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اوضاع المانيا الاقتصادية (1919 - 1933) == Economy Situation Of Germany 1919 - 1933

Author name: احلام ناجي مجيد
Supervisor name: احمد صبري شاكر الخيقاني
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: Germany suffered after the end of the First World War 1914 - 1918 of the deterioration of its economy due to the damage hit for the duration of the war and claims accord with states to pay damages as a result of damage caused by her after the campaign the consequences of that war , and was therefore its impact on the decline German Economy and degradation and instability , has I tried the message entitled (the economic situation of Germany from 1919 to 1933) to focus on the nature of the economic situation in the mentioned period, and stand on its own merits and internal and external influences that have affected them. The letter included an introduction and four chapters , the first chapter , entitled (the economic situation in Germany until the year 1919). totar German unity on the development of the German economy in all agricultural , industrial and commercial sectors in Madh 1871 - 1914 , as Germany continued colonial attitudes and their effect on the growth of its economy 1884 - 1914az the economic factor important driver toward the first World war (1914 - 1918) , which negatively affected the economy throughout the duration. And discuss the second chapter , entitled (deterioration of the German economy from 1919 to 1924) , a reflection of the war on its economy , revealing the impact of the Treaty of Versailles , as this treaty robbed Germany of what has been achieved since the spoils of unity. The continued separation nature of the financial situation and monetary policy in the period 1919 - 1923 , the impact of the issue of compensation on the German economy , and what came from international pressure after not being able to repay the compensation. He dedicated the third chapter (the recovery of the German economy from 1924 to 1929) to discuss the factors that helped Germany restore the economic capacity and continued Chapter monetary policy of reform and its impact on improved financial conditions , also touched on the role of foreign loans in the recovery of the German economy (1924 - 1929) and to prevent its collapse entirely to provide US United American Daoz project to consolidate its influence inwardly and to save its investments in Germany and the preservation of its interests in this country. It focused Chapter IV , entitled (the global economic crisis and its effects on the German economy from 1929 to 1933) to discuss the causes of the global economic crisis , and its impact on all sectors in Germany and ascend the Nazi power taking advantage of the situation because of its ambitious program put forward to solve the economic crisis in Germany. The study found a number of the most important results that the German economy had declined in the time that World War followed the first by internal and external factors and affected all sectors because of that , as it turns out that the Compensation weighed heavily on cash their positions, especially after the French occupied the Alrhor area in 1923 which is the most important industrial and commercial center has caused the collapse of the economy in Germany, and the occurrence of inflation was accompanied by a cash crisis and have found through research that foreign loans had a payoff affirmative because she saved the German economy from the situation prevailing inflation and brought about economic recovery in the period 1924 - 1929 , but those loans reflected on the long - term negative impact on the German economy , which has been associated with doing what foreign - effects that the economic crisis occurred in October 1929 , even Germany were more European countries affected by them
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المـؤسـسة العـسـكريـة اللبنانية وتطور دورها السياسي 1945 - 1976 == The Labanese Military Institution And The Development Of Its Political Role 1945 - 1976

Author name: قاسم جباري لطيف المرشدي
Supervisor name: صالح جعيول جويعد السراي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: This dissertation entitled “The Lebanese Military Establishment and the Evolution of Its Political Role : 1945 - 1976” presents a study towards the emergence of military establishment and its evolutionary stages through which it went. It also demonstrates the power of military institution and the extent of its impact on the Lebanese political affairs, its stance towardspolitical development andevents on the Lebanese scene. Additionally, it demonstrates the military's position towards the Arab issues. Besides, this study touches on the army's position on the Civil War 1975 - 1976, and the impact of that war on disintegration and splitting of the army.As for the reason why we chose solely this topic, it is that there has been small number of those who have written on the topic, whether academics or authors, ie, the topic has not been investigated academically in a comprehensive and full study. It is also due to our desire to stand on the nature of the work of this institution that have shown a positive role in addressing most of political issues and events that took place in Lebanon during the period in question.The study began in 1945 as it represents the birth of Labanese military establishment afterLabanese Army units have moved from the powers of the French occupation to the authority of the Lebanese state with effect from the 1st of August 1945. This birth has formed a crucial stage of its kind in the history of this national institution.The year 1976 marked the end of the period in questionbecause that yearwitnessed the collapse of the Lebanese military in the wake of the outbreak of Civil War during which the army ended up with a state of disintegration and collapsein a way which seems to echo the rupture situation of the Labanese society after its officers and soldiers were involved in sectarian fighting.The nature of the study necessitated dividing it into an introduction, five chapters and a conclusion which contained the most important conclusions to which the study has reached. Chapter Onenecessitated studying the emergence and development of the Lebanese military institution 1916 - 1944. Although this chapter has come to clear the way for the study, it remains necessary for it highlighted the very beginning of the emergence of the Lebanese military formations under the French occupation. This chapter has been divided into into five Sections. Section I trackeddown the initial features of the Lebanese military formations under the French occupation. Section II dealt with the East Special forcesthat represented a new organization created by the French authorities. Section III was devoted to the study of the French - Lebanese treatyin 1936 and its impact on the military side. Section IVillustrated the implications and impact of the World War II on the Lebanese military formations, while Section Vdelved into the 1943 crisis and its impact on the formation of Bchamoungovernment and the National Guard teams.As for Chapter Two, it came up with a title, “The Lebanese Army and Its Role In Lebanese politics paths 1945 - 1952.” This chapter is one of the important chapters for it represents the formation phase of the military establishment and the beginning of a new phase towards building a national army. This chapter has been identified with four sections. Section Idealt with the French - Lebanese negotiations to hand over the army and bring withdrawal. Section II worked through the efforts of the Lebanese government to develop and maximize the armycapabilities, whileSection III highlighted the role of the Lebanese army in the 1984 Palestine War. Section IVdemonstrated the army position on the armed insurrection of the Nationalist Party of Syria 1949.Chapter Three traced down the Lebanese army position on the political developments during the period 1952 - 1958, a period that had proved the reliability and capability of the Lebanese army. The chapter has been divided into four sections. Section I dealt with the army's position the 1952 uprising, and how itremained neutral and preserved the public institutions of the state. Section II explained the disagreements between the army commander FouadShihab and President Camille Shamoun, and the reflection of this disagreement over the military institution. Section III focused on the army's position on the popular uprising in 1058, and how the army has managed to face its repercussions. Section IVfollowed up to trace down thesubsequent developments the uprising that led to US military intervention and the reactions of the Lebanese army.As for Chapter Four, it highlighted the emergence and growth of the Lebanese army and its explicit involvement in the various joints of the Labanese political life 1958 - 1971. In this chapter, we reviewed the most important developments witnessed by the military after the army commander (FouadShihab) assumed the the Republic presidency, and his reform efforts to modernize the military institution. Wecovered all this in Section I. As for Section II, it was a follow - op on the army's position on the military coup of the Nationalist Party of Syria in 1961. Section III focused on the emergence and growing role of the second office following the attempted coup and the army involvement in various joints of the Lebanese political life. In Section IV, we shed lights on the Shihabites’ failure in the 1970 elections of the Lebanese presidency, the arrival of Suleiman Franjieh to the presidency, and how the latter caused to dismantle the Second Office’s equipment and arrested and brought to trials senior military officers and leaders and the impact of all this on the reputation of the Lebanese militaryinstitution.Chapter Vbrought an end to this study by investigating the disintegration and collapse of the Lebanese military institution 1972 - 1976, which took place as a result of a host of factors, at the forefront of these factors was the Palestinian resistance and its non - compliance with the concluded agreements, a matter that weakened the military and contributed to the growth of armedmilitias. We made this clear in Section I. Section II was devoted to give a picture of the Lebanese army position on the events of the October war 1973. Section III tracked the position of the Lebanese army on theCivil War 1975 - 1976, and the corresponding calls to take the army to the streets and the charges that the army took sides with one component of the Lebanese people against another. Section IV highlightedthe disintegration and splitting of the army and the joining of its officers and soldiers for the fighting militias as they own weapons and equipment, each according to his loyalty and sectarian affiliation.The study reached a set of conclusions. Among them are that the Lebanese military establishment was keen since the beginning of its inception to adhere to the policies pursued by the political leaders, and has also taken a defending position for Arab issues including the Palestinian issue. It also took a neutral stance on internal issues and conflicts of which theuprisings of 1952 and 1958 was an example. Besides, the Lebanese army was not a coup - wired army nor did his leaders believe in the phenomenon of military coups; however,the coup attempt in 1961 has increased its intervention in politics. A series of events contributed to the undermining of the military status. Among those were the failure of the Shihabites in the presidential elections and the arrival of Suleiman Franjieh to the office who took down the Second Office and expulsedarmy senior officers and appointed instead new leaders on the basis of loyalties and sectarian lines. This led to the politicization of the army and undermining of its status. Besides, the existence of the Palestinian resistance and its lack of commitment to the agreements concluded with the Lebanese authorities led to the growth of armed militias that operate outside the authority of the state, a matter which led to the outbreak of the civil war that led in turn to the disintegration and splitting of the army. But nonetheless, the military establishment remainsa unifying factor for the Lebanese people with itsvarious denominations and sects. When it operates, it does so from within thisperspective, as an expression of one will and as a national demand.
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الفكر السياسي الشيعي في العراق (1918 - 1970) == The Political Shia Thought In Iraq ( 1918 - 1970 )

Author name: اركان مهدي عبد الله السعيدي
Supervisor name: عبد الرسول شهيد عجمي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The Political Shia Thought in Iraq is the most important phase of the human Islamic thought. It relies , within its understanding to the political events and phenomenon and how to deal with them, on a principled system and judicial , ideological basis which are characterized by its origins and branches above the other Islamic views besides the secular ones. The paper is specialized to discuss the political Shia though in Iraq( 1918 - 1970 ).The signification of this study comes from some considerations; the most important one is to make the acquaintance of this thought's nature as a part of civilization path that has supported the humanity with the most important Islamic religious experience as well as the importance of the patriotic role of this thought in the history of modern and contemporary Iraq. Since 1918 the thought has revealed its political view to determine the kind of the Iraqi State with all events happened until 1970 ( the date of the study's end ).The Shia thought has reached to the highest level of the ideological development when it stood up with the theory of Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist ( Willayat al - Faqih ) that Assayid Khomeini believed in the widest sense. Then Assayid Mohammed Baqir Al - Sadr perused the same theory. The importance of this theory comes from being the juridical introduction with the political authorities which is needed by Islamic jurist ( faqih ) to establish the Islamic stat.Moreover the death of AssayidMohsin Al - Hakeem was an end of a stage in which the political Shia thought restarted along the period of his authority ( Marjia ' ). The paper has been divided into four main chapters according to the time order of events' promoting. The first chapter is related to studying the political Shia thought from the rooting stage to the emergence one ( crystallization ) in Iraq. We deal with the thought ideologically and in a juridical way. We also show the characteristics of the political Shia thought , its political structure , the most important theories and the emergence of the Shia thought politically in Iraq ( 1906 - 1918 ). The second chapter discusses the political Shia thought and the political regime in Iraq( 1918 - 1934 ). In this phase , the Shia thought had a role to give a political view about determining the kind of Iraqi state and setting it up as well as its opposed political role against the British occupation. Meanwhile , the Shia thought faced a political remoteness after it had been fought politically through some plans in a sectarian way against the Shia identity. The third chapter has been devoted to demonstrate the means of Shia thought in the political mobilization ( 1935 - 1959 ) which is represented with the ideological an the political Shia activity , trying to dispossess the rights through paying attention to the educational and cultural fields , developing the qualifications , making use of the political dimensions of the Husseini rites and exploiting them politically. In addition to practicing the regulative Islamic working to spread the Islamic thought among the nation. The fourth and last chapter has been destined for studying the development of the political Shia thought in Iraq in the light of its thinkers (1960 - 1970 ). This chapter is concerned with the changing plan by Assayid Mohammed Baqir Al - Sadr including his scientific conclusions. The chapter also discusses the reformation - religious destination in the frame of the political Iraqi reality and reformation of the political reality in the view of AssayidMuhsin Al - Hakeem as well as his stand towards the encompassed Ba'athiregime. Finally this chapter includes the deduction of the political Shia though by presenting the theory of Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist ( Willayat Al - Faqih ) and the conversion that has been made in the tendencies of the Islamic thought by this theory. The historical data in this paper has depended on a set of sources with a variety topics with different interests.The published and unpublished foreign and Arab documents take the first place in addition to the scientific books , newspapers and magazines. Lastly , we can say this paper is a modest step in the path of the academic research. The researcher hopes it will be a serious attempt to shade a light at an important phase of the history of the political Shia thought in Iraq.
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الصراع البعثي - الشيوعي في العراق 1947 - 1968 == The Ba'Athist - Communist Conflict In Iraq 1947 - 1968

Author name: مناف جاسب محمدعلي الخزاعي
Supervisor name: مؤيد شاكر كاظم مخيلف الطائي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: Iraq has witnessed through its modern and contemporary history the appearance of a lot of ideological and intellectual movements that were different and contradictory political parties, in their bid to gain power, authority and make political achievements , a collision and conflict emerged in trends ,ideas and goalsbetween those parties, the communist and the Arab Baath socialist.They are so contradictive ideologically with each other. Ones feels that the Arab Baath party foundation was the result of the existence of the Communist party and its ideas.This conflict was reflected on the political attitude in the Iraqi field and leads to a mass chaos and sever conflict which affected negatively the economic, social and political lives of the Iraqis.The statue of collision and conflict of both parties varies from time to another according to the weakness and strength state of the party.It started as a conflict in visions,Concepts and orientations then developed to political exclusions in most of times ,the conflict in all its forms was continues till 1968 when the Arab Baath party conquered the authority in Iraq and started to exclude and marginalization of all parties and political movements in Iraq.From this corner point came the importance of the subject that used to follow the conflict state between the two parties throughout the period of the study mentioned.We considered the period between ( 1947 - 1968 ) as the time limits.1947 represented the foundation of the Arab Baath socialist party when it was officially established on the 7th April 1947.While the 1968 represented the time of the Arab Baath controlling of all the authorities and power in Iraq then starting to cancel any role to the communist part on the Iraqi field as a real competitive partner,not only that but make it as a follower to him.During that period ,the two parties witnessed a noticeable ideological activity and a great expansion on their followers and supporting public and professional organizations.In addition to the multiplicity of their positions of internal economic, social and political issues.This study consists of a preface, five chapters and a conclusion and a set of appendices in addition to this introduction, which aimed to clarify the importance of the thesis material and identify the most important implications.In the Introduction, where we dealt with the beginning of the formation of ideas of both parties and the beginning of their establishment public principles.The first Chapter dealt with the intellectual contradictions between the two parties where we declared the intellectual differences between them within several aspects included internationalism , nationalism ,democracy , the Central public democracy , religion , scientific socialism , Arabic Socialism,Federal Union , immediate unity , the revolution , coup ,the situation concerning minorities and the rights of self - determination.The second chapter highlighted the theme of the relationship between the two parties against the internal political events for the period between 1947 - 1958 and included December prance 1948 ,the uprising in November 1952 , the United Popular Front in 1954 , the uprising of 1956 , the National Front Union in 1957 and wedeclared it clear that the attempt of each party's respective outcropping on the other party's account and try to prove their presence and their role in the events which led to compete and hostility between them.Chapter III wasdevoted to declare the case of conflict between the two parties in the field of interior politics ( July 14, 1958 - 8 in February 1963) which included the Arab unity and its impact on the conflict between them,the movements of Rashid Ali , Abdul WahabAl - Shawwaf and their impact on the relationship between the two parties as well as the assassination of Abdul Karim Qasim and its reflections on trying The relationship between them. This period had stormyevents in which conflict was very clear and reflected on all aspects of life causing total chaos and political confusion.Chapter IV devoted to declarethe case of conflict between the two parties on the leadership of the public professional and trade, labor union organizations and the competition work in different fronts.In addition the difference in their positions in dealing with the Kurdish issue to find the best solution.In chapter V the conflict had reached its climax point during the period (8 Feb.1963 - 17 July 1968 ) precisely in section one which lasted until 18 October 1963 when the first reign of Baath ruling had removed. During this period the shape of conflict characterized in various types; The elimination of political opponents, torture, arrest and severely treat political opponents. Then the conflict had shifted into sever ideological political differences at the end of Abdul - Salam Arif reign on 13th of April 1963.After that it changed into a difference in their visions and ways of solving the domestic problems.While the conclusion implemented the most important scientific results in accordance with their contents.We sought through supplements of this study to the publication of documents and important data to both parties with a difference because the Baath Party documents had been published in the book : "The struggle of the Baath documentary"This thesis depended on published and unpublished documentsAnd the literature of their members and diaries of followers who lived through the events and they were a center of the political decision at the time , the message and university thesis, which dealt with the march of the two parties and their activities and some English books, Arabic books, translated in addition to researches and published studies, newspapers, magazines and personal interviews with the Baathists and communists who had informed on events in that period.The study reached a number of conclusions which were represented that the establishment of the two parties was not derived out of total conviction is in their principles and methods but the foundation of the communist party came as the foundation of some Arab communist parties in Egypt and Algeria ,its ideology was not originally related to the people's needs and does not meet their political ,economic and social conditions. It was just an imported theory from the Soviet Union without any attention to the differences between both societies. On the other side ,the foundation of the Arab Baath socialist party came as a re - action on the foundation of the Communist party. Also its principles and views Was not taken from the Arabic society but was a combination of a scattered ideas from all over the world ;French socialism ,German Nationalism , some of the Islamic tradition and a lot of Marxism thoughts. They are a mixture of not harmonized thoughts.We have proved the ideological conflict between the two parties which taken some contradictive decisions and showed that the Baath party has no obvious ideology but just to oppose the communist party although on the surface they seem to meet ideologically in dealing with some of the interior problems during the period 1974 - 1958 but the differences sooner began to appear after each event in deciding the slogans the demonstrators should pear and the role of each party in controlling the street. Both of them assumed to control the streetand this leads to the enlargement of the difference between them characterized in the speeches. As a result the conflict became stronger.During the period1958 - 1963 the conflict decreased and shifted into coups and conspiracies.The Baath was the generator of these events aiming to get rid of the communist party to control the country and ruling it, Baath realized the only way to defeat the communist party was through assassinatingAbdul Kareem Kasim.This plan was targeted towards the communist party and that what was happened on the 8th of Feb. 1963.Concerning the working on various fronts ,both parties was not truthful in his preaches but they would like to increase their followers and to capture the authority and power at the same time to destroy all the political opponents.Their invitations to solve the Kurdish issue were not stable and fundamental they vary according to the strength and weakness of each party during the period he passed through. Conflict increased and characterized in different types after 8th Feb 1963 the Baath After the successful coup and began to rule Iraq.The first thing Baath started with is to get rid of all his political opponents from the communist party severely. That was not stopped at preventing communist ideology from being spread but included the assassinations of communist members and arresting some of them ,torturing them and denies them. The conflictviolence released after the end of Baath ruling on the 18th November 1963 and changed into a differences in visions and concepts concerning internal political situations and this was continues until the return of the Baath to the ruling of Iraq on the 17th of July 1968.
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الرقابة الادارية منذ تاسيس الدولة الاسلامية حتى خلافة الامام الحسن عليه السلام 1 - 41هـ / 622 - 661م == Administrative Control Since The Establishment Of The Islamic State Until The Succession Of Imam Hassan (PBUH) (1 - 41 AH/6 22 - 661 AD )

Author name: خالد شاكر كاظم الشمري
Supervisor name: حسن علي الشرهاني
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The administrative control in the era of early Islam is one of the most important topics because it relates to the goals that the tolerant law(shari'a) of Islam which came out to apply. Additionally, it is also concerning with the realizing of those goals in order to change and reform the personality of Muslim. Absolutely, the administrative control derives its principles and components from the Qur'an and Sunnah. So that, it includes the implementation of Islamic teachings in the oversight of State administration and the device of the administrative reform. And therefore, Islam prepares the human to the life and the afterlife.Accordingly, the study discusses this subject within three chapters in addition to preface, introduction and conclusions, as well. So, the preface concerns with the meaning of control linguistically and terminologically, its implications in Quran, the concept of control within the modern administration, and the forms of control in the Islamic curriculum. The first chapter relates to "the preventive control", the criteria of the selection of the employee. Moreover, this chapter is divided into three sections : firstly, it is devoted to present the standards of the selection of the employees that the Prophet Mohammad(PBUH)and the Caliph Abu Bakr based on. Secondly, it discusses those criteria according to the Caliphs Omar's and Uthman's (GBT)standards. And then, the third section presents them in relation to Imams Ali's and al - Hassan's (PBUT)standards.Consequently, the second chapter exposes "the directive control" of the directives and instructions which are issued to the employees. This chapter is also of three sections where the first section presents the guidance before starting the work. The second one concerns with the guidance of the letters of the employment's orders. Whereas, the third one deals with the specialized guidance to the staff during work.The third chapter is set to study "the curative control", procedures, the demonstrative methods to get rid of the corruption and demonstrative deviation. Relatively, those issues are presented within two sections : the first one deals with the precautionary procedures which are adopted in the Islamic demonstrative control. However, those topics are also exposed within two subdivisions : the first one titled, ''the curative procedures'' while the second one discusses the rights and privileges of the employees. Correspondingly, the procedures of the deterrent punishment are discussed in the second section of this chapter.
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الدولـة السعديــة فـي عهــد الخليفـــة احمـد المنصور الذهبي (986 - 1012هـ / 1578 - 1603م) == Al Saadyh Country In Era Of Golden Al - Mansur ( 986 - 1012AH /1578 - 1603AD )

