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استخلاص الايضيات الثانوية المنتجة من عزلات الستربتومايسيس في محافظة بابل == Extraction and Characterization of Secondary Metabolites produced by Streptomyces spp. Isolates in Babylon Province

اسم المؤلف: فرقان محمد حسين الاسدي
اسم المشرف: علاء هاني الجراخ | محمد صبري عبد الرزاق
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الاحياء المجهرية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تهدف هذه الدراسة الى استخلاص وتوصيف مركبات الايض الثانوي ذات الفعالية ضد البكتيرية والمنتجة من عزلات محلية لبكتريا الستربتومايسيس. تم خلال الدراسة جمع 98 عينة تربة مختلفة خلال الفترة من شباط الى نيسان 2014 من مناطق مختلفة في محافظة بابل/العراق. تم عزل وتشخيص وتوصيف عزلات الستربتومايسيس باستخدام طرق قياسية مختلفة فيما تم المسح الاولي واستخلاص وتنقية المركبات الفعالة باستخدام طرق قياسية مختلفة اخرى. تم تشخيص المركبات ذات الفعالية ضد البكتيرية باستخدام تقنية الغاز الكروماتوكرافي - مطياف الكتلة (GC - MS) فيما تم تحديد التركيز المثبط الادنى للمركبات الفعالة باستخدام طريقة التخفيف بالاكار. اظهرت النتائج ان 41 عزلة ستربتومايسيس قد تم تشخيصها وتوصيفها بالاعتماد على الخصائص المظهرية والفسلجية وكذلك تحديد الوان الهايفات الهوائية والغزل الارضي substrate mycelium للمستعمرات النامية. تم انتخاب عزلتين من الستربتومايسيس لدراسة التجارب الاخرى لكونها اظهرت اعلى فعالية ضد بكتيرية وهما العزلتان SMI - 04 وSMI - .10 تضمن المسح الاولي اختبار 41 عزلة Streptomyces ، اظهرت ستة منها فعالية جيدة ضد البكتيريا الموجبة والسالبة لصبغة غرام (المكورات العنقودية الذهبية وبكتريا القولون)، فيما اظهر المسح الثانوي امتلاك عزلتين من الستربتومايسيس اعلى طيف فعالية ضد بكتيرية للبكتريا الموجبة لصبغة غرام ( Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylococcus epidermidis) والسالبة لصبغة غرام (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae). تم دراسة توفير الظروف المثلى لانتاج المركبات ذات الفعالية ضد البكتيرية باستخدام عوامل مختلفة تضمنت نوع الوسط الزرعي للانتاج (وسط فول الصويراقم - 1)، دالة الحموضة 7.0، فترة الحضانة 4 ايام بدرجة حرارة 30 مئوية بالنسبة للعزلة SMI - 04 فيما كانت ظروف الانتاج للعزلة SMI - 10 هي وسط فول الصويراقم - 1 كوسط زرعي، دالة الحموضة 7.0، وفترة الحضانة 5 ايام بدرجة حرارة 30 مئوية. وجد ان مزيج الميثانول والكلوروفورم (وبنسبة 1 : 2) هو افضل مذيب ذو قدرة استخلاص فائقة لمركبات الايض الثانوي ذات الفعالية ضد البكتيرية. تضمنت خطوات التنقية الجزئية استخدام الكروماتوكرافي الورقي مع مزيج الميثانول والكلوروفورم (وبنسبة 1 : 2) حيث اظهرت النتائج وجود بقعة ذات قيمة معامل سريان Rf (0.77) للعزلة SMI - 04 وبقعة اخرى ذات معامل سريان Rf (0.71) للعزلة SMI - 10 . اظهرت نتائج عمود الكروماتوكرافي ان اعلى فعالية ضد البكتيرية كانت في الجزء fraction (11) للعزلة SMI - 04 والجزء fraction رقم (9) للعزلة .SMI - 10 اظهرت نتائج استخدام تقنية الغاز الكروماتوكرافي - مطياف الكتلة (GC - MS) وجود مركبين ذات فعالية ضد البكتيرية هما eicosane من العزلة SMI - 04 وbutylated hydroxytoluene من العزلة SMI - 10. اظهرت النتائج ان قيم التركيز المثبط الادنى لمركب eicosane كانت 32 مكغ/ مل و64 مكغ/ مل لبكتيريا Staphylococcus aureus وEscherichia coli على التوالي بينما كانت قيم التركيز المثبط الادنى لمركب butylated hydroxytoluene 16 مكغ/ مل و32 مكغ/ مل لبكتيريا Staphylococcus aureus وEscherichia coli على التوالي والذي يظهر ان المركب الاخير ذو فعالية ضد البكتيرية اقوى من المركب الاول. واستنادا للمعلومات المتوافرة فان تشخيص هذين المركبين يعد اول تسجيل في عزلات الستريبتومايسيس في العراق | This study was aimed for extraction and characterization of antibacterial metabolites produced by local isolates of Streptomyces spp. in Babylon Province, Iraq. Ninety eight different soil samples were collected during the period from February to April 2014 from different areas in Babylon province/Iraq. Streptomyces isolation, identification and characterization involved different standard methods. Screening, extraction, and Partial purification of bioactive compounds were carried out using different standard techniques. The antibacterial compound in the active fraction was identified through Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC - MS) analysis. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) for the identified compounds were determined using two - fold agar dilution method. Results revealed that forty one Streptomyces isolates were identified and characterized depending on the morphological (cultural and microscopical), physiological characteristics, and color determination. Two isolates (Streptomyces isolate SMI - 04 and SMI - 10) were selected because of their potent antibacterial activity in the screening test. Primary screening test involved testing of 41 Streptomyces isolates. Results exhibited that only six isolates showed significant antibacterial activity toward two test bacterial isolates (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli). Secondary screening test revealed that two isolates (Streptomyces isolates SMI - 04 and SMI - 10) had broad spectrum activity against two Gram - positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis) and three Gram - negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae). Optimization of production conditions indicated that antibacterial productivity were applied using the following parameters (soya bean broth1 medium, pH adjusted at 7.0, and incubation time for 4 days at 30°C) for Streptomyces isolates SMI - 04 and soya bean broth1 medium, pH adjusted at 7.0, and incubation for 5 days at 30°C for Streptomyces isolate SMI - 10. Methanol with chloroform in a ratio of (2 : 1) was found to be the best solvent with maximum extraction capability for antibacterial metabolites. Partial purification steps including Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) with methanol - chloroform in a ratio of (2 : 1 v/v) was the best mobile phase, one spot was visualized for isolate SMI - 04 with Rf value of 0.77 and one spot for isolate SMI - 10 with Rf value of 0.71. Column chromatography exhibited that two active fractions, fraction No.11 of isolate SMI - 04 and fraction No.9 of isolate SMI - 10 which gave considerable antibacterial activity. Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC - MS) technique indicated the presence of two compounds with antibacterial activity; eicosane for Streptomyces isolate SMI - 04 and butylated hydroxytoluene for Streptomyces isolate SMI - 10, which possessed potent antibacterial activity. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) values of eicosane were 32µg/ml and 64µg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively while the MICs of butylated hydroxytoluene was 16 µg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus and 32 µg/ml for Escherichia coli which indicated the potent antibacterial activity of the latter compound. According to our knowledge, these antibacterial compounds are first recorded and identified from Streptomyces spp. in Iraq

التوصيف الجزيئي لبعض عوامل الضراوة لبكتريا Streptococcus pneumoniae المعزولة من الاطفال المصابين بالتهاب الاذن الوسطى الحاد == Molecular characterization of some virulence factors of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from children with acute otitis media

