اسم المؤلف:
زينة طارق نعمة الكنعان
اسم المشرف:
منير عبود جاسم الطائي
روضة محمود علي العلي
المستخلص:
The current study aimed to exploit the peels of shrimp in extracting dye, the following results were obtained : shrimp peels contained 1.29% moisture, 1.83% protein, 18.56% fat and 77.82 ash. The astaxanthin dye was extracted and its amount and activity were determined. Five solvents were used to choose the best one in extraction the dye from fresh, dried, boiled and freezed peel. Among all solvents hexane gave less content and activity. Fresh peels gave high content and activity 60.71μg/g and 45.92 % respectively. Mixtures of isopropanol : ether and hexane : acetone also gave high extraction. 90 % acetone showed high extraction of astaxanthin, 79.61μg/g and 98.26% respectively for the activity and content, while results were converged for acetone 90%. Antioxidant activity was measured after 24 hours of incubation, it was increased proportionally with dye concentration and ranged between 83.47 - 98.7% and 2 - 20 mg/ml, respectively. Astaxanthin activity was the best in comparison with standard astaxanthin, BHT, and α - tocopherol, which were 93.76%, 96.75% and 94.50%, respectively at higher concentration. Astaxanthin showed significant antioxidant activity in comparison with standard astaxanthin, BHT, and α - tocopherol, during three months of storage. During the storage period, from the first day to thirteenth antioxidant activity was fixed and ranged between 80.83 - 96.57% at 20 mg/g, while BHT and α - tocopherol activity was between 73.44% - 95.31% and 49.44% - 93.42% respectively at same conditions. Astaxanthin showed high reduction strenth 275%, which was closed to ascorbic acid 278%, while each of BHT, α - tocopherol and citric acid gave reduction force less than the extracted dye, 200 and 190 and 225%, respectively. The pigment gave good ability to chelate Fe (II) at concentration of 89% which was higher than BHT and α - tocopherol, 44.6% and 45.1% respectively, while EDTA, ascorbic acid and citric acid were excellent in chelating Fe (II), 97.7%, 96.9% and 94%, respectively. The capacity of astaxanthin to scavenge hydroxyl radicle was 84.79% which was close to the ascorbic acid and citric acid, 85.45% and 87.39%, respectively, while it was higher than that of BHT and α - tocopherol which have values of 57.45% and 58.13 respectively. The dye showed a clear ability to scavenge the hydrogen peroxide, 83.03% - 89.67%, from a concentration of 12 - 20 mg/ml, which was higher than BHT, α - tocopherol and ascorbic acid at concentration 74.05%, 86.41% and 86.92%, respectively, while it was less than the ability of citric acid to scavenge the radical of hydrogen peroxide that was 92.29%. Astaxanthin was the best in ability to scavenge the radical of the active oxygen in comparison with standard BHT, α - tocopherolSummary الخلاصة - bandascorbic acid, which recorded values of 87%, 71% and 85%, respectively, while it was slightly less than that of citric acid which was 88%. The dye was characterized by thin layer chromatography (TLC), which compared with β - carotene and standard astaxanthin dye and showed three spots closed in their rate of flowing with the standard astaxanthin, and the fourth spot of β - carotene. The values of flowing were 0.35 and 0.55 and 0.73 and 0.97 respectively. The dye was characterized by the infrared spectrum (FTIR), which showed the most important peeks and bands of active functional groups for each of extracted and standard astaxanthin, and it was concluded that they were the same for two dyes. The thermal gravimetric analysis curve (TGA) showed that the extracted dye passed through two stages, the first stage began from evaporate of the water and weight loss at a temperature of 128.17Co, while at the second stage the dye disintegrated at a temperature of 399.29 Co and 85% loss in comparision with standard astaxanthin that needed one stage, 454.37Co and the loss of 84% to reach the disintegration and stabilization phase. The extracted dye was diagnosed by using UV and visible spectrum and compared with the standard astaxanthin, and both of them gave a higher absorbence at wavelength of 565 nm. The determinnation of the cellular toxicity of dye on human solution blood detected that there are no changes in the shape and appearance of blood, this confirmed safety of astaxanthin against decomposition and precipitation of blood. Astaxanthin was used to preserve crude sesame oil that put in two types of containers, dark and transparent, for three months. The peroxide value, value of alansidin, thiobarbituric acid, the value of total oxidation (Totox), conjugated dienes (CD), conjugated trines (CT), and antioxidant activity were estimated. All measures showed significant results for the oil in dark containers in comparesion with oil in transparent. Beef burger was prepared and submitted to sensory evaluation after adding antioxidant to it, stored for 15 days at 4 - 8°C, during this period, peroxide value and TBA value were measured. Cake was prepared and the sensory evaluation was done, then stored for 35 days, also, peroxide value, TBA and acid value were estimated. The concentration of 300 ppm recorded significant results for all treatments and samples that treated with BHT and the blank. So, it was concluded that astaxanthin dye could be used as a natural antioxidants in food preservation to avoid lipid oxidation, and to improve the quality and safety as food supplement with a healthy and beneficial effects.