Author name: ايناس كاظم حسين الموسوي
Supervisor name: كاظم عبد نتيش الخفاجي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The Study deals the Subject of Alsaadyh Country in era of golden Almansur Alcording to alarge importance Which Farest Almagrab imter - ested in. In the era of educational , economical and political This Stud con cerns in appear of developments which took place by Al - mansur of Alsaadyh country This study devided in to four chapters in addition to the in troduction and Conclusion. The chaper one means historical Idea about Al - saadyh Country before Al - mansur and identify the state of Al - saadyh since it,s beginning till the coming of Almansour in order to enable the reader to have know ledye about this state. Chapter two deals with the personal life of Almansour and his ability to finish inner Conflicts against him and also with the organiz - utions of the state such as adminsration and political organizion and explains the importanle of such charying in his state. chapter Three deals with the foreign offuirs of Al sadyah states It explains the policy of Almunsour towards the political powers in his time and the reslt of such relation about his state , It also explains the aclmin strution of Almunsour to this relation ships which are built on the basis of economical benefits. Chapter Four deals with socenomical , educational and building conditions of this state ,It explains the nature of the society in Almunsour,s era and how the economical conditions in his time , It also explains the ability of AlMansour to support the economy in different sides , It Clarifies the development of education and sciences in his Ftateand the role of books and libraries in this development. In the building suchas AlBadea palace , This study shows that AlMansour plays an important role in the changes in his state in all its sides and also shows how AlMansour study againpt Ottoman state which sees it secf the ruler of Muslims but AlMansour sees that he has due to rule the Muslims.
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الاحوال السياسية والعلمية في مدينة البيرة 92 - 403هـ/710 - 1012م == Scientific Movement In The City Of Al - Bireh From Conquest To Do Granada 92 - 403Hij /710 - 1012A.D

Author name: فاطمة علي حسين عجيل العبودي
Supervisor name: جنان جودة جابر العنزي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: In 7 11 AD the Muslims made control to Liberian Peninsula and their rule lasted to more than eight centuries. Then Muslims named these areas they occupied as ‘Al - Andalus and through their control it gained very clarified development in various kinds of domains even now stillits marks and tracks been clearly.Despite the Muslim presence did obtain an attention by scholars in Arab and Iraqi universities, which stated on at the last years of ninety - nine century AD, it produces studies focused light upon all its various corners politically, socially, economically and intellectually. These studies really have great importance, but yet during its long history, there are subjects in it which do need more investigation and search. For an example, the subjects which are related to its intellectual movement in Al - Andalus cities during the Islamic presence. It did likely obtain a great importance because it revealed the civilized contents of the presence at this area. It did through various periods of conquering and imaret and Caliphate and al - Tawaeef states and al Murabeteen and al - Muwhedeen and finally Cordoba kingdom.Al - Andalus did reach its upper level of development amazingly at the imaret and Caliphate times in all domains. It witnessed a society surge across the whole country of the borders. and Cordoba then became as alighted center intellectually which attracted scientists and learners of Al - Andalus in and outside.That does not be limited to its capital but let other cities be as an active scientific centers at various kinds of knwolege of science. Liberia city was one of the centers which we have been chosen to be the subject of our study supported with the following intents : 1 - The lack of academic study which sheds some light upon the intellectual movement in this city at the Iraqi universities or outside Iraq according to our question about the subject and our humble research.2 - this study aims to be additional part to studies which dealt with the intellectual movement in Al - Andalus cities at the level of master theses and doctorate dissertations or at the level of researches.3 - this study do intend to add a novel clue to what a lot of scholars in north and west really described the Islamic civilization as the greatest civilization ever known in the whole world.In this study we have reached to some results which may be summarized as following : 1 - Liberia scientists in the scientific life is really considered as a small part of the great scientific surge taken place in Al - Andalus during the study period of their scientists who participated of it. It happened with the other Andalusia city scientist who provided knowledge with the results still stands until nowadays of various kinds of composed writings.2 - Liberian scientists did obtain rather a high position amid the scientific societies with their scientists’ titles obtained by efforts in getting knowledge.therefore, there were sheiks, narration and jurisprudence masters according to historical resources description about them.3 - After the scientific journey of Liberia scientists to the east and west cities of the Islamic, some of them wanted to depart Liberia and remain in CordobaAl - Andalus the great city where science and scientists met. while part of them did prefer to stay at Liberia ad became a light center to their cities students by their knowledge.4 - Through the scientists’ bibliography who lived at Liberia city, it appeared that some of them has no Liberia roots. These scientists belong to other Andalusia cites, and their families immigrate to Liberia city and located there, having an important role later in distributing the scientific movement of the city through their efforts for the city people.
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الاذان والمؤذن في الاسلام (1 هــ ــ 11هــ) : دراسة تاريخية

Author name: علي محسن ثجيل الصافي
Supervisor name: رائد حمود عبد الحسين الحصونة
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
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اثر الاراميين السريان في العراق وبلاد الشام قبل الاسلام == The Impact Of The Syriac Arameans In Iraq And Thebida Alsham Before Islam

Author name: حميد صبحي عبد محمد
Supervisor name: رنا طعيمة الصافي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The researcher indicated to, in his tagged study" The Impact of Syriac Arameans in Iraq and the Levant before Islam " , many valuable historical topics which are dealt with the impact that Arameans left in various fields. The first chapter included : The historical roots of Syriac Arameans in the Arabian Peninsula where the researcher indicated to the origin of Syriac Arameans, their migrations to Iraq and the Levant, so their language and its subdivisions. So this chapter included a study for their naming , their first home and the most important branches of them which included Syriacs , Nabati and Sabean Mandaeans.The second chapter dealt with a study of the most important cities and kingdoms of Arameans in Iraq and the Levant which they are : Missan Kingdom and its appearance on the political scene and commercial activity In that period , Hatra city and its location and the origin of its naming , the Ancient city of Palmyra and its location , Al Raha city and its naming and the most important churches in it , Al Hira city, elements of its population and the propagation of Christianity in it.So the researcher indicated to Nusaybin city and its important location on the road of the commercial convoys.The third and last chapter dealt with the scientific life of Syriac Arameans And their impact in Iraq and the Levant and dealt with the most important Syriac monasteries , Syriac scientists and their contributions to the scientific life , the most important schools and the impact of their knowledges and sciences to the Arabs. This conclusion also included the important results which the researcher has got from this study.
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التاريخ السياسي للدولة الاموية من خلال كتاب الفتوح لابن اعثم الكوفي : دراسة تاريخية == The Political History Of Umayyad State Through Kitab Al - Fotouh By Ibn Athim Al - Kufi History Study

Author name: علي عبد الله مفتن الركابي
Supervisor name: فاضل كاظم صادق العبادي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: Acquired the book Fotouh Ibn Asaem Kufi a wide area in the historical studies of this book is of great importance in the transfer news on the one hand and analysis on the other hand , to be historical article of compared to what was brought by other historians , his contemporaries and even his predecessors , or they came after him. In addition , the book Fotouh DAI great prestige to the diversity of historical its information and shedding light on some of the corners that overlooked other , which represents an important episode of Islamic history at the time one of the most periods of the sensitivity of a period of Umayyad rule that had occupied and still occupy historical thought because of the variables large and turns on the political and economic levels , in addition to being representing the height of the conflict between the ends of the political equation , which was born after the death of the prophet and still growing to this day , Valomoin did not distract them during the period of their rule only fend off the upper danger of Bahl hose and sometimes Batballm at other times , and even though this risk does not rise to the level of the Umayyad apprehensive , but they were always put him among the political priorities.This study was to trace the history of political Umayyad through this important book , an attempt to bridge the gaps in the rest of the contemporary sources on the hand and on the other hand to create a more idea of the one universality of the history of the Umayyad through this workbook that DAI interest all Islamic sects for the objectivity and balance rarely find them when another historian of historians of the fourth century AH Although some are trying to classify Ibn Aasem within the shia historians , but this author is still appreciated in historical circles that from the historical article a good not within the broad spectrum of historians in different affiliations. The importance of this study is also being addressed at length and most of the issues faced by the Umayyad to from a comprehensive view of this period through to tracking analytical approach based on the a comparative approach.Characterized approach of this kind of privacy in response to events , where not only did the Ibn of Aasem pass on novels and either stop at each novel and try as much as possible to make it plain meaning before leaving for a second novel.Despite the extreme disparity between the date of Tabari and history of Ibn Aasem Kufi at the target and the nature of historical writing style , the adoption of Ibn Aasem to tell Dab Mkhanv a large extent in the news the movement of Imam Hussein and the movement of those repent and movement chosen near the notch between them , and that did not obscure the big differences referred to them also. Ibn Aasem historian does not mean the novel but cites historical narrative news normatively market , and tends to revenue verses and texts of speeches and wills in abundance , and all this gave the book a vital private. Even as the Ibn Aasem singled distinctive material from Imam Hussein , the movement is almost the best of his contemporaries wrote about among historians , it was divided in to themes minutes earned recipe analytical distinctive. As the book Fotouh is one of the most important sources for the chosen Obaid bin obead Althagafi revolution , it sheds light on the controversial issue so much , is the nature of the relationship between Abdullan bin Zubair and Mukhtar bin Abi Obead Althagafi. It should be noted the book Fotouh does not include any reference albeit small for (wooden) and (Alkisanih) as well as the (Holy) , these things that are characteristics of the revolution of the chosen , and perhaps the realbn for this omission is the result of his feelings towards the Alawites , which led him to overlook the far side of this revolution , Ibn Aasem appears in this book strongly inclined flyover when mention of the Alawites
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شارل الكسندر دي كالون (1734 - 1802) ودوره الاصلاحي في فرنسا == Charles Alexander De Callonne (1734 - 1802) And Its Role In The Reformist Of France

Author name: سعاد عبد الحسين لفلوف الشويلي
Supervisor name: نعيم كريم عجيمي الشويلي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: Preoccupied study historical figures prominent place in Iraqi universities, those personalities that led roles in various political , economic and social aspects , which occupied a lot of space and a large area in the European modern history, flying that the person is a historic event maker , and understand the circumstances and the nature of his personality and intellectual principles that safe it is very important to understand the historical events that contributed to the manufacture , as well as to the kind of studies which attracted the attention of many researchers and academics are not limited to CV only to these characters but also dealt with historical events and political developments that took part , and it came to exceed the often to study the developments and situations in which the consequent impact on the personal subject of the study. We saw modern French history like other countries of the world new characters emergence of research and investigation and study , and historical study of European dealt with a large number of those personalities that have important roles in the history of France, but those studies have neglected the other characters did not shed light on them , equivalent to the role played by , which do not think by negligence but for the large number of French personalities and this play and his modern French history from being a generator wonderful, and wider events and the complexity and inventor endlessly for such characters, regardless of affiliation intellectual, principles and achievements, and despite the fact that this type of study is beset with many difficulties and it is due to the divergence of views on this personal and others because of personal interest or differences in opinions and ideas, but we have tried to exercise caution and objectivity for fear of slipping in the bias and favoritism, and in light of our understanding of the specificity of this approach we have chosen the subject of the letter came which (Charles Alexander de Callon and its role reformist in France 1734 - 1802). The selection of the 1734 start of the study because it is the year he was born Callon, while the study stopped at 1802 as a year in which Kallon, who died, and thus draw a clear picture of all the qualities and actions and movements and positions Callon from his birth until his death. Researcher chronology adopted in the events listed , but it was forced to return for a previous time in the first Chapter in the first and second topics, in addition resorted to reliance on a topic thread and attention by the controls required by the need in the course of research. Required by the nature of the study, divided into four chapters preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion and a set of appendices and a list of sources. The first chapter entitled (Callon upbringing and his enemies), has been divided into two topics, devoted the first topic of them to study (upbringing and his enemies 1734 - 1766), as it has in this section refer to his life since birth, education, social composition, and has the reference in this section to 1766 for it Callon focus of attention of all the great and effective role in resolving the issue of Brittany has become, while interested in the second topic study (Callon administration for the cities of Metz and Lille), since this topic shaped the great role played by Callon and administrative reforms to these two cities after they were suffering from neglect, though of great importance that it was enjoyed by the cities of Metz and Lille. The second chapter (of finance ministers policy from 1774 to 1781 before assuming Callon Ministry of Finance), which was divided into two sections, the first topic (Ministry of Turku 1774 - 1776), it has a reference to the financial and economic situation prior to the receipt of Turku for the post of Inspector General, and then touched to the Ministry of reforms Turku and place appropriate solutions to solve the financial crisis, while taking the second section (Ministry of Jacques Necker 1776 - 1781) , as indicated in this section for the economic reforms of Necker in France when he took office in the General Inspectorate of Finance for the first time. And display the third chapter (economic policy of the Inspector General Callon 1783 - 1786), has studied the events of the period mentioned in three topics, we discussed in the first (of appointment to the post of the General Inspectorate in 1783) after it became vacant after Necker, as has been selected Callon in the post of Inspector General finance in 1783 and then winning promoted to finance minister, that office who has not obtained his degree only Callon and that the qualifications he enjoyed, while the second topic came to highlights program Callon economic reform in 1784 - 1787 and how to develop reform plans in the economy and the money and find solutions to the advancement and sophistication of financial status of France as his plans included all areas, while the third topic focused on trade treaty between Britain and France in 1786 due to the importance of the treaty and its impact on France. The fourth chapter was titled (Callon and inviting classes) Council, has been divided into two sections, separated first topic Council layers and configured, and the role of Callon in the invite that Council meetings attended to discuss the reforms presented by Kallon that the Council in which the benefit and the benefit of France and discuss outstanding issues not yet been implemented, and the reason for the finding opponents Callon and because of them hatched plots against him which led to his dismissal and exile, while Browse second section (migration Callon to England) that immigration that helped Callon to participate against the French Revolution and the role played by Callon in the fight counter - revolution against the French Revolution and its support for the princes of the royalists and the provision of financial and diplomatic aid to the warlords, as well as the status of plans to stand against the French revolutionaries, and after the Chapter concluded the last phase of his life at his bedside and his death in 1802. The study relied on many sources that formed a key in the formation of the thesis and show it as such, it comes in the forefront of unpublished documents, including the reform program submitted to the layered Council gathering in 1787, and the Treaty concluded between France and the UK trade in 1786, as well as the memorandum submitted by the Turku on The local government in 1775
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الضرائب في العراق في العصور العباسية المتاخرة (247 - 656هـ / 861 - 1258م) == Taxes In Iraq At Late Abbasid Ages (861 - 1258 A.D./ 247 - 656 A.H.)

Author name: سارة محمد حنون التميمي
Supervisor name: محسن راشد طريم الغزي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: As asubject, tax is considered one of the most important economic subjects in the Islamic period because it represents the most important in the economic fields, since it represents one of the important resources to finance the state treasury. Abbasid caliphate gave agreat attention to the tax because it represents artery of economy in this period, and this required Abbasid caliphate to follow up it and take care of it by recruiting efficient staff in muslims bank. The all the money. which takes from the Tak and establish bureaucracy to manage The financed affairs. It may say the Take which it the money that paid by the person without getting any advantage. And it considers as imposition, and the city takes It by obligation without return finally, to increase general expense and to achieve aims of the city. And the city impose the Take legelly in return of sevices which it present. The Cause of my choosing this subject, to acquaint the importance Tak which it imposes by Alkilafa Al eabbasia. On the all citizens. And the impact of the political situation, The importance of Takes to the countries of the Arab - Islamic. At all times. As it is the main tributary of the state budget. The economic studies in Islamic periods. The researchers did not address the same abounding and important which it is political studies. To Atheraa Islamic Library, with books dedicated to we need it Especially the books of Islamic economics, because the economic history of Islam still, needs a lot of economic studies in depth. The duration of the study from (247 - 656 A.H.l861 - 1258 A.D.) witnessed impressive. By crises experienced by the Abbasia state and occupation of forign successive - our choice was for operiod of Abbasia eras the latter. To shed Aldoa on the economic side, as well as knowledge Takes. These reasons and others were optional of Take subject in Iraq in Abbasi age. The nature of the study is to be divided into four chapters divided into poins preceded by an introduction and Albharing and Qaamh sources and References. Chapter - one (Legitimacy Takes) : which included the most important resources of money. Ahouse resources abscess showed types and qutas and time Astafanah. Tribute imposed on jews and christions, and different types and amounts of jurists. Then Aslamic took from in fidels wiuthout fighting and it showed the beginnings imposed upon muslims. Then, booty taken by the muslims from the infidels without afight. Alzakat it directed by the individual money to poor and needy and it showed it is importance in the Quraan and the sunnah and the different kinds and their amounts. Then, Turning to tak tithing it imposed on the commercial and customs fees. Finally, pedestals and it found under the ground and different the opinion in it is kind. In chapter two : Tak novel which first excise it is imposed by the city on the merchandise offered in the market. The pipes which imposed on the goods while it enters River ports, Then dribe mooel. It is amoney, it has no heir, aspecially wrabh, or fuck. Then export tak levied by the state against Alkhalafaa and Alammeraa to return money. Sporadic taxes it imposed on pasture and shops and exploited which added to money house. Chapter three : Financial functions which was the first, the owner of the store which represent money house, Then it deels fixed function which include Beholder and the supervisoy and the completed naab and nidwan, writer and treasurer, and the witnees and the worker and duplicator and naab and Aljhbz. It mention tax workers, from them abscess workers and publican and direct those funds semicircular and direct phones. So in this chapter deels with most important financial bureaucracy, Diwan house money, Abscess expenses reins leg acies insect property provinces any Diwan and parts and all employees Who occupy all the Diwan. Chapter four Review the impact of political conditions in Iraq to collect. Which included opposition movements. And their impact on preventing Aldharaab movement and the first of nine Zinj, And how it has been affected by the countryes economy from laura Almaztrb situation. That exerted during the fifteen years, who oppearwd in Kufa. Turning to Bataah and move Imran Ibn Shaheen, It was initially given introduction to Bataah. Andon the impact of the movement on the collection Aldharaab. Then deels with (Tleia) movement, which it was among movements, And brought it influenced the denial of access to financial rwsources to state treasury. After granting them privileges of military. And occupy Almosal city which it famous byBounties economical. Finally, the position of prince of princes who occupy these positions. And how this position to prevent the arrival of Taxes
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قوات الاحداث واثرها في الحياة السياسية ببلاد الشام من القرن الرابع الهجري / العاشر الميلادي وحتى القرن السابع الهجري / الثالث عشر الميلادي == Ahdath Forces And Their Impact On Political Life In The Country Of Alshaam From The Fourth Century AH / Tenth Century And Up To The Seventh Century AH / Thirteen Century AD

Author name: اماني عبد الرضا ياسين
Supervisor name: عبد الحسن حنون جبرة الله
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: Gaining study of the general political conditions for the Country of AlSHAM during the erea of great importance to the study, due to "geographical important to its location, and Macklh this region of the geopolitical depth of Iraq (the capital of the Abbasid state), Egypt (the capital of the Fatimid state), not to mention the fact that the territory is a border area adjacent to the State of the Byzantine enemy foe of both these two countries, as reflected also important "because it has become Square" of the conflict and expand the influence of these countries on each other's expense.Internally, "has seen the third and fourth century AD / ninth and tenth centuries the emergence of local political forces, has sought full force to create entities with independent or semi - independent of the two Fatimid and Abbasid, and did not care about or care about in the Declaration of allegiance sometimes" the Fatimids and sometimes "other Abasids, and sometimes "declares Tbiatha of the Byzantine State when they feel that there is a risk of running out of existence, Tulunid as the state that Egypt and the Levant and the state ruled Hamdania and Almrdasih Alaqilah and state that ruled Aleppo and most of the northern Levant regions and stomata and capitals, as the Levant saw the matchup" sharply "between those countries and Arab tribes where such big brown dog in Damascus and Aleppo in brown dogs and brown surgeon Taiaan in Palestine, these tribes oscillating in their loyalty and Tbiatha to both the Abbasid and Fatimid two countries, despite tendencies to independence whenever the opportunity.After the emergence of the Seljuks the mid - fifth century AH / atheist century AD as a young and enable them to establish their own state in Persia and Iraq, it is the other looked firmly towards the control of the Levant, and was able to record time to extend its influence on the most important areas of the Levant and depth of the economic and political (Damascus and Aleppo) and the establishment of Seljuks Sham state - by - side state Seljuks rum and its capital (Nicea), has inherited Alotopkyh state, which was founded in the Levant in the first half of the sixth / twelfth century, Ayyubid and the state, which was founded in the Levant and Egypt at the end of the fifth decade of the sixteenth century state property Seljuk in the Levant, despite its declaration of loyalty and subordination of the Seljuk Sultanate of whether in Baghdad or Isfahan.This challenges the political and military implications faced by the political forces in the Levant has spawned, has emerged and appeared for the existence of events forces a popular local strength of youth non - formal response "to the implications and challenges, whether on the political, economic and social level, as a result of the deterioration of the political situation in the light of competition feverish between the major powers at the time (the Fatimid and Abbasid and Byzantine states) on the one hand, internal strife between the princes of the Levant on the other hand, has caused the absence Alastaqraralfody and confusion and loss of internal security and damaged the internal and external trade routes to the deterioration of the living conditions of the population of the Levant, and to the growth of youth events force and Tmzarha appearance of strength competition for those forces, after the purpose of its existence secure atmosphere "safe" for the people of the cities and its neighboring villages, Ooltkon synonymous with "irregular forces in the Levant big cities of Damascus and Aleppo, at least.This study is gaining importance, as it deals with the role of the local force (events) is important in the political life in the Levant and in particular (Damascus and Aleppo), and the extent of their impact in changing the course of maize political events, whether internal or external, with its immense popularity force capable of pressure on the top of the pyramid of powers that ruled the Levant during the era of the study until Khchiha successors of the Abbasid and Fatimid and Ullachma the two, so he went rulers Levantine cities Attoddon and Taatqrbun them to enlist their support and loyalty, or at least neutralized during periods of conflict between these two countries, and won events forces wide fame in the Levant and a variety of colorful formations as a result of sectarian and confessional diversity in these areas, as was the strength of (events) role "important" on the external political and military level, it has exceeded its role establish security and order to contribute to an influential force in the defense of the entity of their own countries in the Levant against external threats represented by the Byzantine invasion and crusader for the country Sham.The study methodology was required divided into chapters and sections, which included the first section of the first chapter : General Levant geographical study ", Damascus and Aleppo private" in terms of location Aljgraca, climate and terrain, installations Urban them. The second topic dealt with the term events language "and idiomatically" in terms of semantics language to pronunciation, idiomatic and definition and structure of these forces and their sources of funding.The second chapter included two sections : first, included the subject of events forces and their impact on political life in Damascus since the emergence of these forces is clearly the mid - fourth century AH / tenth century and even the beginnings of the crusader forces emergence on the political scene in the Levant the year 489 AH, the second topic : included also "the role of these popular forces in Aleppo since the advent of Hamdania state in 333 AH through" Almrdasih state by virtue of the city and then followed Alaqilah state and even Seljuk Jqubh control them and the emergence of the beginnings of the Crusader presence in Muslim lands the year 489 AH.The third chapter included the first part, the role of events forces in political life in Damascus from the year 490 AH and even atrophy and wither and melt such a force controlled by the Ayyubid a sham in the fourth quarter from the sixth century AH / second century AD, as well as ensure the second part, its role in the political life since the year 490 AH and even the rule of the Ayyubid to Aleppo and gradual extinction, "the study also included a conclusion and a list of sources and references research.
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الامير عز الدولة بختيار البويهي : دراسة في سيرته 356 - 367هـ/ 966 - 977م == Prince Eiz Al - Dawala Bekheteyar Al - Bowayhi) (Study In His Biography) 367 - A.D. ) 966 - 977 >>>> (A.H. ) 356