اسم المؤلف: شيماء عبد العباس محمدعلي الطائي
اسم المشرف: لميس عبد الرزاق عبد اللطيف | صفاء حسين الطريحي
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الاحياء المجهرية
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: في هذه الدراسة تم الحصول على 120 مسحة من الاطفال المصابين بالتهاب الاذن الوسطى المراجعين لمستشفى الحلة التعليمي (شعبة الانف والاذن والحنجرة) للفترة من تشرين الثاني 2014 الى كانون الثاني 2015 والذين تراوحت اعمارهم من شهر واحد الى 12 سنة . وقد تم عزل وتشخيص 8 عزلات فقط من بكتريا Streptococcus pneumoniae . خضعت جميع العزلات لاختبار الحساسية للمضادات الحيوية .وقد وجد ان جميع عزلات هذه البكتريا كانت حساسة بشكل تام (100%) لكل من Tetracycline Clarithromycin وMeropenem.ولكنها حساسة بدرجة اقل لكل من Vancomycin, Imipeneme وCloxacillin . كما واظهرت العزلات مقاومة Cefotaxime في حين كانت مقاومة وبدرجة اقل لكل Amoxy - clavulanic acid, وOxacillin . تم استخدام بادئات نوعية (primers) في تقنية تفاعل البلمرة المتسلسل (PCR) للتحري عن الجينات الخاصة بانتاج (ply) جين وقد اظهرت النتائج امتلاك اربع من العزلات لهذا الجين, وقد وجد ايضا ان هذه العزلات الموجبة لها القابلية على انتاج hemolysin خارجي . اضافة الى ذلك وجدت نتائج مماثلة لجين (LytA) حيث وجد ان نفس العزلات الاربعة اعطت نتائج موجبة لهذا الجين . اضافة الى ذلك فان التحري عن امتلاك Streptococcus pneumoniae لجين (LuxS) يظهر امتلاك خمس عزلات فقط لهذا الجين . كما وجد ان جينات (nan A) عنصر اساسي في الاستعمار الناجح في القنوات التنفسية وان هذه الجينات حددت بواسطة بادئات ( Primers) خاصة بواسطة تقنية PCR وقد اظهرت النتائج اعطاء جميع العزلات نتائج موجبة لهذا الجين. اضافة الى ذلك فان التحري عن جين (PsaA) قد تم باستخدام تقنية PCR قد درست ايضا وقد اظهرت النتائج بان اثنين من العزلات فقط اظهرت نتائج موجبة لهذا الجين . كما تم التحري عن جين (CpsA) بواسطة استخدام تقنية PCR ,وقد اظهرت النتائج امتلاك العزلات كافة لهذا الجين وان هذه النتيجة تدعم النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها phenotypically حيث وجد ان جميع العزلات اعطت نتائج موجبة للكبسول وهذا الجين يعتبر housekeeping جين . كما تم التحري عن الجين (α - Eno) باستخدام تقنية PCR, وقد اظهرت النتائج امتلاك خمس من العزلات لهذا الجين. وقد تم التحري عن تكوين الغشاء الحيوي biofilm بواسطة لوحة زراعة النسيجية حيث اظهرت النتائج تكوين biofilm بصورة قوية بنسبة 87.5% وتكوين biofilm بصورة متوسطة بنسبة 12.5 % وعدم وجود بكتريا غير قادرة على تكوين biofilm . بالاضافة الى ذلك تم دراسة تاثير سكر Xylitol على نمو بكتريا Streptococcus pneumoniae وقد وجد ان وجود سكر Xylitol بتركيز 3% يسرع بدخول البكتريا الى طور الثباات stationary phase .كما تم التحري عن تاثير سكر Xylitol بتركيز 5% على تكوين biofilm ,واظهرت النتائج قابلية سكر Xylitol على تفليل تكوين biofilm بنسبة 100%. | In this study , a total 0f 120 ears swabs obtained from children suffering from otitis media who were attended to Al - Hilla Teaching general Hospital (ENT unit) during the period ranging from November (2014 ) to March (2015). The patient age ranged from (1months - 12 years). Only eight isolates of S. pneumoniae were isolates. All the identified S. pneumoniae isolates from ear swabs were subjected to in vitro antibiotics susceptibility test by modified Kirby - Bauer disc diffusion method . It has been found that S. pneumoniae isolates were sensitive (100%) to Tetracycline , Clarithromycin and Meropenem. But lesser to each of Vancomycin, Imipeneme and Cloxacillin. However, the isolates showed resistance to Cefotaxime , but in a less degree to Amoxy - clavulanic acid, and Oxacillin. Molecular detection of Pneumolysin (Ply) gene was done by using specific PCR primer. It was found that Ply was observed in only four bacterial isolates, and these positive isolates have the ability to produce extracellular hemolysin. In addition, the same result was seen in autolysin (LytA) where the same four isolates give positive result for this gene. Moreover, luminescence (Lux S) was also detected in Streptococcus pneumonia isolates .It was shown that only five isolates gave positive result with this gene . It was found that neuraminidase (NanA) is essential for successful colonization of respiratory track, these genes was detected by specific PCR primer; it was observed that all isolates gave positive result of this gene. Besides, two isolates gave positive result for pneumococcal surface antigen A (psaA) gene when it was be detected through using PCR primer. Capsular polysaccharide synthesis (cpsA) was detected by using specific PCR primer. It was found that all isolates gave positive result for this gen and this result was confer phenotypically were all isolates gave positive results for capsule this gene was designated as housekeeping gene. In addition to that, specific PCR primer was used for detection of α - enolase gene. It was found that α - Eno was observed in five isolates of S. pneumoniae. Biofilm formation was also investigated by using Tissue culture plate. It was shown that biofilm formation was (87.5%) strong biofilm formation, ( 12.5 % ) moderately biofilm formation and no isolates that express non biofilm formation . Regard the effect of xylitol on bacterial growth was likewise studied which indicated that xylitol at (3%) concentration could cause accelerate the entrance of bacteria in the stationary phase when it is toxic to this bacteria. In addition, the effect of xylitol (5%) on biofilm formation was also studied, it was found that the result of this study demonstrated that xylitol effectively reduced the biofilm forming bacteria from weak to (100%) and no strong formation.

الكشف عن اصابات بكتريا التدرن Mycobacterium tuberculosis باستخدام تقنيات تشخيصية مختلفة في محافظة بابل == Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections using Different diagnostic Techniques in Babylon Province

