الصفحات الاولى:

البيع بشرط تصريف البضاعة il contratto estimatorio : دراسة تحليلية مقارنة == THE CONDITIONAL SALE CONSIGNMENT OF GOODS AN ANALYTIC & COMPARATIVE STUDY

اسم المؤلف: احمد عبد السلام كاظم

اسم المشرف: عماد حسن سلمان

الموضوع العام: القانون

السنة: 2017

الموضوع الدقيق: القانون التجاري

الدرجة: ماجستير

الجامعة: جامعة ذي قار - كلية القانون - قسم القانون الخاص

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: ذي قار

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: Iraqi legislator did not define the consignment contract; nor did he regulate its provisions, although it has been frequently circulated in people transactions. The Civil Italian Law No. 262 for the year 1942 regulated its provisions in Articles (1556, 1557, 1558). So it did the Amended Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) of 1952, Section (2/326). It was also stipulated by UK Sale of Goods Act of 1979, Paragraph (4), and Section (18) that dealt with (the sale or return.) The consignment contract is a special in - kind contract under which wholesaler would deliver goods to retailer for sale within an agreed - upon time period, whereby the former retains ownership of the goods until the price be paid, while the latter shall take the risk of loss of the goods and be obliged to pay for whatever be sold with the right to return that which is unsold. The object of contract would only include the movables without real estates. It does not take place by means of mutual consent. Rather it must be concluded whenever a wholesaler hands over the goods to retailer. Besides, it is a netting contract binding on the parties, on each party a host of commitments shall be placed. It is an immediate contract whereby time is not considered an essential element in spite of a delay of payment.The consignment contract, although it is more like a sale contact, is not a sale contract. For the sale contract is a consensual contract governed just by a mutual consent of its two parties, while the contract in question is an in - kind contract concluded by no means but delivery. Neither is it a deposit contract, nor agency contract, nor commission contract, nor company contract and nor sale with the retention of ownership. Rather, it is a special contract, new in its legal drafting, and one of the contracts that might be treated rightfully and legally, for it is in conformity with public order and morals.Furthermore, the contract in question is devoid of ambiguity and ignorance. For the wholesaler, who wants to sell out the largest possible number of his goods, would decide to distribute these goods to retailers, determining the price of the goods and the time of sale. The retailer does not afford the price of the goods, would receive the goods from the wholesaler and bear the risk of its loss so that he can sell them out. The price gain is the difference between the price determined by the wholesaler and the price at which the retailer sell.Under the contract, the retailer is committed to sell out the goods in accordance with the principle of good faith, i.e. the retailer must make every effort to show the goods in question and encourage customers to buy. Any violation of above would entail that the retailer is acting on bad faith, that is when he decides to store in the goods rather than having them offered to the public. In such a case, the wholesaler is entitled to terminate the contract because the retailer breached its obligations to sell out the goods in good faith. The retailer shall adhere as well to a key commitment that he should pay for the goods that have been sold, as well as his commitment - which is at the same time his right - to return the goods that have not been sold during the agreed - upon period. The wholesaler shall in return be committed to deliver the goods subject of the contract.The consignment contract is an in - kind contract; it is originally not to be concluded nor does it exist without delivery of goods. It also entails that the wholesaler is committed not to have access to the goods while in the possession of the retailer, whatever that might be, whether mortgaging or selling of the goods. The wholesaler as well shall not claim a refund of the goods within the specified period of the sale. Under the contract, the liability for the loss of the goods shall be placed on the retailer upon delivery; he holds responsible for the cause of the loss, even if it was a foreign cause of which he does not have a choice. Nevertheless, the retailer shall not be liable for any loss in case of old goods. Creditors of the retailer may not hold on the goods so long as the retailer did not pay for the goods. Besides, the wholesaler shall retains ownership of the goods until the retailer pays for the goods. The creditors of the wholesaler may not seize the goods under contract. This ruling is derived from the text of Article (1376) of the Iraqi Civil Law which acts as an exception to the privilege of movable seller.The consignment contract ends upon the sale of the goods, which is the subject of contract, or by the end of the specified period of sale. Moreover, the contract in question is one of the contracts that is governed by personal considerations so that the death of the retailer might be one reason among many that leads to terminate the contract especially in case that a wholesaler is not convinced with the efficiency and integrity of the retailers heirs. The contract also deemed terminated if one of the parties is considered in breach of a commitment determined by the contract in question.

التنظيم الدولي لشرط التسليم او المحاكمة واثره في النظام القانوني العراقي == International REGULation of the CoNDITION OF extradiTION or TRIAL AND ITS IMPACT ON the Iraqi legal system