Author name: حيدر عواد دويج الجابري
Supervisor name: سلام علي مزعل الجابري
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: ان هذه الدراسة ( الامير عز الدولة بختيار البويهي، دراسة في سيرته 356 - 367هـ/967 - 978م) تتناول حقبة مهمة من حقب التاريخ البويهي في العراق، فالامير عز الدولة بختيار هو ثاني الامراء البويهيين الذي تقلد زمام الامور بعد وفاة والده الامير معز الدولة (334 - 356هـ/94 | The biographical study for Prince Eiz Al - Dawala Bekheteyar Al - Bowayhi (967 - 978) which deal with significant stages of Albowayhi history in Iraq Prince Eiz Al - dawala was the second bowayhi princesses how get leadership after his father death prince Moez Al - Dawala (945 - 967) Prince Eiz Al - dawala in heritage Baghdad state from his father which was under Abaseyon succession and it aimed to get its glorious when the opportunity a rises, also the army of state was divided between Turkish deyalma ,in addition to other states that his father couldn’t control during his rule that he couldn’t reach to any understanding which enable to end the fighting situations asAl - hamdaneyean in Mosel and Al - jazeerah and Al - Shaheenya state in deepsouth ,all these problems was existed during the state of Moez Al - dawala ahmed bin Bewayeh who was well known with political wisdom and good measure which an opposite features for Prince Eiz Al - dawala how was looking for his hobbies and pleasure so his state period was full of hot events and continuous wars which let his relatives to be greed to take his state at the end.The reason of choosing such study can be summarized on that the personality of Prince Eiz Al - dawala and his political period didn’t study as independent study that most studies deal with the history of Bowayhi in Iraq which was so general for all Al - Bowayhi political intellectual and economical period (945 - 1048/447 - 334) This study as other academic studies, the research faced some obstacles which represented by the lackey historical information about the character, Bekheteyar and his historical period particularly the economic sector and other sectors that the most information was concern his father Moez Al - dawala and his cousin Athed Al - dawala , so the effort of the research to collect the articles from books to be summarized at the end in order to give a full picture about this study. The most highlight results of this study that the prince Eiz Al - dawala when get state rule was 25 years old when his father death which mean he was not young but he was qualified to manage the state in other sides, he didn’t have the leadership personality as his father but he was follow his personal issue, hesitant and weak in decision maker in critical situation which lead him to lose his state and his life early. The internal and external political side ,the state during his state was must be when problem and different continuing especially between southerner and northerner regions also his time was full disturbance was family problems and military rebellion that effected the general situation that weak the state in all sectors which was so recognizable thugh service level and social stability
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الطبرسي (ت548هـ) واثره في تدوين السيرة النبوية : دراسة في منهجه ومورده == The Effect.Of Al Tubrasi (548H) In Notation The Biography Of Prophet Mohammed : A Study In His Process And Resources

Author name: سلوى حسن عيدان الحسناوي
Supervisor name: هاشم ناصر حسين الكعبي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Kerbala - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Karbala
First pages:
Abstract: Al Tebrisi is an author of the fifthly century who took much care with conveying historical events, in particular, the prophet's biography ( Seira). He had an explicit method in conveying the prophet's biography in all science fields when he classified and not only in history. That means, transferring them into interpretation books through explaining the Quranic Aya or through clarifying reasons behind descending the Quranic ayas, beside philology books that imply the prophet's biography (peace be upon him ). Through mentioning the philological issues, he talked about the historical accidents that relate to the prophet's life( peace be upon him ). He devoted some historical books to the prophet's biography and conveyed whatever relate to the prophet's life( peace be upon him )starting from his affinity to his death. In conveying the prophet's biography, he depended on several references which were divided into two groups. The first group includes the explicit such as the narrators and books. The second group includes the implicit which were mentioned as vocabularies, some of these like (it was mentioned by, it was said, …) and other items that was mentioned without a narrator or a book that refer to knowing the resource. The study was divided into three chapters preceded by introduction and followed by conclusion. The first chapter was entitled (Al Tebrisi's era, life, and the scientific status). It has three sections. The first section was entitled Al Tebrisi's era. The second dealt with his life. The third was about his scientific status. The second chapter tackled the study (Al Tebrisi's resources of the prophet's biography. It has three sections. The first was entitled Al Tebrisi's reasons in the prophet's biography in the two books (Ilam Al Wara Be Ilam We Taj Al Muwaleed ). The second dealt with Al Tebrisi's resources of the prophet's biography in books of interpretation (Isbab Al Nezoul, Mejmah Al Beyan Fe Tefseir Al Quran, and Tefseir Jewamih Al Jamih ). The third mentioned Al Tebrisi's reasons in the prophet's biography in the two books of philology (Al Adab Al Deneyh and Al Muitelif Min Al Mukhtelif bein Iemet Al Selef ). The third chapter was devoted to study (Al Tebrisi's approach in the prophet's biography. It has three sections. The first dealt with Al Tebrisi's approach in the prophet's biography in the two books (Ilam Al Wara we taj Al Muwleed ). The second dealt with Al Tebrisi's approach in the prophet's biography in the interpretation books (Isbab Al Nezoul, Mejmah Al Beyan Fe Tefseir Al Quran,and Jewamih Al Jamih ). The third mentioned Al Tebrisi's approach in the prophet's biography in the two books (Al Adab Al Deneyh and Al Muitelif Min Al Mukhtelif bein Iemet Al Selef
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احمد جبريل سيرته ودوره العسكري ونشاطه السياسي في القضية الفلسطينية حتى عام 1982 == Ahmed Jibreel His Biography And Military Role And Politic Ativity In The Palestinian Case Until 1982

Author name: فرات عادل لفتة
Supervisor name: مهند عبد العزيز عطية الشبيب
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: Ahmed Jibreel is one of Palestinian characters that played a major role in the Palestinian National Struggle on both the military and the political fields. He is the chief of the Palestinian Liberation front and then the popular front of Liberating Palestine - General Command.The study starts from 1937(which is the year he was born in the village of "Yazure" in Palestine) to1982 (which is the year of the exodus of the Palestinian Liberation Organization from Lebanon after the "Israeli" Invasion of Lebanon and the dispersion of the Palestinian Organizations all around the Arab countries, and so, Jibreel, the leader of the popular front of Liberating Palestine - General Command, decided to leave to Syria to continue his struggle against "Israel", and to stay armed till the liberation of the entire Palestinian lands is a achieved.The study consists of an introduction, four chapters, ending and few addendums. The first chapter dealt with the biography of Ahmed Jibreel and his early political and military activities through the years (1937 - 1967), in three sections, the first one talked about his birth, primary school. Circumstances in which he grew and it's effect on his military tendency, joining the military academy in Egypt in 1957, and his attempt to join the Algerian revolution. As for the second section, it covered the early political activity of Ahmed Jibreel and his role in forming the Palestinian Liberation Front in 1959 in order to return to Palestine without the need to depend on the Arab armies. This section also took the matter of the secret activities of the front befor annoucing the armed struggle. The section ended with Jibreel's stance from forming the Palestinian Liberation organization's in1964. The Third section dealt with Jibreel's attempt to arrange his work with Fatah movement but that only lasted for six months. Because the disagreements between the two organizations.Chapter two studied the role of Ahmed Jibreel in the Palestinian National Struggle during (1967 - 1973), it included three sections, section one talked about the participation of Ahmed Jibreel in the war of June in 1967 in the Syrian front, where the cells of Palestine Liberation Front existed.The sections also studied the efforts of Ahmed Jibreel for uniting the Palestinian organizations to reply on the defeat of June, which ended by forming the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. The section also talked about the battle of "al karama" in March 1968, and the military strategy that he followed to stand againt the "Israel" attack on the town of karama. As for section two, it dealt with the reasons that made Ahmed Jibreel split from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, and forming a new organization called the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command. The section talked about the principles of the front and the conferences that were held during that period, and the activities of Ahmed Jibreel that aimed to gain support for his forehead. The Chapter ended by stance of Ahmed Jibreel from Palestinian - Jordanian dispute in(1970 - 1971), and the project of the united Arab Kingdom, which was suggested by King Hussein in 1972.As for chapter three, it deals with the role of Ahmed Jibreel in the war of October in1973 and his stance from the projects of political settlement in1982. The Chapter included three sections; the first one was about Jibreel's attempt to deduct a suitable plan to protect the bloc of (Jawlan) befor the war of October. The plan was presented by the Libyan president Muammar Kaddafi, to the Egyptian government, which refused the plan. The section also talked about Jibreel's bloc role during the war by increasing it's operation inside the invited lands to disturb "Israel" plans and to open a third bloc against it. The second sections of this chapter pointed to the first of these commando operations, which is Al Khalisa (Kiryat shamon). The section also reffered to Jibreel's efforts and his visits to the Arab countries especially to Iraq, Libya. To gain their support to from the bloc of rejection in1974 to face the suggested settlement project. The chapter ended with Jibreel's stance from ending the Arab - Israel dispute (1978 - 1982).Chapter four concentrates on Jibreel's role in the Lebanon civil war. And defending the Palestinian existence in Lebanon in(1975 - 1982). And Jibreel's stance forms the Syrian intervention in the Lebanese civil war. Which was clearly accepted by Jibreel, and that affected his relation with some of the Palestinian leaders who were against this intervention. The Chapter ended Jibreel's role in con forting the "Israel" invasion to Lebanon in(1978 - 1982). And it's consequences depicted by Jibreel's positive stance with other leaders and cooperating with them to face this invasion especially during the siege of Beirut in1982. This invasion resulted in their exodus from Lebanon.The main conclusions arrived at in this study are : 1 - It is observed that Ahmed Jibreel had a good position in his powerful family in Palestine, and also in Syria, his mother came from Al - Assaly family, which was quite power full in Syria. So, his family immigrated to Syria in1948 after the war in Palestine, using these strong relationships, and they settled in the city of Al Qunaytra which is the center of Jawlan heights and the military center of the Syrian army and this Justifies the strong relationship between Ahmed Jibreel and the Syrian and the government in later times.2 - Ahmed Jibreel was influenced by the successful experiment of armed struggle that some nations had had, especially in Algeria and Vietnam which inspired many revolutionaries all around the world. Ahmed Jibreel became convinced that the solution of the Palestinian case implied in the ability of the Palestinians to go through an armed struggle against "Israel", and according to this point, he started his first organization, known as(the Palestinian Liberation front),which was, in addition to Fatah, one of the first commando organizations that adopted the of armed struggle.3 - It is noticed from struggling role of Ahmed Jibreel that he Tried to arrange to work with many Palestinian commando organizations; with Fatah in1965, and then he joined the Arab Nationalists movement, in1967 he formed the (Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine). He also had apart in forming (The rejectionist front) in1974, but all of these efforts did not lead to uniting the Palestinian work efficiently.4 - By observing the biography of Ahmed Jibreel and his role in the Palestinian national struggle, it is seen that his points of view had a military tendency and not political, due to the environment in which he grew and lived. That's why he rarely attended the political meetings held by the Palestinian leaders. In such events. Some of the members of his "the Popular Front to liberate Palestine - General Command" him. But on the military field, Ahmed Jibreel had an outstanding role in training the commandos and participating and planning some of the operations.5 - Ahmed Jibreel was the mastermind of some of the commando operations that had a greal political and media attention, and cost "Israel" major losses, such as the operation of Al Khalisa (Kiryat shamon) and (um al Akareb) in1974 and the operation of Nawras in 1979.
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عبد الحليم خدام ودوره السياسي في سورية (1932 - 1989) == Abdul Halim Khaddam And His Political Role In Syria (1932 - 1989)

Author name: رؤى وحيد عبد الحسين السعدي
Supervisor name: صالح جعيول جويعد السراي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The studies have led to different roles in the political, economic and social aspects have been filled a wide space in modern historical , and central importance in many countries of the world, to the importance of the individual in the formation of society. This type of study is fraught with many difficulties for different opinions about this character, or because of personal interest or sectarian and partisan differences. We tried to be cautious, and we stick to objectivity, for fear of slipping into bias , according to our understanding of the specificity of this approach, we chose the subject of the thesis (The political role of Abdel Halim Khaddam in Syria 1932 - 1989). This personality has become a political reality in Syria, the emergence of the personality was from the field of law to administrative affairs as governor of the cities of Hama then Konitra and Damascus. He became minister of economy and foreign trade, then became foreign minister until he became vice president of the republic. Through his position he was able to create historical events and was an engine for its operations. He has left a significant impact on Syria's political history, because he was the second man after President Hafez al - Assad, and played a role in moving Syrian foreign policy for the benefit of his country and other countries.In his life there were several stations and experiments that succeeded in most of them and he failed in a few of them. This thesis answers a number of questions that have come to our mind, as is Abdul Halim's character worthy to study? How he grew up and learned? What are the most important characteristics of his character fixed and changing? What is his role at the political and economic levels, before he becomes prime minister and foreign minister? What are his achievements in the field of foreign policy? What is his political role in the Lebanese civil war? What are the most prominent projects he put forward at the beginning of the war? Where his role in the conference Riyadh, Cairo and Beit Din?. We will try to answer these and other questions In this study, the study divided into an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion that included the main findings of the study.The first chapter focused on (The upgrowth of Abdul Halim Khaddam and his political activity), the first section deal with his education, how did he go from the bottom of the social stair to the top and how he entered to field of policy and administration. The second section highlighted on his administration of the Ministry of Economy and Foreign Trade, and his achievements as well as his participation in the coup in 1970.The second chapter under title (Abdel Halim Khaddam's policy towards Arab political events 1971 - 1975) , the first section deal with the position of Abdel Halim Khaddam from the march of Syrian - Egyptian relations between 1970 - 1972 and his role in achieving the most important agreement between the two countries , formation of the Union of Arab Republics and preparation for the liberation battle. The second section studied the relations between Syria and Jordan in 1971 , and the position of Abdel Halim Khaddam about works, positions and events that happened in it. Third section deal with Abdel Halim Khaddam's position on the Arab - Israeli conflict between 1973 - 1974, and his initiative in the war of October 1973. And his position about the transformations in Arab - Israeli conflict in 1973 - 1974 , and all conventions and conferences that held to resolve this conflict. The fourth section concentrate on movements of Abdul Halim Khaddam to face the Sinai agreement in 1975 between Egypt and Israel, and the steps that taken to prevent the isolation of Syria, and then closer relations with other countries after Egypt became outside the circle of the Arab - Israeli conflict. Chapter three discuss the subject of (Abdel Halim Khaddam's role in the Lebanese civil war between 1975 - 1978) in tow sections , the first deal with position of Abdel Halim Khaddam about political developments on the Lebanese area in 1975 - 1976, he succeed in stopping the fighting and preventing the division of Lebanon in 1976 , and his efforts in preparing the political reform document (Constitutional Document) , which put an end to the fighting. And his position on the deterioration of the military situation in Lebanon, and his role of Syrian military intervention in Lebanon in 1976, confrontation to the Camp David Agreement and its repercussions on the Lebanese arena in 1978 and its impact on the Syrian presence in Lebanon. In this section, discussed his role in the conference of Beit Al - Deen in 1978 for end the war in Lebanon, he was a representative of Syria at the conference. Chapter fourth highlighted on the (Syria's foreign policy between 1979 - 1989 and the role of Abdel Halim Khaddam in it), this chapter divided in tow sections , the first talked about the Syrian - Iranian alliance, and the pivotal role of Abdel Halim Khaddam in it in 1979 - 1989. As well as the mediation of Abdul Halim Khaddam to reduce the conflict between Iran and the Gulf states in the years 1982 - 1988, and his position about the Syrian - Iranian alliance in Lebanon between (1982 - 1989). The second part (Abdel Halim Khaddam and the Lebanese civil war between 1981 - 1989) , it studied the activities of Abdel Halim Khaddam in the face of the battle of Zahle and the 1981 missiles crisis, Abdel Halim's proceedings in the face of the agreement of 17 May 1983, his role in National Dialogue Conference in Geneva and Lausanne (1983 - 1984) ; he represented his country and presented new ideas for the success of the conference, then deal with the Syrian - Lebanese negotiations since 1986 until the end of the Lebanese civil war and his role in it.He shared his friend Hafez al - Assad in party work and made essential changes to get out from the isolation, and became in 1970 as a field of conflict between members of Al - Baath party for liquidation of accounts and personal interests, it was an old conflict that began after the setback of June 1967, that led to coup by Hafez al - Assad, Abdel Halim Khaddam and other members of the party, which was considered a corrective movement, Abdul Halim Khaddam was the second man and the spokesman for Hafez al - Assad , he was a distinguished man and a master of plans and its architect. Abdel Halim Khaddam presented an idea for the collection of the warring militias by signing of the tripartite agreement in 1985 for a comprehensive solution to the war. He was able to affect on the political militias, and they agreed to conclude an agreement, but the opposition of the Lebanese Front with some parties caused the cancellation , as a result, Lebanese - Syrian relations deteriorated, after long negotiations between the two sides they reached to a national reconciliation document in 1989 under the supervision of Abdel Halim Khaddam, this document is a mini - image of the tripartite agreement document that prepared by Abdul Halim Khaddam and adopted in the Taif Agreement 1989 to end the civil war in Lebanon. Abdel Halim Khaddam was bold to solve the crisis in Lebanon, he was clear in his active role to make Syria responsible for resolving the Lebanese crisis, in order to prevent Israel from achieving its objectives in Lebanon at the expense of Syria.We can say that Abdel Halim Khaddam was a prominent Arab nationalist and political character, he managed by his diplomatic style to make Syria be at the forefront of confrontation, and keep the danger away from Syria by holding alliances, and his transfers among countries have raise Syria's standing, America was afraid of Syria and considered it a difficult figure in its calculation.
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الكوارث والحوادث في العراق والمشرق الاسلامي في القرنين الخامس والسادس الهجريين : دراسة موازنة بين كتابي المنتظم لابن الجوزي والكامل في التاريخ لابن الاثير

Author name: فرقد شاكر علوان
Supervisor name: سميعة عزيز محمود
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Diyala - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Diyala
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التطورات السياسية الداخلية في العراق 1973 - 1979 م == Internal Political Developments In Iraq 1973 - 1979 AD

Author name: علي صالح عباس الحسناوي
Supervisor name: رحيم عبد الحسين عباس
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University of Kerbala - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Karbala
First pages:
Abstract: The political side occupied , an important place in the history of peoples, due to his close involvement in the progress of nations and communities, so this study tagged come : (internal political developments in Iraq from 1973 to 1979) to shed light on this important aspect of the history of the Iraqi people, especially the mentioned period has not been studied Academically in Iraqi universities, and a lot of researchers and students avoided it , because of fear of a lack of documents or to avoid to delve into sensitive things according to their point of view, because we are still very near era to the above mentioned period, the researcher decided to go into this fields despite the caveats mentioned, because the period I studied may It marked by events that cast a noisy events on the subsequent stages of the history of modern Iraq, so it worth's studying. Nature of the study imposed that we take from the subject approach to search across the message that began with an introductory chapter we dealt with the internal political developments in Iraq between (1968 and 1973) we have passed on those developments quickly to clarify the picture to the reader regarding the roots of many of the events of the period Research topic. Thesis is divided into five chapters and an epilogue, as well as the introduction, the first chapter came, an introductory chapter we refered to it earlier, entitled : (internal political developments in Iraq, 1968 - 1973) and included four axes first of them allocated to discuss the events of 17th of July coup in 1968, while taking the second the situation the Baath Party government to ward opposition forces, and the third dealt with the government's towards the Kurdish issue, and the fourth talked about the attempt of Abdul Ghani Al - Rawi coup of 1970 and the attempt of Nadhim ikzar coup which take place in 1973. The second chapter, studied the following address : (Native and National Progressive Front 1973 - 1979) As it is clear from the title, it dealt with the formation of the Native and the National Progressive Front in 1973, and it was the period in which the study began , and the chapter distributes on two sections devoted first to form the front and the second deveted the conflict of Baathist and communist and the collapse of the Front. the third chapter discuss the developments of the Kurdish issue under the title of : (Kurdish issue 1973 - 1979) and split on two divisions touched first Kurdish issue since 1973 until the outbreak of war between the Kurds and the government in April 1974, and the second dealt with the Kurdish issue since the outbreak of the war in 1974 and the defeat of the Kurds in 1975 and the rest of the developments of the Kurdish issue until 1979. Devoted the fourth quarter to study uprising of Najaf in 1977 and 1979, and was chosen to him the following address : (Uprisings of Najaf in 1977 and 1979) and split on two topics included the first of which four axes and set aside to discuss the uprising of Najaf in 1977 by addressing the direct and indirect and events and their consequences to their causes, the same thing was pulled on the second topic, but it was three axes. The chapter Five studied the ministerial changes in the period of study and have been allocated the first section of the chapter, and the chapter dealt with the exclusion of Ahmed Hassan al - Bakir from the power and the assumption of Saddam Hussein events in 1979 and this the event in which concluded the study and allocated a second section, came the chapter entitled : (Changes ministerial 1973 - 1979 and the exclusion of Ahmed Hassan al - Bakr from the power). In conclusion it included the most important conclusions that emerged from the study
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الوحيد البهبهاني دراسة في سيرته واثاره العلمية والاجتماعية == Al - Wahid Al - Bahbahani In His Study Of Scientific And Social Impact