اسم المؤلف: عبد الستار اسود كوكز
اسم المشرف: جواد كاظم طراد الخفاجي | هادي محمد علي الموسوي
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الاحياء المجهرية
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تهدف الدراسة الى المقارنة بين بعض التقنيات المستخدمة في التشخيص السريع لمرض التدرن في محافظة بابل باستخدام كل من Gene X - pert وAFB وReal Time PCR. وكذلك التحري عن معايير المناعية التي تتضمن التركيز المصلي لكل من IL - 2 وIgG وIgM لمصول مرضى التدرن. جمعت العينات المطلوبة لانجاز العمل من (60) شخص يشتبه اصابتهم بمرض التدرن والذين راجعو المركز التخصصي للامراض الصدرية والتنفسية بمدينه الحلة خلال الفترة من شباط الى حزيران 2015. بينت النتائج ان نسبه مرضى التدرن من الذكور هي 64% والاناث 36%, ضمن مدى الاعمار (15 - 74سنه) .اظهرت نتائج هذه الدراسة بان تشخيص مرض التدرن باستخدام كل من Gene X - pert وReal Time PCR نسبة حساسيه لكليهما بالنسبة لAFB موجب 100%. لكن Gene X - pert قد سجل 66% وReal Time PCR قد سجل 58% بالنسبة لAFB سالب. ونسبة الحساسية ل AFB 16,6%.حددت تسعة وثلاثون عينه موجبه لبكتريا التدرن من مجموع 60 مريض مشتبه اصابتهم ببكتريا التدرن قد حددت باستخدام Gene X - pert وكان منها (10 عينات عالية المقاومة و13 عينة متوسطة المقاومة و11 عينة واطئة المقاومة و9 عينات حساسة ) ل Rifampicin.اظهرت المعايير المناعية وجود زياده معنوية في معدل تركيز IL - 2 في مرضى التدرن غير المعالجين على حساب المعالجين ومجموعة السيطرة وكذلك زيادة في المعالجين على حساب مجموعة السيطرة. بين المتوسط الحسابي IL - 2 لغير المعالجين اعلى قيمة (196,429±69,139 بيكوغرام/ملي لتر) ويليه للاشخاص المعالجين (96,997±27,113 بيكوغرام/مليلتر) والاصحاء (78,997±0,909 بيكو غرام/مليلتر). عندما كانت قيمة P. value بين المرضى غير المعالجين والمعالجين (0,003) وجود زياده واضحه. وغير المعالجين ومجموعة السيطرة (0,005) وجود زياده واضحه. والمعالجين ومجموعة السيطرة (0,521) لا يوجد زياده واضحه. اظهرت المعايير المناعية وجود زياده معنوية في معدل تركيز الجسم المضاد IgG في مصول مرضى التدرن غير المعالجين على حساب المرضى المعالجين كالتالي : (22,09±1,299 غرام/لتر و17,376±2,494 غرام /لتر) على التوالي والقيمة الطبيعية في الاشخاص الاصحاء هي (6,3 - 16 غرام/لتر) عندما كانت P. value تساوي (0,01> P ) . لا توجد زياده معنويه في معدل تركيز الجسم المضاد IgM في مصول مرضى التدرن غير المعالجين والمعالجين (1,584±0,559غرام/لتر 1,143±0,492 غرام/لتر) على التوالي والقيمة الطبيعية هي (0,3 - 2,5غرام/على لتر) عندما كانت 0,05P. value > | The study aims at comprise between some techniques using for rapidly detecting tuberculosis cases among Babylon population and to limit the prevalence rate. This objective is achieved by the following : Collection of sputum and blood from study group who are suspected to have TB infection, molecular detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients samples using Real - Time PCR, Gene X - pert, and demonstration of immune response (IL - 2, IgG, and IgM) in TB patients. The samples of sputum and blood were collected from sixty patients suspected of having TB, in the Specialized Chest and Respiratory Center, Babylon, City during the period from February to June 2015. TB patients consisted of 28 (64%) males and 15 females (36%), with an age range from 15 to 74 years old. Gene X - pert MTB/RIF and Real - Time PCR techniques given sensitivity for AFB positive (100%) and AFB negative (66%, and 58%) respectively. AFB sensitivity is (16.6%), and the specificity is (100%) for all in the present study. Gene X - pert showed that forty three were TB positive from sixty suspected TB patients, and there are 10 with high resistance, 13 with medium resistance, 11 with low resistance, and 9 were sensitive to rifampicin. Serum level of Interleukin - 2 (IL - 2) in untreated TB patients, treated TB patients and control group showed significant differences. IL - 2 in untreated TB patients show high mean (169.429±69.139 pg/ml), followed by treated patients (96.997±27.113 pg/ml), and control group (78.997±0.909 pg/ml). The untreated v.s treated P. value (P<0.003) significant, untreated v.s control P. value is (0.005) significant, and treated V.s control P. value is (0.521) non - significant. Serum level means of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in untreated TB patients and treated TB patients show significant difference. The mean of IgG in untreated patients was higher than in the treated patients, there are (22.094± 1.299g/L, and 17. 376± 2.494 g/L, respectively), significantly P. value is (P<0.01) and the normal value of IgG is (6.3 - 16 g/L). Serum level means of immunoglobulin M (IgM) in untreated TB patients and treated TB patients showed non - significant difference. The IgM mean value in whole groups of the study had located in the normal value, the mean of IgM in the untreated patients is (1.584± 0.559 g/L), treated patients is (1.143± 0.492 g/L), (P. value >0.05), and normal value is (0.3 - 2.5 g/l).

دراسة بكتريولوجية وجزيئية لبكتريا Proteus mirabilis معزولة من عينات مختلفة == Bacteriological and Molecular Study of Proteus mirabilis Isolated from Different Clinical Samples

اسم المؤلف: ختام فاضل عباس
اسم المشرف: جواد كاظم الخفاجي | ميساء صالح الشكري
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الاحياء المجهرية
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تلخصت هذه الدراسة بجمع وتشخيص P. mirabilis حيث عزلت وشخصت سبعة عشر عزلة (12.6%) عائدة الى بكتريا P. mirabilis من 135 عينة جمعت من مصادر مختلفة من المرضى المراجعين الى مستشفى الحلة الجراحي خلال الفترة من (تشرين الاول 2014 الى شباط 2015). عدد ونسبة العزلات التي تم الحصول عليها من مرضى المجاري البولية 11(64%)و التهاب الاذن 3(17%) . بالاضافة الى ذلك نسبة العزلات التي تم الحصول عليها من مرضى الاسهال والجروح والتهابات المهبل من كل حالة 1(5.9%). العزلات التي تم الحصول عليهزارعت في اوساط خاصة وشخصت بايوكيميائيا وبكتريولوجيا.من خلال التحري عن بعض عوامل الضراوة وجد ان جميع العزلات (100%) قادرة على انتاج الهيمولايسين ، اليورييز، البروتسين وظاهرة الانثيال. تم الكشف على انتاج البيتالاكتميزلجميع العزلات المقاومة لمضادات البيتا لاكتام بحسب طريقة Rapid Iodiometric وبينت نتائج الدراسة ان16(94.1%) من العزلات منتجة للبيتالاكتميز. اظهرت نتائج الدراسة قابلية جميع العزلات على مقاومة بعض المضادات الحياتية فقد بينت النتائج بان كل العزلات كانت مقاومة كليا 17(100%) الى Imipenem كما ان اغلب العزلات كانت حساسة الى Ertapenem حيث ان نسبة المقاومة فقط 3(17.6%). علاوة على ذلك مقاومة العزلات لمختلف المضادات الحياتية فحصت وظهرت ان العزلات مقاومة بنسب مختلفة 14(82.3%) منهم اعطت مقاومة الى Amoxicillin وCefotaxime , 9 (52.9%) منهم اعطت مقاومة الى Amoxiclave, 11(64.7 %) منهم اعطت مقاومة الى Ceftriaxone و4(23.5%) منهم اعطت مقاومة الى Cefepime Clavulanic acid.لجينات المشفرة عوامل الضراوة لبكتريا P. mirabilis كشفت باستخدام تقنية تفاعل البلمرة المتسلسل PCR)). ظهرت النتائج ان كل عزلات البكتريا اعطت نتيجة موجبة للجين rsbA, luxS, pm1, mrpA ,ureC مع عدد ونسبة ,(53%)9 7(41%), 8(47%),,(35%)6 ,(18%)3 بالتعاقب. | This study is devoted to isolation and identification of Proteus mirabilis; 17 isolates of P. mirabilis have been isolated and identified out of one hundred thirty five clinical specimens obtained from patients attending to Hilla teaching Hospital during a period from October 2014 to February 2015. The number and percentage of isolates obtained from patients with urinary tract infections was 11(64.7%), and ear infection 3(17.6%). Other isolates obtained from patients with diarrhea, wound and vaginal infection that each case has percentage 1(5.9%). The isolates obtained have been cultured in selective media and biochemically assay. Some virulence factors of all isolates are studied, and the results showed that all bacterial isolates 17(100%) produced hemolysin, urease, Bacteriocin (proticin) and swarming. The detection of β - lactamase production is performed according to Rapid Iodometric Method and the result is shown that 16(94.1%) of isolate produced beta - lactamase. Antibiogram of P. mirabilis isolates has been studied and it has been found that all isolates were entirely resistant to Imipenem 17(100%), while most of the P. mirabilis isolates were sensitive to Ertapenem so the resistant only 3(17.6%). Furthermore, the resistance of isolates to a variety of antibiotics has been investigated and found that these isolates have been resistant to more than one antibiotic : 14(82.3%) to Amoxicillin and Cefotaxime, also 9(52.9%) of them were resistant to Amoxiclave, 11(64.7%) of them were resistant to Ceftriaxone and 4(23.5%) of them were resistant to Cefepime Clavulanic acid. Virulence factors encoding genes of P. mirabilis is detected by using polymerase chain reaction PCR. It is found that all bacterial isolates gave positive result for ureC, mrpA, pm1, luxS and rsbA with number and percentage 3(18%), 6(35%), 7(41%), 8(47%), 9(53%) respectively