اسم المؤلف: مهند هادي عبد الحسين

اسم المشرف: محمد ثامر مخاط السعدون

الموضوع العام: القانون

السنة: 2017

الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدولي العام

الدرجة: ماجستير

الجامعة: جامعة ذي قار - كلية القانون - قسم القانون العام

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: ذي قار

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: The condition of Extradition or trial is a new and old condition, adopted by the " Grocius " 400 years ago, on day at which the international law as whole was undergoing a jelly - like period. It is now dealt with by the International Law Commission after the International law appears to be broad enough to suffer fragmentation.On the one hand, it links the requirement of condition of extradition or trial between international and criminal law, but this does not impair its international character , it is reflected positively on the international instruments that codified the international endeavor to prevent crimes known as transnational crimes, that have generated other close concepts to it such as inclusive jurisdiction and principle of integration .On the other hand, this international organization was revealed to be of three levels. First, the organization dealt the condition that research included the sources of its conditions and obstacles to effective application . The second level tackles the organization of international agreements to this condition, which take this condition out of its political nature to give it a purely legal character for the purpose of dealing with organized international crimes. This organization had a clear impact in the scope of energy transfer, technology, cybercrime and extradition conventions. The third level discusses the judicial regulation of the condition of extradition or trial, which is added up to this condition through the guarantees established by the judiciary so that to guarantee human rights and to violate his freedom . Finally, we come upon the impact of this condition in Iraqi legal system represented by the agreements that Iraq ratified and joined as well as its impact on criminal legislation, whether criminal or substantive. The study as well dealt with the point of condition in the special criminal laws .The requirement of extradition or prosecution is meant to pursue offenders and act upon prosecuting them in any place or to bring them to a party whom it wishes to put them into in order not to provide him with a safe haven. It is also clear that the Iraqi criminal legislation is free of any text that would include this requirement .

الرقابة القضائية على تقدير العقوبة الانضباطية : دراسة مقارنة == The Judicial control over the assessment of disciplinary punishment A comparative study

اسم المؤلف: اسد موفق جلاب

اسم المشرف: نجيب خلف احمد الجبوري

الموضوع العام: القانون

السنة: 2017

الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الاداري

الدرجة: ماجستير

الجامعة: الجامعة العراقية - كلية القانون والعلوم السياسية - قسم القانون العام

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: بغداد

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: تعد سلطة تقدير العقوبة الانضباطية احدى السلطات التي تباشرها الادارة في مجال الوظيفة العامة ، وهي تعني منح الادارة حرية في اختيار العقوبة التي تتناسب مع المخالفة المرتكبة من الموظف نتيجة اخلاله بواجباته الوظيفية ، وتختلف السلطات الانضباطية التي تتولى توقيع العقوبة في الدول المقارنة حسب النظام الوظيفي لكل دولة ، فمنها من اخذ بالنظام الرئاسي ومن اخذ بالنظام القضائي ، وان منح الادارة حرية التقدير للعقوبة يستند الى تخويل المشرع لهذه السلطة على وفق رؤيته بان الادارة هي الاقدر على ممارسة هذه السلطة في مواجهة ظروف العمل الاداري ومستجداته ، وكذلك هي الاقدر على تحديد الاخطاء التي تشكل مخالفة في مجال الوظيفة العامة ، وفي مقابل منح الادارة سلطة التقدير للعقوبة فان المشرع احاطها بضمانات لا بد من مراعاتها عند ممارستها لسلطة التقدير ، منها مراعاة مبدا شرعية العقوبة ، حيث ان المشرع اورد العقوبات على سبيل الحصر ويجب ان تكون العقوبة الموقعة من ضمن العقوبات التي حددها المشرع ، وكذلك لا بد من مراعاتها لمبدا التناسب الذي بموجبه يقتضي ضرورة توقيع عقوبة تتناسب مع المخالفة المرتكبة ، وياتي دور القضاء الاداري لاستكمال دور المشرع في ضرورة تحقيق هذه الضمانات من خلال رقابته على الوجود المادي للواقعة ومراقبته للتكييف القانوني من خلال صحة الوصف القانوني للواقعة وكذلك مراقبته اهمية الواقعة ، فاذا ما خرجت سلطة الادارة عن مسارها الذي وضعه المشرع لها فان القضاء يواجهها من خلال السلطات التي يمتلكها ، فيعمل على الغاء العقوبة اذواقعت على الموظف وكانت مشوبة بعيب من عيوب القرار الاداري التي تجعله محلا للالغاء ، او يخفض العقوبة اذا كانت لا تتناسب مع حجم المخالفة ، او يصادق على العقوبة او يحكم بالتعويض ان كان له مقتضى . | The discretionary punitive authority is one of the powers exercised by the public administration in the public service. It grants the administration the freedom to choose the right penalty that suit the violation committed by the employee as a result of breach his or her duties, the disciplinary authorities that impose sanctions in other comparative countries are differ according to the government employment system of each country. Some of them use the presidential system and other countries uses the judicial system. Granting the power of discretion authority to the administration by the legislator is based on an authorization by the legislator to the administration according to his vision that the administration will do its best to serve the public interest and it will be able to exercise this authority in the best interest of the institution. The administration is also knows how to find and deduct its mistakes when they happen based on their discretionary power, including the principle of the legality of the sentence, since the legislator listed the penalties exclusively, also the penalty imposed shall be one of the penalties specified by the legislator, and the proportionality principle must be taken into consideration. It is necessary to impose a penalty that suit the violation. The judiciary role of the administrative is to complete the legislator's role in the necessity of achieving these guarantees, And monitoring the legal adaptation through the validity of the legal description of the incident as well as its role of controlling the important incidents. If the administrative authority departs from the path that has been set by the legislator, the judiciary faces it by its authorities. The administrative court can abolish the penalty if it does not suit the violation committed by the employee, endorses the penalty or award compensation to one of the parties if needed.