Author name: زينب خالد عبد الغني عزوز الياسري
Supervisor name: عدي حاتم عبد الزهرة المفرجي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University of Kerbala - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Karbala
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طلعت الشيباني ودوره في العراق 1917 - 1992 == Talaat Al - Shaibani And His Role In Iraq (1917 - 1992)

Author name: نبيل عبد الواحد حسن التميمي
Supervisor name: محمد عصفور سلمان الاموي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University of Diyala - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Diyala
First pages:
Abstract: The second half of the twentieth century witnessed decisive events in Iraq contemporary history. The result of which was the fall of the Royal Regime and the appearance of successive Republic Regimes. The rule of Abdul Kareem Qasim attracted as much attention of many writers and researchers till the appearance of the first republic. They traced the stages of the patriotic movement, its conflict with the Royal Regime and its attitude towards the 14th July Revolution 1958.They were concerned with the Republic, its own internal and external strategies as well as the events and situation which have taken place for four years and a half and their own representatives. Although that long period of history was investigated from different political, economical, and social aspects, light was not shed on an important figure, who had an influential role in the 14th July Revolution 1958 and afterwards, Dr. Talaat Al Shaibani.Thus, the present study is concerned with showing the importance of the figure in question. Accurately, the researcher takes into consideration the social situation of Dr. Talaat AL Shaibani , his political , intellectual activities as well as his academic accomplishment after 1963. He remained, for years, an independent politician , away from prejudices and conflicting attitudes as when he worked with in the executive power. He did not have any political activity after the coup against 14th July Revolution. The study is divided into an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter is concerned with Dr. Talaat'S ancestry, birth, upbringing, education, and the social stages forming his own personality till 1944. It also sheds light on his study stages abroad. The second chapter is concerned with his initial political work and his membership within the Patriotic Democratic Party. He was nominated for Diyala province and proceeded within his high study and was awarded Ph.D from the American university of Indiana.He started then his professional career which though did not last for long out of persecution practiced by the Royal Regime. AS a result, however , he was cast off his own position for three years. But , he was not that discouraged. He soon attended , as a member , Ansaar Al Islam movement and was an independent member within the national front 1954 , a candidate on behalf of Diyala province as well as a member of the central Committee for the National Union Front.The latter collaborated with ( OPEC) before 14th July Revolution and the fall of the Royal Regime. The third chapter is concerned with Dr. Talaat'S role in the committee of Agricultural Reform and the formation of its own rules. He became then the Minister of Construction in 1959 and had his role in the economic treaty with the Soviet Union which in turn had its effect on the economical prosperity in Iraq. He was appointed too as the first Iraqi Planning Minister to put the first fivefold prosperity plan in Contemporary Iraqi history 1965 - 1966. It aimed at doubling the national product s and lessen the country's dependence on oil's inputs. The concern of the fourth chapter is Dr. Talaat's important role in Oil negotiations as the chief of Iraqi representatives , witnessed the arise of (OPEC) in 1960 and attended its meetings sucessfully. The chapter also tackles Dr. Talaat's relation with the Iraqi national force and his collaboration with the Arabic issues at the time. The chapter also refers to his books of agriculture and laws which enriched the Iraqi libraries. Besides, a reference is made to the conditions of his imprisonment, prosecution and death in 1992. However, the researcher relied on different resources, so as to put the study in its present form, as are mentioned in references and bibliography. It is concluded through this study of Dr. Talaat Al Shaibani and his political, professional, intellectual role in Iraq : 1. He is considered as one of the important figures who were awarded with different positions both in party and profession in Iraqi State, though with no political legacy. As person, he was a self - made man who relied on his own independently of the social, political influences which were available at the time especially after the establishment of the Iraqi state in 1921 which exclusively included some of the well - known Iraqi families with political legacy. 2. Academically, he was qualified having B.A degree in law, two high diplomas, from Cairo, in the political economics and islamic shariah which made possible his final awarding Ph.D from the American university of Indiana.
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الاعلام السياسي في الدولة الاسلامية حتى سنة (11 هـ / 633 م)

Author name: احمد ذهيب هادي الجبوري
Supervisor name: اياد عبد الحسين صيهود الخفاجي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Kerbala - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Karbala
First pages:
Abstract: Hudaibiya negotiator of the rare style of his political and media role, succeeded in winning the allies of Quraysh. The recognition of Quraysh once they accept the signing of the peace treaty.9.The study also showed that the issuance of the city's constitution was the corner stone on which the Arab Islamic state was based.10.The study revealed that some historians wanted to prove the virtue of some companions, by making them at the heart of historical events are very far from them
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فهمي المدرس ونشاطه الثقافي والسياسي في العراق 1873 - 1944 == Fahmi Al Mudaris And His Cultural, And Political Activity In Iraq (1873 - 1944)

Author name: جعفر محمود سلمان
Supervisor name: موفق هادي سالم
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University of Diyala - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Diyala
First pages:
Abstract: Some of the studies has never been investigated by researchers, except few articles. The character of Fahmi Al Mudaris was one of them which is the significance of this study. The reason of choosing this character for this study was his prominent role in administrative and cultural activity as well as his attitude toward the British invasion to Iraq.This study was divided into three chapters proceeded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion. The first chapter discussed his origins, early life and cultural activity, as well as his participations in the field of education in the university of Istanbul and the Syrian Arab government. The second chapter studied his political and educational activity (1920 - 1930). It also discussed his role in protesting the 1922 convention between Iraq and Britain as well as his participation in the establishment of the university of Al El Beit in Iraq and its activity in between 1924 - 1930. The third chapter discussed his joining to the National Party and his role in the 1930 convention between Iraq and Britain. It also investigated his career in the ministry of science in 1935 and his attitude towards the revolution of May 1941 as well as his opinions, style, publications, and writing in jurnals.The study has relied on various resources. Some of them were indispensible while other resources were limited to cetain aspects of the study. The most important resources used in the study are the ducuments preserved in the National House of Books and Documents in the National Library, as well as the files of the Royal Court and the sources affixed in the bibliography. The study has reached some conclusions and facts about Fahmi Al Mudaris. One of them is that he supervised the first newspaper in Iraq "Al Zawraa"; this witnessing of events of three regimes : the Othman, British, and Royal. He was one of the supporters of religious reform movement established by Jamal Eddin Al Afghani which was the reason behind his exile to Rhodes island.
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التطورات السياسية الداخلية في العراق 1968 - 1973 == Internal Political Developments In Iraq 1973 - 1968

Author name: ابراهيم رسول حسين العامري
Supervisor name: رحيم عبد الحسين عباس
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University of Kerbala - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Karbala
First pages:
Abstract: Iraq witnessed in the period between 1968 and 1973, many of the crucial events, thus that period represented an important decisive point in modern history of Iraq overshadowed the subsequent stages, This phase did not receive academic study in Iraqi universities to discuss its internal political developments, So this Thesis came tagged : ((internal political developments in Iraq 1968 - 19973)) to shed light on those events.the nature of the subject of the study It imposed to follow the way of the unity of subject approach to research in this study, Formed from this introduction and four chapters. the first chapter of which was entitled the coup of July 17, 1968, and it is divided into two sections ,the first section was titled (a glimpse of the political situation during the Al arefey Covenant 1963 - 1968) came to give a picture of the political situations that preceded the occurrence of the seventeenth of July coup, While the second section title (coup July 17, 1968) which was addressed to the reasons for the coup and its implementation and the formation of the Revolutionary Command Council, And the announcement of the cabinet reshuffle, And the thirtieth of July Events, Besides addressing to the interim constitution promulgated in the 21st of September 1968. The second Chapter devoted to discuss internal political developments between 1968 - 1971 and was divided into four sections, The first of which was assigned to discuss the Kurdish issue 1968 - 1971 and the second included Abdul Ghani al - Rawi attempted coup in January 1970, And the third dealt with the issuance of the interim constitution in the sixteenth of July 1970, while the fourth section dealt with the government's opinion on al - Hawza in Najaf from 1968 to 1971.the third Chapter discussed the government policy towards the opposition forces 1968 - 1973, It included three sections ,the first dealt the government's policy toward Islamists while The second section highlight on the government's policy toward the Communists and the third dealt with the government's policy towards the nationalist forces in 1968 - 1973.the fourth Chapter dealt with internal political developments in 1972 - 1973 and was divided into three sections, the first of which was assigned to discuss the political implications of the nationalization of oil in 1972 at the interior level and its impact on the internal politics. The second section dealt with the attempt Nazim Kzar coup in June 1973, And the last section included the formation of the National Front and the National Progressivism in July 1973.The Conclusion dealt with the most important inferences that emerged from this study.
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النبي لوط في العهد القديم والقران الكريم : دراسة تاريخية == Prophet Lot In The Old Testament And The Holy Qur'an A Historical Study

Author name: ليث محمود عبود زوين
Supervisor name: حاتم كريم اليعقوبي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Arab History Before Islam
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Kufa - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Najaf
First pages:
Abstract: There are certain important studies upon which explainers and historians had never agreed such as the topics of prophets and messengers biographies. Prophet Lott is one of them, so in this study the researcher attempts to recognize the nature of the studies that deals with Prophet Lott(P.U.H). The thesis is entitled(Prophet Lott(P.U.H) in the Religious Historical Texts - A Comparative Analytic Study ).The thesis includes four chapters, preceded by a preface and followed by a conclusion with a bibliography and a list of the appendixes.The first chapter is entitled( Prophet Lott : the birth and rise), it deals with early biography of Prophet Lott(P.U.H).(Folk of Lott and their attitudes towards his monotheism call) is the title of the second chapter which includes three topics.The third chapter is devoted to the story of the angels and the folk perdition as mentioned in the Old Testament and the historical resources, it also includes three topics.The story of the angels and the folk perdition as mentioned in the Qur'anic texts and the historical data had been studied in the fourth chapter which includes two topics.The research concludes a number of important results that could be summarized as following : - 1 - The study shows that the name Lott is a non - Arabic names and that it meaning in the Arabic speech indicates closeness due to love, so he was named Lott as he and prophet Ibrahim had loved each other deeply. Some believes that his name is derived from the bad actionof his folk, the true is that his name is derived from forbidding this act.2 - The texts of the Old Testament did not agree upon his lineage or descent, they referred, in more than one text, to the blood relation between Prophet Lott and prophet Ibrahim(P.U.Th) while the holy Qur'an did not refer this matter though it deals with his story in different verses. Most of the information that talked about his descent depend on the narrations of the historical resources where most of them had been put to agree with the texts of the Old Testament upon the descent of prophet Lott (P.U.H).3 - Torah had neglected deliberately the biography of Lott (P.U.H) especially his birth in Ur in Iraq and rise before his emigration, even his call for his folk. Moreover there is no text, neither in Torah nor in the Hebrew resources to indicate that Lott had been sent by His Almighty God to be a guide for humanity or that he had called his folk for monotheism, while the holy Qur'an proved that issue in more than one verse.4 - In the texts of Torah and the holy Qur'an we found an interaction between prophet Ibrahim and prophet Lott(P.U.H) as they are so connected.
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عمران الحاج سعدون اثاره الاجتماعية ومواقفه السياسية 1888 - 1942 == Omran Al - Haj Saadoun Raised Social And Political Attitudes 1888 - 1942 A.D.

Author name: سمر حكيم مزهر خليف الطائي
Supervisor name: عدي حاتم عبد الزهرة المفرجي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University of Kerbala - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Karbala
First pages:
Abstract: In the history of contemporary Iraq, there are many personalities worthy of study, attention and the ability to play an effective and influential role in the course of political events, especially those personalities who have not only existed and participated in a city or in a period of time, but rather its activity extended from several cities and in critical periods of the history of those the cities, The studies have dealt with many important figures that omran Haj Saadoun did not receive his share of the study of the whole of his life despite his multiple activities not only in the years of the monarchy but in the stages that preceded it.omran Haj Saadoun has appeared on the scene of political life as an important figure in the history of contemporary Iraq, which contributed clearly to the building of the state and has played a distinctive role in the political events experienced by Iraq at the time, and distinguished omran Haj Saadoun as a tribal and political figure during the British occupation, Has a clear impact in the Iraqi government and has exercised its political, administrative and parliamentary influence to contribute to the building of the modern Iraqi state.The reasons I mentioned are behind my choice of the character of Omran al - Haj Saadoun in an attempt to uncover many of the mysterious aspects surrounding this character, from childhood and study, and then his prominence on the political arena and his contribution to the important political events surrounding Iraq's policy at the time.Based on the above, it is necessary to divide the message into a preface, three chapters and a conclusion, in which the most prominent conclusions reached by this chapter, as well as the first chapter, entitled " omran Haj Saadoun, his environment, The first topic focused on the environment of omran Haj Saadoun before his birth in different respects, which is very important as the researcher believes very humbly that without it cannot understand the personality of Omran Haj Saadoun scientific and objective understanding, especially if we take into consideration the fact that the important historical roles Which is played by political figures, which is an expression of the social conditions experienced by the impact of this in the composition of the intellectual, and devoted the second subject to study its first development until the study and composition of intellectual and cultural.The second chapter, entitled " Omran al - Haj Saadoun and his political role in the history of contemporary Iraq from 1914 to 1924" follows the political activity of omran al - Haj Saadoun through the two sections. The first was to highlight his position on the British occupation of Iraq from 1914 to 1920, The first time in the face of the British occupation of Iraq's 1914 States and his departure with his tribe to Shuaiba and managed to acquire a British cannon during the process of confronting the British forces during the progress of the occupation of its territory, and contributed to the purchase of weapons of his own money and did not hesitate to support the tribes of defending the territory with funds, During this period, OmranHadjSaadoun held several posts, including the head of the Indian district, the position he received in March 1917 and the work he did during his term in office,The secondtopic dealt with his role in the revolution of the twentieth and his position on the events of the tribes in 1935 and the Maes revolution in 1941.The third chapter entitled "The Parliamentary Role of omran al - Hajj Saadoun 1924 - 1942", which consisted of two sections. The first part of the parliamentary life in the Ottoman Empire, of which the states of Iraq were a part, was discussed and the role of deputy in the Iraqi Constituent Assembly, And the Constitution in 1925, and dealt with the second section of his parliamentary role from 1925 to 1942 since the beginning of the inauguration of the Iraqi National Assembly on 16 July 1925, and participated Omran Haj Saadoun in the elections of the Council and elected a deputy for the brigade Hilla for five sessions.The documents are based on various aspects of the economic and political activities of the hometown of omran al - Haj Saadoun (Hindiya district), in which the message conveyed much information about its environmenTuwerjAnd enriched the Arabic sources and Arabized chapters letter valuable information among them, but not limited to book Moez Din Muhammad Mahdi al - Husseini al - Qazwini (tribal names and Onsabha) and book Hamoud al - Saadi (studies on the tribes of Iraq) and the book Hamoud al - Saadi (studies on the tribes of Iraq), and the book Hussein Hindawi ( Indian Touirij our house and orchard Babylon) and book a Falah Mahmoud Khader al - Bayati, (the Indian city (Touirij) origins and evolution of civilization from 1799 to 1920) and a book Abdul Razzaq al - Hassani (the date of the Iraqi ministries) and a book (Great Iraqi Revolution) and (Iraq occupation League Mandate) and writers Mohammed Muzaffar ADHAMI (Iraqi constituent assembly) and The book of kamil Salman al - Jubouri (Najaf and Islamic Jihad).The book by Max Fryhir von Oppenheim et al. (Bedouins), and the book of Flip Ireland (Iraq Studying its Political Evolution),and the book of Stephen HommeslyLunkerick (Four Centuries of Iraq's History) and The Book of the Bel (chapters from the history of Iraq).We may not exaggerate if we say that the personal memoirs of the Iraqi politicians had a clear impact in this letter, especially that the book contributed to all the political events in which omranHadjSaadoun was an active part or part of it. Perhaps the most prominent of these memos, "Memoirs of Haj Salal al - Fadhel al - Moha" And memoirs of Ibrahim al - Rawi, "From the Great Arab Revolution to Modern Iraq", Memoirs of "Suleiman Faidi" and Memoirs of Muhammad al - Husain al - Kashif al - getaa "Contracts of my life" and memoirs of SalehSaib al - Jubouri. "Pages from the History of Contemporary Iraq 1914 - 1958".It was not possible to bypass the Iraqi press and magazines because of the valuable information about Omran Haj Saadoun, it has been pursuing its political activities in particular, notably the newspapers "Zora", "Iraqi Chronicles" and the echo of Babylon, "Al - Siyassa newspaper" and the Arab newspaper " "Al - Jumhuriya", "Al - Furat" and "Al - Taakhi". The most prominent magazines were Al - Aalamim, Tuwayrij, Al - Arqan, Karbala and Historical Studies.I also benefited from the books of encyclopedias such as Abdul Awn Al - Rowdan (Encyclopaedia of the Iraqi tribes) and Ali Hussein Farman Shammari (Encyclopedia of the tribes of Shamar) and the Encyclopedia of Thamer Abdul Hassan Al - Ameri (Encyclopedia of the Iraqi tribes).Theses and theses presented this thesis with important information, especially the thesis of the researcher Nadia Yassin Abdul, "The Historians A Historical Study on their Social Roots and Their Intellectual Perspectives (Late 19th Century)" and the doctoral dissertation of NazemYounis Al - Zawi, "Political History of Oil Privileges in Iran, 1901 - 1951" A letter from researcher Raja Hussein Husni al - Khattab "Iraq between 1920 - 1927 study in the development of Iraqi - British relations and its impact on Iraq's political development with a study in Iraqi public opinion" and a message to the researcher Star AlekTufili entitled "Political developments in Iraq and the position of the parliamentary political elite In the Hilla Brigade, from 1939 to 1958, and the message of Tariq Shehan al - Aqili "position of the deputies Karbala in the Iraqi parliament 1925 - 1958 ".As well as foreign sources such as a book (N. K. AL - Baraz, The Geography of Agriculture in Irrigated Areas of the middle Euphrates) and(Vital Cuinet , La Turguie D Asia) and the book (F. J. Moberly official History of the Great war, The campaing in Mesopotamia1914 - 1918).When we reviewed the personality of omran Haj Saadoun and his political and social impact in Iraq until 1942 we reached several facts - He descends from a family embracing honor, originality and true national belonging. He is the descendant of an ancient Arab family that settled Iraq a few centuries ago and played a clear role in the political and social sphere. This family has the good qualities and good qualities of this family, which left a great impact on the horizons of his personality and political thinking. Later. - The emergence of his activity after the disposal of the Ottoman rule in Iraq after the formation of the British government and exercised its role in the liberation of the country from foreign control, in coordination with the men of the national movement throughout the country to confront the occupier and provide ways to resist it by means of adequate means, even if commissioned by that alliance with the old occupied Ottoman Empire , Represented by his approach to the battlefields in defense of his country against the British occupation, and had an active contribution to participate in the bombing of the greatest revolution witnessed by Iraq in its modern history, the revolution of the twentieth. - omran Haj Saadoun was away from party life, as he did not register any affiliation to any of the political parties that were approved during the period of (1922 - 1958), which was mostly members of the politicians, some of whom threw a parliamentary bloc to represent within the ministries Or the House of Representatives, was omran Haj Saadoun away from these influences independent in making decisions away from the influence of any authority on him, and therefore did not belong to any of those parties. - When the parliamentary and constitutional institutions of government emerged as a first step to building democratic institutions that help Iraqis reach their goals, omran Haj Saadoun chose to get out of the constituencies of the restricted government to the open constituencies to participate in the parliamentary elections.
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كشف الظنون عن خيانة المامون للسيد حسن الصدر (ت : 1354 هـ / 1935م) : دراسة وتحقيق == Disclosing Suspection Around Al - Macmoons Deception (A Codxology)

Author name: باسم محمد حمد موزان الزيادي
Supervisor name: اياد عبد الحسين صيهود الخفاجي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Kerbala - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Karbala
First pages:
Abstract: The abbasiad Era as well - known witnessed various political events. Most of those happenings were ralated to the struggle for the political powers. That kind of straggle was projected by the Abbasid house members themselves in militory conforntations as in the civil war that broke out between the tow ruling brothers, AL - Ameen and AL - Aamoon. That collision , however , was not only within the Abbasid governors , but it included another relative house, the Alawid house. Hence , Ali bin Musa AL - Ridha (pbah), the master of the Alavid house was coerced to engage in such a notorious clash through a nasty couspriacy by AL - Mamoon to isolate the former from his public and them to assosinate him in easy way.The ambiguity of this cause has been given too much efforts in a manuscript book by a theologist, Hassan AL - Sadr.This manuscript is entitled as kashf AL - Dinoon Khyaanat AL - Mamoon disclosing saspecions around AL - Mamoons deception.Selecting this monuscrift has a specific importance in two sides.Frist , it reveds the musterious condition of murdering Imam Ali bin Mousa AL Ridha (pbuh) , this could be attributed to the fact that this Imam emerged simaltaneously in the time of many valiant Alawid revolts that could have terrified the governing Abbasid Coliphate , this peris caused AL - mamoon to innovate appeasement policy by bringimg Ali bin Musa AL - Ridha from AL - Mamdeena, his brith place , to marow, the abbasid capital in an attempt to put him in semi house arrest.Imam Ali bim Musa AL - Ridhha (pbuh) could use the neur residence as a center for spreading his scholarly culture and knowledge through out persia and the nearby turkish speaking countries which, as a result , converted into Muslim shi i lauds upto the present days. The second side is the personality of the author , Hassan AL - Sadr, who decsends from the Imamic Al awid house, this sholar had fall experince in the shi i Imamic thought , so he gained the interest at orientalists and the christian priests.In addition he dared the recently awry islamic sects the wahabbi movement in partivula , in this trend AL - Sadr responded tot these dects and compiled othe books as A reply to the wahabbism and the shia foundation of the islams sciences.This thesis is composed of three chapter and conclusion the first chapter contains the biography of the manuscript author, Hassan AL - Sadr as his brith , life, linage, professors and compilation. The second chapter is devoted to understand the authors methods , resources and his way of investigation the available informations. Furthermore, the chapter scientifically describes, the chapter scientifically describes the codex and the moterials in which.The third chpter includs th investigation of the codex in two parts , the text and the footnotes.The research reached to key conclusions could be summed up as follow the author used variable historical evidences to confirm assasinating Ali Al - Ridha (pbuh).This came from his experience in the science of Al - Rijaal the science of narrators and in the historic andlyses.In addition, Hassan AL - Sadr could make fall use of the auxilary science he had as arabic grammarian he could be able to critsize many texts around the incidenx and assasination.
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ملامح الدور السياسي لائمة اهل البيت (عليهم السلام) حتى عام 114هـ / 732م : دراسة تاريخية == The Polikical Imamate In Ahlul Baits Thinking Till 114 H - 732 A - D (An Analytical Study)