عزل وتحديد هوية فيروس الحصبة في علاقته ببعض الجوانب المناعية من الاشخاص النازحين الملقحين في محافظة بابل == Isolation And Identification Of Measles Virus In Relation To Some Immunological Aspects From The Vaccinated Displaced Individuals In Babylon Governorate

اسم المؤلف: ليث احمد عمران كيف الكيف
اسم المشرف: محمد عبد كاظم حسن السعدي | يونس عبد الرضا كحيوش الخفاجي
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الاحياء المجهرية
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: اجريت الدراسة لتقييم مناعة المجتمع لكلا النازحين والمقيمين الملقحين بلقاح فيروس الحصبة ضد خمج الحصبة في محافظة بابل. لذا تضمنت هذه الدراسة معايرة الحالة المناعية في امصال النازحين والمقيمين محافظة بابل مع عزل وتشخيص فيروس الحصبة من الحالات المشتبه بها. ت | The study was conducted to evaluate the herd immunity for both the displaced and residents vaccinated with measles virus vaccine against measles infection in Babylon governorate. Therefore this study includes the evaluation of the immune status in sera of Babylon governorate displaced and residents with specific aspect for isolation and identification of measles virus from suspected cases. The immune response was evaluated by means of ELISA test (enzyme linked immunosorbet assay) for titration of IgM and IgG immunoglobulin level, in addition to evaluation of perforin level in the sera of 90 measles vaccinated individuals included in this study (50 displaced and 40 residents) from different areas in Babylon governorate, that were collected during the period extent from January up to April of 2016. Data about individuals were fixed according to information of formula including age, sex, geographical location, place displace of displaced and the vaccination date. Successful virus isolation from suspected cases on two types of cells culture included Vero cells line and chicken embryo fibroblast was carried. The titer of the isolated virus on Vero cell line reached (105.8 TCID50 / 0.1ml),which was higher than the titer of the virus isolated on CEF which reach (105.4 TCID50 / 0.1ml) after the third passage of the virus. The isolated virus was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence technique.The age of subjects included in this study ranged from <1 year up to 24 years old. The results revealed that 15 (30%) have positive IgM index in sera of displaced, whereas residents sera sample shown only 6 (15%) positivity. Howover, all 90 (100%) subjects of both groups showed positive IgG index. The results of the present study showed that there were no significant difference of perforin level in sera of refugees and residents at p<0.05.Assaying of immune response against measles virus by measuring IgM immunoglobulin in sera of vaccinated displaced and resident with measles vaccine reflected a highly significant difference between two groups which reached 0.43 mIU/ml in sera of displaced in comparison with residents sera which reached 0.34 mIU/ml. The result showed also high significant differences in IgM between females and males. The females sera IgM levels of displaced and residents were higher than its level in males sera which reached 0.47 mIU/ml and 0.35 mIU/ml, respectively, in comparison with male sera level which reached 0.40 mIU/ml and 0.32 mIU/ml, respectively. According to age group, the highest IgM value was recorded in displaced and residents sera in age group 10 - 14years (0.50 mIU/ml) and 5 - 9years (0.36 mIU/ml) respec - tively. Whereas the lowest IgM serum value was detected in age group <1 year (0.34 mIU/ml) and 15 - 19years (0.31 mIU/ml) for displaced and residents subjects. According to geographical location, the highest IgM level was detected in sera of displaced from Tal Afar city (0.44 mIU/ml) followed by displaced from Ramadi (0.41 mIU/ml) and the lowest IgM value was detected in sera of displaced from Mosul city (0.33 mIU/ml). Whereas the highest IgM value in sera of residents in the subjects of Al - Mahaweel city (0.37 mIU/ml) followed by subjects of Hilla and Al - Qasem city (0.29 mIU/ml and 0.28 mIU/ml) respectively. For IgG serum immunoglobulin the results revealed that there was no difference in significant levels in both group population. But according to age groups significant difference between displaced and residents was detected at p <0.05 in which the 1 - 4 years old showed the highest IgG serum level in both group (1.98 mIU/ml and 2.18 mIU/ml) respectively. While the lowest IgG sera value was recorded in displaced age group of < 1 year old (0.60 mIU/ml) compared with residents age group of 20 - 24 years old (1.65 mIU/ml).It could be concluded that the results showed that the displaced do not have any effect on the residents of the province of Babylon for measles as a result of the good immunization by Babil Health directorate following to the Ministry of Health.

التعدد الشكلي للمستقبل الثاني لعامل الورم التنخري والجين المحفز للـ CD4 والانترلوكين 37 في تقييم التهاب المفاصل الرثوي == Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor II, Cd4 Enhancer Gene Polymorphisms And IL - 37 In Assessment Of Rheumatoid Arthritis

اسم المؤلف: وسناء جمعة محمد
اسم المشرف: محمد شمخي جبر | باسم شهاب احمد
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الاحياء المجهرية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: التهاب المفاصل الرثوي (Rheumatoid Arthritis) مرض جهازي التهابي مزمن يصيب المفاصل وتحديدا الاغشية الزلالية والتراكيب المفصلية، والذي يحدث للعديد من الناس وبنسبة تقارب 0.5 الى 1% من السكان في العالم. لوحظ خلال الدراسات الوبائية لمرض التهاب المفاصل الرثوي | Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) one of the most common systemic autoimmune diseases characterized by chronic joint inflammation and subsequent joint destruction. To date, it well known that RA is characteristic of the expansion of the synovium and infiltration of the inflammatory cells coupled with destruction of adjacent articular cartilage and bone. This is strongly dependent on CD4 T cell. CD4 Cells stimulate monocytes, macrophages, synovial fibroblasts, and other cells to produce cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor - ? (TNF - ?, interleukin - 1 (IL - 1), IL - 6, IL - 15, IL - 17 and metalloproteinases that produce tissue damage. TNF is a major inflammatory cytokine contributing to the pathogenesis of RA, which provides rational for development of anti - TNF biological agents in the treatment of RA.Recently have shown that IL - 37 is a key cytokine in regulating inflammatory response, mainly by inhibiting the expression, production, and function of proinflammatory cytokines. Objectives This study planned to evaluate the association of TNFRII and CD4 enhancer genes polymorphisms in development and severity of RA in Iraqi patients, evaluate IL - 37 in patients with RA and investigate the correlation between IL - 37 levels with disease activity and relation of inflammatory parameters (ESR, CRP, ACPA, and RF) with TNFRII, CD4 enhancer genes polymorphisms.Patients and methods This study was performed during the period from May to September 2015. The patients were attending the out patients' Clinic in Medical City/Baghdad Teaching hospital/rheumatology unit and the laboratory ELISA tests were done in nursing home hospital laboratory, polymerase chain reaction (RFLP) analysis was performed in the specialist private molecular laboratory (ASCO Lab) in Al - Harthia / Baghdad. Fifty patients and 50 apparently healthy control individuals, Patients received disease modifying anti rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and newly diagnosed patients.The diagnosis of RA patients has performed under the supervision of rheumatic disease consultant physician at the consultation clinic of Baghdad teaching hospital of the medical city. Blood samples had taken from RA patients to measure (ESR), white blood cells count and hemoglobin. Also, analyze the serum levels of ACPA, RF screen CRP and estimate the levels of IL - 37 in patients and healthy individuals using ELISA test kits. TNFRII and CD4 enhancer genes polymorphisms genotyping had achieved by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length (PCR - RFLP).Results The results showed the estimation of RF by screening test revealed that its mean level was high among RA patients (168.87+31.62) in comparison with apparently healthy control (4.96+0.71) with highly significant difference (p<0.01). There was a higher positivity of Anti CCP in the patients sera (114.85+21.06) in comparison with apparently healthy control (1.71+0.13) (P<0.01). while the estimation of CRP showed that its level was higher among sera of RA patients (38.39+4.31) in comparison with healthy control group (16.49+2.51) (P<0.01). Furthermore, the ESR level in RA patients were higher than apparently healthy individuals (52.96+3.68) and (10.44+0.74) respectively with significance (P<0.01).The frequencies of the MM, MR, RR genotypes of TNFRII gene polymorphisms were 60%, 32%, 8% in RA patients and 52%, 42%, 6% in controls. There were no significant differences in the genotypes frequencies polymorphisms of the TNFRII 196 MR polymorphism between apparently healthy control and RA. The frequencies of AA, AG, GG genotypes of CD4 10845 A/G in patients was 36%, 42%, 22% and 8%, 44%, 48% in control group. There were significant differences in the genotypes frequencies polymorphisms of the CD4 10845A/G polymorphisms between apparently healthy control and RA patients (p<0.01). AA genotype were significantly more likely to develop RA (OR=1.355). There was significant increase in disease activity and severity in patients carries AA genotype (p<0.01).IL - 37 levels were elevated markedly in RA patients (101.31+10.41) compared with apparently healthy control (43.90+0.91) (p<0.01). More importantly, IL - 37 showed a significant correlation with disease activity (CRP) in RA patients (p<0.05). Also, IL - 37 show non - significant relationship with (MM, MR, RR) exon6 TNFRII in RA patients compared with controls, and non - significant difference between level of IL - 37 with CD4 10845 A/G genotypes compared with healthy control.Conclusion All findings suggested that TNFRII - 196R genotypes not associated with RA diagnosis. In addition, genetic polymorphisms at the CD4 enhancer gene are one of important factors that associated with susceptibility and severity of RA and can serve as a genetic marker for the risk of development of RA.

