغوط الخارجية والداخلية، من خلال طرح اشكالية جديدة تتعلق بالعلاقة بين دور الداخل ودور الخارج في تحقيق الاصلاح الدستوري وضمان تقدمه ونجاحه.اهمية الدراسة : يعد الدستور اعلى مؤسسة قانونية في المجتمع، حيث يتضمن قواعد العمل السياسي المشترك ما بين كل قوى المجتمع للانطلاق منها وعبرها الى البرامج المختلفة لتلك القوى في داخل المجتمع عند الوصول الى السلطة، لذلك جاءت اهمية الدستور السياسة في الزام والتزام من في السلطة بتلك القواعد عند الممارسة السياسية. ان اجراء الاصلاحات الدستورية يقود الى ضرورة قبول كل قوى المجتمع بها، والزام الحكام بتطبيقها من خلال اولا الاتفاق على تحديد مجالاتها وثانيا السعي الى تطبيقها لمواكبة التحولات على الصعيدين الداخلي والخارجي.هدف الدراسة : تهدف الدراسة الى تتبع عملية الاصلاح الدستوري في الدول العربية منذ عام1991 - 2007، والمجالات الاكثر حضورا في تلك العملية. اضافة للبحث في مشاريع الاصلاح غير المنجزة ومجالاتها، ومعرفة التاثير السياسي والاقتصادي والاجتماعي لتلك الاصلاحات ومعرفة دوافعها الداخلية ومحدداتها الخارجية.فرضية الدراسة : تقوم الدراسة من اجل بلوغ اهدافها على فرضية اساسية مفادها : ان الاصلاحات الدستورية هي حاجة ملحة لمواكبة التحولات الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والسياسية في اي دولة، وقد تبنت الدول العربية مجموعة اصلاحات دستورية منذ عام1991 الى عام2007، الا ان هذه الاصلاحات ركزت بالدرجة الاولى على متطلبات المجتمع الدولي من جهة ومنح الحكام صلاحيات اوسع من اجل ضمان البقاء في السلطة اطول فترة ممكنة. ومن اجل اثبات ما جاءت به الفرضية، كان لابد من الاجابة عن التساؤلات التالية : 1 - ما هي خصائص الدساتير التي يمكن اجراء الاصلاح عليها؟2 - ما هي التحولات الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والسياسية التي تفرض عملية الاصلاح؟3 - هل للعوامل الخارجية اثر في توجهات الاصلاح الدستوري في الدول العربية؟4 - ما هو دور السلطات الحاكمة في تحديد مجالات الاصلاح الدستوري سواء على الصعيد الاجتماعي - الاقتصادي - السياسي؟5 - هل كان لمطالب المعارضة السياسية دور فاعل في عملية الاصلاح ومجالاته؟6 - هل افرزت هذه الاصلاحات عن نتائج ايجابية، ام بقيت غير مفعلة مبتعدة عن الواقع الاجتماعي - الاقتصادي - السياسي؟ منهجية الدراسة : ان المنهج هو الطريق الذي يودي الى الكشف عن حقيقة معينة، ويكون ذلك عن طريق مجموعة من القواعد والوسائل التي يتبعها الباحث للوصول الى هذه الحقيقة، ولذلك اعتمدت الدراسة من اجل التحقق من صحة الفرضية التي تقوم على منهجين هما : منهج التحليل النظمي الذي يقوم على جمع المعلومات واعتماد المنهج المقارن.اشكالية الدراسة : تبعا لما تقدم ذكره فقد باتت اشكالية الدراسة واقعا عمليا بين السبب وتفاصيله من ناحية الاصول والصياغة اذ تتجسد في تساؤلات عدة تضمنت : - ما هي الفائدة التي عادت على الدول العربية مما يطلق عليه بالاصلاح الدستوري؟ - وهل ما تم من تغيير او تعديل على نصوص الدستور يعد اصلاحا دستوريا حقيقيا؟ - وما هي القوى السياسية التي دفعت باتجاه القيام بتلك الاصلاحات الدستورية؟هيكلية الدراسة : تقوم الدراسة على هيكلية تتكون من مقدمة واربعة فصول وخاتمة وهي كالاتي : - الفصل الاول خصص للاطار النظري والمفاهيمي اذ سيتناول الاصلاح ومجالاته، من خلال ثلاثة مباحث. - الفصل الثاني فقد خصص للبحث في نشات وخصائص الدساتير في الدول العربية، من خلال ثلاثة مباحث . - الفصل الثالث فقد تناول دوافع الاصلاح الدستوري في الدول العربية من خلال مبحثين. - الفصل الرابع تناول الاصلاحات الدستورية ومشاريعها المستقبلية، من خلال مبحثين . | The interest of this study stand on the main changes that happened in the world, exclusively after the soviet union decline and socialist block, and the USA as a unipolar international system. The new world order pushed the states to take the constitutional reformation as one of the main issues, this issue developed after the 11 Sep. events and what were Arab States accused for it. The Constitutional reformation in Arab states occur between what's was democracy and what was nationally. And there was relationship between any reformation and the political will. Many of Arab states afraid to provoke the idea of constitution reformation in order to achieve and protect their stable. Because the Arab political regime saw that any constitutional reformation may threat their presence. Moreover the reformations goals in these states discovered it's weakened. Here, set some questions are : - What are the benefits that belong to Arab states from the constitutional reformation? - is what change to constitution considered as a really constitutional reformation? Study structure includes four units abstract and conclusion as below : - Unit one : aspects and theoretical frame in three chapters, the first : the aspects of reformation, second : reformation sides and its similarity aspects, third chapter : the constitutional reformation and its similarity aspects. - Unit two : the born and characterize of conditions in three chapters, first chapter : the beginning of constitutions born, second : the method of Arab constitutions, third chapter : the Arab states constitutions characteristics. - Unit three : the constitutional reformation in Arab states into two chapters, the first chapter : the legal, political, social and economic internal motivation, The second : political and economic external motivation of constitutional reformation. - Unit four : the constitutional reformation and its future protect into four chapter, first chapter : the political side, the second chapter : the social sides, human rights and public liberty, third chapter : economic sides and the last chapter : the main conditional reformation projects. Ended with abstract, conclusion and recommendations.Study conclusion : 1 - The Arab political regime has not the devise and will enough to act the constitutional reformations because they thought that and reformations threat their presence.2 - The importance of the Arab states constitutional reformation is very necessary because of threats and challenges that occur around them.3 - The constitutional reformations in many Arab states come from the political leadership alone and represented the decision maker vision in every change, after and remove constitutional provisions.4 - Major of constitutional reformation in Arab states occurs with isolation to their people and it seeks to control the power in one side without any participation in their life.5 - It's needed judicial and legislature reformations without any political obstacles that stop it like curfew.
الصفحات الاولى:

التطور التكنولوجي والحرب Technological Development and War

اسم المؤلف: براء عبد القادر وحيد محمود
اسم المشرف: لبنان هاتف الشامي
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
السنة: 2010
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
المستخلص: There is no doubt that the study of one of the future phenomenon , is a process of scientific research , starting from the past of the phenomenon , passing by it's present to look for it's future prospect and factor of change in it . The national security adviser to president (Carter) (Zbigniew Brzezinski) mentioned that (Future can and must be planned , without careful choice , change may cause anarchy) . In reference to the need to predict the future and a willingness to deal with it's variables .War , is one of the phenomena that accompanied time in all it's different dimensions , past and present and future . It is very old because it emerged with the emergence of human societies since the dawn of human civilization , and continues to the present day , and will remain to along time , as far as those communities remain . It is part of human nature which can not be changed , and the highest forms of conflict to resolve the contradictions . Reality proved the incorrectness of that point of view which has been spread after the end of the cold war in (1991) and resulted in apoint of view which stated that the phenomenon of the international conflict in general , including the phenomenon of war , will become a phenomenon of the past , or that the future wars will be conventional wars , the human is still in their planetary - level enough to destroy their planet hundreds of times , but that the land no longer satisfy their appetite and military instincts for destruction , and instead it is transmitted to space and stars war .In a world where technological development has become the key to progress , and competition intensified through technology , and which influence will be extended to the political , strategic and economic aspects , and working towards making technology a controlling factor which qualifyes it's adapter to have the control in any other field , the persistence of the war phenomenon makes it's study and understanding , as asperate which has it's rules and laws and governed by it's specific circumstances , and as a field generated and influenced by various political , economical and social fields , a vital issue , not only to the specialists , since that the management of the war and the development of strategies , is no longer the prerogative of the generals , but these strategies draw on the table of tables , rallied around the leaders , generals , technicians , scientists and the educated , even in the most developed countries . we do not mean that the study of war is a study of battles and military campaigns or to identify the types of weapons and others , but also be studied at a higher level which the level of strategy , operations and tactic .From here stems the problem of the study , that the future wars will view dramatic developments turnes concepts and standards known to the military affairs on it's head , as a result of the accumulation of the impact of the diversity and the evolution of multi - output revolutions , like technology , information , media and economy revolution , and other revolutions that have passed automatically to the military arenas . The contribution of the expert systems and equipments of artificial intelligence and neural networks and X - ray laser , as well as the robot and super computer in defining the target and turning it in moments , in addition to the contribution of algorithm schemes and communication equipment , as well as the development of theoretical and applied science in facilitating the full implementation of war training ahead of time , in a way that enhance success factors and causes of failure . Those contributions are important which lead us study this subject through raising main question : - How future wars will be with the development of military technology , and its recruitment in the means and tools of war ?To answer these questions , the study started from a hypothesis referring to that the recruitment of the technological development for military fields with armed forces , will alter the nature of future war , so that they accommodate with the challenges posed by the third wave at the military level . In the context of answering the question mentioned above, more than one method have been adopted , according to the requirements of the study , for example , including a historical approach in the study of campaigns and battles which have had a significant impact in the development of means and tools of war , and the diversity of strategies and tactics . and also a functional approach to search in the functions and contributions of the new fields of technological development . and also the future approach to predict some elements of future wars , with the benefit from the expertise of modern wars in the last decade of the 20th century , and the first decade of the 21 century . In the light of the hypothesis which has been put forward, and in order to demonstrate it , this thesis will be structured into four chapters provided to answer the question raised , in addition to a conclusion . In chapter one , I have had to study the technology and the war as a conceptual framework , the first section dealt with the concept of appealing against the terms of concepts and approach , while the second section dealt with the dialectic relationship between the two terms , and their effect on policy .Chapter two studied technological development and war in the 20th century in two sections . It tackled the development and war until the second world war in the first section . and during the cold war in the second.Chapter three focused on the development of technology and war after the Cold war and it's impact on military affairs , to deal in it's first section the new fields of technological development . In it's second section , it dealt with revolution in military affairs .Finally , the fourth chapter studied the technological development and the wars of the first decade of the 21 century , to deal in its first section the war waged on Iraq on 2003 as a case study . and the future of technological development and war , in its second section . In addition to the conclusion , summarizing the content of the thesis , and it's deductive and recommendations.It should be noted , that the study of the technological revolution and future wars , is not without a number of difficulties , such as : - The confidentiality of information relating to military affairs , in general , and the war strategies and management , specially . - Limitations and the obsolescence of the available information on the subject of study , particularly with regard to the phenomenon of war . the scarcity of information available in the base , and the descriptive nature of the شwars in the depths of history , each with their own conditions , and are leaving room for doubt one of the difficulties in the future research of this phenomenon .In the end , I ask God Almighty to make the pragmatic scientific work that involves service to the nation , the paper finds it's place in our Arabic library .
الصفحات الاولى:

تحضير البوليمر الموصل بولي (ارثوا - تولدين) ودراسة الخصائص البصرية والكهربائية له واستخدامه في تصنيع الخلايا الشمسية PREPARATION OF CONDUCTING POLY (O - TOLUIDINE) AND STUDY OF ITS ELECTRICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES FOR APPLICATION AS A SOLAR CELLS

اسم المؤلف: حسين فالح حسين اللعيبي
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
السنة: 2010
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
المستخلص: The present study include the preparation of poly (O - Toluidine), by the chemical polymerization, then doped with HCl, and P - toluene sulphonic acid.The polymer solution deposited on glass, interdigitated finger electrode, and silicon wafer by the use of spin coating technique, in order to study electrical and optical properties as well as electronic applications in the fabrication of solar cells. The prepared samples were treated thermally before the measurement took place. Addition, a study was made of the effect of dyes on solar cells, (RhB, Flu, CuPc, and PbPc ) deposited on poly(O - Toluidine) and doped by p - toluene sulphonic acid (POT - PTSA). The thickness of the samples is measured by the use of Ellipsometry spectroscopy. The polymer thin films prepared were analysized by the use of (FT - IR) and Raman spectroscopes to determine the functional groups of the chemical bonds. To identify the nature, the structure of the surfaces of the prepared samples and to measured the partial size of the grain Atomic force Microscopy AFM insistent were used. The optical properties of the thin films prepared were studied including recording the absorption spectroscopy for wavelengths of (300 - 900 nm). The absorption coefficient and the forbidden energy gap to transmission directly were measured as well as the refraction index (n), extinction coefficient (k), dielectric constant ε, as well as, the optical constant represented by single oscillator energy (Eo), dispersion energy (Ed), moment of dielectric constant (M - 1, M - 1 3), non linear optical susceptibility (χ3) were determined.The electric conductivity was studied and it was found that the thin films correlate with the ohmic behaviour at the measured volts range (1 - 100V) for the polymers (POT, POT - HCl, POT - PTSA, and POMA). The effect of the temperature on the electric properties of these thin films is also studied. The study shows that the electric conductivity increases with the increase of temperature, where all the samples were found to show a negative thermal coefficient of resistance which is a characteristics of semi - conductive material.The effect of doping with HCl and p - toluene solphonic acid on electric conductivity was studied and found to increase to (2.46x10 - 5 S.cm - 1) while the conductivity of the polymer doping with HCl increases to (7.59x10 - 6 S.cm - 1) compared to the pure polymer (1.49x10 - 7 S.cm - 1). This study shows that the activation energy in the pure polymer is (0.313eV) and decreases when the polymer was doped with PTSA, HCl to (0.211 eV) and (0.235 eV) respectively.For the electronic application of prepared polymers (POT, POT - HCl, POT - PTSA, and POMA) a solar cells were constricted by using n - type silicon wafers and different electrode from gold and aluminium. The optical properties of the solar cell under the effect of the light equivalent to that of the sun and which falls vertically on the sample were studied ; it is practically found that, the highest efficiency obtained is (2.55 %) for the polymer (POTPTSA). The effect of thickness on the solar cell efficiency is also studied where it is found that the highest efficiency is about (2.55%) at thickness (35 nm). The electric properties of the solar cell were studied at different intensity (10,25, 50, 100) mW/cm2 and the efficiency reaches its maximum (4.88) when the intensity of the incident light is equal to 10 mW/cm2. It is observed practically that the efficiency of all cells decreases when dyes are added to the polymer (POT - PTSA). The exposure of the solar cell of the polymer (POTPTSA) to normal weather conditions was tudied for more than two monthswhere it is observed that the cell efficiency falls from 2.55 to 1.18 after two weeks of exposure. Then it reached constant value of 0.88 for two months of time exposure
الصفحات الاولى:

بناء دوائر مشغل ليزر شبه الموصل المرئي لقياس المسافة Driver circuit construction using visible semiconductor laser for distance measurement

اسم المؤلف: محمد فرحان راهي الدريساوي
اسم المشرف: بان رشيد علي
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
السنة: 2010
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
المستخلص: In this research study and construction of electronic circuits the ability of the laser (laboratory) are mediated by the semiconductor laser in the visible spectral response of the photon detector. (0.35 - 1.35) μm and the estimated circuit composed of the following : A - The transmission unit. B - A unit of receipt. T - Service counter. W - Department of calibration of the counter. C - Department of Qallab the counter to generate the highfrequencies to calculate the time. H - and the cargo unit. G - Department of lasers operating space. D - The department of central processing. All of these services are designed and run program brokered Multisium 2007. And the distance measured this ability is mediated. (100m) and will be equipped with a battery system and reloading as well as the lowest sensitivity possible capacity for the reflected radiation (0.11×10 - 9W)
الصفحات الاولى:

تصحيح القشرة وبلوخ العكسي المحسوبة من نظريات قدرة الايقاف لبور وبيتا

اسم المؤلف: كريم سهيل نجم عبد الله
اسم المشرف: رياض خليل احمد العاني
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
السنة: 2010
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
المستخلص: تم في هذا لبحث وضع الافكار النظرية الاساسية لحساب تصحيح القشرة باستعمال الانموذج الكمي(Bethe,1930 ) والانموذج الكلاسيكي( Bohr,1913) باستعمال النظرية الحركية(K.T. )Kinetic theory، انموذج المتذبذب التوافقي (H.O.)Harmonic Oscillator ، انموذج الغاز الالكتروني الحر (F.E.G ) Free Electron Gas model، والمعالجة الكلاسيكية للتصادمات القريبة والبعيدة للبروتونات في الاهداف الصلبة(Al,C,Si ) مع تاثير التبادل. حيث لاحظنا ان تصحيح القشرة في نظرية بور اكبر من تصحيح القشرة في نظرية بيـتا. كذالك تم حساب تصحيح القشرة للاغلفة الثانوية وتصحيح القشرة الكلي للبروتونات في الاهداف الصلبة(Al,C,Si) مع تاثير التبادل. تم في هذا البحث اجراء دراسة نظرية لحساب عدد الايقاف في نظرية بيتا للبروتونات في الاهداف الصلبة ((Al,C,Si مع تاثير التبادل بواسطة النماذج الذرية الثلاث (K.T., H.O., F.E.G). ففي العمل الحالي قمنا باجراء دراسة نظرية حول حساب عدد الايقاف وتصحيح بلوخ العكسي باستعمال النظرية الثنائية(B.T) في السرع الواطئة للبروتونات في السليكون مع تاثير التبادل وذالك لان تصحيح بلوخ العكسي يعتبر من التصحيحات المهمة لما له من اهمية في عملية الانتقال السلس ما بين المناطق ذات السرع الواطئة ( المناطق الكلاسيكية) والمناطق ذات السرع العالية(المناطق الكمية ). تم كتابة البرنامج الرئيسي(K.ube) بلغة الفورتران(Fortran 90) الذي تضمن كل الحسابات التقريبية والمباشرة للمعلمات اعلاه.
الصفحات الاولى:

حلول التفرع ذات ثلاث انماط لبعض المعادلات التفاضلية غير الخطية من الرتبة الرابعة Three - Modes Bifurcation Solutions of Some Nonlinear Fourth Order Differential Equations

اسم المؤلف: احمد كاظم شنان الجابري
اسم المشرف: مظهر عبد الواحد عبد الحسين
الموضوع العام: علوم الرياضيات
الموضوع الدقيق: المعادلات التفاضلية
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
السنة: 2010
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
المستخلص: This thesis, is interested in the study of bifurcation solutions of some nonlinear fourth order differential equations by using the local method of Lyapunov - Schmidt. Two ways have been used in this study, the first is by using the general local method of Lyapunov - Schmidt and the second is by using the local method of Lyapunov - Schmidt in the variational case. In the first way we found bifurcation solutions of boundary value problem, It is showed that the bifurcation equation corresponding to the above boundary value problem is given by a nonlinear system of three equations. Also, we found the bifurcation diagram of the specifial problem. In the second we studied bifurcation solutions of boundary value of the equation, in the variational case, dxhe normal form of the key function corresponding to the functional, has been found. Also, we found a new geometrical description of Caustic with the bifurcation spreading of the critical points.
الصفحات الاولى:

تطبيق نظام النص المترابط لايات الاعجاز في القران الكريم The application of hypertext system on the inimitability verses in the holy Quran

اسم المؤلف: محمد عدنان شاكر الزبيدي
اسم المشرف: اوديت مارون بدران
الموضوع الدقيق: المعلومات
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
السنة: 2010
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
المستخلص: تهدف الدراسة الى تطبيق خاصية النص المترابط لايات الاعجاز في القران الكريم بغية تحديد العلاقة بين المكتشفات العلمية وورود اشاراتها او ذكرها في بعض من ايات القران الكريم فضلا عن ايجاد اوسع قاعدة من المعرفة في فهم النص القراني لاية الاعجاز من خلال العلاقات الرابطة بين اية الاعجاز ، والفهم اللغوي، والتفسير العلمي، ورؤى المفسرين ... وقد استعملت الدراسة عينة بحثية بلغت ( 77 ) بحثا في مجال الاعجاز جمعت من مصادر عدة ، جمعت التقليدية منها من المكتبات الاكاديمية والمكتبات العامة، ودور النشر، بينما الرقمية منها قد جمعت من مواقع الانترنت والاقراص الليزرية المتاحة في المكتبات ودور النشر ... وقد اعتمدت الدراسة في نهجها على منهجين الاول هو المنهج المسحي للابحاث العلمية المنجزة في مجال الاعجاز بينما الثاني هو المنهج التجريبي في تطبيق نظام النص المترابط لايات الاعجاز حيث اعتمدت الدراسة على احد البرامج المجانية والمتاحة على الانترنت لغرض تطبيق الدراسة... تناولت الدراسة في جانبها النظري مبحثين شمل الاول مفهوم النص المترابط واهمية تطبيقه في دراسات علوم القران اما المبحث الاخر فقد تناول مفهوم الاعجاز العلمي وتفسيره والعلاقة بينهما.. اما اجراءات الدراسة العملية في تحليل ومعالجة البيانات المدخلة في قاعدة البيانات فقد اتخذت اجراءات عدة كان من اهمها الاتي : (التحقق والتحقيق، التعديل، الاضافة ، الاختصار،الاستبعاد، الربط الموضوعي والدلالي، بيان وجه الاعجاز ، المجارات اللغوية والبلاغية للنص القراني ، واخيرا عرض قاعدة البيان على خبراء المتخصصين في مجال الفقه والتفسير ) .. وقد اتخذ الربط الشجري في البرنامج الذي اعتمدته الدراسة شكلا لارتباط العقد والتفرعات الجانبية والعلاقات الموضوعية لقاعدة البيانات كما والحقت بقاعدة البيانات ملفات فيدوية بما يتلاءم مع موضوع الارتباط اذ بلغ عدد الملفات الفيديوية (29) ملفا.. وقد خرجت الدراسة بعدد من الاستنتاجات اهمها : 1 - ان استخدام العلاقات الموضوعية مثل (البيان اللغوي، وفهم المفسرين، والنظرة العلمية، والبلاغة النحوية) في بناء الروابط لاية الاعجاز يؤدي الى فهم اوسع في التفسير ورؤى مزدوجة بين العلم والتفسير الماثور والبيان اللغوي.2 - ان قضية الاعجاز العلمي في عصرنا اخذت شهرة عظيمة ورواجا واسعا نظرا لما يتسم به العصر الحديث من تسارع في الاكتشافات العلمية والابتكارات المذهلة، وكذلك لوجود اشارات في القران الكريم دالة على تلك الاكتشافات ... 3 - بينت الدراسة ملاءمة الرؤية العلمية لبعض من بحوث الاعجاز في تفسير بعض الظواهر العلمية التي عجز السابقون في تفسيرها علميا .....( ونلتمس ذلك )عندما نجد ان العلماء قد بينوا الدليل القاطع والملموس في الاشارة العلمية التي تشير اليها الاية الكريمة .كما وابدت الدراسة بعضا من المقترحات كان منها : 1 - ان يراع المعنى الدلالي للنص القراني باستعراض النص المتشابه موضوعا في مجمل ايات القران الكريم كله ، اذ ان ايات الموضوع الواحد بعضها مكمل للبعض وموضح لها، فلابد من جمع جميع الايات الواردة في الموضوع المبحوث حتى يستطيع التوصل الى الحقيقة الثابتة.2 - ضرورة مقارنة اراء علماء اللغة المعاصرين مع اراء علماء المسلمين الاوائل في الاستناد الى دلالة السياق لتحديد المعنى، وفهم دلالات الالفاظ والتراكيب والنصوص، ليساعد ذلك في تحليل النصوص وتفسيرها. كما ويتوجب الانتباه الى ان هناك بعض المعاني للالفاظ ذكرها اصحاب المعاجم واستبعدت عن تفسير الاوائل بسبب عدم معرفتهم بالحقيقة العلمية للاية وقد استعان المفسرون اليوم بتلك المعاني لتفسير الظواهر العلمية للاية مما قد يحمل النص ما لا يحتمل. | Mohammed Adnan Shakir "The application of hypertext system on the inimitability verses in the holy Quran" Ph.D. Dissertation, Information and Library science Department , College of Art / Al - Mustansiriya University , Supervisor Professor Dr. Odette M. Badran . Baghdad, 2010.This study aims at applying the hypertext system on the miraculous versus in the holy Quran to limit the relationship between the scientific discovers and their references to some verses . also to find a wider knowledge base in understanding the miraculous verses though the related links between : the verses , the linguistic understanding , scientific explanations and the vision of the interpreters . 77 researches were collected from different traditional and electronic sources available in the college and public libraries and publishing houses . also , the sites on the internet were searched .A survey and experimental methods were applied . free accessible program on the internet was used to apply the hypertext system .The analysis steps of the data included the following : Verification , editing , modification , abbreviation , indicative and subjective linking , showing the miraculous aspect , linguistic and rhetorical metaphor . The data base was tested by experts in interpretation and jurisprudence . The tree model in the program shows the links and nodes and subject relationship in the data base . (29) video files were added to the data base . The most important results are : 1. using the subject relationship as linguistic interpretation , scientific phenomena , interpretations understanding , dramatic rhetoric in building the relationship between the miraculous verses become more understandable and the interpretation and mixed vision between the science and interpretation as well . 2. the scientific miraculous researches are becoming world wide famous because of many scientific discoveries which are referred to in the holy Quran .3. the study showed adequate scientific vision for some miraculous researches in interpretation of some scientific phenomena which previous scientists could not explain .Some of the suggestions are : 1. Take into account the semantic meaning of the Qur'anic text review this text and similar to the overall theme of the Holy Quran all, as the verses of the same subject, some complementary to some described it, it must collect all the verses contained in the subject under examination so that it can reach the hard truth.2. The need to compare the views of linguists with the views of contemporary scholars of the early Muslims to rely on significant context to determine the meaning, and understanding of the semantics and structures and texts, to help in the analysis and interpretation of texts. It also should be aware that there are some meanings of the terms mentioned Dictionaries owners and excluded from the interpretation of the top due to lack of knowledge of scientific truth of the verse was assisted by commentators on those meanings to explain the scientific phenomena of the verse, which may exhibit what the text is not likely.
الصفحات الاولى:

كتاب الخط لابن السراج

اسم المؤلف: خولة صالح حسين
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
الموضوع الدقيق: اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
السنة: 2010
مكان الجامعة: صلاح الدين
الصفحات الاولى:

تحضير مركبات جديدة مشتقة من N - امينو كوينولين - 2 - اون Synthesis of new compounds derived from N - amino Quinoline - 2 - one