Author name: اشراق علي حسين الشمري
Supervisor name: انتصار لطيف حسن السبتي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Kerbala - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Karbala
First pages:
Abstract: The Imamate is one of the most prominent things that appeared politically after the martyrdom of the prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him and his family).It cured the ignorance of the nation.The Imams of Ahlul Bait (The Prophet's family) led the nation in a way that represented the prophet's real goals and thinking and followed the holy principles of religion though they faced different tragedies by the rulers of the states. The researcher faced several difficulties related to the subject of the dissertation.For example , the political issues of Imams were not so clear in many resources.Thus , the researcher depended on his ability in analyzing the available information that relate to the political imamate.Furturmore, the most available books ignored the value of Ahlul Bait's social and political roles in leadership of the nation and their responsibilities during the reigns of Omayyad and Righteous' caliphate. The study is divided into a preliminary ,three chapters and an end.The preliminary part explained the terms "Imamate " and " Ahlul Bit " terminologically and linguistically. The first chapter is entitled "Ahlul Baits' Identification of Political Problems ".That Chapter has been subdivided into three sections ;the first section tackled with AL - Saqeefah, Fadak,wars of apostasy(huroob alriddah ) ,and the liberation wars (huroob altahreer ).The second section dealt with the way of caliphate moving , murdering Ottoman the caliph ,Imam Ali's battles,Muawiyah bin abi Sufiyan and the independence of AL - Sham. The third section is about Imam Hassan's reconciliation, Yazeed's deeds while ruling, and Bani Umayyad till 114H. The second chapter is entitled " Ahlul Bait's Techniques against Political Problems".The chapter is subdivided into three sections ; the first section tackled with Ahlul Bait's teaching and advice for people.The second section is about the legislating of Ahlul Bait's revolutions whereas the last section is about uncovering and identifying the oppressors in the society.The third chapter is entitled " The Effects of Ahlul Bait's Facing to the Political Problems ".That chapter is of four sections ; the first section is about protecting the core of Islam and the second section is about ceasing the oppressing and torturing of the people by means of the wrong policy.The third section is about warning people of danger that practicing by the governing policy.And finally , the section four is about the preparation for the coming Imam and preparing a resisting generation. Lastly, the end of the dissertation, and the bibliography and the resources lis
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الامام جعفر بن محمد الصادق (عليه السلام) والاسماعيلية في كتاب عيون الاخبار وفنون الاثار (السبع الرابع) للداعية المطلق ادريس عماد الدين القرشي (ت 872هـ - 1467م) : دراسة في النشاة والتكوين == Imam Jafar Bin Mohammad Al Sadiq (May Allah Peace Be Upon Him ) And Ismailia In Eyes Of News And Arts Of Archeology (Seventh Iv) By The Obsolete Preacher Idris Lmad Al Din Al Kara Shy (Died In 872 A.H) : A Study In Origination And Formation

Author name: فواز حمدان الحسناوي
Supervisor name: عمار محمد يونس الساعدي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Kerbala - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Karbala
First pages:
Abstract: My dissertation deals with Imam gafar bin Mohammad Al Sadiq (May Allah Peace upon him) and Ismailia in the Eyes of News and Arts of Archeology book (Seven IV) by the Islamic preacher Idris Imad AI Din AI Karachi 872 A.H., aStudy In Origination and Formatio. The Ismailai Movement is a religious movement of apolitical cover.It has appeared on the historic stage during the second half of the second senturey A.H. the8th senturey A.D..This movement has developed as an outcome for the prevailing social and political movement of a religious form that calls for publishing the Islamic doctrine in Islamic world in an attempt to exploit the social and economic deteriorating systems of the Muslims community under the Ummaya and Abbasi Kaliphat reign. the principle of complete secrecy is overwhelming the movement instructions and gaols through undercvering an disguise away from the Abbasi authority Which used to hunt their leaderd and followers causing to have very few historic information about that movement. So , the book namely Eyes of News and arts of tackle the Ismailia. The book is one the major sources of this movement history. Ifollowed this resource as a base for a comparison to ot other references. Most of the researchers and movement rely what Al Karachi ,who died in 872 A.H., wrote about Ismailia call. In spite of being historically late for the beginnings of the movement , Al Karachi's book are effective that they revealed some historic facts about Ismailia Movement for many reasons that made him able to write in an elaborated way.One of these reasons is the authors social environment and his decency of an Ismail in family whice included such many advocates as uncle Karachi who left the Ismailia Another tor his nephew. Thus ,the influence of such a heritage is so obvious of such a heritage is so obvious that the author has taken these docurce and reference Look into the Ismail in history besides the incidents that the author himself witnessed
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نساء البلاط الصليحي واثرهن في الحياة السياسية في اليمن حتى عام 532هـ / 1137م : السيدة اروى الصليحية انموذجا == Women Of The Sulayhe'S Court And Their Effect In The Political Life In Yemen Until The Year 532 AH - 1137 AD.Al - Sayda Arwa Al - Sulahea As A Specimen

Author name: فاتن كامل شاهين الغانمي
Supervisor name: حيدر محمد عبد الله
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Kerbala - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Karbala
First pages:
Abstract: The abbacy call in Yemen became weak , and degeneration as a result of Yemen political , and economical , and social division , and it's princes whom owed obedience to the abbacy people tended to compete and repulse among each other , and opposite that the Ismailia caller's activity like Mohammed al - sulayhe ( d 459 AH / 1066 AD ) and his son al - Mukaram ( d 477 AH / 1084 AD ) , and his wife al - Sayda Arwa al - Sulayhia ( d 532 AH / 1137 AD ) , Ali al - Sulayhi succeeded in establishing the Sulayhi state in al - Haraz mountain region , and by the year ( 455 AH / 1063 AD ) he was able to subjugate most of Yemen , that enabled the Ismailia call to spread publically through his kingdom , and gave back the Ismailia call it's rightful place in Yemen , which had been weak after the death of Ibn - Hushab ( d 302AH / 914 AD ) , and his sons being divided among each other , and the sermon was held on the state platform for the Fatemean , and al - sulayhi and his wife Asmaa bint - Shehab whom she supported and stood by her husband in managing the state's affairs , for her wisdom and political cleverness , despite the fact the Asmaa didn't rule but she was as the guidance rudder whom her advice never failed in leadership and politics , and Ali - Sulayhi never broke her advice when he consulted her. This family continued ruling Yemen for almost a century ( 439 - 532 AH / 1047 - 1137 AD ) , their are had new type as they united the country under one political banner , and their leverage spread from Hadramout to the south and Al - Hijas to the north , and that never happened neither in ignorance era , nor Islam , and their reign was also unique because the women ruled too just as the women of the Umayyan state ( 41 - 132 AH/ 661 - 749 AD ) , and abbasian state ( 132 - 656 AH / 749 - 1258 AD ) , and Fatemian state ( 297 - 567 AH / 909 - 1171 AD ) after suffering from weakness , disrespect , befor Al - Sulayhi rule , the society looked at her a commonwealth owned by her father , or her husband , and has no value in society , except serving her husband and having offspring, this is a result of shed tribalism , which had an obvious and an important effect on the political life , because she had no other role but the social role at home , except for some period preceded the Sulayhi reign , when the political circumstances in Al - Ziadiyah state ( 204 - 409 AH / 819 - 1018 AD ) , and Al - Najahia state ( 412 - 554 AH / 1021 - 1159 AD ) offered the opportunity for female symbols that had a leading and an active role in the political side , such as Hind Bint Abi Al - Jaish Bin Zyad who worked as a guardian for her nephew in managing the state , and Al - Sayda Al - Hura Alam surnamed by ( Aum Fatik ) who contributed in the policy of Al - Njahia state , and others. During the Sulayhi reign the women's role improved and she was able to be free from the constrains imposed on her , and she had a shared policy with men , and worked in science and knowledge , and the space opened for Yemeni woman to show her ability , after she was neglected , the role of Al - Sayada Arwa Al - Sulaihia ( 477 - 532 AH / 1084 - 1137 AD ) emerged in this position , besides some less relevant roles for some women in state , this woman who played an important role in supporting her husband king Al - Mukarm ( d 477 AH / 1084 AD ) , in managing the state affairs , and ruling by herself after his death , she was able to unit and manage the state under one banner by making reformation and achievements , and put together in her personality ,both the politics and religious leadership , the Fatemian succession didn't give the women only the politics power , but gave her religious authorities , and she was given the position of Al - Huja. by adopting the idea of al - taibia call , after the assassination of Al - Khalifa Al - Amer Bi - Ahkam Deen Allah ( 524 AH / 1129 AD ) , and in both these positions , she had a relationship with the ruling Fatemian succession , and the headquarters of the Ismailian call situated in Cairo. And for this point we chose studying " the women in Sulayhi court and their effect in the political life in yemen until the year 532 AH / 1137 AD. Al - Sayda Arwa Al - Sulayhi as a specimen ". to highlight the role of the women of al - Sulayhi court in political and ideological yemen , and to evaluate this role and it's effect on the state firstly , and to show their effect in the course of historical event in that period secondly. This study is divided into four chapters preceded by introduction, and followed by a conclusion included the results attained by the researcher with a number of appendix , a list of sources and references used in this study. The introduction contained the study of " the women's political role in yemen prior the appearance of al - sulayheen "And it was organized in two leading points. in the first we highlighted the woman's role and the society's view of her , and in the second point we highlighted the political activity , prior to the appearance of al - sulaheen in the political events in Yemen. chapter one discussed " the appearance of al - sulaheen in the political events in Yemen " , contained three subjects , the first subject studied the routs of the Ismayli call in Yemen and discussed : - the rise and beginning of the Ismayli call in Yemen , and the preparing of the Ismayli callers and their mission to Yemen , and the role of Ibn - Hushab in establishing the Ismayli ideology , then the political and ideological division among the Ismayli callers , and finally the Ismayli call activity after the death of Ibn - Hushab , until the rise of Al - Sulayhi state , we were able to remove some of the obscurity accompanied the rise of the Ismayli in Yemen and highlighted on the callers who led the call especially after the death of Ibn - Hushab , the second subject discussed : " the declaration of the Sulayhi reign in Yemen , and their relations with Al - Fatemeian " , and include the political life in Yemen before Al - Sulayheeen appearance , then establishing Al - Sulayhi state by Ali Bin Mohammed Al - Sulayhi until ( 459 AH / 1066 AD ) , and Al - Sulayhi position of the Fatemi succession in Egypt which showed the role of Ali Al - Sulayhi in building his state starting by his education and embracing the Ismayli ideology until the declaration of his state and unite Yemen under his power , the third subject highlighted : " Al - Sayda Asmaa Al - Sulayhia " and her political role during the Sulayhi reign by marring Ali Al - Sulayhi , and her son Al - Aas Mohammed being prince of crown , and the death of the prince and his brother Al - Mukarm ruling , then the assassination of Ali Al - Sulayhi and Al - Sayada captivity , which showed Al - Sayda's role and her effect on Al - Sulayhi state by her husband and son. the second chapter discussed : " Al - Aulayhi state during the reign of king Al - Mukam ( 459 - 477 AH / 1066 - 1084 AD ) included three subjects , the first subject discussed : the role of king Al - Mukarm. since he ruled after his father and his political and military conflict against Yemen tribes whom disobeyed Al - Sulayheen , and his position with Bani Al - Njah ( 312 - 554 AH / 1021 - 1154 AD ) and Al - Zayadia ( 280 - 298 AH / 893 - 910 AD) until he was able to reunite Yemen. the second subject discussed : king Al - Mukarm external policy in his position from the Fatemian succession in Egypt , his position from Al - Hejaz rulers , the third subject discussed : " the leverage of Al - Sayda Arwa Al - Sulayhia " and her role in king Al - Mukrm reign by moving the capital to Thi - Jabla and how the king retired from ruling , and her role in managing the state. and ruling after his death. The third chapter was titled : " Al - Sayda Arwa Al - Sulayhia , her biography and political and ideological activity " , contained three subjects , it highlighted in the first subjects : the biography of Al - Sayda Arwa , name and descent , birth and childhood , her surnames and nicknames , scientific position , death , the difference of historical tales , the second subject discussed : her role in taking care of her son Al - Mustanser then marring the caller Sabaa and ruling after his death , the third subject : it showed the adoption of Al - Sayda fore the idea of Al - Taibia call which explained : introduction to Al - Taibia call , separation from the rule in Egypt after the assassination of Al - Khalifa Al - Amer Bi - Ahkam Deen Allah ( 495 - 523 AH / 1101 - 1129 AD ) , declaration of sermon for his son al - imam Al - Taib. The forth chapter discussed : " Al - Sayda Arwa internal and eternal policy " contained two subjects , the first subject focus on : her internal policy and dealt the managing , social , economical achievements of Al - Sayda Arwa , then her position from Ibn - Najib and the circumstances led to his arrival to Yemen and then her position of the states which ruled Yemen such as Bani - Njah in Zubaid (412 - 554 AH /1021 - 1160 AD ) ,Bani - Zaria in Adan ( 460 - 569 AH / 1067 - 1173 AD ) , Al - Hamadanen in Sanaa ( 494 - 569 AH / 1098 - 1173 AD ). the second subject discussed the eternal policy and showed the relationship between her and Fatemian succession in Egypt starting with Al - Mustanser Bi - Allah (427 - 487 AH / 1035 - 1094 AD ) , and Al - Mustaly Bi - Allah (487 - 495 AH / 1094 - 1101 AD ) and Al - Amer Bi - Ahkam Deen Allah ( 495 - 524 AH/ 1101 - 1129 AD ) , then discussed her position of the Fatemean succession in Egypt after the death of Al - Amer Bi - Ahkam Deen Allah ( 524 - 532 AH / 1129 - 1137 AD ) , and her position of the surrounding states , like Al - Hijaz , Amman , Al - Sanad , north India. The researcher attained a number of results such as : the study shows that Al - Khulafa Al - Fatemeen chose Yemen to be a center for spreading Al - Ismayli call because it's far from the center of Al - Abbasi succession in Baghdad , and the chaos and disturbance and vanishing of political unity , the circulation of Shea in Yemen which is considered the most important factor that helped Al - Ismayli imams to send their callers there , they were able to establish Ismayli state by Ibn - Hushab and Ali bin - alfadhel 270 AH / 883 AD. the study also showed that after the death of Ibn - Hushab and Ali Bin Al - Fadhel , the callers continued in spreading the call in Yemen despite the resistance movements against Al - Ismailia state. The study also proved that one of the most results achieved by king Ali Al - Sulayhi is that his state continued ruling Yemen for about a century , united after the Fatemean Khulafa in Egypt , and it also showed that the relationship between al0sulayheen and Al - Fatemeen is a strong one , and Al - Sulayhi kings represent Al - Fatemeen in Yemen , and the rest of the country like India , Amman , Ihsaa , Sanad , where the Sulayhi kings gave presents to the Fatmean Khulafa , in exchange they gave them titles , these titles increases Al - Sulayhi kings position and strengthen their image against enemies. The study showed us that king Al - Mukrm is one of the strong personalities that strengthen alsulayhi state , he showed a high capability in managing the state's affairs , specially in soling local problems when some tribes disobeyed him ant threated his state , until he was able to eliminate that disobeydance , save his mother from captivity , and take revenge from Saad Al - Ahwal. that happened thanks to the support of a number of Al - Sulahi state , the study also shows that Al - Sayda Arwa had an intelligent mentality enabled her to rule Yemen for a long time , she ruled Yemen besides her son Ali Al - Mukrm ( Abbd Al - Mustanser ) , she was able during her reign with her son to stand against the attempt of Al - Sulayhi leader Sabaa Bin - Ahmed to rule Yemen instead of Al - Mukrm , when her son died she became the actual ruler of Yemen. and nobody could stand against her , because of the support of all Yemeni people and Al - Fatemian succession , and at the end when she died , the Sulahi state vanished , because there was no one qualified to manage the state's affairs , and Al - Taibia call continued in some regions in Sanaa , and turned from public role , to secret role
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جمعية الهلال الاحمر العراقي 1932 - 1954 : دراسة تاريخية == Iraqi Red Crescent Society (IRCS) (1932 - 1954) Historical Study

Author name: محمد جدعان عبد الله
Supervisor name: قحطان حميد كاظم
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University of Diyala - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Diyala
First pages:
Abstract: The idea of founding humanitarian societies and organization has been found since the mid of the twentieth century by the Swiss Henry Dunant and his effort in alleviating the soldiers' pain who have been left wounded in Solferino battle 1859. Iraq, as other Islamic countries ,witnessed the birth of such humanitarian societies particularly after establishing the national governance in Iraq in 1921 and having its political independence in 1932 by dint of many national figures' efforts in humanitarian concerns. The society received the royal family's support and favor. As the society had fulfilled many meritorious humanitarian services to the Iraqi society as well as the international society in different circumstances and crises in war and peace times. Because of the absence of specialized studies , this topic has been selected to investigate and show the importance of this association role in an important period of time of the contemporary history of Iraq ,moreover the period of the study has been identified between 1932 - 1954 as the first date represents the date of the establishment of the association as well as for the political independence of Iraq.Also, the study has identified the end of the study after 1954 because of the floods of Tigris and Euphrates exposing the association activities and effectiveness of it about that event.The researcher has depended on Iraqi unpublished documents specially the Iraqi Red Crescent documents which represent 85% of the thesis sources.Accordingly, the thesis is divided into four chapters with prologue and epilogue.Chapter one deals with the historical background of the international red crescent societies establishment and the aims and humanitarian tasks in 1859 - 1932 classifying the chapter into three sections.The first section sheds light on the red crescent societies and the red cross societies establishment and their humanitarian tasks till 1929,whereas the second sections studies the reasons of establishing these international societies. The third section tackles the tasks of the red cross and red crescent societies and the establishment of the first Aids 1863 - 1932.Chapter two discusses Iraqi Red Crescent Society referring to its establishment and its tasks in 1932 - 1936 ,hence, this chapter divided into five sections. Section one deals with the foundation of the Iraqi red crescent society and the identification of its significant tasks.When on the other hand , the second section deals with the basic system and the administrative units of the society identifying its aims and targets. The third section tackles the Iraqi Red Crescent Society (henceforth IRCS) logo with its descriptions and uses. Then ,to come after , section four sheds light on the establishment of these administrative societies and their manuals and tasks in 1932 - 1933 ,whereas section five deals with the activities of this human society from 1934 - 1936.Then, the third chapter discusses the Iraqi Red crescent society and its humanitarian activities in 1937 - 1946 whose material is divided into two sections : the first one is the humanitarian society activities in 1937 - 1941,while the second section deals with the activities of the society during the second world war(1942 - 1945)and the flood in 1946. Then , the fourth chapter examines the development of the activities of IRCS in 1947 - 1954 shedding lights on two sections, the first one talks about its activities in 1947 - 1950 while the second section tackles with the IRCS and its activities in 1951 - 1954.Finally, the conclusions have been drawn as in : 1 - The IRCS was established in the midst of internal and external crucial circumstances and events to fulfill the needs of founding human society taken upon itself giving hands to the needy people especially those who are in the lower class of the Iraqi society and also to be on track with the international RCS activities which half of the nineteenth century.2 - The IRCS attempted to reduce the Iraqis ' sufferance as well as the needy people in other countries without any discrimination in treatment in times of war and peace and it deepened on the volunteer work without any connection with the Iraqi Government to be considered as one of the pioneer civil societies in Iraq in the monarchy time. 3 - The researcher has set down the IRCS influential effect in the internal as well as the external field as it worked hard to fulfill the needs of the poverty - stricken people humanly, physically, and morally since 1932 till 1954.The society has worked consistently and with a great effort to deliver the aids to all segments of the Iraqi society in all the circumstances of disturbances and natural disasters experienced by Iraq throughout its historical era.4 - The society has various tasks in the 1940s of the twentieth century confronting the different effects of the second world war courageously, that is why it established many administrative units in the Iraqi governorates and generated new organizations as the women 's organization and society for children rights to provide the best humanitarian services to all Iraqi society classes. 5 - The society has not been confined to Iraq only it goes out the Iraqi borders to include Asian and European countries reflecting the noble human effect of this society to show the Islamic morals which make human brother ship the base of human relations.6 - The society has received a great deal of support from the Iraqi politicians particularly ,the royal family, ministers and senior civil servants ,so this shows the awareness of the importance of in building the Iraqi man ,spreading the principles of justice, rescuing the distressed, and helping them in all circumstances in spite of their religious, ethnic ,regional tendencies inside or outside Iraq.7 - The society has put the aim of helping people and fulfilling their daily needs and fundamental humanitarian aids which left a clear imprint in the history of Iraq during the monarchy as well as the aids provided within the country because of the natural disaster as : floods ,fires ,earthquakes and diseases trying to help the new generation of children and take care of their health. Besides, the society has spent more effort to train the Iraqi mothers how to do the following : taking care of their children ,and general cleanliness ,moreover ,the helps that the society provided during the war times that the Iraqi community suffered from during the monarchy. The society provided many aids and in all aspects whether(physical or moral)and in all circumstances whether(political, economic, and social ). In fact, it is one of the civil human societies in Iraq whose works and activities deserve all thanks and respect from both the Iraqi government and nation.
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كتاب اعيان العصـر واعـوان النصـر للصفــدي (ت 764هـ / 1363م) : دراسة في المنهج والموارد == Al Safadi'S ( D.764 A.H. / 1363 A.D ) A'Ian Al Asr Wa A'Wan Al Nasr " ( The Age Figures And Victory Tools ) : Investigating The Method And Resources