دورا محتملا لفيروس ابشتاين بار في عملية تسرطن الغدة الدرقية الحليمية == A Possible Role Of Epstein - Barrvirus In Carcinogenesis Of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

اسم المؤلف: هند علي خميس
اسم المشرف: عامر رشيد النجار | سعد حسن محمد علي
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الاحياء المجهرية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This study was designed as a retrospective research. A total number of (90) formalin - fixed, paraffin embedded tissues were studied. Malignant and normal thyroid tumors tissue blocks were collected from the archives of histopathology laboratories of different general hospital including ALYarmouk Teaching Hospital (Baghdad), Baghdad Medical City Teaching Hospital as well as many private laboratories in Baghdad, during the period from May 2013 to May 2014. These cases include ? Thirty tissue specimens from patients with papillary thyroid cancer. ? Thirty tissue specimens with benign thyroid lesions as control thyroid tissues group. ? Thirty (30) thyroid specimens were obtained from the normal thyroid tissues from the same those totally - thyroidectimized patients for thyroid papillary cancer (PTC) and have served as the second control group for this study. This study was therefore a paired case - control design. The sections were stained by hemotaxyline and eosin staining so as to confirm the diagnosis and assure that the intervening sections ( that were specified for the in situ hybridization and Immunohistochemistry study have containing the questioned tissues from papillary thyroid cancers and benign thyroid tissues (control group).After histopathological sectioning of these thyroid gland tumors and staining by Hematoxylin and Eosin, a final definitive diagnosis was done by histopathologist consultant. The practical part of this study was designed in four pathways : 1. Molecular detection of Epstein - Barr virus in those tissue blocks were performed by using ultra - sensitive version of in situ hybridization (ISH) for detection of EBV - EBERs. 2. To perform immunohistochemical study to demonstrate EBV - latent gene (LMP1, EBNA - 2) in the papillary thyroid cancer compared to control group. 3. To perform immunohistochemical screening study to demonstrate the over expression state of p53 - tumor suppressor gene in those tissues with papillary thyroid cancer compared to control group. 4. To perform immunohistochemical screening study to detected the CD8 and CD56 in tissues with papillary thyroid cancers compared to control group. The obtained results are summarized as follows : 1. The mean age of patients with papillary thyroid cancer and simple nodular goiter was (39.87&41.13) years respectively, with standard deviation ±(11.773,9.243) years. 2. In this study, the percentage of the females with papillary thyroid cancer was higher (86.7%; 26 cases) than the percentage of their PTC - male counter parts (13.3%; 4 cases). The patients whom sub totally thyroidectimized for simple noduler goiters , the percentage of females was also higher (73.3%; 22 cases) than the percentage of their male counter parts with simple noduler goiters ( 26.7%; 8cases). Female / male ratios of the patients with PTC and simple noduler goiters were 6.5 and 2.75 respectively. 3. The percentage of EBV results in the total group of PTC was (50%) while the percentage in the total group of normal thyroid tissue was (26.7%) and lastly in the total simple nodular goiter group was (10.0%). 4. The positivity rate of EBV EBERs - ISH technique in the total group of PTC was (30%), where as its percentage in NTT tissues was (16.7%) and in SNG tissues was (3.3%). 5. The percentage of positive - EBNA - 2 IHC technique in the total group of PTC was (20%), where as its percentage in NTT tissues was (10.0%) and in SNG tissues was (6.7%). 6. The percentage of positive - EBV - LMP - 1 - IHC technique in the total group of PTC was (43.3%), where as its percentage in NTT tissues was (20.0%) and in SNG tissues was (6.7%). 7. Mutated P53 - protein was detected in 28 cases (70%) of the studied cases. Twelve cases (30.0 %) showed negative IHC reactions. 8. The highest total percentage of CD8 - IHC reactions (21 cases; 70%) was found in those with papillary thyroid cancer followed by normal thyroid tissues cases ( 5 cases; 16.7%) and then ( 2 cases : 6.7%) in simple nodular goiter. 9. It was found that the highest percentage of CD56 - IHC reactions was in those with normal thyroid tissues (25 cases; 83.3%) followed by an equal percentages of CD56 - IHC reactions in either thyroid papillary or simple nodular goiter (2 positive cases; 6.7%, each). 10. The importance of CD56 marker has been found to play a role or it may be better to be used as a negative - diagnostic biomarker for papillary thyroid cancer in differentiating it from other malignancies as well as benign lesions of the thyroid gland, individually as well as in combination with other markers for clinical evaluation of those patients. 11. The evident high mutated p53 - over expression, as reflected by abnormal gene product, among papillary thyroid cancer patients indicates for a pivotal role of such genetic mutation in their carcinogenesis as well as could be useful in the clinical evaluation of patients with papillary thyroid cancer, too. 12. The high coexistence of p53 - mutation with EBV in PTC could point for participation of EBV - transformation genes in the p53 activation in high proportion of PTC. 13.The high percentage of CD8 lymphocytes in EBV - positive PTC as compared to their EBV - negative counterparts could reflect the participation of specific cellular immunity against both, the papillary thyroid cancers and this EBV infection during the initiation and progression of EBV - associated papillary thyroid cancers.