اسم المؤلف: مهدي فرحان راضي
اسم المشرف: رضا ابراهيم حسين البياتي
الموضوع العام: علوم الكيمياء
الموضوع الدقيق: الكيمياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
السنة: 2010
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
المستخلص: تعد مشتقات ( كوينولين - 2 - اون ) من المشتقات المهمة من الناحية البايولوجية والصناعية لذلك تم التوسع في الدراسات التخليقية لمشتقاتها فقد تضمن هذا البحث تحضير اثنان واربعين مركبا جديدا , تحتوي على حلقات غير متجانسة بطرائق متعددة كما موضح في المخططات ( 4,3,2,1) وقد تمت دراستها وتشخيصها بوساطة طيف الاشعة تحت الحمراء ( FT - IR ) وطيف الاشعة فوق البنفسجية ( UV ) وطيف الرنين النووي المغناطيسي ( 1H - NMR 13C - NMR ) وتحديد الخواص الفيزيائية مثل درجة الانصهار واللون . ويمكن اجمال ماجاء في البحث : 1 - تحضير المركب الاساس ( N - امينو كوينولين - 2 - اون )( M1 ) او ( N - امينو - 6 - نايترو كوينولين - 2 - اون )( M3 ) عن طريق تفاعل الكومارين او 6 - نايترو كومارين مع الهيدرازين المائي باستخدام الايثانول كمذيب . 2 - تحضير عشرة مشتقات جديدة من قواعد شيف ( M13 - M4 ) من خلال مفاعلة المركب الاساس ( M1 ) مع الالديهايدات والكيتونات الاروماتية المختلفة . 3 - تحضير ستة مشتقات جديدة من الايمايدات ( M19 - M14 ) عن طريق تفاعل المركب الاساس ( M1 ) او ( M3 ) مع الانهيدريدات المختلفة من دون مذيب . 4 - تحضير بعض مشتقات اليوريا ( M25 - M20 ) عن طريق تفاعل المركب الاساس ( M1 ) او ( M3 ) مع مركبات الايزوسيانات المختلفة . 5 - تحضير مشتقات الفورماميد ( M27 , M26 ) عن طريق تفاعل المركب الاساس ( M1 ) او ( M3 ) مع حامض الفورميك . 6 - تحضير مشتقات جديدة تحتوي على حلقات غير متجانسة ( M34 - M28 ) عن طريق تفاعل المادة الاساس ( M1 ) مع مركبات الثايول . 7 - تحضير المشتق ( M35 ) عن طريق تفاعل المادة الاساس ( M1 ) مع ثنائي اثيل مالونات . 8 - تحضير مشتقات التترازين ( M37 , M36 ) عن طريق تفاعل المركب الاساس ( M1 ) مع الثايوسيمي كاربازايد او مع ثنائي كبريتيد الكاربون والهيدرازين بوجود هيدروكسيد البوتاسيوم . 9 - تحضير المشتق ( M38 ) عن طريق تفاعل الكومارين مع السيمي كاربازايد هايدروكلورايد بوجود البردين كمذيب .10 - تحضير مشتق الثايادايازول (39 M ) عن طريق تفاعل الكومارين مع 2 - امينو - 5 - هيدرازينو ثايادايازول . 11 - تحضير الجالكونات ( M42 - M40 ) عن طريق تكاثف المركب ( M1 ) مع الالديهايدات الاروماتية المختلفة بوجود هيدروكسيد البوتاسيوم | The Quinoline - 2 - one derivatives are very important compounds and these are used in biological and industrial field because of that forty two novel derivatives containing heterogeneous cycles have been synthesized by many methods. The synthesized compounds have been characterized by some spectral analysis such as ( FT - IR ) , ( U.V ) and ( 1H - NMR , 13C - NMR ) and determination of their physical properties such as melting points and color . This work involved : 1 - Synthesis of starting material ( N - amino quinoline - 2 - one ) (M1) or ( N - amino - 6 - nito quinoline - 2 - one ) (M3) by the reaction of coumarine or 6 - nitro coumarine with hydrazine hydrate in ethanol as a solvent . 2 - Synthesis of ten new derivatives of Schiff's bases ( M4 - M13) by the reaction of starting material (M1) with appropriate aromatic aldehydes or ketones . 3 - Synthesis of six new derivatives of imides (M14 - M19) by the reaction of starting material (M1) or (M3) with appropriate anhydrides without solvent . 4 - Synthesis of some urea derivatives (M14 - M19) by the reaction of starting material (M1) or (M3) with appropriate isocyanate compounds in ethanol as a solvent 5 - Synthesis of formamide derivatives (M26 , M27) by the reaction of compound (M1) or (M3) with formic acid . 6 - Synthesis of new derivatives containing hetrocyclic compounds (M28 - M34) by the reaction of compound (M1) with thiol compounds . 7 - Synthesis of derivatives (M35) by the reaction of starting material with diethylmalonate . 8 - Synthesis of tetrazine derivatives (M36 , M37) by the reaction of compound (M1) with thiosemicarbazide or (CS2) and hydrazine in the presence of potassium hydroxide . 9 - Synthesis of derivative (M38) by the reaction of coumarine with semicarbazidehydrochloride in pyridine as a solvent. 10 - Synthesis of thiadiazole derivative (M39) by the reaction of coumarine with 2 - amino - 5 - hydrazino thiadiazol . 11 - Synthesis of chalcones (M40 - M42) by the reaction of compound (M1) with appropriate aromatic aldehydes in the presence of potassium hydroxide
الصفحات الاولى:

تحضير مونمرات وبوليمرات فاينيلية تحتوي على مركبات امينية مختلفة Synthesis of Vinylic Monomers and Polymers Containing Different Amino compounds

اسم المؤلف: عبير عبد الرزاق محمد سعيد الموسوي
اسم المشرف: فريال محمد علي السلامي
الموضوع العام: علوم الكيمياء
الموضوع الدقيق: كيمياء البوليمرات
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
السنة: 2010
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
المستخلص: حضرت عدد من مشتقات البوليمرات المحضرة بطرائق مختلفة والمعوضة بالمجاميع الحلقية غير المتجانسة، او الحوامض الامينية المختلفة، للحصول على البولي اميدات او البولي استرات او البولي (استر - اميد) التتابعي.حضرت المشتقات البوليمرية بالطرائق الاتية : 1 - تحلل البولي بايرولدينون، وتفاعله مع : ا - الامينات الحلقية غير المتجانسة (A1 - A5) مثل pyridine, melamine, 4 - aminoanti pyrine, pyrimidine, 2,2,6,6 - tetra methyl pipyridineب‌ - الحوامض الامينية (A6 - A9) مثل alanine, Glycine, Asparagine, Histidineج - مع اليوراسيل لتحضير البولي استر (A15).2 - البلمرة التكاثفية للاديبويل كلورايد مع الحوامض الامينية (A16 - A19).3 - تحوير بولي حامض الاكريليك مع : ا - الحوامض الامينية (A20 - A23)، ثم مع المركبات الحلقية غير المتجانسة (A24 - A43).ب - تحضير مونمرات الاكريل امايد المعوضة بالحوامض الامينية، ثم بلمرتها، واعادة تعويضها بالمجاميع الحلقية غير المتجانسة (A44 - A47).ج - مع اليوراسيل (A48). درست الصفات الفيزيائية لجميع البوليمرات المحضرة المختلفة، وقيست اللزوجة الجوهرية باستخدام اوستوالد - فينيسك فسكوميتر، بدرجة حرارة 30 °م وباستخدام DMSO وDMF كمذيبات.شخصت البوليمرات والمونمرات المحضرة بمطياف الاشعة فوق البنفسجية والاشعة تحت الحمراء، وباستخدام طيف الرنين النووي المغناطيسي NMR، ودرست التحاليل الحرارية الوزنية لبعض البوليمرات.ان امكان تحضير بوليمرات معوضة بمجاميع جديدة ذات صفات مميزة تكسب البوليمر تطبيقات كثيرة، ومنها التطبيقات الدوائية والطبية. | The drug carrier polymers which substituted with bio units has been considerable growth during the past two decades. A growing aspect of the field is the recognition of polymers as useful therapeutic agents, pharmacological properties, that can be utilized as carrier for selective and sustained delivery vehicles for small molecule or macromolecular. The delivery of drugs at a sustained rate, targeted delivery of drugs at specific sites to minimize toxicity and enhance selectivity for certain antitumer. Due to increasing importance of drug polymers containing heterocyclic and amino acid compounds, in this new work different drug polymers have been synthesized by three lines as follow : First : Reaction of hydrolyzed polyvinyl pyrrolidinone with : a - Heterocyclic amines such as : Melamine, 4 - Amino antipyrine, 2 - Amino pyrimidine, 2 - Amino pydidine, 4 - Amino - 2,2,6,6 - tetra methyl pyridine to obtain [A1 - A5]. b - Amino acids such as : D - alanine, Histidine, Glycine, Asparagine to obtain [A6 - A9]. c - Uracile to prepare [A15].Second : Poly condensation of adipoyl chloride with amino acids [A16 - A19]. Third : Modification of poly acrylic acid with below : a - with amino acids [A20 - A23] which were reacted with heterocyclic compound to yield [A24 - A43].b - Preparation N - substituted acryl amide monomers then polymerization free radically and resubstituted with heterocyclic amines [A44 - A47].c - With uracile to give [A48].The all prepared monomers and polymers were characterized by UV, FTIR spectroscopy also HNMR spectroscopy were identified, element analysis were calculated, and physical properties were studied, the viscosities were determined and swelling percentage have been studied for some prepared polymers.TG thermo gravimetric analysis were recorded for some drug polymers.These substituted polymers were exhibited drug carrier polymers with wide range medical applications.
الصفحات الاولى:

تحضير, تشخيص ودراسة الخواص الضديدة للبكتيريا لمعقدات Co (??) ,Mn (??) Cu (??) وZn (??) مع قواعد شيف Synthesis ,Characterization and study Antibacterial properties of Mn(??),Co(??),Cu(??) and Zn(??) Shiff Base Complexes

اسم المؤلف: عادل حسين علي العامري
اسم المشرف: سعدية احمد ظاهر عاكوب
الموضوع العام: علوم الكيمياء
الموضوع الدقيق: الكيمياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
السنة: 2010
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
المستخلص: يتناول العمل الوارد في هذه البحث تحضير ثلاث ليكنداتL3,L2,L1)) مشتقة من تفاعل (Salicyladehyde) مع كل من(N,N - dimethylp - phenylenediamine) (acid o - amino benzoic) و(3 - nitro o - phenylene diamine) .وقد شخصت تشخيصا دقيقا بالطرائق الطيفية المعروفة وهي الرنين النووي المغناطيسي(H - NMR) و((C13 - NMR ,مطيافية الكتلة (Mass Spact.) ,مطيافية الاشعة تحت الحمراء (FT - IR) ومطياف الاشعة فوق البنفسجية - المرئية (UV - Vis) للتوصل الى تعيين الصيغ التركيبية الدقيقة لليكندات المحضرة وهي : - 1 - (4 - dimethylamino)phenylimino)methyl phenol - 2 ومختصره (L1). - 2 2 - hydroxybenzylideneamino)benzoic acid ) - 2 ومختصره (L2).2,2 - ((4 - nitrobenzene - 1,2 - diyl)bis(nitrilomethylyildene)diphenol - 3 ومختصره(L3). كما حضرت المعقدات من خلال مفاعلة كلوريدات العناصر الانتقالية(MnCl2.4H2O CoCl2.6H2O , CuCl2.2H2O , ZnCl2) المذابة في الايثانول المطلق مع محاليل الليكندات المحضرة بالمذيب نفسه وبظروف مختلفة . وتم حساب النسب المولية وهي نسبة (M : L ) للمعقدات المحضرة فتبين ان النسبة (1 : 1) في معقدات Cu(II),Mn(II) بينا تكون(1 : 2) لكل من Co(II), Zn(II). اما معقدات (L2) فتاخذ كل الفلزات النسبة (1 : 1) . اما معقدات (L3) فتاخذ كذلك كل الفلزات النسبة (1 : 1). وتم تشخيص المعقدات المحضرة ,واقترح الاشكال الهندسية لها من نتائج مطيافية الاشعة تحت الحمراء ومطياف الاشعة فوق البنفسجية - المرئية والامتصاص الذري اللهبي لتحديد نسبة (M%) للفلزات الداخلة في تركيب هذه المعقدات كذلك حساب التوصيل المولاري (mΛ) للمعقدات المحضرة وبتركيز(10 - 3mol/L) بمذيب (DMSO) لتحديد المعقدات الايونية والمتعادلة منها .ومن خلال كل هذه القياسات تم اقتراح الاشكال الهندسية للمعقدات المحضرة وكما ياتي : - 1 - معقدات الليكند الاول (L1) : - كانت الاشكال ثماني السطوح : • [Mn(C15H15N2O)(H2O)3Cl]• [Cu (C15H15N2O) (H2O)3Cl] وكانت الاشكال رباعية السطوح : • 2H2O [Co(C15H15N2O)2]• [Zn(C15H15N2O)2]2 - معقدات الليكند الثاني (L2) : - كانت الاشكال ثمانية السطوح : • [NH3(Et)][Cl Mn (C14H9NO3) (H2O)2]• [Co (C14H9NO3) (H2O)3]• [Zn(C14H9NO3)(H2O)3] اما النحاس فاخذ الشكل رباعي السطوح : • [Cu (C14H9NO3) (H2O)]3 - معقدات الليكند الثالث(L3) : - كانت الاشكال ثمانية السطوح : • [Co (C20H13N3O4)(H2O)2]• [Cu (C20H13N3O4)(H2O)2] وكانت الاشكال رباعية السطوح : • H2O [Mn (C20H13N3O4)]• [Zn (C20H13N3O4)]وكما تم قياس الفعالية الضديدة للبكتريا لليكندات المحضرة ومعقداتهم . | In this work we have synthesized several new ligands derived from the reaction between salicylaldehyde and each of the following : o - aminobenzoic acid, N,N - dimethyl p - phenyleediamine and 3 - nitroo - phenylenediamine. All the synthesized ligands are characterized using fouiertransform, infra - red (FT - IR), (H,C13 - NMR) and Mass Spectra techniques. The synthesized ligands are : 1) 2 - (4 - dimethylamino)phenylimino)methyl phenol (L1)2) 2 - (2 - dimethylamnio)benzoic acid (L2)3) 2,2 - ((4 - nitrobenzene - 1,2diyl)bis(nitrilomethylyildene)diphenol(L3) Our work also includes the synthesis of metal complexes of the above ligands. As complexes of each of Mn(II), Co(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) are synthesized by the reaction between the ethanolic solution of the chloride of the above metals with the ligands. These complexes are characterized by several techniques; molar ratios are used to estimate metal to ligand ratio in each complex and our results show that in case of L1 ligand the metal to ligand ratio in case of Mn(II) - complex and Cu(II) - complex is 1 : 1 and it is 1 : 2 in case of Co(II) - complex and Zn(II) - complex. While with L2 ligand, all the complexes give the ration 1 : 1. In case of complexes with L3, all the complexes seems to be in 1 : 1 ratio metal to ligand. The other techniques which have been used for the identification are spectroscopic, FT - IR, Electronic spectra, molar conductivity in dimethyl sulfoxide and determination of the metal content (M%) using Flam atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS).The chemcial structure for the above complexes are suggested according to the results obtained as follow : 1 - Complexes of (L1) : - Octahedral formulation : - [Mn(C15H15N2O)(H2O)3Cl] [Cu (C15H15N2O) (H2O)3Cl] Tetrahedral formulation : - [Zn(C15H15N2O)2] 2H2O [Co(C15H15N2O)2] - 2 Complexes of (L2) : - Octahedral formulation : - [NH3(Et)][Cl Mn (C14H9NO3) (H2O)2] [Co (C14H9NO3) (H2O)3] [Zn(C14H9NO3)(H2O)3] Tetrahedral formulation : - [Cu (C14H10NO3) (H2O)] - 3 Complexes of (L3) : - the Metals give O.h : [Co (C20H13N3O4)(H2O)2] [Cu (C20H13N3O4)(H2O)2 ]But the T.h is : H2O [Mn (C20H13N3O4)] [Zn(C20H13N3O4)]We also have studied biological activity of the ligands and complexes synthesized in this work.
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تحضير ودراسة تحليلية لبعض الاصباغ الازوية الزئبقية ومعقداتها مع النحاس الثنائي Synthesis and Anaytical Study of Some Mercuried Azo Dyes and Their Complexes With Cupper (II)