Author name: بشائر هادي حسن رزج
Supervisor name: تحسين حميد مجيد
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Diyala - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Diyala
First pages:
Abstract: The study constituted of an introduction and four chapters. The first chapter was devoted to Alsafawi's biography containing his name, lineage and surname, his early life and family, his tutors and students, his poetry, works and jobs, his status and the scholars' sayings about him, his publications and write outs, and his death.The second chapter dealt with Al Safadi's approach in his "A'ian Al Asr", his organization of the book, naming the book, its edition, his method in biographies and writing, the size of biographies, repetition, the tutors and students of the characters mentioned in the book, their scientific achievements and travels, their birth and death.The third chapter studied the resources used by him to organize the material. One of the resources was books where the reference and the citation or secondary citation was mentioned. The other type of resources was contemporary like interviews, news, investigation, correspondence, authorities, writings, observation, facts, as well as what he directly acquired from his tutors.The fourth chapter dealt with the historical material of the book. It dealt with the significance of the book, the works preceded and followed it, the historian citations using it. Then it dealt with the historical material of the book. It mentioned the Abbasi caliphs in Egypt, the Eiyobi princes and sultans, the sultans of Mamlukes, the kings of Morocco, the kings of Andalusia, and the sultans of Mongol. Then it dealt with the foreign relations of Mamlukes like the relations with Hejaz, Yemen and India. This chapter also dealt with civilizational aspect like administrational, scientific, economic, social, and formational aspects. The administrational aspect dealt with the positions at that time like the deputy of sultanate, clerk, inspector, and collector. The scientific aspect dealt with public and private sessions, tutors, jurists, grammarians, Sufis, and ascetics. The economic aspect dealt with jobs and crafts. The social aspect dealt with scientific places, sport games, traditions, and costumes and the like. The constructional aspect dealt with castles, forts, doors, roads, schools, and hospitals. The chapter also dealt with geographical, natural, and sanitation aspects
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عـبـد الـرزاق الـهلالــي سيرتـه ونشاطـه الفكري والثقافـي (1916 - 1985) == Abdul Razzaq Al - Hilali His Biography And His Intellectual And Cultural Activity (1916 - 1985)

Author name: سجى خضير عباس ابراهيم
Supervisor name: محمد عصفور سلمان الاموي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University of Diyala - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Diyala
First pages:
Abstract: It is clear that the scholars' interest in the figures' history and activity is extremely important since it is possible, through those figures, to shed light on many mysterious sides of the history of the countries where they belong and practice their historical role. Through the study of the topic of this thesis, the researcher has come up with a number of conclusions concerning Al - Hilali's life and his cultural and functional role and they are as follows : Al - Hilali belongs to a Basri family.He was grown up in a family that encourages science and knowledge as well as his penchant and passion of reading has a great impact in the formation of his personality but the greater effect in his intellectual trends has been the variables and conditions that Iraq has witnessed represented by the British invention of Iraq and its secretions that have their own effect ,then Bakir Sidqi coup d'état in 1936 , and Rashid Ally Al - kailani movement in 1941, and his work in the Royal Court and the events he has witnessed through this work have their impact in the formation of his personality and the emergence of the main sources of his thinking and future orientations. Al - Hilali's readings in different specialties, through which heendeavored to what he has written,have contributed to deepen his countrymen's feelings of their deep - rooted history. What has increased the importance of his books is that they unveil a lot of facts.This achievementhas come through his scientific procedure that relied on research, investigation, analysis, and subjective induction. Al - Hilali has contributed to the supplement of the cultural and intellectual life in Iraq through his contribution to the cultural clubs and associations among which is The Association of Iraqi Writers and Authors, his contribution to festivals and seminars and his lecturing. He has also had cultural and social relations with a number of Iraqi and Arab figures.But what is to be taken against him is thathewas temptedto move awayfromthe spotlightand famelike many ofhis pioneer contemporaries.According to his point of view,he considers what he presents to his country as anationalduty for which he does not deserve any compliment or praise. His love to his city,country and nation has led him to be dedicatedto his work so he has been a teacher, educatorand asincere employee and he has been eager to perform all his duties honestly. He has held several administrative positions in which he is a careerist according to the experience and competence he has shown as well ashis good reputation until he has constructed an asset of memorable works that has lefta good impact in the intellectualsand his inferiors' hearts and minds. This asset has had a great impact and this is why he is chosenas the director general of the agricultural bank in Baghdad. Among other findings that the researcher has come up with is that the most important areas he has been known and famous for is his cultural activity.He has had a significant role through his writing of books which have been considered important references and sources that the researcher may not dispense with in his study of Iraqi cultural and economic contemporary history. These books are varied in different topics.He has written in history ,literature ,language and he has interest in the village and rural affairs and among his important books are : The History of Education in Iraqwhich he has begun from the Ottoman era till British Mandate and Iraq Lexiconin its two parts the first and second as well asdozens ofpress articleson different topics among which are : the political , historical ,literary and social that contributed to crystallize his thoughts later on. Until his last days, Al - Hilali has remained energetic and active and he could cope with his literary and intellectual life through his communication with the movementof writing and publishing in newspapers and magazines. At the conclusion, it must be said that Abdul Razzaq Al - Hilali was open - hearted, characterized by sobriety and wisdom in work. It seems that Al - Hilalihas been confident and loyal to his friends, but his relationship with his relatives has not been strongly consistent as it has beenlimited to a few of them due to his moving to Baghdad.
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المدرسة الشيخية بين عامي 1797 - 1871 : دراسة تاريخية == Al - Shaykhiya School Between The Years (1797 And 1871) A Historical Study

Author name: مهدي محمود حسن مهدي العزيز
Supervisor name: عبد الرحمن ادريس صالح
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University of Diyala - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Diyala
First pages:
Abstract: The first prospects of Al - Shaykhiya school appeared in Iraq at the beginning of the 19th century, then perfected in Iran. It grew in the womb of Al - Shia’i Al Imami Al Ithnay Ashari doctrine. It didn’t possess special trend , science or culture , it was a combination of sciences , knowledges and cultures of various fields. This was materialized in the personalities of its scientists , namely, Al - Shaykh Ahmed Al Ahsa’i , Al Sayid Kadum Al Rashti and Al Haaj Mohammad Kareem Khan Al Karmani who cameout in science boards and teaching circles in Iraq and Iran through correcting some of the Al - Imamia religious concepts setting out to many doubts that in filtrated to the doctrine beliefs in particular and Al Islam in general. Their exuberant publications reflected their intellectual genius and their active , dynamic and developing life.Al - Shaykhiya school acquired an importance that came from the deep position it occupied in the Islamic Nation actuality making it a truth imposed itself strongly on the scientific actuality. The school ideas in most of its sides are based on speculation and logic , it was built on understanding human actuality,on its scientists efforts to find a harmony between religion and the requirements of the age. It always aimed at reviving the Sunna of the prophet mohammad ( God’s Blessings and peace be upon Him and His Relatives ) , His sciences and knowledges of Al A’mma Al Ithnay Ashar from His Home(Peace Be Upon Them)reviving them , trying to increase people comprehension of the Imama case , then rising the level of Al - Shya’a Al Imami Al Ithna Asharia doctrine. So the study of Al Shaykhiya school history and take care of the status of its scientists , their ideas and views that have a considerable link with many theories of its age regarding it a circle in the series of the development phases , regarding also its developing effect on the modern intellectual scope.The study of Al - Shaykhiya school is not an easy task because of the difficulties that surrounded it among which was the talk about its birth , then the stages of its historical development , its scientific procedure , its prominent dogmas , the acquaintance of its Scientists and their opinions , and the depth and width related to these items. Efforts have been done in hope that it’ll be the first attempt to present a precise picture true views about the history of AL Shaykhiya school, and to be an effective step in correcting the wrong attitudes of the Some about this school. Then to introduce a new phase of the Islamic school history which probably be one of the brilliant phases to be considered and speculated.The study has followed a procedure based on the consideration of time sequence in presenting events. The study falls into : an introduction , four chapters and conclusion. The first chapter deals with the origins of Al - Shaykhiya school, its beginning and growth.The second chapter tackles the stages of its perfection. The third chapter clarfies its sum dogmas and Some of its scientists views.The fourth chapter concentrates on the efforts of the school scientists to strengthen and enhance its dogmas. In the conclusion , the important inferences of the study are summed up.The study depends on primary and secondary sources , particulary the publications of Al Shaykhiya school scientists whieh are given a considerable importance , as well as other various publieations belong to different historical , intellectual , religious and social attitudes. All these sources contributed effectively to achieve the study. Throughout the study , it has become clear that Al Shaykhiya , school has many bridges in common with the two school of Shiya’a : Al usuliya And Al ikhbariya as well as the field of dogmatic sources or the field of Jorisprudence practice. So the appearance of Al - Shaykhiya school was restricted by these two schools in doctrinal frame. The Al Shaykhiya school ideas and their opinions were far away from the ideas and views of the mystic school and the wise philosophers school.Then AlShaykh Ahmed Al Ihsa’i’s desire to repel the views of the two schools appeared reputing their theories which is neglected by the most sources that attributed to Al Shaykh Ahmed presenting the theory of Revealing and Aspiration which was taken by the mystic leaders and some of the wise philosophers as a base for acquiring their sciences and knowledges.After coming back to the publications and verifications of the Al Shaykhiya school scientists , it has become very clear that the informations transmitted in most sources about some of the school dogmas were far away from the historical truth , particulary in the subject of man’s resurrection in the doomsday about which the school scientists views came to be in harmony with the views of the scientists who preceded them such as : Al Shaykh Al Mufeed , Al Khqwaja Naseer Al Deen Al Tusi , the scientistAl Hilli,and the scientist Al Majlisi. As for the school overstatement about the prophet Mohammad and Al A’amma from His descendants (God’s Blessings and peace be upon them),the school scientists,in their publications, did not raise them above their ranks God Almighty bestowed them. To Prove what God has bestowed them,the school scientists relied only on what was narrated from them found in authentic sources the Fugaha’ used in their religious affairs. As for to what was attributed to Al Shaykh Ahmed Al - Ihsa’i and Al Sayid Kadum Al Rashti for their preaching campaigns about the appearance of the twelfth Imam from the prophet descendants , on the occasion of passing a thousand years of his absence, was not true because in all their publications and the publications of the other scientists they disavowed from this attribution.The preaching matter was a creation of Al Babia appeal historians who endeavered in their writings to find a foundation to the appeal of their leader Al Merza Ali Mohammad Al Shirazi.The most sources didn’t rely on Al Shaykhiya school scientists publications , instead they relied , for most of their informations , on Al Babia sources , so they didn’t reach the truth about this matter. They brought inexact informations in which truth was mixed with imagination till the appeal of Al Babia was attached to the Al Shaykhiya school particularly.
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الجاحظ واراؤه الاقتصادية في ضوء كتابه التبصر بالتجارة == Aljahedh And His Economic Views In Light Of His Book ( Al - Tabassur Bel Tijara )

Author name: رفعت فيصل ابراهيم العزي
Supervisor name: عبد الباسط عبد الرزاق حسين
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Diyala - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
Full text from the source: https://basicedu.uodiyala.edu.iq/uploads/DHAMYA1/hostory/%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%84.pdf
University location: Diyala
First pages:
Abstract: Glory be to Allah and peace and bless be upon our ProphetHistory studies is used to introduce a lot of researches and theses which focus on the political and military. Some of these studies are dealing with societies and their components , customs and traditions. Some researches focus on the study of the economics of these societies. This study deals with economic book which is specialized in commerce entitled " Aljahidh and his economic views on light of his book ( Altabassure Bel Tijara ) ". In spitd of the little size of this book but it's very rich with information. In which all pros and cons of commerce where shown. It also contains instructions and advices for those who work in commerce.The current study consisted of five chapters.Chapter One Studies of Aljahidh's life and his scientific position.Chapter two Introduction of the book and its importance among the economic books which appeared in the first Islamic ages.The introduction includes personalities , tribes , cities and other different subjects.Chapter three introduces some metals like gold , silver and some precious stones.Chapter four introduces trade of perfumes , weaves , drugs , paintings and some kinds of clothes.Chapter five studies the commercial characteristics for cities and its most famous goods and some commercial rules and Aljahidh's sayings which showed the economic incomes. It also contains conclusion and a list of resources.
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المبالغات في الروايات التاريخية لعصري النبوة والخلافة الراشدة : دراسة نقدية

Author name: امينة عبد الكريم عبد الستار الخفاجي
Supervisor name: عبد الخالق خميس علي التميمي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Diyala - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Diyala
First pages:
Abstract: H - Book Albuldanyen : As for the sources of geographic , this study relied on some books Albuldanyen to identify some places and cities contained in the letter , as well as what information it contains historical value is indispensable to the researcher about them ( Lexicon what Ostagam names Albuladoualmoada ) for Bakri (d. 487AD/1094AH)) , and ( Lexicon countries ) of sapphire Hamwi (d.626AD/1228AH). X - modern references : In the area of recent studies have reported the study of some Arabic references , as well as some of the theses , research and articles published in magazines. It took some of them information about the reason that lies behind some historians exaggerations in some reports , while according to some books and theses methodology used by some historians authored books and resources including : . Arab history and historians ,Shakir Mustafa . Flags of Zrcell 2) 3) the date when the Muslims aware of the Orientalist Franz Rosenthal. 4) Journal of the Orient. 5) Journal of the word. In conclusion, I put my humble hands of our teachers and I hope to obtain acceptance of them. AD and finished authoring the year( 915AH/ 303AD) AD and its sources and clear because it scored in assigning news.W - wrote a local history : including ( News city of the Prophet ) to the son of rubbish (814AH/199AD) known for his weakness in speaking , so we did not find a reference to a study of his life in various aspects ; notes on the book of Ibn rubbish free some texts from Sindh and especially with regard to the news of the city and its plans in his time due to the fact that most of his information was derived from his observations and his personal information , and with that we find it does not neglect the male elders who transport them in the rest of the text , (1)) reported in the study took the novel weak and employ them in the message. And book (the date of Baghdad ) to Ahmed bin Ali al - Khatib al - Baghdad(d.463AD/1070AH) And is one of the most celebrated books of translations in the field of Arab - Islamic culture which he addressed the history of the city of Baghdad, and built and rivers and their homes and coming out of the companions and translations of the caliphs and nobles and Men of science and literature , who were born in Baghdad or other countries and Nzloha , and of moved them to the town of others and died there. arranged all along the alphabets in the first name without circumvent character second of the structure of the name. began by mentioning the name Muhammad blessing of the Prophet ( Allah bless him and his family and him). It also singled out in the final section of the book, who knew by his nickname or his name. As well as biographies of women with science and thought. C - biographies : including a book ( classes ) of Mohammed bin Saad ( d,230AD/844AH) addresses two main themes the first biography of the Prophet ( Allah bless him and his family) and the second Translations companions and followers and has served folders remaining , but the last reserved for women , and Book ( classes ) for Khalifa bin tailor (d.240AD/845AH) , according to the study in the translation of some of the historical figures and some of the narrators and Sindh so as to know the trustworthy narrators of the weak. 1)sa lama , Salah Abdul Aziz Zain , City News prophetic son from the date of garbage collection and study of curriculum texts , (Master unpublished ). Umm Al Qura University.Mecca.1321AD/2000AH.pp 40 - 46. readings , and take care of him and display the faces of the language as well as the opinions and jurisprudential Ajthadath deposited by the book in question... , and mentions months of statements , and cites to say what affects from his companions and followers, and then exposed to the likelihood of words , and subject to terms of the Bedouins , and the development of provisions taken from the verse , and the likelihood of what he sees , but nonetheless we find it is marketed in the interpretation of news stories from Israel , which still need to cash examiner , said the study contained in the news from the Messenger of Allah ( Allah bless him and his family and him).B - The books hadith : them ( SahihBukhari ) Muhammad bin Ismail bin Ibrahim Al - Bukhari (d. 256AD / 869AH ) , was modernists interested mainly biographies people talk , did not know about it Bmeulh to a specific destination , he heard talk of scholars of Mecca and City and scientists from Egypt (1)) , that his ( correct) familiar with the book , and a recent book and jurisprudence , in order to follow the way that distinguishes them from Imam Muslim in his Saheeh , and it cut conversations and dispersed and its proceeds under the doors in order to infer their what translates it, and repeat with the conversations in multiple locations not cleared primarily of interest Brachytherapy or parenchymal and has stated in the study cited some hadith to refute some news incorrect and Established(2). T - wrote the general history : including ( Date Yacoubi ) to Ahmad ibnIshaqibnJa'far (d. 292AH / 905AD ) , his book A Brief History regulator deals with world history since the creation until the year 259AH / 872AD , follow the approach neglecting the grounds because it was settled at that time and may aided the spread of blogging on that stability. Then he rarely mentions its source because it would only give the basic sources at the beginning of his book , but his style of presentation of the material is the sequence of the covenants and yearbooks. And sometimes came by the uniqueness of the historical information. And book (the date of the apostles and kings ) of Muhammad bin Jarir al - Tabari (d. 310AD / 922AH ) Department of his book into two main pre - Islamic and beyond , Section I discuss the creation and start and fall of Adam ( peace be upon him ) and ends up talking about grandparents the Prophet ( Allah bless him and his family and him) as a prelude to the era of the message, and the second section deals with Islamic history since the era of 1)Mustafa Shakir , Arab history and historians study the development of the science of history and knowledge of his men in Islam ,T1, ( Beirut : Dar al - Ilm Ah1398/AD1978),c1,p236. 2)Haji khalifa ,Mustafa bin abdullahHanafi Constantinople Rumi, (d,1067AH/1656AD), Asami, revealed suspicions about books and the arts, ( Beirut : Dar scientific books 1413AH/1992AD),c1,p363. And it must be noted that the approach taken in this study was a critical historical approach , and the meaning of the monetary approach , is a critique of assets or primary sources using external or virtual cash , which aims to prove the text in the document , and internal criticism or internist is intended to indicate intention of the author of the document in his words , and then figure out sincerity in the novel. A - your search : The study consists of an introduction and three chapters and a conclusion and proven sources and references , each chapter is divided into two sections , devoted the first chapter to the study of the political side and the military , taking the battles that appeared in novels some exaggerations throughout the eras of the Prophet and Rashidi , with an indication of the degree of risk in numbers armies and the dead of both sides and prove some of the facts of each battle , too, for taking the first section novels amounts in the reigns of the Great Prophet ( Allah bless him and his family and him) and Abu Bakr ( may Allah be pleased with him ) , and the second section novels amounts in the covenants caliphs Omar ibn al - Khattab and Othman IbnAffan (may Allah be pleased with them ) and Imam Ali bin AbiTalib ( peace be upon him). And the second chapter in the economic side of the novels exaggerated , as it has been criticism and prove what they are , the first research to ensure the financial resources of the State of the Arab - Islamic and expenditures , and the second part, the risk in the numbers of funds. The third chapter dealt with the historical novels set and divided it into two sections also with respect to the first novels set in the era of the Prophet ( Allah bless him and his family and him) and Abu Bakr ( may Allah be pleased with him ) , and the second covers every era of the Caliphs Omar bin kattab and Othman IbnAffan (may Allah be pleased with them). B - Display sources : The study relied on a number of ancient sources , which have a key role in enriching and modern references , and will be referred to some of them which is as follows : A - written explanation : which ( inclusive statement about the interpretation of the Koran ) , known as ( Tabari ) Muhammad bin Jarir al - Tabari (d. 310AD / 922AH) , which is one of my interpretations and most comprehensive , as it did not depend on the color of one of interpretation , but included a many colors lifted when scientists would, Vatabra despite its reliance on interpretation Mathur mainly in his book collection to it by the side of the novel know - how and assigned the book on it , and I care a lot Koranic Praise be to God and prayer and peace be upon the best of creation Muhammad bin Abdullah and on The God of the good and virtuous. After : That record the events of history _ the capacity and the details _ tainted many exaggerations and fillers and superstition in some cases , and all because history is the product of human beings so accompanied by shortages and imbalances and the situation , and multiple reasons include historical novels such as this imbalance , including what relation to the psychology of the news and the narrator and of and love in inflating the event to give it the importance and highlighted among other events , and some of which also relates to shift the news and what accompanies Blogging Tsahev and distortion , and which highlight the bright side of the historic event to add to exaggerate it , and also try to give them success from the presence of the history of his people or his nation Vigolh that goes on in the news story and the novel , and paired with this success, divine providence or the fact that his nation has sponsored these people care. And hardly devoid history of any nation of exaggerations in historical novels , and will try this study shed light on this aspect of historical writing on the duration of Islamic historical mission , and is the era of prophecy and caliphate so carried this title ( exaggerations in the historical novels of the modern prophethood and caliphate critical study ) and study comes within the field of historical studies concerned with the disclosure of historical fact and proved, and particularly in the Islamic history. From here came the desire to study the subject, and from the presence of my teachers encouraged in the Department of History. It is well known that the study of history and events and factors affecting it , and his feature known only to the person who is engaged in this kind of knowledge and science , and had to historians Arabs and Muslims preferred to identify the events of the past , but some of them are mentioned historical events without criticism , and transferred at face value and some of the lies and oodles , others convey the truth. But it is necessary to raise the important question in this aspect and what is the reasons. why some historians to exaggerate ? , And how to be detected?. This study may open a new door for the study of the same subject in the Islamic eras other because our study was limited to a period of early Islam and is the era of the Prophet Muhammad ( may Allah bless him and his family and him) and the era of the Caliphs ( may Allah be pleased with them ) , as the Islamic eras differ from each other because each has its advantages and its events , so the door exaggerations in novels and wading in it stays open for the study of later ages.
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دراسة المستشرقين الالمان للسيرة النبوية : فلهاوزن نموذجا == The German Orientalists’ Studies On The Prophets Life, Julius Wellhausen As A Model