دور الايبشتاين بار فايرس كعامل محتمل لتقدم سرطان الدم اللمفاوي المزمن == Molecular Characterization Of Metallo ? - Lactamase (MBL) Genes

اسم المؤلف: لمى عامر ياسر
اسم المشرف: عامر رشيد النجار | داود سلمان داود
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الاحياء المجهرية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is ubiquitous virus which infects the majority of the human population and is the causative agent of infectious monocleosis and a variety of B - cell tumors including Hodgkin lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, human immunodeficiency virus - associated lymphomas and post - transplant lymphoproliferative disorders , this virus expressed many protein and it is associated with a variety of B - cell tumors. Recently many studies have suggested a causal relationship between EBV and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). A prospective study of thirty samples of formalin - fixed, paraffin - embedded tissue of bone marrow aspirates samples and blood from newly diagnosis BCLL of 30 patients and our control included : 1) 20 bone marrow of patients who they have hematological disease other than leukemia as control. 2) Blood serum from healthy controls to study the level of IL - 10 and IL - 8. The present study conducted at Baghdad Teaching hospitals and the National Center of Hematology from September 2013 to Jun 2014. In this study we investigated the association between EBV and CLL. The detection of EBV encoded RNAs (EBER1,EBER2) by in situ hybridization and also latent membrane protein - 1 (LMP - 1) and EBV nuclear antigen - 2(EBNA2) by immunohistochemistry and detection for the level of Interleukin n (8 and 10) in the serum of CLL patients by ELISA. In situ hybridization study revealed that all the controls were negative for EBERs and 46.7% patients were found to be EBERs positive. There was a correlation between positive EBERs and tumors stage and also EBERs and IL10 and with LMP - 1 and EBNA - 2. Immuno - histochemical method was used to demonstrate the rate of (LMP - 1 and EBNA - 2) in CLL patients where a positive results of EBNA2 and LMP1were found in (43.3 % and 56.6s %), respectively in CLL patient group. All controls were negative with an exception of two patients were LMP1 positive. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay test (ELISA) was used to detect the level of IL - 8 and IL - 10 in serum of newly diagnosed of CLL patients. Interleukin 8 was significantly higher in CLL cases group (33.1 pg/ml) compared to control group.On the other hand It was found that high increase in IL - 10 level ,in CLL patients when compared with controls. Conclusion : It can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between EBV and Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, mainly EBERs, also the association of significant increase in IL - 10 and IL - 8 with CLL.

دور الانترلوكين RA - 1 والسكليروستين والخلية التائية المستجيبة CD4 في مصل مرضى التهاب المفاصل الرثوي == Role Of Serum IL - 1RA, Sclerostin And Effector T - Cell (CD4) In Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients

اسم المؤلف: سنن ثائر عبد الوهاب
اسم المشرف: حيدر صباح كاظم | علاء الدين مظفر زبير
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الاحياء المجهرية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: التهاب المفاصل الرثوي هو احد امراض المناعة الذاتية الاكثر شيوعا والذي يتميز بالتهاب المفاصل المزمن والذي يؤدي فيما بعد الى تدمير المفاصل.لا يزال مرض التهاب المفاصل الرثوي يعرف على انه سمة من التوسع في الغشاء الزليلي وارتشاح الخلايا الالتهابية اضافة الى | Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most common systemic autoimmune diseases characterized by chronic joint inflammation and subsequent joint destruction. It is well known that RA is characterized by the expansion of the synovium and infiltration of the inflammatory cells coupled with destruction of adjacent articular cartilage and bone. This is strongly dependent on CD4 T cell. CD4 Cells stimulate monocytes, macrophages, synovial fibroblasts, and other cells to produce cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor - ? (TNF - ?), interleukin - 1 (IL - 1), IL - 6, IL - 15, IL - 17 and metalloproteinases that produce tissue damage. TNF is a major inflammatory cytokine contributing to the pathogenesis of RA, which provides rational for development of anti - TNF biological agents in the treatment of RA.Wnt pathway (a complex protein network) important in control of the bone formation through the regulation of osteoblast activity, and sclerostin is an important in the regulator of the Wnt pathway by blocking Wnt binding to its receptor and thereby inhibiting bone formation. Blockage of Wnt antagonists such as sclerostin will trigger repair or even healing of bone erosion.Recently have shown that IL - 1Ra has been given therapeutically in several experimental models of arthritis with weak effect in RA. This study planned to evaluate the frequencies of CD4+CD25+ Treg cells in Iraqi patients treated with RA under treatment with biological therapy (Etanercept). The level of serum sclerostin, serum level of IL - 1RA, and investigate the correlation between serum sclerostin and Treg expression. Correlate the level of serum sclerostin and Treg expression with disease activity by (CDAI or DAS28).This study was performed during the period from January 2016 to May 2016.The patients were attending the out patients' Clinic in Medical City/Baghdad Teaching hospital/Rheumatology Unit and the laboratory Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay tests were done in Bio - technology center at the University of Al Nahrain, flow cytometery analysis was performed in the private laboratory (Al Rawabi Laboratory) at Yarmouk/Baghdad. Thirty patients and 30 apparently healthy control individuals were included in this study, Patients under treatment of etanercept.The diagnosis of RA patients has performed under the rheumatologist consultant at the consultation clinic of Baghdad Teaching Hospital of the medical city. Blood samples had taken from RA patients to measure Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, Complete Blood Picture, Rheumatoid Factor and High - Density Lipoprotein. Also, analyze the serum levels of Anti - Citrullinated Protein Antibodies and estimate the levels of sclerostin and IL - 1RAin patients and healthy individuals using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay test kits. CD4+CD25+ Treg cells had achieved by flow cytometery analysis.The results showed the reduction in Treg cells in patients (0.00264 ± 0.002) % under biological therapy than control group (0.026 ± 0.012) % with significant difference (p< 0.05). Also body mass index showed significant difference between patients (32.10 ± 5.81) kg/m2 and control group (28.84 ± 4.67) kg/m2 (p< 0.05). The results showed that sclerostin level higher in healthy (1.072 ± 0.59) ng/ml than patients (0.801 ± 0.28) ng/ml which showed significant difference (p<0.05). Furthermore IL - 1RA serum level was higher in healthy (0.979 ± 0.34) ng/L than patients (0.633 ± 0.35) ng/L with significant difference (p<0.05). Anti - Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide results showed non - significant difference between patients and healthy control. Treg cells is reduction in the patients with RA. Sclerostin and IL - 1RA levels are low in patients treated with etanercept.

تقدير مستويات السايتوكينات (الحركيات الخلوية) المولدة للالتهاب والمضادة للالتهاب لدى مرضى فصال العظام في الركبة قبل وبعد الحقن بالبلازما الغنية بالصفيحات الدموية == Estimation Of Pro - Inflammatory And Anti - Inflammatory Cytokines In Patients With Knee Osteoarthrosis Before And After Injection With Platelets - Rich Plasma (Prp)