اسم المؤلف: حوراء خليل ابراهيم الاسدي
اسم المشرف: اسعد عبود علي طارق علي فهد
الموضوع العام: علوم الكيمياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
السنة: 2010
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
المستخلص: The study to prepare five new azodyes, were derived from paracetamol and elemental mercury as a main part with each of thecompounds : 1) 2 - Amino - 5 - Sulfonic acid phenyl mercury (II) chloride.2) 2 - Amino - 5 - Acetyl phenyl mercury (II) chloride.3) 2 - Amino - 5 - Carboxy phenyl mercury (II) chloride.4) 2 - Amino 5 - Nitro Phenyl mercury (II) chloride.5) 2 - Amino - 5 - Sulfamide phenyl mercury (II) chloride.The study is divided into three parts, the first part includes the preparation of dyes (L1, L2, L3, L4, L5) of colors (pastel orange, red bloody, red bloody, deep orange, red bloody), respectively, and have the general chemical formula : X : SO3H (L1), COCH3 (L2), COOH (L3), NO2 (L4), SO2NH2 (L5) The spectral study was to identify the max. Wavelengths of the dyes is (500,330,300,380,500 nm), respectively. The effect of pH on absorption spectra electronic of dyes has been prepared and studied at the extent of the visible region of wavelengths (200 - 600 nm) using buffer solutions of different pH (0.7 - 12). PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com The ionization constant hydroxyl group for the Paracetamol and some derivatives of aniline are used in the interaction and protonation constants Nitrogen atoms of the azo dyes were calculated by using the half height method. The second part included the study of spectral complexes dyes (L1, L5) with copper (II) and the color of the complexes resulting from(red), were identified optimum conditions for the composition of these complexes as selection of the max. Wavelength and was (520,530 nm), respectively. The pH effect, time effect, size buffer, type buffer and the effect of sequence of addition, were studied stiochiometrey of formed complexes were carried out using molar ratios and continuous variation methods.The results showed that the complexes are composed by (1 : 2) (metal : Ligand).As well as, the study examined the applicability of the Beer’s law of the Beer and sensitive way spectral azodyes (L1, L5) with copper(II) and identified the maximum values of the concentrations of copper(15.25, 11.43 ppm) and the values of molar absorptivity ( e ) (7302.3, 6079.3) L.mol - 1.cm - 1, specific specific absorptivity (a) (0.1149, 0.0956 ml.g - 1.cm - 1), Sandell sensitivity(S) (0.0087, 0.0104) mg cm - 2, standard Deviation (S.D) (0.0215, 0.026), Detection Limit (DL) (0.76, 0.596 mg ml - 1) respectively. The study showed the interference of some important ions which may interfere and affect the values of absorption complexes under study in addition calculate of stability constants of these complexes using the method of corresponding solutions containing a half values method.Infrared spectroscopy were taken for both azo dyes and complexes (L1, L5) with copper (II), it is clearly that the spectrum from the observation sites and the intensity of the absorption of effective groups have differed PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com between dyes and their complexes. In addition these dyes were identified by H1 NMR. The final part of the study included the applications ligands prepared and it is possible to use the dye solution (L1) as indicator in strong (acid - base) titration between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide in addition to use ligands (L1, L5) as inhibitors for corrosion of carbon steel (N - 80) in hydrochloric acid. The rate of corrosion was measured by weight loss method.
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تحضير ودراسة مقارنة لبعض المركبات الحلقية غير المتجانسة المحتوية على حلقات خماسية وسباعية بالطريقة التقليدية وطريقة المايكروويف (MAOS) وتقييم الفعالية البايولوجية لبعضها Synthesis and Comparative Study of some Heterocyclic Compounds Containing Five and Seven - Membered Rings By Conventional and Microwave Method ( MAOS ) and Evaluate the Biological activity of Some of Them

اسم المؤلف: عبد محمد ظاهر حسن الجبوري
اسم المشرف: خالد مطني محمد الجنابي اياد سعدي حميد الدليمي
الموضوع العام: علوم الكيمياء
الموضوع الدقيق: الكيمياء العضوية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
السنة: 2010
مكان الجامعة: صلاح الدين
المستخلص: لقد تناول البحث في هذه الاطروحة تحضير مركبات حلقية غير متجانسة جديدة ذات الحلقة الخماسية والحلقة السباعية مثل (1, 3, 4 - اوكسادايازول ) و(1, 3 - اوكسازبين ) وقد حضرت هذه المركبات بالطريقة التقليدية , وطريقة المايكروويف وكما يلي : - اولا : الجزء الاول : تحضير مركبات (1, 3, 4 - اوكسادايازول ) ومركبات (1, 3 - اوكسازبين ) بواسطة الطريقة التقليدية وكما موضح في ادناه : - ا - تحويل الحوامض الكاربوكسيلية الاروماتية الى الاسترات المقابلة [H10 - H1] بطريقة الاسترة المباشرة ( طريقة فشر) . ‌ب - تحويل الاسترات المحضرة الى مركبات هيدرازيدات الاحماض الكاربوكسيلية الاروماتية [H20 - H11] وذلك بمفاعلتها مع الهيدرازين المائي في مذيب الايثانول المطلق . ‌ج - وتم تحويل هيدرازيدات الاحماض المحضرة الى 2 - اريل - 1, 3, 4 - اوكسادايازول 5 - ثايول [H31 - H21] بواسطة عملية التصعيد الارجاعي بوجود ثنائي كبريتيد الكاربون وهيدروكسيد البوتاسيوم الكحولي ومن ثم اجراء عملية التحميض بـ 10% حامض الهيدروكلوريك .‌د - وحضرت مشتقات الهيدرازون ( الكيتونية - الامايدية ) [H63 - H37] عن طريق تفاعل التكثيف المباشر بين مركبات هيدرازيدات الاحماض المحضرة والالديهايدات الاروماتية المناسبة . ‌ه - تم اجـراء عملية الغلق الحلقي لمركبات الهيدرازون الكيتونية المحضرة انفا من خلال تفاعلها مع انهدريد الماليك بمذيب الايثانول المطلق لتكوين مشتقات 1, 3 - اوكسازبين [H90 - H64] وهي 3 - (معوض) - 2 - (3 - فنيل معوض) - 2, 3 - ثنائي هايدرو 1 , 3 - اوكسازبين - 4 ,7 - دايون . و- حضرت قواعد شيف[H104 - H91] بطريقة التكثيف المعروفة بين مركب السلفاميثااوكسازول والالديهايدات الاروماتية المناسبة .‌ز - كما تم حولقة قواعد شيف المحضرة اعلاه بطريقة الغلق الحلقي بواسطة انهدريد الماليك بمذيب الايثانول المطلق لتكـوين المركبات [H119 - H105] وهي 4 - ]2 - (معوض) (1, 3 - اوكسازبين) - 4 ، 7 - دايون - 3 يل[ - N - (5 - مثيـل - 3 - اوكسازلايل) - بنزين سلفون امايد .ثانيا : الجزء الثاني تم استخدام طريقة المايكروويف في التحضير العضوي لمشتقات مركبات (1, 3, 4 - اوكسادايازول) ومشتقات المركبات (1, 3 - اوكسازبين) وكما موضح في ادناه : - ا - حضرت مركبات (5 - اريل 1, 3, 4 - اوكسادايازول - 2 - ثايول) المركبات [e, d, c, b, a] بواسطة التشعيع بجهاز المايكروويف وحصول عملية الغلق الحلقي لاملاح البوتاسيوم المحضرة [H36 - H32] والمسماة 3 - (ارايل) ثنائي ثايوكاربازيت والتي تم تحضيرها مسبقا بالطريقة الاعتيادية من خلال مفاعلة هيدرازيدات الاحماض المناسبة مع ثنائي كبريتيد الكاربون بوجود هيدروكسيد البوتاسيوم الكحولي ‌ب - كما حضرت مركبات 1, 3 - اوكسازبين بطريقة التشعيع بجهاز المايكروويف ايضا وهي المركبات [o, n, m, L, k] والمركبات [y, x, w, v, u] وذلك بطريقة الحولقة لمركبات الهيدرازون الكيتونية ومركبات قواعد شيف المحضرة مسبقا بطريقة التشعيع بواسطة جهاز المايكروويف وهي المركبات ] [J, I, h, g, f والمركبات [t, s, r, q, p] على التوالي . شخصت جميع تراكيب المركبات المحضرة بواسطة تقنيات طيف ]الاشعة تحت الحمراء I.R وطيف الاشعة فوق البنفسجية U.V وطيف الرنين النووي المغناطيسي (1H - NMR) وكانت النتائج المستحصلة مطابقة لصحة التراكيب المقترحة , تم دراسة العلاقة بين التراكيب المقترحة للمركبات وخواصها الفيزيائية اعتمادا على القوى ما بين الجزيئات كما تم مناقشة تاثير المجاميع المعوضة في حلقة البنزين على سرعة تفاعل الغلق الحلقي لهيدرازيدات الاحماض اعتمادا على التاثير الالكتروني والتاثير الحثي لهذه المجاميع المعوضة . تم اجراء مقارنة بين المركبات المحضرة بالطريقة الاعتيادية وبين المركبات المحضرة بطريقة المايكروويف فوجدنا ان المركبات المحضرة بالطريقة الاخيرة تكون اعلى في المنتوج وزمن التفاعل اقصر واخيرا تم اختبار الفعالية البايولوجية للمركبات المحضرة وبتراكيز مختلفة وقورنت مع مضادات حيوية معروفة حيث لوحظ ان لها فعالية مختلفة تجاه انواع معروفة من البكتريا , كما تم اختبارها علـى نوعين من الفطريات وبتراكيز مختلفة ايضا فوجد انها ذات فعالية مختلفة وكما موضح في الجدولين (34 ، 35) على التوالي . | The work presented in the current thesis is concerned with the synthesis of some new 1, 3, 4 - oxadiazole and 1, 3 - oxazepine derivatives using the conventional and microwave methods.1 - Part one : - synthesis of 1, 3, 4 - oxadiazoles and 1, 3 - oxazepines by conventional method, the steps of the synthetic plan is outlined below : I. Conversion of the appropriate aromatic acid to their corresponding ester [H1 - H10] using Fisher esterfication procedures. II. Aromatic carboxylic acid hydrazides [H11 - H20] were prepared by the reaction of the appropriate esters with hydrazine hydrate in absolute ethanol.III. Aromatic carboxylic acid hydrazides [H11 - H20] on refluxing with carbon disulfide and ethanolic potassium hydroxide and the subsequent acidification with hydrochloric acid furnish 5 - aryl - 1, 3, 4 - oxadiazole - 2 - thioles [H21 - H31]IV. Ketohydrazones [H37 - H63] were synthesized through the condensation reaction between appropriate acid hydrazide and aromatic aldehyde.V. Intermolecular cycloaddition reaction of these ketohydrazones with maleic anhydride yielded 1,3 - oxazepine [H64 - H90] the compounds : - 3 - (subsistent) - 2 - (3 - substituted phenyl) - 2,3 - dihydro 1, 3 - oxazepine .VI. The schiff bases compounds [H91 - H104] were prepared by known method by the condensation reaction of sulfamethaxazole with appropriate aldehyde.VII. The cycloaddition reaction of the Schiff bases compounds [H105 - H119] with maleic anhydride using moderate reaction condition and absolute ethanol afforded 4 - [2 - (substituted) 1,3 - oxazepine 4,7.dione - 3yl ] - N - (5 - methyl - 3 - isoxazlayl) Benzasulfonamide 2 - Part two : - I - The microwave - assisted organic synthesis of 1, 3, 4 - oxadiazoles and 1, 3 1, 3 - oxazepines is also carried out according to the following steps. II - The 5 - aryl - 1, 3, 4 - oxadiazoles [a, b, c, d, e] were prepared by the microwave irradiation of the polar salts namally, potassium - 3 - aroyl dithiocarbazate [H32 - H36] which in turn were prepared from conventional method through the reaction of acid hydiazide with CS2 and alcoholic KOH . Some of 1,3 - oxazepines have been synthesized, the compounds [k, l, m, n, o] and [ u, v, w, x, y ] from ketohydrazones and Schiff bases , the compounds [f, g, h, I, j] and [p, q, r, s, t] respectively with maleic anhydride by cycloaddition reaction under microwave irradiation. The structures of the synthesized compounds were supported by means of (FTIR), (UV - Vis), (1H - NMR) and the results are agreement with the proposed structures assigned to the synthesized compounds The relation between the chemical structures and physical properties were discussed in term of intermolecular forces. The effect of substitute groups on benzene ring on cyclization reaction of acid hydrazide was also discussed in term of electronic and inductive effect. Compared to the conventional methods , the microwave - assisted synthesis of 1, 3, 4 - oxadiazoles and 1,3 - oxazepines demonstrate several advantage in term of reaction time and overall yield. Finally many of the synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activity using different concentration and different type of bacteria and fungous. The results showed prominent activity against these bacteria, the detailed antibacterial screening are reported in Table (34) and the Inhibition of the fungous screening are reported in Table (35
الصفحات الاولى:

اثر التحالفات الدولية في تطوير الفكر الاستراتيجي الامريكي

اسم المؤلف: محمد ميسر فتحي محمود
اسم المشرف: منعم صاحي حسين العمار
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
الموضوع الدقيق: الدراسات الاستراتيجية
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
السنة: 2010
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:

اثر طريقة المشروع في السلوك التكيفي والنمو الحركي لدى اطفال الرياض Impact of Project Method on Adaptive behavior and motor development for Kindergarten Children

اسم المؤلف: اسراء نوفل محمد زكي العزاوي
اسم المشرف: خشمان حسن علي الجرجري
الموضوع العام: العلوم التربوية
الموضوع الدقيق: رياض الاطفال
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
السنة: 2010
مكان الجامعة: الموصل
المستخلص: استهدف البحث معرفة اثر طريقة المشروع في السلوك التكيفي والنمو الحركي لدى اطفال الرياض.ولتحقيق هذا الهدف صاغت الباحثة الفرضيتين الصفريتين الاتيتين : 1. لا يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية عند مستوى (0.05) بين متوسط درجات السلوك التكيفي لدى اطفال المجموعة التجريبية التي درست وفق طريقة المشروع ومتوسط درجات السلوك التكيفي لدى اطفال المجموعة الضابطة التي درست وفق الطريقة الاعتيادية في الاختبار البعدي.2. لا يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية عند مستوى (0.05) بين متوسط درجات النمو الحركي لدى اطفال المجموعة التجريبية التي درست وفق طريقة المشروع ومتوسط درجات النمو الحركي لدى اطفال المجموعة الضابطة التي درست وفق الطريقة الاعتيادية في الاختبار البعدي.ولتحقيق هدف البحث اعتمدت الباحثة التصميم التجريبي ذا المجموعتين المتكافئتين احداهما تجريبية درست وفق طريقة المشروع والاخرى ضابطة درست وفق الطريقة الاعتيادية.تكونت عينة البحث من (50) طفلا وطفلة تم اختيارهم بصورة قصدية من اطفال الصف التمهيدي في روضة البسمة بواقع (24) طفلا وطفلة مثلوا المجموعة التجريبية و(26) طفلا وطفلة مثلوا المجموعة الضابطة.وقد كافات الباحثة المجموعتين قبل بدء التجربة في عدد من المتغيرات هي : ( العمر الزمني بالاشهر، عدد افراد الاسرة، الوزن، الطول، التحصيل الدراسي للاباء، التحصيل الدراسي للامهات، درجات الاختبار القبلي للسلوك التكيفي، درجات الاختبار القبلي للنمو الحركي).ودرست الباحثة مجموعتي البحث واعدت الخطط التعليمية اللازمة لكلتا المجموعتين واستغرقت مدة التجربة (10) اسابيع، ولغرض قياس المتغيرات التابعة في البحث اعدت الباحثة اداتين : الاولى : لقياس السلوك التكيفي مكونة من(30) فقرة.الثانية : لقياس النمو الحركي مكونة من (28) فقرة. ولاجل التحقق من سلامة اداتي البحث وصلاحيتهما للقياس قامت الباحثة بايجاد مؤشرات الصدق للاداتين باستخدام الصدق الظاهري من خلال عرضهما على مجموعة من المحكمين، وحسب ثبات اداة السلوك التكيفي بطريقتين طريقة التجزئة النصفية اذ بلغ معامل الثبات (0.81) وبطريقة الفا كرونباخ اذ بلغ معامل الثبات (0.82)، وحسب ثبات اداة النمو الحركي بطريقتين طريقة ثبات المصححين اذ بلغ معامل الارتباط (0.77) وبطريقة اعادة الاختبار اذ بلغ معامل الارتباط (0.86) وتعد هذه المعاملات جيدة.وتم استخدام الوسائل الاحصائية الاتية : )الاختبار التائي لعينتين مستقلتين، مربع كاي، معادلة ارتباط بيرسون، معادلة سبيرمان - براون، معادلة الفا كرونباخ(.وبعد معالجة البيانات احصائيا باستخدام الاختبار التائي لعينتين مستقلتين اظهرت النتائج الاتي : 1 - وجود فرق ذو دلالة احصائية بين متوسط درجات المجموعة التجريبية ومتوسط درجات المجموعة الضابطة في السلوك التكيفي ولصالح المجموعة التجريبية التي درست بطريقة المشروع.2 - وجود فرق ذو دلالة احصائية بين متوسط درجات المجموعة التجريبية ومتوسط درجات المجموعة الضابطة في النمو الحركي ولصالح المجموعة التجريبية التي درست بطريقة المشروع.وفي ضوء النتائج قدمت الباحثة جملة من التوصيات والمقترحات، منها ضرورة استخدام معلمات الروضة طريقة المشروع في تعليم الاطفال، واقترحت اجراء المزيد من الدراسات اللاحقة في المجال نفسه | The current research aims to know the impact of project method on adaptive behavior and motor development for kindergarten children to achieve this aim, the researcher put the following null hypotheses : 1 - There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) found between the averages of adaptive behavior grades of the experimental group using project method and of the control group using traditional method in post - test.2 - There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) found between the averages of motor development grades of the experimental group using project method and of the control group using traditional method in post - test.To achieve the aim of the research, the researcher used experimental design of two equivalent groups, one is experimental using project method and the other is control group using traditional method. The sample included (50) children chosen intentionally from pre - elementary school class in Al - Basma Kindergarten divided randomly to be (24) children in experimental group and (26) in control group the researcher equalized both groups before initiating the experiment in the variables of (age measured in months, family members, weight height, fathers academic achievement, mothers academic achievement, pre - test scores of adaptive behavior, pre - test scores of motor development).The researcher taught both groups with the necessary teaching plans, the experiment lasted (10) weeks, and to measure the sequent variables in the researcher, the researcher made two tools : - The first to measure adaptive behavior made up of (30) items. - The second to measure motor development made up of (28) items.To verify the validity and reliability for measurement, the researcher found reliability indicators of both groups using face vaidily through a panel of experts, reliability of two tools was counted to be for adaptive behavior tool using split - half method (0.81) and by Alpha Kronbach to be (0.82) and for motor development tool reliability using correctors stability (0.77) and by re - test scored (0.86) all of which are good numbers.The following statistical tools were used : 1. T - test for two independent samples, to test the difference between two groups in equality and to find out the items distinctive, and to test difference between groups in post test.2. Kai square to test difference in equalization.3. Pearson conjunction factor to calculate reliability. 4. Spearman Brown formula of reliability. 5. Alpha Kronbach formula of reliability.After the statistical treatment of data using(t - test) for two independent scruples the results showed : 1 - There is a statistically significant difference between the averages of experimental and control groups grades in adaptive behavior with the favor of using project method.2 - There is a statistically significant difference between the averages of experimental and control groups grades in motor development with the favor of using project method.Such are the results, the researcher made a number of suggestions and recommendations like the necessity of using project method by Kindergarten teachers and to initiate future in the same field.
الصفحات الاولى:

اثر اسلوبي القصة المصورة ولعب الدور في تعديل قصور الانتباه لدى تلاميذ التربية الخاصة The Impact of the Tow Styles of Pictured Story and Role Play in Regulating the Attention Deficit for Special Education Pupils