Author name: فرست زبير محمد الروذبياني
Supervisor name: هاشم يحيى الملاح
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Al Mosul - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Mosul
First pages:
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التمثيل الدبلوماسي وواجهات السياسة الخارجية للمملكة العربية السعودية مع دول الجوار الجغرافي العربي 1945 - 1962 == The Diplomatic Representation And Foreign Affairs Aspects Of The Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia With Its Geographical Neighboring Arab Countries 1945 - 1962

Author name: قحطان احمد فرهود المشهداني
Supervisor name: منتهى عذاب ذويب
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University of Diyala - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Diyala
First pages:
Abstract: This thesis deals with the Diplomatic Representation and Foreign affairs aspects of KSA with its Geographical neighboring Arab counties from 1945 to 1962.This study falls into an introduction , four chapters and a conclusion. Chapter one deals with the historical background of the diplomacy of KSA and its aspects with the neighbouring Arab countries up to 1945. These Arab countries included Iraq , the emirate of east Jordan and yeoman.Chapter two present definitions of the social , and cultural background of the most important figures of the Saudi foreign affairs and their roles inside the kingdom and abroad.Chapter three studies the diplomatic activities and the aspects of the Saudi foreign affairs from 1945 to 1962. This role includes the diplomatic role practiced by KSA in establishing Arab unity and the Arab League. It also includes the relation of KSA with Syria, Iraq, Jordan and Yemen as well as the problems over the borders.Chapter four presents the relation of Saudi Arabia with the neighboring Arab countries during the period 1954 - 1969.It shows the periods of tense and good relations between KSA and Iraq , especially after the 14th of July Revolution , 1958 in Iraq. The chapter also studies the relation of KSA with Kuwait, Jordan and Yemen.This thesis has come out with the following conclusions : 1.KSA followed an open diplomacy regarding the wars that broke out between the Arab countries. King Abdul - Azeez gave no role to his counselors or representatives in directing foreign affairs as they liked.2.KSA attracted many important Arab figures who were in exile. Those had their effect on the Saudi foreign affairs , especially during the reign of king Saaud who was busy with his personal interests , as well as his health.3.The diplomacy of KSA was called the Gold Diplomacy in which the political , Journal and tribal important figures were bribed in order to win certain problems over borders , especially that of Buraymi Oasis. This policy proved to be a failure.4.The diplomacy of KSA differed from one situation to another with Iraq and Jordan because of the enmity of the royal families that was well - known.5.The diplomacy of KSA played prominent role in Yemen 1962, and this role resulted in a civil war in Yemen because KSA was afraid of the influence of president Nosier at that time 6.The change in the KSA diplomacy was clear during this period. Sometimes it was supporting Iraq and Jordan against the Soviet influence, and at other time it was against Iraq and Jordan concerning the western Treaties.7.The foreign affairs institution in KSA witnessed development and enlargement. King Facial succeeded in getting rid of the inefficient diplomats by sending them on pension.8.The diplomacy of KSA became the representative of the American policy in the middle feast after 1957.
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السياسة الخارجية للولايات المتحدة الامريكية اتجاه شبه الجزيرة الكورية في عهد الرئيس هاري ترومان 1945 - 1953 == The Foreign Policy Of United State Of America Towards The Korean Peninsula During The Period Of Harry Truman'S Regime 1945 - 1953

Author name: احمد محمد جاسم الدايني
Supervisor name: محمد عصفور سلمان الاموي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University of Diyala - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Diyala
First pages:
Abstract: Actually ,The political isolation of United State of America in the international relationships excluded Latinate America made its role confined and limited in the diplomatic affairs within many international conflicts , But the US participation in World War II led America to pay more attention in the international affairs ,specifically the countries that were controlled by the axis great countries (Italy ,German and Japan ).After the end of World War II , The Us foreign policy represented and directed to make allies in other areas of the world ,the Korean peninsula was the most targeted area.At the period of American president regime Harry Truman (1945 - 1953) ,American government began to interest according to special criteria which focused on such concerns to find an ally in the Near East especially after Soviet Union's attempts to strengthen its existence in that area to demolish Tinch Kay Chaik's regime which had supported the United State of America and establishing a republic of public china in 1949 which resulted with the American - Soviet and Chinese dispute in the Korean peninsula , That is why this topic was the most considerable and an attractive one to be studied to show the nature of that conflict.This dispute effects and outcomes revolved with division of Korean peninsula into two parts , the southern part for Americans ,while the other northern part for Soviet union. This thesis entitled (THE FOREIGN POLICY OF UNITED STATE OF AMERICA TOWARDS THE KOREAN PENINSULA DURING THE PERIOD OF HARY TRUMAN'S REGIME 1945 - 1953 ) includes an introduction and three chapters with a conclusion. The first chapter contains a summary about the American president Harry Truman , the beginnings of the cold war ,and the pillars upon which the American - intusion policy built towards the communist extension in Asia and Europe including Truman's Principle and Marshal's project and Northern Atlantic Ally ,Besides the decision making centers of American foreign policy and the role of media in planning its policy ,as well as , the beginnings of American interesting for Korean peninsula. The reasons of failing the mutual - American - Soviet efforts to unify the Korean peninsula ,led Americans to uplift the Korean issue into the United Nation Commission. The second chapter of this study deals with the direct causes of out breaking the Korean dispute , and the American impacts of its attitude that happened in the United Nation Commission. As well as this chapter concerned with the factors of military Chinese intrusion in the Korean conflict , besides the American procedures towards that intrusion. Third chapter studies the American attitude towards the Indian action that presented by Indian president jawhar Nehrou in order to reconcile the continued conflict of Korean peninsula ,Here the light shed on the talks and discussions of those countries about the Korean issue and America's point of view towards that conflict. It is worthy to mention that the researcher depended on many documents as well as the American ones that were published by Schlesinger Arthur (The Dynamics of world power A documentary history of United States Foreign Policy 1945 - 1973) and other which were gathered by ( Burns Roger and Schlesinger Arthur ) entitled Congress ,investigates A documentary History 1972 - 1974. Those documents considered very important for having valuable information about political American developments towards the Far East generally and the Korean conflict specifically ,for including statements and suggestions of American politicians exactly the president Harry Truman and US secretary Acheson as well as military leaders proofs like Mack Arched.The documents of United Nation specifically those of International Security Council entitled ( United Nations Security council Official Record ) , Those documents were recognized with special importance in this research because the military American Intrusion in the Korean peninsula had taken the United Nation Commission as an excuse to apply and fulfill its aims and so on this permits the researcher to notify more and more about the international views by the way of Korean conflict. The Chinese documents enabled the researcher to be informed about the Chinese attitude by the way Korean dispute specially that of Chinese foreign minister.The researcher depended on many other resources which were enriched with a good scientific information and American president Harry Truman's Memories entitled ( Years of Trail and Hope 1946 - 1953) also the book was adopted by the researcher entitled ( The Unification Policy of South and North ) by Kim hat - Joan in which the author concentrates on the developments of Korean conflict on one hand and progress of the two controlled Korean parts - governments (America &Soviet Union).The translated books into Arabic in which the American policy towards Korean peninsula and the development of that conflict played an active and clear role especially that of American author (The war in Korea )1950 - 1951.in which he represents the American Attitude , finally the researcher depends on the journalism and Al - ihram journal which concerned in many fields with the topic of this thesis
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جريدة القبلة الحجازية 1916 - 1918 : دراسة تاريخية == Al - Kibla Al - Hujazia Newspaper 1916 - 1918 Historical Study

Author name: نبيل سمين وهاب الخالدي
Supervisor name: صباح مهدي رميض القريشي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University of Diyala - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Diyala
First pages:
Abstract: Arabic And Iraqi journalism got a lot of studies in specialized information and studying of history in variant periods in which were described As quantitive generalization in historical study. Now a days, we need a lot of objective and analytical studies for more of political and mental newspaper are hidden particularly those which published in the first Ralf of the twentieth century. Thus we prefer to shed light on the most outstanding newspaper while was Al - Kibla - Hujazic newspaper paving the way to researchers to go deep into this tendency, in addition, it had great international effect through its call for unity and the dependence of the Arabic union and the resistance of being under the reign of foreigners. Such had influential effect in diminishing the existence of the ottoman invasion on the Arabic island and AL - sham countries.During 1916 - 1918 the newspaper took into its account the discussing of AL - Shareef Husein’s issue and his struggle against AL - Ithad and AL - Tarqi organization that controlled ottoman state and its confederacy of German. The first volume of the newspaper published in Macca on August 1916 At the same time of the first bullet of the freedom revolution for getting rid of ottoman invasion. While the end of 1918 witnessed tow events; first the existence of the Arabic army led by prince Pheisal in Damascus on 3 rd of October 1918 and then the establishing at the Arabic independent state by king Husein which it was something great. It witnessed the arising of the Arabic flag in Damascus for the first time after hundreds of years. Second, the liberation of Beirut, Humss, Hamah and Halab reaching till AL - Muslimia, the intersect between Syria, Iraq and Istanbul, by AL - Shareef Nasir Bn Ali, in 29 th, Oct. 1918 witnessed Mudrus armistice the fighting countries. The thesis finished with a conclusion as follows : first of all, each revolution has its aims and mental sight for new present and future. Undoubtedly, it can be considered as the production of its hour and objective and subjective conditions. Though different opinion in evaluating of the revolution of 1916 still splendid in the modern Arabic history for it is anew step in maturizing the international thinking that leads to change the Arabic reality.AL - kibla newspaper took into its consideration these concept that considered AL - Shareef Husein revolution as an important step in establishing independent Arabic state overwhelming the Arabic provinces that were under ottoman invasion for about four hundred years.This newspaper presented objective analysis of the nation conditions that obliged Iraqi, Syrian, and other indntities for fight side by side with Christians for Arabic international duty. It took its role in exposing the bad ways of AL - Ithad and AL - Tareqi organization and considered that the Arabic revolution is the arising estate of Arab and the definite answer against ottoman policy concerning other nationalities melting them all in Turklish Indentity.The newspaper secked for the cooperation against dangers moving towards economic satisfaction for a chieving the politied future aims.AL - kibla was distinguished by its staff in covering news thus, it got the admiration of alot of Arabic and Islamic news to be tackled with by many. The newspaper was not satisfied only by the Arabic news, yet it widened to involve different Arabic and universal news though of its simple publishing capabilities. Such was the newspaper identity and its general form to be international and the representative of the cooperative destiny. It continued its publishing though the hard circumstances around. It covered the world war news and defended the honor word, thus. It disserved precise study, thought it needs much reaching till 1924 for much completion and deepness
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معمر بن راشد ومروياته التاريخية == Ma’Amar Bin - Rashid And His Historical Narrations

Author name: مها عبد الرحمن حسين الزيدي
Supervisor name: تحسين حميد مجيد
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Diyala - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Diyala
First pages:
Abstract: The Arabs were concerning with studying “holy Quran” along with telling the messenger holy talks.The holy Quran was collected and put down in the region of the first Kalifate Al - Rashidi, and it was completely collected and written down in the time of the third Kalifate.In respect with the messenger holy talks that being put down, after a long period, and probably, the prophetic biography was preceded the holy prophetic talks, for the biography of Ibn - Es’haak that reached to us by Ibn - Hushaam, was the lastest one.So, some researchers consider that the genuine intuition and genius of Arabs in writing the history appeared apparently in biography rather than news telling. There isn’t a nation, save Arab nation, pays more attention to the biography, beginning with Ibn - Es’haak, who wrote down the prophetic biography, and Al - Waqidi and Ibn - Saad who wrote narrators layers. The most prevailing feature of Arabic books, was the biography of celebrities. The lights have been focused on the prophetic biography wrote by Ibn - Es’haak since he was the first who put down the prophetic biography and put its basic bases. But the prophetic biography that begin written by Ma’amar Bin - Rashid had not been taken, because it didn’t reach us except some narrations transferred by some historians like Al - Wakidi, Ibn - Saad, Al - Balathri and Al - Tabari and only what saved in some libraries and the world museums, just like the eastern institute in Chicago. The text was published by the researcher Nabeha Aboud; in addition, we got other pieces of this biography and were still preserving in Istanbul, Morocco and Damascus. The copy of Istanbul was written on a piece of yam which being copied in Tilaitala in (363 A.H.).The significance of Islamic invasions together with the biographies that written by Maamar Bin - Rashid were because he was contemporary with Ibn - Es'haak and be near to his age, Ibn - Es'haak was born in (75 A.H.) and died in (151 A.H) or in (152 A.H.), while Maamar born in (95 A.H.) and died in (153 A.H.). Hence, they were of the same generation and of the same sources, who was mohammed Bin - Muslim Bin - Shihab Al - zahri (50 - 124 A.H.), being considered the first who put down the Islamic history, wrote down the prophetic invasions and gave the prophetic biography its present frame known now.So, probably, that Ibn - Es'haak considered the first who wrote down the prophetic biography which reached to us via Ibn - Hushaam may be taken from Maamar Bin - Rashid or both were quoting from one another. Hence, the narrations by Maamar Bin - Rashid were of high significance, but actually didn’t reach us in the form of volume, as did so Ibn - Es’haak biography. It’s worthy to note that my professor Dr.Tahsen Hameed draws my considerable attention to the importance of the current subject, while we are on the end of the preparation year. He demanded me to collect the narrations by Maamar Bin - Rashid for studying them, just like my another professor while he was in the college of Art - Al - Basra university, who supervised on a corresponding study written by salma Abdul - Hammed Al - Hashimi, who collected the lost narrations by Ibn - Taifour from the book of Baghdad and she was awarded with Ph.D. The nature of the study obligates to collect lost texts of Maamar narrations and to classify them, especially those concerned with prophetic biography. I’m demanded to collect them in one text and this work considered as a great effort, since it will submit to the researchers ready texts that could be depended in writing the biography and they are as if for Maamar Bin - Rashid. The reader will find these texts of these narrations in the second chapter since it is a basic part of the thesis that’s why the chapter is massive in its substance, quantitatively and qualitatively. I arranged the historical subjects in a traditional manner of Ibn - Es’haak and Ibn - Hushaam, starting with debutante of creation of over Mister Adam and initial messengers, followed by the mission and Islamic invasions. I arrange the invasions according to chronological sequence.The first chapter deals with Maamar’s life together with his youth, science demanding, his tutors, his students, his knowledge and sciences and historian’s impression. The third chapter is a completion of Maamar’s narrations, for the period of Kalifate Al - Rashidi and Amawyian state. My main concern is of the prophetic biography, and hoping all the biographies would be printed in the future.The fourth chapter manages to study the important bases of these narrations (tutors and students), including the method of Ma’amar in mention his narrations along with comparing them with those by Ibn - Es’haak , especially what concern with Islamic invasions and prophetic biography, and with those written by Ibn - Hushaam, who did not stated that he taken it from Ma’amar. I have depended on many sources and references that contribute together in building the current thesis.1. The Holy Prophetic BooksThe most outstanding of which is “Sahih Al - Bukhari” written by Abi - AbdAllah Mohammed Esma’el (died on 256 A.H.) and “Sahih Muslim” written by Adi - Al - Hussein Muslim Bin Al - hajaj (died on 261 A.H.) and others that being used as to raise Ma’amar’s narrations. I have also used Al - Musanaf book written by Abdul - razaq Bin Hamam Al - Sinaani (died on 211 A.H.), and we got Al - Jamaa book by Ma’amar Bin - Rashid (153 A.H.) through him. Al - Jamaa book is considered as an annex to Al - Musanaf book, that reach us by the way of Adul - Razaq Al - Sinaani who consider as a preserve for his biography and a famous one of his students.2. Interpreting BooksMany of interpreters have recited many talks written by Ma’amar in interpreting some Arts of holy Quran, despite that Ma’amar lived and died before appearing well - known interpretation books. Furthermore, his narrations contained a historical substance, which explained and interpreted some Ayat (denotations) of holy Quran. The most significant books of interpretation : “Jamaa Al - Bian Aan Taawel Ayat Al - Quran” by Mohammed Bin - Jarir Al - Tabari (died on 310 A.H.), “Tafseer Ibn - Katheer” by Abu - Al - Fidaa Esma’el Bin Oumar (died on 774 A.H.). It is necessary to note that I leave his other narrations and talks that don’t handle the historical side either be interpretation books or talks - books.3. Attribution Books The important one was “Al - Ansab” book by Abi - Saad Abdul - Karim Al - Samaani (died on 562 A.H.), “Al - Lubab Fi Tahtheeb Al - Ansab” by Ibn - Al - Atheer Ezadin Al - Jazri (died on 606 A.H.) which I got much benefit from, in knowing the relativism of Ma’amar Bin - Rashid.4. Men and Layers BooksI have used these books to build up my current thesis. These books of different kinds considered the richest field that gives us a great information. They do not submit to the incidents civilized appearances and social atmosphere, in a chronological series and logical connection, rather they submit to these incidents and social appearances in an undisconnection order. The books are enriching with the scientist, jurisprudence and the men of history and literature. Ma’amar, was one of these men, whose personality endowed with many sciences. The books have a great deal of his personality and knowledge, these books gave us valuable information about his relativism, date of his birth and death together with his tutors and students.There are many volumes which include : “Al - Tabakat Al - Kubra” by Ibn - Saad (died on 230 A.H.) which I got benefit of, specially in dealing with Ma’amar historical biography which was enjoyed and updated with many parts of this book, also “Al - tabakat” by Ibn - Khyat (died on 240 A.H.) that gave us information about the date of birth and death of Ma’amar, “Al - jarh wi Al - Taadeel” by Ibn - Abi Hatim (died on 327 A.H.), “Al - Thukat” by Ibn - Habaan (died on 354 A.H.).The books of Mohammed Bin - Uthman Al - Thahabi (died on 748 A.H.). “Tathkirat Al - Hufadh”, “Sier Alam Al - Nubalaa) and the books of Ibn - Hajar Al - Asqalani (died on 852 A.H.) “Tahtheeb Al - Tahtheeb”, “takreeb Al - tahtheeb” and “Al - Esaba Fi Tamiez Al - Sihaba”. All these books are arranged alphabetical, and being used to give more information about Ma’amar, his students and his tutors, these books are having a very significant role in giving confirmation for historical narrations. 5. History BooksThe top of which was “The history of Kalipha Bin - Kayat” and the books “Ansab Al - Ashraaf” and “Futuh Al - Buldan” by Al - Balathri Abu - Al - Hassan Ahmed (died on 279 A.H.) which submit some of Ma’amar historical biography, also I get benefit from the book “Tarikh Al - Rusil wa Al - Muluk” by Mohammed Bin - Jarir Al - Tabari, in which the recitation of Ma’amar was more than the previous ones, besides the recitation of the period of first messengers and the period of Islamic invasions. Also the book “Al - Bidaya wa Al - Nihaya” by Ibn - Kather (died on 774 A.H.) which was enriched with Ma’amar recitation either be in the period of Islamic invasions or in the period of Al - Kalifate Al - Rashideen.6. Biographies and Islamic Invasions BooksWhich I used them more, especially when I mention Ma’amar’s historical tales. These included “Al - Magazi” by Mohammed Bin - Oumar Al - Wakidi (died on 207 A.H.) which was rich in Ma’amar’s historical narrations. Also the prophetic biography books, of them the eldest ones were “Sierat Ibn - Es’haak” (died on 151 A.H.) and “Sierat Ibn - Hushaam” (died on 218 A.H.), which I used them to make comparison between Ma’amar’s narrations and their narrations in relation to historical and narrators fields.7. Books of Countries and Linguistic Encyclopedia Which I depend upon in determining some sites in different territories. The most famous book is “Mu’jam Al - Buldan” by Yakut Al - Hamawi (died on 626 A.H.) and of linguistic encyclopedia,the book “Mukhtar Al - Sihah” by Mohammed Bin - Abi - Baker Al - Razi (died on 666 A.H.), “Lisan Al - Arab” by Ibn - Mandhur Jamal El - deen Mohammed (died on 711 A.H.) and “Al - Kamus Al - Muheet” by Al - Fairuzabadi (died on 817 A.H.). In addition there were many other references, which their benefit came secondary.8. Modern BooksIn this thesis I use many modern books, and some of modern historians whom I get benefit of, who deal in their books many relevant sides like “Hadiat El - Arifen” by Esma’el Basha Al - Baghdadi, “Kamus Al - Alaam” by Al - Zargali, “Al - Tarikh Al - Arabi wa Al - Muarikin” by Shakir Mustafa, and “Taikh Al - Mathahib Al - Islamia” by Aiman Fouad Said from which I got many benefit points in during research.In spite of difficulty which I encountered during my research, and the prominent one was a lot of Ma’amar’s narrations and their scattering among many books especially those composed of many volumes that required a long time to scan so as not to miss any chance through which I could get a historical tale by him. Furthermore, the difficult conditions through which our country goes, which affect a great deal on students of knowledge and intuition. I want say that I do my best after firstly depending on Allah and on my professor secondly. I supplicate over Allah that I achieve a part of my study.
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النظرية السياسية الاسلامية في دراسات المستشرقين البريطانيين توماس ارنولد - هاملتون كب - ان لامبتون انموذجا == The Islamic Political Theory In The Studies Of British Orientalists Thomas Arnold, Hamilton Gibb, Ann Lambton

Author name: زاهدة محمد طه محيي الدين المزوري
Supervisor name: ناصر عبد الرزاق الملا جاسم
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Al Mosul - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Mosul
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موقف اهل الكوفة من الاحداث السياسية فــي العصر الاموي (41 هـ - 132 هـ) == The Attitude Of Kufa Prople Toward The Political Events In Al - Amawy Reign 41 A.H - 132 A.H