اسم المؤلف: حسنين خضير عبد العباس
اسم المشرف: عبد العظيم ياسين عبود البراك | سامر محمد رضا عنون | زيد وجيه رؤوف الشهواني
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الاحياء المجهرية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: التهاب العظام والمفاصل Osteoarthrosis)) او فصال العظام او ما يعرف بالاسم الشائع السوفان هو مرض يحدث في غضروف المفصل الذي يعمل على عدم احتكاك عظام المفصل ,مما يؤدي الى تقليل هذه الحماية ضد الاحتكاك فتصبح حركة المفصل بها خشونة ومصحوبة بالالام عند استخدام ا | Osteoarthrosis (OA) are defined as a progressive architecture destruction of the joints compared to slow healing of these joints which leads to reduce protection against degeneration and the movement of the joint is associated with by the roughness and accompanied by pain when using the joint. Often this disease affect the knee joint, it may affect any other joint in the body, especially those that carry weights such as leg hinges the pelvis, elbow and spine. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of platelets - rich plasma injection in osteoarthritis knee and the estimation of the biological and immunological markers associated with the treatment. This study involved 50 patients suffering from inflammation of the knee joint under supervision of speiclist of orthopedic ,most of these patients attended Al - Shaheed Firooz hospital in wasit Governorate and specialty private clinics of orthopedic and Rheumatology in the district during the period from April 2015 until October 2015.The age of patients was about 35 - 65 years; 31 females and 19 males with 25 healthy matching group. All patients were injected into the knee joint by a specialist physician with two injections during two months with platelets - rich plasma (PRP)after its preparation from the same patient's blood in sterile conditions. This was done after the signing of the patient or one of his relatives on the written consent to conduct the injection process after explaining and clarifying the principle of injection and the purpose. The level of pain of patients group was measured by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The enzyme linked immunnosorbant assay ELISA method to determine the level of some of cytokines in serum of patients group (interleukin - 1beta, tumor necrosis factor - alpha,IL - 10,IL - 8 and Transforming growth factor - B1) in addition to measuring the concentration of C - Reactive protein (CRP).The rate of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) was also estimated. All were done to all patients groups before and after injections with PRP in addition to healthy group. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences between males and females (54.5±1.2 males, 53.2±2.1 females). The study showed significant decrease in the mean of the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of patients before and after two months of injections with (PRP) 8.46 ± 0.104, 5.98 ± 0.129, , respectively, with highly significant differences (P=000.0) , also the study showed that there was no significant differences in VAS between age groups (30?s, 40?s, 50?s , 60?s) before and after injections with PRP (7.5,8.0 ,8.38 ,9.05), (5.0,5.55,5.69,6.7) respectively. The study also showed a difference in the mean for inflammatory marker C. Reactive protein concentration before and after injections with PRP 7.156± 0.328 µg/ml, 5.384± 0.196 respectively, in comparison with healthy group with highly significant differences (P=0.000).The study also showed a difference in the mean of ESR before and after injections with PRP (35.66± 0.879 mm/1hr, 23.7±0.856) respectively, with in comparison with healthy group highly significant differences (P=0.000).The mean of Interleukin 1 - Beta(IL - 1?) was decline after injections with PRP from 13.220±0.295, pg/ml to 9.622 ± 0.273 pg/ml in comparison with healthy group with highly significant differences (P=0.000). Also a decline in the mean of Tumor necrosis factor - alpha (TNF - ?) after injections with PRP from 62.384±0.927 pg/ml to 55.36 ± 1.121 pg/ml in comparison with healthy group with highly significant differences (P=0.000). The study also demonstrates a decrease in the mean of Interleukin - 8 (IL - 8) before and after injections with PRP (41.092±0.808 pg/ml, 35.93 ± 0.813pg/ml) respectively in comparison with healthy group with highly significant differences (P=0.000). An increase in the mean of Interleukin - 10(IL - 10) after injections with PRP from 5.108±0.291 pg/ml to 6.734±0.330pg/ml, in comparison with healthy group with highly significant differences (P=0.000). The final parameter in this study was demonstrated an increase in the mean of Transforming growth factor - ?1 (TGF - ?1) before and after injections with PRP (111.544±6.960, 149.212±7.540pg/ml) respectively in comparison with healthy group with highly significant differences (P=0.000). Association was obtained between VAS score and C. RP as well as ESR after treatment. PRP treatment also has an impact on increasing the level of anti - inflammatory IL - 10 and TGF - ?1 on one side and the decreasing level of pro - inflammatory IL - 1?, TNF - ?,IL - 8 (catabolic marker) on the other side these results suggest the inhibition of catabolic process demonstrated by reducing of VAS scores and the efficacy of effectiveness plasma rich platelets (PRP) treatment of osteoarthrosis.

دراسة المقاومة المتعددة للمضادات الحيوية لعصيات التدرن لدى مرضى التدرن الرئوي == A Study On Drug Resistance Of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Isolated From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients

اسم المؤلف: انمار ليث طالب الحسني
اسم المشرف: عامر رشيد النجار | احمد اسمر منخي
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الاحياء المجهرية
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تعتبر عزلات جراثيم التدرن المقاومه للادوية من المشاكل الرئيسية في معالجة مرضى التدرن حول العالم. , ولاهميته اجريت هذه الدراسة لتسليط الضوء اكثر حول الحساسيه الدوائية بواسطة الطرق المختبرية التقليدية وعلى الوسط الصلب ومقارنته مع الطرق التشخيصية المختبرية ا | Drug resistant tuberculosis remained as major problems in the treatment of tuberculosis patients in the world. A prospective study was conducted to evaluate drug susceptibility testing (DST) by classical methods on solid media as compared with advance and molecular Laboratory diagnostic methods (Bactec MGIT 960 and GeneXpert MTB - RIF ). The study included the estimation of the first line anti - TB drugs, including (Rifampicin,Isonizid,Streptomycin and Etambutol) by solid media (Lowenstein - Jensen medium) and Bactec MGIT 960 system. In addition, the use of rapid molecular diagnostic method by GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay. Seventy five TB patients attending the National Reference Laboratory of Tuberculosis /medical city - Baghdad from December 2015 to June 2016 were included in this study. Patients were classified into two main groups : selected MDR patients, which were referred from different hospitals and health respiratory center in Iraq, represented 46 in order to compare different laboratory methods to detect of DST isolates, while 29 were randomly isolated and identified , the study matched by age and gender were also included. This study revealed that the drug resistance tuberculosis to Rifampicin was 47 (62.7%), Isonizid 41 (54.7%), Streptomycin 42 (56.0%) and Ethambutol 38 (50.7%). Respectively , on the golden stander in which solid media were used.The molecular and advance technique (GeneXpert and Bactec MGIT 960) as applied to estimation of drug resistance tuberculosis, the results of drug susceptibility testing (DST), as showed highly sensitivity and Accuracy, when compared with golden stander( LJ media) especially in detected of primary drugs (Rifampicin and Isoniazid) and showed lower sensitivity and accuracy to detected of the secondary drugs (Streptomycin and Ethambutol). The Multiple drug resistance (MDR - TB) case from selective samples was found to be almost similar to that found in other countries of the middle east and other regions in the world. While in the randomly identified samples, the rate of MDR - TB was lower than the referred (previously treated) cases.The GeneXpert MTB - RIF system is rapid molecular methods that used in many countries to identify of MTB and Rifampicin detected during 2 hours only, that used in this study. The high Rifampicin resistance and other drugs of local isolates could be due to abuse of the drug,defaulter and relapse of retreating cases (previously treated).

التوصيف الجزيئي لعوامل الضراوة المرتبطة باصابات بكتريا المكورات العنقودية السالبة للتخثير والمعزولة من المصابين بالتهاب المجاري البولية في محافظة بابل == Molecular Characterization Of Some Virulence Associated Factors For Coagulase - Negative Staphylococci Isolated From Urinary Tract Infection In Babylon Province