اسم المؤلف: عروة عدنان شيت المفرجي
اسم المشرف: انور قاسم يحيى العزاوي
الموضوع العام: العلوم التربوية
الموضوع الدقيق: التربية الخاصة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
السنة: 2010
مكان الجامعة: الموصل
المستخلص: استهدف البحث الحالي التعرف على اثر اسلوبي كل من القصة المصورة ولعب الدور في تعديل قصور الانتباه لدى تلاميذ التربية الخاصة، ولغرض تحقيق اهداف البحث تمت صياغة ستة فرضيات وهي : 1. يوجد فرق معنوي بين درجات المجموعة التجريبية الاولى في الاختبار القبلي والبعدي على مقياس قصور الانتباه ولصالح الاختبار البعدي.2. يوجد فرق معنوي بين درجات المجموعة التجريبية الثانية في الاختبار القبلي والبعدي على مقياس قصور الانتباه ولصالح الاختبار البعدي.3. لا يوجد فرق معنوي بين درجات المجموعة الضابطة في الاختبار القبلي والبعدي على مقياس قصور الانتباه.4. يوجد فرق معنوي بين المجموعة التجريبية الاولى والمجموعة الضابطة في الاختبار البعدي على مقياس قصور الانتباه.5. يوجد فرق معنوي بين درجات المجموعة التجريبية الثانية والمجموعة الضابطة في الاختبار البعدي على مقياس قصور الانتباه.6. لا يوجد فرق معنوي بين درجات المجموعة التجريبية الاولى والثانية في الاختبار البعدي على مقياس قصور الانتباه. استخدم الباحث التصميم التجريبي ذي المجموعات المتكافئة، مجموعتان تجريبيتان وواحدة ضابطة فبلغ عدد افراد عينة البحث (28) تلميذا وتلميذة بواقع (9) تلاميذ للمجموعة التجريبية الاولى و(10) تلاميذ للمجموعة التجريبية الثانية و(9) تلاميذ للمجموعة الضابطة، حيث درست المجموعة التجريبية الاولى وفق اسلوب القصة المصورة، ودرست المجموعة التجريبية الثانية وفق اسلوب لعب الدور، ودرست المجموعة الضابطة وفق الطريقة الاعتيادية، كافا الباحث بين المجاميع الثلاثة في المتغيرات الاتية (العمر الزمني محسوبا بالاشهر، درجة القراءة للصف الثاني الابتدائي، والمعدل العام لدرجات الصف الثاني الابتدائي، والمستوى التعليمي للاباء، والمستوى التعليمي للامهات) واما بالنسبة لمقياس قصور الانتباه قام الباحث بعمل تكافؤ لمجاميع البحث الثلاث، تبنى الباحث مقياس قصور الانتباه المعد من قبل (العبيدي،1999)، وتم التاكد من مدى صلاحية المقياس من خلال قيامه بمجموعة من الاجراءات منها عرضه على مجموعة من المحكمين لاستخراج الصدق، وتم التاكد من ثباته باستخدام معادلة ارتباط بيرسون فبلغ معامل الثبات (0,85)، واجريت له عملية تمييز، استعان الباحث بالقصص الموجودة في القراءة العربية للصف الثالث الابتدائي وقام بتحويلها الى قصص مصورة وتم عرضها على لجنة من المحكمين من ذوي الاختصاص للتاكد من مدى صلاحية الصور ومن مدى تعبيرها عن الموضوع، وتم الاستعانة باحد الكتاب من ذوي الاختصاص في مجال القصة (*) قام الباحث بمسرحة المواضيع ومن ثم قام بعرض هذه النصوص الممسرحة مع النصوص الاصلية للمادة العلمية على لجنة من المحكمين من ذوي الاختصاص للتاكد من مدى صلاحيتها، وباستخدام معادلة ولكوكسن، ومعادلة مان _وتني اظهرت النتائج ما ياتي : - 1. يوجد فرق معنوي بين درجات المجموعة التجريبية الاولى في الاختبار القبلي والبعدي على مقياس قصور الانتباه ولصالح الاختبار البعدي.2. يوجد فرق معنوي بين درجات المجموعة التجريبية الثانية في الاختبار القبلي والبعدي على مقياس قصور الانتباه ولصالح الاختبار البعدي. 3. لا يوجد فرق معنوي بين درجات المجموعة الضابطة في الاختبار القبلي والبعدي على مقياس قصور الانتباه. 4. يوجد فرق معنوي بين درجات المجموعة التجريبية الاولى والمجموعة الضابطة في الاختبار البعدي لمقياس قصور الانتباه ولصالح المجموعة التجريبية الاولى.5. يوجد فرق معنوي بين درجات المجموعة التجريبية الثانية والمجموعة الضابطة في الاختبار البعدي لمقياس قصور الانتباه ولصالح المجموعة التجريبية الثانية.6. لا يوجد فرق معنوي بين درجات المجموعة التجريبية الاولى والمجموعة التجريبية الثانية في الاختبار البعدي لمقياس قصور الانتباه.وفي ضوء نتائج البحث قدم الباحث مجموعة من التوصيات منها : 1. التاكيد على مشاركة التلاميذ خلال الحصص الدراسية وفي كافة المواد الدراسية من خلال اعطائهم الانشطة المناسبة لهم .2. العمل على اعداد الكوادر المتخصصة بتدريس الصفوف الخاصة واعطائهم فرصا اكبر لمتابعة هؤلاء الفئة من خلال الزيارات المباشرة والمتتالية للمدارس وللمعلمين اصحاب الاختصاص في مجال (التربية الخاصة). واستكمالا للفائدة العلمية في هذا المجال قدم الباحث مجموعة من المقترحات منها : 1. اجراء دراسة مماثلة تتناول اثر استخدام اسلوب القصة المصورة ولعب الدور في تنمية التفاعل الصفي لدى تلاميذ التربية الخاصة. | The current research aims to reveal the effect of two cooperative learning strategies is reading comprehension for special education pupils and develop their social interaction. To verify this aim, the researcher put two main hypotheses with each of them three sub hypotheses. The researcher used experimental design of three equal groups, the sample were (27) pupils of four the graders of special education of city center of Nineveh governorate for the academic year 2009 - 2010 to be (9) pupils in the first experimental group using (small groups strategy) (9) pupils in the second group using cleaning together and (9) pupils for the control group using traditional way. The researcher made equation between three groups in (Arabic reading grade for third class, average of third class, time age measured in months, academic level for father and mother) variables. To achieve the goal of the research. Two tools were needed comprehension test to measure comprehension level of special education fourth graders for Arabic reading. The researcher extracted difficulty factor of the items. After applying koder - Richardson formula 20 of test stability, read (0.82) stated good, and the test was finalty consisting of (13) items. The researcher made a tool to measure social in teraction, some items were omitted and adjusted throw the panel of experts and judges specialized in education psychological sciences and methodologies to verify its surface reliability. The researcher found distinctive force of measurement items. The stability was verified through re - test using Alfa - kronbach formula reaching (0.83) a good stability factor. Thus the final image of measurement consists of (39) item. The researcher made teaching plans for all group included (11) subjects in Arabic language based on reading texts of Arabic language for special education and showed a sample on a panel of specialized referces to verify its validity appropriateness and coverage of scientific material a plan for small groups, learning together and traditional ways respectively. After beginning experiment, a pre - test of social interaction measurement was done then the experiment began on 16 - 2 - 2010 on all group for a whole semester namely the second semester of the academic year 2009 - 2010. at the end of the experiment the researcher made a reading comprehension test on all groups pupils on 5 - 5 - 2010 and social interaction measurement (post application) on the three groups pupils on 9 - 5 - 2010. after correcting answers of the sample on both tests, data were collected and statically analyzed using NOVA and Dimcan test of post comparisons. The result showed 1 - No statistically significant difference is found between the means of second experimental grou8p used (learning together) strategy and the control group using traditional way in reading comprehension. 2 - There is statistically significant difference between the means of first experimental group used (small group) strategy and the control group using traditional way in reading comprehension in favor of the experimental group. 3 - There is statistically significant difference between means of first experimental group (small group) strategy and the second experimental group using (learning together) strategy in reading comprehension and in favor of first experimental group. 4 - A statistically significant difference is found between the means of second experimental group using (learning together) strategy and control group using traditional way in developing social interaction and in favor of second experimental group. 5 - Statistically significant difference is found between the means of first experimental group using (small group) strategy control group using traditional way in developing social interaction and in favor of first control group. 6 - No statistically significant difference between the means of first experimental group using (small groups) strategy and second experiment group using (learning together) strategy in developing social interaction. The researcher recommends : 1 - Make courses for special education teachers to view modern methodologies, use cooperative learning strategies to raise the academic level special education pupils. 2 - Incorporate subjects and strategies of cooperative learning within the curriculum of methodology for students of education dept. at basic education college due to its good results. 3 - Ascertain the exact diagnosis special education students to enable learners to know students abilities and potential weakness points. 4 - Use educational techniques used in cooperative learning helping special to on students to understand and comprehend the material specially in Arabic language text reading. 5 - Use of class and outer curriculum activities and verify methodologies to develop information abilities of students and increase class interaction with each other and with other students. 6 - Ministry of education must pay attention to slow learners, to provide them activities inside and out side school and social programs that helping developing their social behavior. The researcher suggestion : 1 - Use of cooperative learning in developing trends and attetndes of normal pupils. 2 - Effect of using training program to develop social interaction for special education pupils. 3 - The effect of cooperative learning strategies on acquiring math concepts for special education pupils. 4 - Effect of using cooperative learning small groups and together strategies in teaching reading Arabic language teats in composition and cartography for special education pupils. 5 - Effect of cooperative learning strategies on adjusting aggressive behaviour for special education pupils.
الصفحات الاولى:

ترجيحات ابن قدامة الفقهية في كتابه المغني من بداية كتاب النكاح الى الطلاق نماذج تطبيقية : دراسة مقارنة

اسم المؤلف: سليمان محمد سعيد عواد المعضادي
اسم المشرف: مفلح عبد الواحد محمد سعيد الحسيني الهيتي
الموضوع العام: العلوم الاسلامية
الموضوع الدقيق: الفقه المقارن
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
السنة: 2010
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
المستخلص: After completing this work I'm modest weights Qudaamah, we can not fail to emphasize the most important findings of researchers before me, in addition to what was clear to me through my studies for this book, which is as follows :  Is Imam Ibn Qudaamah scientific wealth is enormous, the history of Islam saw him through the emergence of clear mark it, and of his successor, including knowledge of the folds in her books as important as indescribable described, its brilliantly decorated with the drafting and the beauty of the method. His book is a Al - Mughni of the most important references for the Hanbali school of fiqh, if not the most important of all. Al - Mughni not a book of doctrine only, but is an encyclopedia University in comparative jurisprudence, a crowd which accompanied the evidence of the Qur'aan and Sunnah, try to keep up with the views of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal go far, but I'm before him had violated his views on many issues of the strength of his queen jurisprudence, and having tools of ijtihad in the doctrine, was present the views of other sects in the objectivity of scientific unprecedented, and it is likely that what he thinks is correct if it goes against the doctrine, as in dozens of issues, as opposed to dealing with the book enough, has dealt with the editor of the revised doctrine. Reflecting on the approach I'm Qudaamah in his book The Al - Mughni finds it did not come out about the origins of development of the provisions in the Hanbali school, which is the text of a book or a year if found text took him and left the others, and the fatwas issued by the Companion in the absence of his abuse, and if different companions to take what he sees as comparable to the Book and Sunnah, then the introduction of measurement in the absence of the foregoing.  Approved by Imam Ibn Qudaamah the public in more Trgihath related to the issues of marriage, as the question of the requirement of the guardian in the marriage, and the meeting of guardians, as it likely provide full brother to brother, father, as well as the requirement of puberty in the state, and the efficiency requirement to adhere to contract marriage is not for his health, and the father or guardian to compel divorced crazy to get married, and that what counts is the dowry of women relatives of her father's hand, not her mother's hand, and for a man to dismiss his wife for free, provided authorization, and other issues. Violated the Imam Ibn Hanbali school, which is regarded as the supporter of, has gone against his view, the view of this doctrine in certain issues, as the question of the guardian in marriage written from a Muslim where he went to what he said by the scholars that the state in such a situation to prove to her guardian though in writing, contrary to Imam Ahmad and most of the doctrine of those who say that the guardian in this case is the Muslim ruler, as in the question of the impact of sodomy in the sanctity of intermarriage, where he went to the view of the scholars that homosexuality does not publish the sanctity of intermarriage between the perpetrator and effect, contrary to the Imam Ahmed and his doctrine of those who say the owners of the sanctity of marriage. Violated the Imam Ibn Qudaamah in some Trgihath views of the majority of scholars and the views of the owners of doctrine in some of the issues as in the issue of marriage Sabean, where he went to Sabean, who consider their fate If they agree with the people of the book to understand them may marry their women, even though they do not agree they are not of them , while the public believes that Sabean is not permissible to marry their women at all, but Imam Ahmad, he believes that they are People of the Book may never marry their women. This is what his successor and follower of Imam Ibn Qudaamah of the enormous wealth of knowledge invaluable to find the vast number of results, but I mention just flow to us through our humble
الصفحات الاولى:

الاسباب والمسببات في العقائد الاسلامية

اسم المؤلف: احمد عبد الجبار عمران
اسم المشرف: احمد خزعل جاسم النداوي
الموضوع العام: العلوم الاسلامية
الموضوع الدقيق: العقائد
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
السنة: 2010
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:

اوجه الاتفاق والاختلاف بين الماوردي والفراء في الفقه السياسي من خلال كتابيهما الاحكام السلطانية : دراسة مقارنة

اسم المؤلف: اميد محمد نجمه محمد
اسم المشرف: فؤاد محمد عبد الكبيسي
الموضوع العام: الفلسفة
الموضوع الدقيق: الفلسفة الاسلامية
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
السنة: 2010
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
المستخلص: After this comprehensive presentation of the life of Imam Maori and fur, and stated their views and evidence and discussed, I will record the most important findings in my letter, and most important are the following : 1 - lived Mawardy and fur in the era of built tin remarkable abundance of disorder, and most of the country where he worked Mawardy fur scene of strife and rumors, and conspiracies at home and abroad, there has been this age and the occurrence of temptations and permanent renewable among some sects and Islamic sects other.2 - teem age Mawardy and fur large crowd of scientists, writers, poets, scholars and modern and Mufseren which has had a significant impact in raising the scientific life in that period that they lived there.3 - Provisions Bowl : The Bowl, which establishes regulations and laws of political legitimacy that management affairs of the Islamic State, at home and abroad, according to Islamic law.4 - to the provisions of the Royal Soraadp : First : Terms Bowl legitimacy. Second : The provisions of social Bowl. III : Bowl legislative provisions. IV : Provisions Bowl defects.5 - is the author of the provisions of the imam Bowl fur faithful to supplement the curriculum of the budget that invented Maori in the jurisprudence of Islamic politics and Islamic systems based on the view of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal.6 - Leading Prayer : The presidency of the general, integrated in terms of religious and secular, US - specific in the management of the affairs of society in the tasks of religion and the world.7 - to lead several terms : the succession, and the ruler, and the Principality of the king, the guardian, the guardian, and the head of state.8 - agreed by all the Sunnis and Shiites and Murji'is and outlaws on the necessity of the Imamate, and must pander to the nation for the imam, who lives in them and the provisions of God Isoshm the provisions of .the law which was brought by the Messenger of Allah 9 - Conditions agreed Imam (Islam and science, justice and safety defects and efficiency) and the different conditions (percentages Quraishi, courage, and values of war and politics).10 - do not take place leading coward, because he needs to protect the borders and make war, and to be strong to manage the political life and to take crucial decisions.11 - Leading up to the several ways in : (first : the way people work and the contract, II : The Way of the Covenant(Succession), III : The Way of Algahrwalgelbp, IV : The Way of the text).12 - The best way for the ruler is an agreement by the people of the solution and the contract for several reasons : First : that the group is better than one and Monday. Second : The consensus is less evidence of the error in the decisions and attitudes. III : Consultation in all things.13 - The military coups in the political arena been to injustice and chaos, and that is why Atjoz military coups, only when necessary.14 - the inauguration of Imam may take priority on the best of it, if the interests of the Muslims and ward off evil from them.15 - for the return of the Islamic ruler and consolidated for the benefit of the nation's Islamic ruler may not be held for two in one country, nor in the two countries.16 - imam and several duties : (save the religion and the implementation of the provisions and protection of the egg and the establishment of borders and protect the gaps and jihad of the enemy and collect handouts and shade and sustenance of Trustees and the outskirts things for themselves and others to be done).17 - to lead the nation duties : (First : obedience, II : Victory).18 - ending the mandate of the Imam (b death or divorce Ooturk the rule of God and praying, and disbelief Owalrdp after Islam).19 - The Ministry : The Vice - Imam in all matters of state or some of them and supervise the application of Islamic law, justice and injustice raise them.20 - Ministry in the doctrine of political types : First : The Ministry of authorization (prime minister), II : The Ministry of implementation.21 - Conditions of the Prime Minister are the conditions of the Imam same except percentages alone. Plus with the requirement of Namely : that of the people enough.22 - to be appointed Minister of powers doctrine in the political decision of the Head of State and issued by virtue ofHim. Required in the designated two conditions : First : the general consideration, II : the prosecution. The Imam in the application of legal provisions.23 - It is the work of the Prime Minister : (execute the orders of the Head of State Appoints and that the rulers, and to consider the Ombudsman).24 - scholars are unanimously agreed not to take women to the ministry at all, and also not to pay dhimmi Ministry of the mandate, while some scholars that passed the Ministry in charge of implementation.25 - Freedom, Islam, science and knowledge of military affairs, saying the Prime Minister, the Ministry is not considering implementation.26 - in the appointment of the Ministry of implementation is not lacking in the appointment but may be satisfied by authorizing him to the Imam and absolute name.27 - the emirate is the third mandate after the Imamat and the Ministry, and is divided into two parts : general and the Emirate of Dubai. General and the Emirate of two types : the Emirate of sustenance and the Emirate of requisition.28 - The Emirate is intended : to authorize the President of the State Governor or the Governor to consider all the affairs of the emirate or the province or territory ..The best conclude by this work is the words of the : (Glorified praise God and I bear witness that there isProphet noGod but You, I seek your forgiveness and I repent to y
الصفحات الاولى:

المفاتيح في شرح المصابيح لمظهر الدين الحسين بن محمود بن الحسن الزيداني ت 737هـ المقدمة كتاب الايمان : دراسة وتحقيق

اسم المؤلف: هيثم خضير عباس
اسم المشرف: شاكر محمود عبد المنعم الهيتي
الموضوع العام: العلوم الاسلامية
الموضوع الدقيق: الحديث
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
السنة: 2010
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
المستخلص: The significance of the Sunna of the Prophet lies in the fact that it is the second source of the Sharia (Islamic Law) after the Holy Quran.It is either confirming the orders and prohibitions cited in the Quran; clarifying certain verses of the Quarn, in accordance with the verse “وانزلنا اليك الذكر لتبين للناس مانزل اليهم ولعلهم يتفكرون”; or adding provisions not mentioned in the Quran. Allah the Exalted orders that the Sunna of the Prophet be followed, according to the verse “و ما اتاكم الرسول فخذوه وما نهاكم عنه فانتهوا”.Given that the Sunna of the Prophet has a lofty and grand status in the Islamic religion, I have selected a hand - written book entitled “المفاتيح في شرح المصابيح” (the key to expounding the lights) by the author Muth’hir Al - Din Al - Hussein Bin Mahmood Bin Al - Hassan Alzeidani (died 727AH), as a title for my thesis. This book is an exposition to another book entitled “the Sunna lights مصابيح السنة” written by the linguistic Imam Al - Baghawi (died in 516 AH). The “the key to expounding the lights” is one of the most important books that have provided a detailed and simplified expounding for the Sunna of the Prophet. It is an honor for me to share my colleagues in reviving the efforts of our ancestor mentors, Allah’s mercy on them; they will always remain our beacons on the road of right.My thesis consists of two chapters : Chapter one : it includes an introduction and two sectionsThe Introduction covers the biography of the two glorified Imams - Al - Baghawi (died in 516 AH), the author of (the Sunna lights); and Al - Zeidani (died in 727 AH), the author of the (key to expounding the lights).Section one : it offers an introduction to the book (key to expounding the lights), and consists of two topics : Topic one : the name of the book and its reference to its authorTopic Two : The methodology of Imam Al - Zeidi and his sourcesSection two : it deals with the written transcripts and my methodology in the research. It is composed of two topics : Topic one : a description for the written transcriptsTopic two : My methodology in the researchChapter two : it includes the examined text, bibliography and references used in the research.In my research I used different sources such as books on biography, language, Hadith (the Prophet traditions) sciences, jurisprudence, and others.Problems in the development of the thesis : • Difficulty to access to the locations where the written transcripts are kept. There are three transcripts in number : two in the National Center for transcripts in Haifa Street. This street has witnessed ferocious battles and hard conditions during 2006 - 2007. The third transcript is kept in the Kadiriya Shrine Library in Baghdad. Three of my colleagues assisted me in examining the first part of this transcript. My share of the first part is the Introduction and the Iman (the Belief) book. • Lack of references about Al - Zeidani, the author of the key to expounding the lights, especially regarding his birth, upbringing, and biography. My colleagues who preceded me attributed this lack of references to the invasion of the tartars to Baghdad in 656 AH (1258 AD), resulting in deterioration of all walks of life, killing of scholars and imams, and gutting of libraries. Most scientists had to flee from Baghdad for fear of death by the hands of tartars. This accounts for the lack of references about them, including the scholar Al=Zeidani.
الصفحات الاولى:

المستفاد من الامثال القرانية Learned from Proverbs Koranic

اسم المؤلف: علي مصطفى جاسم محمد الشيخلي
اسم المشرف: ضياء محمد محمود المشهداني
الموضوع العام: العلوم الاسلامية
الموضوع الدقيق: الفكر الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
السنة: 2010
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
المستخلص: It has abounded that centered on proverbs especially of Arab took care to collect proverbs, explained and then a trend represents the parables of the Quran and Hadith quarrel studies tried to clarify the relationship between proverbs, among other literary arts and contents of these parables .Not surprisingly, proverbs importance rhetorically and cultural, educational, aesthetic and national and other experiences they synthesize and dog wisdom educationally for subsequent generations and this important educational mentioned in the Quran it was natural that the Arabs by collection, classification and an explanation and balance and and studyIt met in parables almost Arab most Arab heritage sources and literature scholars have me and Arab language and interpretation since early collect and categorize tabulation and explained and made them a disciplinary and educational and pedagogical and ornamented by an immodest way and have supported their words their actions so that these sayings and governance remained alive in their written and oral todayI have numerous studies on an old Arab parables and newly me on heritage collection of proverbs and recording of their inherent fears for her from loss and feel them with their importance, they are an important part of the Arab civility and material to explain the nature of life then Arab researchers in multiple fields not only language and literature and grammar but expanded to sociology and behavioral studies and intellectual and ideologicalThe importance of proverbs derived reflect the feelings of people and ideas, customs and beliefs expressed by vividly issued by various classes and communities and groups so that we can count them by means of documenting the lives of people and their speed and movement through time armlets were and places and people by novel or studyThis undertake to write on this topic which I (learned from Proverbs Koranic. This message has divided the introduction and first chapter 5 chapters identify search terms and contained the first definition of ideal study deals with two issues b. b. concepts linked reciprocity was chapter II on properties and its importance and its benefits and included three first properties and detectives, b. conditions similarly b. ideals and his b. III benefits equally chapter III was similarly types and say may furthermore representation and contained the first types of reciprocal study deals with two issues b. b. send ideals of Qur'an Chapter 4 was devoted to hit proverbs infidel and included four detectives b. I hit proverbs to indicate if idols infidels b. hit proverbs if miscreants with if believers b. third hit proverbs to demonstrate poor infidels b. Fourth hit proverbs to clarify the facts and chapter v for striking proverbs to enhance good qualities and included four detectives b. I hit parables for spending b. hit proverbs lawnmower self b. third hit proverbs to regulate social relations b. IV hit proverbs to carrot - and - stick then closing and existing sources and references and tried to detect some properties and benefits which Koranic parables that I succeeded in subtractiveThe proverbial Holy for all the important or weird or description of occurred not Arabs or story about its account or any sense only with round representation there are some terms relevant reciprocal resemble and interfere with his concept of wisdom simile and representation metaphor and stories to distinguish them from other proverbs properties and speech of properties that distinguish it from the Quranic other proverbs to similarly speak a when all Nations and Nations to strike proverbs in the Qur'an has many benefits including reminder and preaching and and report and order to the mind and filmed in a substantial and varied work and praise, censuring and reward and punishment command or destruction and to do something or revoke command section scientists proverbs different subdivisions of these divisions and equally passive and is not for example Quranic concept of ideals as Holy wagon and not in Proverbs that made the what is measurable by except the Qur'an that proverbs, several of which she hates hit proverbs in modern discourses and joke downloads and Twitter; venerating the book of Allaah send parable of the Koran, which is kind of quote, he mostly only to text verse are singer than other say hit proverbs in Quran statement if idols infidels and fails to hit proverbs to measure if kaafirs with if believers hit proverbs to demonstrate poor infidels hit proverbs to clarify some facts of faith hit parables for spending hit proverbs lawnmower self - confidence hit proverbs to regulate social relations hit parables of carrot - and - stick
الصفحات الاولى:

القياس في العبادات : دراسة اصولية فقهية AlQiyass Fil - Ibbadat , Derasa Osuliya Feghiya

اسم المؤلف: رعد ريكان حسين علي
اسم المشرف: احمد عيسى يوسف العيسى
الموضوع العام: العلوم الاسلامية
الموضوع الدقيق: اصول الفقه
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
السنة: 2010
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
المستخلص: After I have finished my research , I can say publicly that my essential reference is the Islamic law ; this reference which has so far specified for the Islamic nation its life , behaviour and the type of steps that should be followed in order to choose the path to worship God properly , we should do that to apply and declare the theme that the Islamic nation is the nation on the globe to order the good and prevent the evil , as stated in the Holly Quran . among the causes of the Islamic nation being the best nation is the existence of these legal teachings which keep the goodness and continuity of the Islamic nation such as the science of al - Figh and its origins which are always acceptable for all ages and new circum stances , ( al - ijtihad ) ( the study ) in al - Figh of which the most important element is (Al - Qiyass ) or ( the measurement ) which is continuous . until the Day of Judgement . If this element were to be closed would create many complicated problems and difficulties , which have their had effects on the nation and the Islamic community . the idea that the Islamic scientists will not continue to accept (Al - Qiyass ) in their studies and researches is misunders tood . in my study , I found out many results mentioned orderly as follows in these section : Abctract________________________________________________________ In the first section I've talked about (Al - Qiyass ) ( the measurement ) in general : the definition , according to those who accepted door denied it , and the discussion of their evidences , the conditions of (Al - Qiyass ) . this section is regarded as a general introduction for my thesis being merely a part of (Al - Qiyass ) , and the proof Of the part needs the proof of the chief base (Al - Qiyass ) being on difference among the scientists needed me to prove the whole (Al - Qiyass ) in order to prove others . I want to prove with evidences that (Al - Qiyass ) is an element legislation . I've found that those who did not accept (Al - Qiyass ) have practically applied it . but at the same time they refuse Al - Qiyass as a legal element in the end of this section I apologized for both : those who accepted or denied Al - Qiyass because both of them were essentially working to safeguard the Islamic legislation . I've also talked abut different definitions of ( Al - Qiyass ) . but I chose one main definition which included the chief meaning of Al - Qiyass : the origin , the branch , the cause and judgment . I discovered tat those who accepted ( Al - Qiyass ) have got their evidences in Al - Qiyass and AL - sauna which refer to the existence of Al - Qiyass in legislation ; meanwhile I mentioned the evidences of those who refused Al - Qiyass I depended on ( AL - Dhahiriya ) having their wide range in their . judgements , ( they , themselves , have opposed those who said that of Al - Qiyass is an origin of Islamic legislation origins ) I found that they say in their evidences that they accept the text but they refuse the concept . the purpose is to safeguard the Islamic legislation from astray . I proud the view of the whole scientists ( AL - jumhoor ) who say that Al - Qiyass is an evidence in legislation . I've also talked about the fundamentals of Al - Qiyass : the origin , the branch , the.Abctract________________________________________________________ cause and judgment , with the explanation of the views of the scientists and their definitions to make Al - Qiyass complete In the second section I discussed the me thuds of the cause as some scientists call it . they include ten me thuds : ( the text , gesture , whole agreement , occasion , effect , similarity , dividing and adjustment ) whenever the cause is stable in one of these ways , we can apply Al - Qiyass on its stability . I talked in detail about these conditions due to their importance and that Al - Qiyass depends on the Cause existed or not : when existed there is Al - Qiyass and vice verse . I discussed also the difference between the Cause and its wisdom ; the definitions ; whether in one meaning or different meanings ; whether they agree to come together in third work or not . I found that wisdom is the fruit of the judgment proved by reason and cause . I talked about the hidden cause . I found out that scientists rely on the inner cause to estapish the judgment and transfering it another. In the third section I talked about the difference between the worship and the behavior of worshiping because many people misunder stand the saying of some origin lists : ( No Qiyass in worshipings ) : in this saying they do not mean the worshipings ; but behaviour of worshiping . they do not mean : cleanliness , prayer , fasting , almsgiving and pilgrimage , but they mean the behaviour of worshipings which are hidden such as the limits of almsgiving in sheep , camels , gold , silver which we do not know why they are in these guantities . I explained the types of worshings in which Al - Qiyass can be applied . The fourth section is devoted to the critical evidences that prove the truth of what I have discussed in the former three sections . I've provided the reader of this thesis with many evidences that prove the existence of Al - Qiyass as a judgement in the worshipings . I've divided this section into Abctract________________________________________________________ five researches ; beginning with the cleanliness because most of the worshipings are incomplete without cleanliness , then the prayer , the fasting , almsgiving and piligrimage . I can't say that I have mentioned all the measurements , but most of them , to suit this section and that is suitable to this , in order to prove the aim of this study . I started with the view of Shafi'yah , Hanafiyah , Malikiyah , then the Hanabila , may God bless them all. I hope I have showed and explained in these pages the right understanding and the continuity on this understanding which was applied by the scientists concerning Al - Qiyass in worshipings in general . I hope and pray for His majesty Allah that this thesis will be one of the bases of science in the field of Islamic legislations ; I hope also that my effort is only to His face and to be registered in the paper of my deeds and those who helped me to fulfill the thesis in this image we have now . Our last prayer is all praise is for Allah the lord of worlds and all prayer be with his prophet our first teacher mohammed with is house hold and companions.
الصفحات الاولى:

القواعد الفقهية وتطبيقاتها عند الامام ابن دقيق العيد في كتابه احكام الاحكام في بابي الطهارة والصلاة

اسم المؤلف: عماد ابراهيم مصطاف البدراني
اسم المشرف: فؤاد محمد عبد الكبيسي
الموضوع العام: العلوم الاسلامية
الموضوع الدقيق: الفقه
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
السنة: 2010
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
المستخلص: After we have completed the grace of God Almighty and from the study of jurisprudence at Imam Ibn Eid accurate - may God have mercy on him - from his book "the provisions of martial deliberately explained the verdicts" at Babi purity and prayer, in independent research, may be we succeeded to find a new born baby is added to said this flag - Sharif - Flag jurisprudence - - The findings of these studies through to the most important results are summarized as follows : 1. That Taqi al - Din Ibn accurate Eid - may God have mercy on him - Islamic figure unique, born out of cream, and grew up in a family with a scientific Hainha great in forensic science, 2. Kick, to seek knowledge from an early age, until he reached great heights in the lives of teachers. 3. They understand in the Maliki school first, and then turned to AlTafaqah in the Shafi'i school Fastoabha Asolaovrua even surpassed by his peers, the promise of senior scientists Shaafa'is. 4. Studied and issued a fatwa in allegiances and the rise in science until he reached the rank of ijtihad certificate of his contemporaries came after him and squeezed from the scholars. 5. Served as the Chief Justice of Shaafa'is in Egypt in late life and died in that position. 6. Many of the scientists of his companions, that envoy percent on top of the seventh, which renewed the Almighty God _ _ by the members of the nation's debt, and saw him to do some of the scholars of non - owners. 7. Compilations of great help to leave a rare, it has many of them, and the remaining are of two types : one for the manuscript still did not shake off his dust was printed, and the other printed trader. 8. Imam al - Eid accurate Allah's mercy did not synthesize the book independent jurisprudence, but it was a lot of use of such rules in the jurisprudential writings, fundamentalism and in particular the provisions of his sentences, and writing to explain the knowledge of martial give talks, which clearly shows that this science Galilee had extensive exposure to these rules , and he was inclined to use in strengthening the evidence issues that are different by its evidence, and it was argued that some independent Hzhecdlel Manglh by some scientists that it would have to invoke the rules Erie jurisprudence is not absolute, and can carry on rules that are not based on legally admissible evidence and reason The rules which are based on inadmissible evidence or legal mind is opposed to the initiated his scientific books and Trgihath indicate to adopt it as an excuse acceptable, and sufficient proof of this that the Son of accurate holiday - may God have mercy on him - they have developed new doctrinal rules depending on the capacity of studying the evidence sentences and Science other legitimate has been set aside what I think is drawn by the rules in the area of research in its own index to demonstrate that his book is also tightening the provisions included in Tnayh a large number of jurisprudence that the advantage of forensic evidence Asasas it, marked the observance of the purposes of Islam religion, with the completeness facilitation at the most, while the clarity of words and meanings. 9. Imam al - Eid careful not interested in his book Kthiras the provisions of the verdicts of the inference rules in the jurisprudence cited by explaining the talk of Terms and the provisions contained in such interviews, nor did he mentions in his explanation of speeches Terms and the provisions contained in these conversations, as he did not give examples of application of these rules But in a few rare, and therefore Ajhtniassaobac in finding evidence of fundamentalism to these rules and also to find applications to the Sub This took me to exchange a lot of time to review the books Asoip compared with the sub - applications in the books of jurisprudence of the link between assets and branches and create a link with each other to develop forensic evidence underlying the rule. 10. The jurisprudence of the most important definitions : a holistic jurisprudential rule applies to many branches, not one section. In front of the officer is doctrinal : the rule applies to the whole jurisprudential various branches of one section. 11. Al - Qaida and fundamentalism is reached by the Faculty of Science to Islamic rulings process syndrome of its evidence in detail. 12. Or from the most important sources of jurisprudence is the book and Sunnah and raised companions and followers and the jurisprudence scholars as well as differences in the extrapolation of jurisprudence. 13. Rules of origin and evolution of jurisprudence and in stages, which was the first stage Balncu with the commencement of the revelation and the second codification and development The third phase was marked by stability and the fourth scientific renaissance. 14. Rules jurisprudence considerations of several divisions, including : A. As expanding the coverage and rules of jurisprudence major rules represent a comprehensive and inclusive. Of the major and the other conclusion. B. As a guide and source, including what is provided by what is derived from them. T.. As independence and dependence are separate rules and original and also include bases. Th. As the scholars were agreed upon and the differences : the agreed and disputed. 15. The jurisprudence of the rules large and useful functions, including : A. Save and set the branches of jurisprudence sporadic. B. Configure the Queen of jurisprudence. T.. Preserve the unity of common sense to understand and pay for the contradiction. Th. Formation in the evolution of n jurisprudence. C. Have a clear impact in the different scholars. 16. Scientists statements and opinions in an authoritative jurisprudence Npinha briefly as follows : A. Some went to the irrelevance of the rules and regulations and jurisprudence that is what went to him a number of scholars B. , And others of scientists has gone to the original passport is invoked. In studying the Astdlat each of the two opinions and the above - mentioned, which seems to me that the jurisprudence of the valid evidence of the legitimacy of the protest did not see a disagreement between scientists in this regard to the rules originally Lama texts which originally derived from religious texts is disputed. 17. Imam al - Eid accurate jurisprudence has been used in the weighting of the different means of jurisprudence among scholars and the most important issues that Rjhaa these rules as follows. Issues of purity and most important of these issues : First : should be the intention to wash and washing, he went to the faith are in fact valid, without which, because the modern business intentions (which is a major doctrinal base) in which this estimate omitted the estimated health is not perfect. Secondly : if in doubt Almtodo purity went on to say that he is still on the purity of the receipt of the modern right of it and saying that the rule of certainty would not go away, contrary to the suspicion against the owner. Third : the licking the dog in the pot, he went on to say that cheap eye dog who says otherwise, the dog is impure, but pure mouth. IV : Health and acceptance of business, they go hand in hand went to testify to this speech of menstruating women not to accept the prayer of the veil, but said the rule of worship do if the floor of a person over the street. V : raise tayammum of the event, most likely that tayammum raising event, as in lifting water, but there is no difference between a lifting of the event tayammum be specific times or in certain shops because he said the rule change the provisions climate such shops. VI : Health prayers multi Bodoh one, likely be more than prayer wudoo one interview not to accept to accept the prayer event until the ablutions and that talk has not bin corruption ablution for saying the base difference rule before the end of exchange than later. VII : the rule of money riser hand before being allowed into the pot, he went to say that this is for an assignment in terms of the hadeeth, "he does not know where are his hands," and that the term implied by the doubt in saying that a presumption in the rule that does not prove to be suspicious. VIII : Washing the pot from the licking of a dog, he went to say that washing illness impurity and not to worship for saying the rule that judgments are often opposed by the forward Ninth : The purity of water used, he went to say, not the purity of free base for saying the word truth in the texts which he mentioned the use of water and ablution intended as promising to wash and what is not used. Tenth : Grand ablution, he went on to say that the ablution a great virtue in terms of being a part of the conditions of worship to pray with Alaazim credited and that this rule altogether. XI : permissible to use only stones in the cleansing of the male prostatic fluid, with mastery of the water, went on to say that testify to the inadmissibility of the money mentioned him about it because he said the rule "is not the designated compliance by" a water. Trjuhath the issues of prayer and most important of these weights : First : naafil after Fajr prayer before sunrise, and after naafil inches times before sunset, he went to argue that the legitimacy, and argued that to give talks denies praying at these times for saying the rule that denials of religious texts to negate the legitimacy of acts do not meet the fall Doubling the reward for praying in congregation in the mosque five and twenty times or twenty - seven degrees on the single prayer in the home or its market, went on to say that this does not mean doubling the reward for praying in congregation at home or the market on an individual prayer, but which is less than the reward in the mosque or ad hoc means that the disparity in the reward groups, mosques, more than this ad hoc reward, saying to rule according to the doubling of the reward of virtue and that this increase continued steadily. Third : to double the prayer with the congregation in the mosque went on to say the reason is that the actions mentioned in the modern version of n predicted from the reasoning for saying base correlation between governance and illness and the presence or absence. IV according to the virtues of business Ithob done this evil, he went on to say the difference in the virtues, according to the disparity in the coming evil in these virtues, testify to the virtue Rise and Decline of prayer in the market by saying in the house for a reasonable base meaning bear this out. Fifth : The disparity remuneration for work of varying difficulty winning it, went on to say pay up dinner and the morning prayer in the mosque on the other prayers for saying the same conditions as base pay increases to increased hardship. VI : PSYC rebuke sin, he went to say that it is a gradual start Balzajer and lower did not benefit from the increase in the degree and intensity, to testify to it by means of threats for failure to pray in mosques and that he submitted to the sentence, saying to a base in this matter originally gradient. VII : increasing the reward for work on the lighter the reward for what was the hardest of it, he went to say that depending on the interests of worship and lighter Rjuhanha the interests of what was the hardest of them, saying to the rule to that effect. Eighth : innovation in worship, he went on to say being with the texts on this issue and he breaks the text or not provided unless it is illegal, saying the original base in worship arrest. IX : Displays the original Zalazahr, he went on to say that the preference in the matter anyway and calculation by including Fathi Alqrin, saying to a different base. Tenth : the equality between obligatory and Voluntary and staff in the tapes, he went on to say equally, and the exception is contained, but to this ad hoc, and that this rule altogether. Eleventh : The discrepancy in wording between language and Islam in the legal text, he went on to say that the legal status of the meaning of that word for saying the words rule the street to a statement of education in the Islamic Shari'a. XII : the balance between the time in the virtue of worship and virtue out of worship, went on to say on the merits of worship and time for saying that the origin of the biggest virtues of worship. Thirteenth : The excuse of ignorance, he went to say that the excuse of ignorance and forgetfulness in Terminator him and did not weigh in by the sheriff as saying the rule is wrong with the Terminator rebuke and illness in the ordered collection of interest. In the conclusion of this letter I would like to place on record some of the recommendations or suggestions : 1. Given the fact that the science of jurisprudence venerable science degree, the greater the benefit that have an impact in facilitating Principles of knowledge ماخذ issues and gather branches scattered in the faculties of a comprehensive and achievement of the purposes of legitimacy, as well as the protest when it Palmtvq Aozaz directory, or penalties in case of disagreement, I claimed that universities specialized science Alklliat legitimacy or legitimacy in the comprehensive universities to more attention being paid to the knowledge of jurisprudence and taught as a separate subject in the initial studies, and guide researchers in the Graduate Studies and faculty to write, writing, or even Ttakqiq jurisprudence books printed or manuscript, which is still sitting Vimktbaat manuscripts scattered across the Islamic world, to volley in all parts of the globe, also claimed to print verified as to spread good. 2. Encourage researchers in jurisprudence that not only the books of jurisprudence in their research or academic letters and Atarihhm University, and urged them to go to extract more of the jurisprudence of the books of jurisprudence and assets in a way that extrapolation in order to help them out into existence in Compilations independent specialized in jurisprudence and studied in terms of meaning verbal vocabulary Alvazaaoualemany overall form, and reasoning to them, and report it and Alttiqat Sub statement Msttnyatea, because this serves the development trend of life in the Muslim community and helped to classify the doctrine, to fit with the spirit of the times and make it easier for specialists affairs issues the advisory opinion also makes it easier for non - specialists such as people working Sharia law and economics, access to rules and laws consistent with the law as soon as the most accurate results, especially if the formulation of these rules in the form of legal texts, summary of meanings and demonstrated clear. 3. It is better to encourage the trend for researchers in jurisprudence, to the authorship of this science division Alytrivp substantive rules, any collection of jurisprudence that are comprehensive, many of the sections jurisprudential basis, and the rules that specializes in a particular department in a separate synthesizer such as the rules relevant to pray for example zakat, or transactions or personal status Aopaljnayat, borders and so forth, the aim of bringing these sections where researchers or the jurist, and hard - working, as well as closer to the beneficiary with the Shari'a. 4. Encouragement towards the establishment of encyclopedias written in the rules of jurisprudence, and disposal of composition and method for collection at the sectarian divisions of the rules, all the way to find these books to encyclopedias dealing with the complete combination of these rules, regardless of denomination to come from al Qaeda and exclusive formula Ahdpjamap the base of the same subject, the be done after ascertaining the validity of this rule in terms of fundamentalism and lack of opposition to the continued complex from the assets of Islamic law, because this will contribute to access to the rules that take into account the legitimate purposes and feeds in developing the science theories of jurisprudence. This Meiserh God to me on the subject of jurisprudence and its applications at the Imam Ibn Eid careful in his judgments on the provisions of sections purity and prayer, Large, and I have been able to serve this flag Maver Galilee and the Islamic Shari'a my work van I was this humble It is thanks and gratitude to God that helped me on that and is pleased me, and I missed the people and because the error is not Bmspad injuring humans and make mistakes and infallibility of the prophets, the first was prays to God Almighty to degrade me, and this work holds for me and two buttons to the day I need, and the other was a Barbie Fezni decent waiver and dismiss the error block, especially since the was intended in order to please Him and utility of slaves, and a prayer to thank God, the Lord of the Worlds and peace and blessings of the ring Alnpin and Messengers, our Prophet Muhammad and his family and companions.
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