اسم المؤلف: سارة هاشم داخل الحلي
اسم المشرف: محمد صبري عبد الرزاق السعيد | جواد كاظم الخفاجي
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الاحياء المجهرية
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: يهدف هذا البحث الى دراسة بكتريا المكورات العنقودية السلبية التخثر, وشملت الدراسة جمع120 عينة ادرار من المرضى المصابين بالتهاب المجاري البولية من الاشخاص المراجعين والراقدين في مستشفى بابل للنسائية والاطفال ومستشفى الحلة التعليمي وللفترة من كانون الاول 201 | This work aims to study coagulase - negative Staphylococci, which included 120 urine sample were obtained from patients suffering from urinary tract infection; who attained to Babylon Maternity and Pediatrics Hospital, and Al - Hilla General Teaching Hospital, during the period from December 2015 to March 2016), they were diagnosed as having UTI by the Urologists. The samples were analyzed for any signs of infection and immediately inoculated on blood and MacConkey agar media plates. All plates were incubated aerobically at 37 ?C for 24 - 48 hrs.Results of morphological and biochemical characterization revealed that out of total of 120 urine samples, 110 showed positive culture, among them 37 isolates are belonged to coagulase - negative Staphylococci, other 73 isolates belonged to other bacterial genera.Molecular detection of coagulase gene (coa) was done for all CoNS isolates. The results showed that 28/37 isolates (75.67%) were positive for this marker, distributed as follows : S. epidermidis gave 15 isolates, S. saprophyticus gave 9 isolates and S. haemolyticus gave 4 isolates.Also, molecular investigation of fnb A and B genes are carried out for all CoNS isolates by using specific PCR markers. 13/37 isolates (35%) were positive for fnb A gene, as 6/13 of S. epidermidis, 5/13 of S.saprophyticus and 2/13 of S. haemolyticus have this gene in their genome. On the other hand, only 4/37 isolates gave positive result for fnb B gene; as 2 isolates of both S. saprophyticus and S. epidermidis have this gene in their genome.Moreover, sec gene also was investigated in CoNS isolates. The results showed that all CoNS isolates are free from this gene.Regarding urease enzyme production, S. epidermidis and S.saprophyticus isolates were found to be urease positive, while S.haemolyticus isolates display urease negative.To demonstrate the ability of bacteria to form struvite stone, urine samples obtained from healthy individuals were used. It was found that struvite stone was formed by S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus isolates.Moreover, susceptibility to 10 antibiotics were tested by using disc diffusion test (DDT). S. epidermidis was showed 100% resistance for each Methicilline, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime and Cefoxitin. Also, it show high resistance 94%, 88%, 88%, 76%, and 59% for Impenem, Gentamycin, Pipracillin, Ciprofloxacin and Amikacin respectively. However, S. epidermidis showed low resistance (6%) for Vancomycin. So, all S. saprophyticus isolates showed high resistance (100%) to each Pipracilline, Ceftriaxone, Methicillin, Ceftazidime and Ciprofloxacin. It showed high resistance (92%) for each Vancomycin and Imipenem, and (83%), (75%), (75%) for Cefoxitin, Gentamycin and Amikacin respectively. In addition to that, all S. haemolyticus was showed (100%) resistance for each Ceftriaxone, Pipracillin, Methicilline, Ceftazidime and Cefoxitin. Also, showed high resistance (75%), (63%) and (50%) for Gentamycin, Amikacin and Ciprofloxacin respectively. While it was showed low resistance (13%) to Vancomycin.

الصورة البكتيرية والنسيجية المرافقة لالتهاب اللوزتين المزمن والادينويد عند الاطفال == Bacteriological And Histopathological Profile Associated With Chronic Tonsillitis And Adenoid Hypertrophy In Children

اسم المؤلف: رشا محسن كاظم الحسيني
اسم المشرف: حبيب صاحب نهر | صفاء حسين الطريحي
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الاحياء المجهرية
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This study aimed to investigate the bacterial profile of surface and core of infected tonsils and adenoid tissues and histopathological examination of these organs.A total of 122 samples represented by 63 excised tonsils and 59 excised adenoids in addition to 57 blood samples were collected from 70 patients who were referred to Hilla Teaching Hospital (Ear, Nose and Throat unit) in Hilla city within a period of four months from November 2015 to February 2016. Those patients weresuffering from chronic tonsillitis and adenoid hypertrophy. The ages of those patients ranged from 2 to 15 years, 41 (59%) of them were males and 29 (41%) were females.The study included three main parts. The first one was the bacterial diagnosis based on relied diagnostic procedures. Second part was the detection of antistreptolysin O (ASO) by using latex agglutination test, while the third part included histopathological study to detect the pathological lesions that occur during these infections.The results indicated that, the most age group being susceptible for chronic tonsillitis and adenoid hypertrophy was the group of 7 - 10 years, represented 33 patients with a percentage of (47%). Among this group, males were more susceptible with percentage of 20 (29%) compared to female patients13 (19%).The surface of all samples (tonsil and adenoid) revealed positive results for bacterial culture, while in the core of tonsil only 44 samples (70%) were positive for bacterial culture while 19 samples (30%) were negative results (no growth). As in tonsils, the core of adenoid revealed positive results in 32 (54%) samples, while 27 (46%) samples were negative results.The suspected isolates were fully identified by using bacteriological, biochemical and Vitek 2 techniques (for two isolates because of those isolates give variable biochemical test results which confused their diagnosis that lead to using of vitek system technique to diagnosis them, these isolates were rare bacteria that infect tonsil and adenoid). The most common types of bacterial isolates were Staphylococcus aureus which accounted for 75 isolates (23.6%), followed by Streptococcus pyogenes 61isolates (19%), Escherichia coli 57 isolates (18%), Klebsiellae pneumoniae 55 isolates (17.3%), Hemophilus influenza 37 isolates (11.6%), Sphingomonas paucimobilis 14 isolates (4.4%), Staphylococcus epidermides 7 isolates (2.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosae 6 isolates (2%), Pseudomonas stutzeri 5 isolates (1.6%), and Staphylococcus saprophyticus only one isolate (0.3%).Regarding the bacterial population, there is a difference between tonsils / adenoid surface and tonsil/ adenoid core culture were the most predominant isolate from tonsil surface was Staphylococcus aureus and K. pneumoniae from tonsillar core, while from adenoid surface was Streptococcus pyogenes whereas E. coli from adenoid core.The ASO titer in patients with or without group A streptococcal infections were determined by using latex agglutination test. The results revealed that 8 samples (14%) exhibited positive results, while 49 samples (86%) exhibited negative results out of 57 samples. The results showed statistically no significant differences between patient age groups but showed highly significant differences between males and females.Eight specimens were taking for histopathological examination randomly, four samples were adenoids and four samples were tonsils. The histopathology examination of tonsil and adenoid showed the presence of lymphoid hyperplasia,multiple lymphoid follicles, vascular congestion, fibrosis, germinal centers, infiltration of inflammatory cells, necrosis and apoptosis of tissues

دراسة جزيئية ومناعية على الفايروس المضخم للخلايا في النساء الحوامل وبعد الاسقاط == Molecular And Immunological Study On Human Cytomegalovirus In Pregnant And Aborted Women

اسم المؤلف: لمى غائب حسون السعدي
اسم المشرف: سوسن ساجد الجبوري | داوود سلمان داوود
الموضوع العام: علوم الحياة
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الاحياء المجهرية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:

الخصائص الفسيولوجية والجزيئية لــ Candida glabrata وCandida parapsilosis == Physiological And Molecular Characteristics Of Candida Glabrata And Candida Parapsilosis

اسم المؤلف: ايناس كاظم عبد الامير الخزرجي
اسم المشرف: زيدان خليف عمران المعموري
الموضوع العام: علوم الحياة
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الاحياء المجهرية
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:

الاستهداف الجزيئي لفايروس جون كنينكهام P16 Proteins ،B CellLymphoma Proteins لمرى ورم القولون == Molecular Targeting Of John Cunningham Virus (JCV),P16 Proteins And Bcl -2 Proteins In Colorectal Tumors Tissues

اسم المؤلف: زهراء علي عبد الله
اسم المشرف: شاكر حماد محمد العلواني
الموضوع العام: علوم الحياة
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الاحياء المجهرية
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:

الخلايا التنظيمية T ، والعلاقة البكتيرية والوراثية مع امراض صمامات القلب == T- Regulatory Cells, Genetic And Bacterial Relationship With Valvular Heart Disease

اسم المؤلف: سيناء جابر علوان الحسيني
اسم المشرف: عبد النبي جويد المعموري
الموضوع العام: علوم الحياة
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الاحياء المجهرية
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:

دراسة دور العقدية الرئوية والرشاشية الدخناء في مرضى الربو : دراسة مصلية جزيئية == Study On The Role Of Streptococcus Pneumoniae And Aspergillus Fumigatus In Asthma : Serological And Molecular Diagnosis

اسم المؤلف: اياد صالح مهدي
اسم المشرف: عامر رشيد النجار | امنة نعمة الثويني
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الاحياء المجهرية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:

المكورات العنقودية الذهبية المقاومة للمثسيلين بين العاملين في المستشفى والمجتمع وتميز وجود جين Luks_Lukf == Methicillin - Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Among The Hospital Staff And Community With Focus On The Presence Of luks - lukf PVL Gene

اسم المؤلف: الاء علي جواد
اسم المشرف: عروبة خالد عباس | سراب خاشع الراوي
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الاحياء المجهرية
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
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