Author name: اسماعيل خليل حسن المهداوي
Supervisor name: عاصم اسماعيل كنعان العباسي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Diyala - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Diyala
First pages:
Abstract: The Third chapter sheds lights on the separation of India from the Abassid Empire when the former could have put an end to its subjection to the Islamic caliphate, gained independence and then it has been partitioned into small states as the Ghazweni and the Ghori ones and then it fell under the Memlooki rule.
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الحياة الاجتماعية في اوربا في العصور الوسطى الاسلامية من خلال المصادر العربية == The Social Life In Europe In Islamic Mediaeval Ages Through The Arabic Surces

Author name: بهار احمد جاسم محمد السامرائي
Supervisor name: عاصم اسماعيل كنعان العباسي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Diyala - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Diyala
First pages:
Abstract: The Study of The social life in Europe in Islamic mediaeval ages through the Arabic sources. Includes : prelude and three shapters , beside the conclusion and a list of sources and references The prelude contains a study about European the Islamic Arabic understanding. It start with explanation to Europe name and Its geographical places through the seven earth's areas. The first chapter explains the study of the most important primary sources. which we can get our information from and about it It refers to the study of liberation wars and Islamic Arabic's openings in Europe. Then these wars was opened a new reign to Europe. It starts with a great development in it's general life , and it's social system. Then the Muslims can establish the essential of this opening in a few years and also they can dismiss the elements of malice , chaos , and organized the country at less the opening parts of the country. For the second feature it gives us information about Europe. It was through the way of sacrifice and mutual zing the hostages. through the wars. which was done between the Islamic Arabic's state and the Byzantines state. This was one of the features which gives us information about Europe state's numbers and it's ways and paths. The third feature it's regard the most important feature because it's the feature of trips which gives us the right and clear information , and we show in it the important trips which was had the great effect in describing the social life or the natural enviroment of Europe from the most important trips was Ibn - Fadhlan's trip which gives us many direct informations about Europe's east nations , and we depend up on it in describing many social sides , it talks about objectives , natures , and traditions. From the other important trips is Abi Hamed AL - Grnaty's trip which consider from the most important trips which gives us information which no less important than Ibn Fadhlan's trip. According to these trips their was a study to the other trips for example (AL - Gazzal , AL - Mounajim , AL - Idreesiy , and Ausama bin Mounqith trip) all these trips as important as all the first of all trips.The conclusion of the first chapter was a study to the civilize mixture between the Arab and Europe. this chapter also study the features which helps Europe to take from the Islamic Arabic civilization in all its sides and arenas. The second chapter : contains a study to the European society , and its human species , their origins and sorts in addition to their immigration and centers of their residence.The third chapter : contains a study to the social life in Europe , it is divided into many objects of research as follow : the characteristies and matures of European human races beside their customs and tradition. Scond chapter : the dominant religions in the European society at that time. Third object : the European woman's situation , and her effecters in the Europe's Society it also contain the marriage traditions , the food and drunks at that time , the kinds of clothes which they were dress , and also the baths. This chapter contains the kind of games which was played by the members of that society , such as knighthood , playing with weapon , hunting , and the animal fighting. At the end of the section we talk about the most important European's arts , and it consists of music and singing. The conclusion comes to show the important result which the research reach to. At the end I want to show that I do my beast in this research and if I successed in it that will be from God merciful. If it was the other side. so that from my self that because I want to be most clear in my research and in God we trust.
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الحركة العلمية في طليطلة الاسلامية 93 - 478هـ/711 - 1085م

Author name: مصطفى كامل محمد حمزة الشباني
Supervisor name: عبد الامير عبد حسين دكسن
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: توزعت الدراسة على اربعة فصول، تسبقها مقدمة ويعقبها عدة ملاحق تناول الفصل الاول، جغرافية طليطلة والفتح العربي الاسلامي فضلا عن السكان وبعض الجوانب الادارية والعمرانية والاقتصادية. والفصل الثاني تناول المؤسسات العلمية في طليطلة، وقسمناه على خمس فقرات هي | Arab conquests transformed to Al - Andlus the gross of scientific activities which the skilled in Quran science ,Hadith ,Feqah ,Linguistic sciences ,Social Sciences languages ,linguistic ,Philosophy ,history ,geography ,Prescience as medicine architecture.They established mosques ,and science houses.It was areal scientific centers which Moslems and people of these lands who did not understand anything in knowledge took from them.later they became competitor for main science center in Baghdad ,Cairo and Damascus.Importance of this subject emerges that Arabic Islamic conquests to Tulaitela city ( 93 H /711D) was historical transformation which changed events for Arab and Islam in western wing of Arabic and Islamic nation.This city had alead rule in scientific life of Al - Andalus privately and Europe in general elongates history specially in reign of it Arabic Moslems leaders who carry Arabic Islamic flay which was carried by Tariq Bin Ziad and Musa Bin Nussair ( dead on 97 H/ 715 D.C) and established its bases and expanded.its values. They filled the lamts of Islam and Arabic language and other science by the oil which make it more lightening and ability for existence and continuity with effectiveness in most lands of Andalus and Europe.The study is divided in to four chapters beginning by introduction.First chapter is about Tulaitela and Arabic Islamic conquest as well as population an some administrative building and economical sides.Second chapter is about Scientific institutions in Tulaitela and it was divided in to five sections : Moseques ,hous of children teaching ( Katateb) , libraries ,scientific councils and Tulaitela university.Thired chapter is about Tulaitela scientific heritage in various sciences.The nature of the research and over whelming date about third chapter make its papers more than other Although this appears unbalanced ,but it was necessary.Fourth chapter is about trips made by scientists of Tulaitela to Andalus cities and Islamic world cities and vise versa.The research provide his thesis by great number of resources : old ,new and translated resources as wall as many articles and study which erich the thesis
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التوحيد الديني عند العرب قبل الاسلام : دراسة تاريخية في الديانة الحنيفية وعبادة الرحمن == Monotheism At Arab Nation Before The Islamic (And To Study The Arthdox And Worship The God Merciful)

Author name: صلاح غلام غضيب العوادي
Supervisor name: عبد الخضر جاسم حمادي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Arab History Before Islam
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: The researcher had reach in his thesis (A consideration the single God at Arab nation before Islamic moment. I study Orthodox and belief in God the merciful ) the human being needs to religion. It gives him the rest in dogma and spiritual believing. It is in origin of human. Where as the Arabic man closed with his religion and conduct the worship , adoration therefor IBRAHIM and come to correct this consideration (peas upon him) to guide for faith and make correction the religions at that time. But it continue it established to them new rules and now dogma established the monotheism. To the orthodox nation. The researcher explained the terms of monotheism and worship of God only that was mention in wholly Quraan in several terms. As long as appeared some different religion in the Jewish and and Christian also ALSHBIAA and other kinds of religion. But all these kinds of religion didn`t affect on the monotheism in the Arab land and it became the way to express Arabic nation self to search orthodox religion and to worship God and related strongly with calling IBRAHIM peas upon. The significant of this thesis (Monotheism of Arabic man before the Islamic study in orthodox and worship God the merciful) that is the relation between worship of god and orthodox religion, that all these time consideration are represented the monotheism dogma.This thesis divided to three chapters : The first - meaning of Monotheism and the logical meaning in Quraan and history.Includes three parts (A) meaning of monotheism and the indication of language.(B) consideration of Quraan about the monotheism that to show the script of some terms in Quraan.(C) As historical religions consideration of the Arab and the heaven resources where as relation with IBRAHIM peas upon him.The second chapter it speaks about the monotheism and people who belief in this dogma. But the third chapter which is search with worship God merciful and mentioned on the old written and historical and Islamic resources and in general literature. The thesis and by summary about monotheism before Islamic movement
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المنهج الاختباري في نهج البلاغة

Author name: حميد سراج جابر الاسدي
Supervisor name: رباب جبار طاهر السوداني
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Nehig Al - Balagah is abook Which has been Coolected and Written by Al - Sharif Al - Redi.This book contains the addresses , ulessages , prayers , orders and short address belongs to Imam Ali Abn Abi Talib (peace be upon him). The time has failed to abrade the speech and science of Imam Ali. Nehig Al - Balagah contains various kinds of science. Ther fore , many studies have been made about it. un fortunately thes studies are concentrated on the religions , social , poletical sides , and left the scientific side. If we examine Nehig Al - Balagah very weel we can noticethat there is scientific sense has not been understood by the scientists in that time , inspite of the explaination of Imam Ali for the scientestts , but now in this time with this scientific revelution , the meaning of thes sentes becom clear.The companions of the prophet and the followers don’t under stand what Imam Ali has from knowledge and science. They think that the scientific informeation in the holy Quran is just for the coheranee and grammatical matter. This means that there is nefther astudy for the scientific laws in the book nor astudy for the natural faets that have been mentioned by Imam Ali (pase be upon him). Taceuranee of the natural phenomenans is regular , sowe can discover these natural events by sense we mean that ther is static laws in the nature these laws are responssible of shaping the life in the nature. From this introduction we want to reach to very important point this point is that the scientificmind of Imam Ali in Nehig Al - Balagah. There are many scientific laws in the nature that have been mentioned by Imam Ali specily when he speaks about natural phenomenen , Man , Animals , and plant. The main aim of this study is to show the accurate note for Imam Ali (pease bewpon him) and his scientific information about this note. Inorder to make astudy for Nehig Al - Balagah , we divide our study to an prefase and three chapters , the prefase deals with the origin of Imam Ali thoughts. It contains the sources and science of Imam Ali (pease bewpon him). It also deals with the verious scieutific knowledge for Imam Ali. Also in the introduction we have made Nehig Al - Balagah as a tipical example for science. Also It deals with its subjects and attribution of the book. The first chapter deals with the scieutific theories and discoveries. In the book there are many of scieutific theories these theories are concerned with , space , Geography , physics theories , also there are many scieutific discoveries these discoveries different according to different fields. As far as the second chapter is concerned , This chapter is under the title on the laboratory study and test field. It is full of subjects. The laboratory study is divided in to three topics. The first theme is about Human body. It deals with phases of creation of the fetus , Anatomy of human body and the job of some origens , like , the eyes the ears , origens of breathing and origens of speech , heart and bones. The second them is about Animal laboratory. It deals with insects and birds laboratory. also it deals with the ways of proliferate of some Animals. The third theme is about plant laboratory. It deals with plant Anatomy and the types of the plant according to according to its ability. In addtion for these three themes in this chapter we have studed different science. As far as the third chapter is concerned , this chapter deals with Nehig Al - Balagah scieutific reports.these reports are spread in the whole book , if we collect and write these reports we can get one united report. also these reports are fully constracted and united and about one subject. There are many reports in the book , there fore , we have divide it in to three themes. The first theme is geographical report , it deals with the wind , geographical sitnition of the place and its effects. The second them is the medical report. It deals with many parts like , diagnosis and causes of the desease , indication of the desease , and the treatment for these deseases. The third theme is about Animals report , It deals with the places , way of living , hapits and deseases of Animals. Also there are many parts about these themes , that we try to explaine it with move details inorder to be very clear to the mind.
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بنو المنتفق ودورهم في التاريخ العربي الاسلامي حتى نهاية العصر العباسي == The Role Of Banu Al Montafiq In The Islamic Arabic History Until The End Of The Abbasid Era

Author name: علي نايف مجيد الكرخي
Supervisor name: عبد الباسط عبد الرزاق حسين
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Diyala - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
Full text from the source: https://basicedu.uodiyala.edu.iq/uploads/DHAMYA1/hostory/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%20%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%81.pdf
University location: Diyala
First pages:
Abstract: The Introduction and the research field : Praise to be for Allah the lord of the worlds and peace and pray upon the honest prophet Mohammed. It is considered as a hard and important task to search on the history and life of the trips because of many problems which face the researchers such as the contrariety in information. So studying the life of a tripe as a unit of the Arab society is of an important subject because the other trips are about to be similar in the traditions and culture with the same economical , political natural and religion factors. Before Islam , the Arab society was not able to be united because of the geographical reasons which affected the life of the trips and made them fight each other as well as the controlling of the strong foreign countries over the Arab lands in Arab peninsula or Iraq. In spite of that the Arab trips succeeded in achieving the educational unit by trade or the permanent searching for water and food or by pilgrimage for Macca and other places for worshiping. We have to refer that it is not possible to draw a complete and comprehensive picture for the whole different activities of this tripes because of the lacks in information especially in the economical , sociological and educational circumstances in the Arabic resources. This study was divided into introduction and four chapters and conclusion with the most important resources as well as an abstract in Arabic and English language. In the first chapter we dealt with the role of Beno Al - Montafiq in establishing the tripe and their linage , days and houses. As for the second chapter we talk about their role in the period of the prophet (peace and pray upon him) and their narrating to the prophet speeches , as well as their role in the ear of caliphates and Al - Amawy era. As in the third chapter we talked about their role in Al - Abbassy era. In the fourth chapter we talked about the speeches of the prophet which they narrated in the past.
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العلاقات العراقية - الاردنية 1968 - 1991 : دراسة تاريخية == Iraqi - Jordanian Relations 1968 - 1991 (A Historical Study)

Author name: عثمان فتحي صالح حمدي
Supervisor name: نمير طه ياسين الصائغ
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Al Mosul - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Mosul
First pages:
Abstract: Iraqi kingdom and Transjordan Emirate had been founded in 1921. the reign of Hashemite dynasty in Iraq continued till July, 14, Revolution 1958 while it Stayed ruling in Jordan and keeping its throne until now. Iraq - Jordan relations under the Hashemites for the period 1921 - 1958 had been dealt with by many researchers attention. But the relations between them after 1958 did not get enough attention from researchers. The researcher, being interested in this topic and writing a dissertation entitled "Iraqi - Jordanion Relations 1958 - 1968" having the wish to complete what he had presented in his previous study, he chosed his research to get a Ph. D. under the title. "Iraqi - Jordanian Relations 1968 - 1991 : A Historical Study". The thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter one dealt with the relations till 1968. it contains two these, one is about Iraq. Jordan relations from the beginning till the Hashemite Union while the other is the nature of such relations from July 1958 till July 1968. The second chapter comes under the title "Iraqi - Jordanian relations 1968 - 1972". It includes three themes talking about Jordan attitude from the takeover of July 1968 in Iraq, the crisis between Jordan and Palestine during 1970, Rogers project and how it had affected these relations. Finally, the last theme talked about the project of United Kingdom of Jordan and the Iraqi position in 1972. The third chapter had been dedicated for these relations in view of developments and Arab - Israeli Struggle 1973 - 1979. It also contained three themes. The first dealt with October War 1973. The second talked about Al - Ribbat Summit Conference 1974 while the last one came to discuss Al - Sadat Initiative and Camp David in 1979. The fourth chapter spots light on these relations during the period 1980 - 1991 and contains four themes. The first is about Jordan's attitude from the first Gulf War 1980 - 1988. The second is about the role played by both countries in establishing Arab cooperation council 1989 - 1990. The third is about western mobilization (Escalation & Confrontation) with Iraq 1989 - 1990. The last one is about Jordan's attitude from the second Gulf War. The last chapter is talking about economic and cultural relations between Iraq and Jordan 1968 - 1991. It includes three themes. The first is about their relations during the period 1968 - 1978, the second is about political approach and its reflections upon economic and cultural cooperation 1979 - 1988 while the last one has come under the title "The second Gulf War and its effect upon Jordan's economy 1989 - 1991". The researcher reached so many results the most significant ones are that after both Hashemite Families had got reign in Iraq and Jordan, their relations in general and during the period 1921 - 1958 characterized with huge access but this had been retreated after the opposition of prince Abdullah to the revolution of 1941 in Iraq and sending military forces from Jordan to be in the side of British forces to suppress the revolution. This action made Iraqi government much nearer to both Jordan and Britain and being crowned by the formation of Arab Hashemite Union between Iraq and Jordan in February 1958 ended in July, 14, Revolution 1958 in Iraq. Therefore, relations between both countries had been cut off for two years. But Jordan recognized the Iraqi government in 1960. the nature of these relations did not continue due to some Arab events which had taken place in 1960's such as Iraq's demand of Kuwait and the establishment of Palestinian Liberation Organization (P. L. O). The tension between Jordan and Iraq had increased after the declaration of King Hussein of Jordan the project of United Kingdom of Jordan and this had been faced by Iraq in declaring the Union project between Iraq, Syria and Egypt. Inspite of the failure of both projects, October War 1973 had broken out to put an end for that tension. Jordan being to the side of Iraq in its war against Iran in September 1980 had given their relations some growth quickly. The continuation of that war made king Hussein of Jordan to present diplomatic efforts to put an to that war on Arab, regional and international levels. Also, Jordan played an important role to make a reconciliation between Iraq and Egypt which ended in Egypt's return to the Arab combination and joined Arab Cooperation Council. King Hussein of Jordan had made great efforts after Iraq had invaded Kuwait but his efforts did not succeed. Behind this failure was U. S. A. insistence with its allies to pull the Iraqi forces out of Kuwait and to fulfill Security Council resolutions and this did not happen at that time.
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الحياة الديمقراطية في السودان (1953 - 1969) == University Of Baghdad The Democratic Life Insudan ( 1953 - 1969 )

Author name: ابتسام محمود جواد العكيلي
Supervisor name: نشات كامل محمد العاني
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: واعدوا لهم ما استطعتم من قوة ومن رباط الخيل )سورة الانفال /الاية 60نظرا للتقدم العلمي والتقني في عصرنا هذا، وبناء نظريات واراء العلماء في اللياقة البدنية وتطورها بغية اداء الاعمال اليومية والاستمرار فيها من غير ان يشعر الانسان باجهاد او تعب والاستمرار في
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حركة التحديث في البحرين 1955 - 1973 == The Movement Of Modernization In Bahrain (1955 - 1973)

Author name: نبيل خليل ابراهيم
Supervisor name: صباح مهدي رميض القريشي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University of Diyala - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Diyala
First pages:
Abstract: Modernization is one the concept that emerged during the first quarter of the 20th century and which formed a clear importance within the growing states. Such Modernization help in developing these states. One of these states is Bahrain which become a kingdom later on. The concept of Modernization that this thesis deals with takes what happened in Bahrain and the change pin its rules and parliament as an example. The researcher has faced many difficulties and of them is the scarcity of references and document related to the thesis. The researcher has visited the Gulf Studies Center in Bahrain University for many times but he could only get some limited information. He also has visited Al - Bahrain Embassy for the same purpose but it was not fruitful. The thesis consists of an introduction, conclusion and three chapters with appendixes. Chapter one deals with the problem of Modernization and the social, political and economical transformation since the year 1955. The chapter also introduces a definition for the term “Modernization” and its types. Chapter two consists of two section that focus on the different fields of Modernization : the political sort with the accompanying labour activities in addition to the social type with emphasis on education, press and woman affairs, while the third chapter deals with the effect of Modernization on Bahrain society during 1966 - 1973. This chapter with its four section cover the Modernization of the organizations of the labour movment with pointing out of the inside and outside factors that helped in ensuring Bahrain’s independence with its constitution. The thesis gives a summary to the whole above detailed points emphasizing the effect of the mentioned Modernization on Bahrain society and especially the emergence of new oil labour ranks beside the development in the field of education and different laws with the building of Bahrain new administration. Finally, this work concludes that Bahrain government was serious concerning the idea of Modernization but hadn’t the needed capacity to implement that for two main reasons : the interference of the British and the Zionist power with the constant clash between the government and the national power Intentions. The researcher adds that the announcing of Bahrain independence with the achieving of 1973 constitution can be considered as a sign of the big transformation in the new Bahrain.
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محمـد زكــي البصـري ونشاطه السياسي والبرلماني في العراق 1894 - 1937 == Muhammed Zeki Al - Basri And His Political And Parliament Activity In Iraq 1894 - 1937

Author name: سعد علوان سعيد الكرخي
Supervisor name: صباح مهدي رميض القريشي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University of Diyala - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Diyala
First pages:
Abstract: In Iraqi history alot of political characters were excelled tp play a great role in its political events. Undoubtedly , our job is to study these characters and show their effect upon future generations.Muhammed Zeki AL - Bassri was one of these who worked hard during the reign of the king and offored his loyality to his country. He called for the defence of his country with new spirit towards his current events. He appeared in the period that was crowded with many Iraqi political characters to prove himself and his unlimited abilities among them which pared him the way for much creation. Apparently , the contemporary Iraqi history documented his effort as a minister and a legistate in Iraqi state to be an active parliament. He proved his excellent mental activity through his participations taking his special political independent style. Thus , we choose his autobiography from his birth till his death in 1937 as a title for the thesis. This study shed the light on his main parliament and political life events.The Researcher faced alot of difficulties as the ruin of " The Document and Books Dar " in Baghdad as other sources there in which they considered as an important source for references and information. No researcher can avoid such problem for the difficult conditions of our country, in addition the seldom information concerning our character , the subject of the research specially the first part of his life. Yet , the researcher insisted on his errand to continue , thus he went many times to the birth place of AL - Bassri , Mahijiran village , asking many people even for getting few information. Fortunatly , he met AL - Bassri's sister to be the key of study after losing AL - Bassri's file from the retirement office and the Ministry of Law for unknown reasons.The study ends with the following conclusions : 1. The simple early life of AL - Bassri with the loss of his father during the early periods which reflects later on upon his character to be serious and active and academic later on.2. Muhammed was considered as one of the intellegestic union that formed his professional character after his studying in AL - Istana. He worked as a lawyer in AL - Bassra and did many successes because of his good reputation in adopting law. He was honorable , clean and loyal to his profession. His features went hand in hand with his good personality that forced his opposition to respect him.3. AL - Bassri participated to the opposition front which was known as the " National Group " that successeded in organizing " The National AL - Ikha'a Party ". He was one of the party founders and distinctive character in it. He had his influence in putting the legal points of view.4. AL - Bassri had his fixed situations concerning the Iraqi - British contracts through the reign of Britain. He frankly refused such contracts and insisted that the coalition with Britain should be in the benefit of long and its independence.5. He had his influencial presence in the discussions of the parliament council which depended on precise legal explanations. He pronunced against the economic and political conditions in Iraq and helped the responsibles in giving his precious opinions.6. The choosing of AL - Bassri in three frequent ministries was not at random but because of his great experience and ability. Actually ,he participated in putting on the laws as the law of Iraqi lawyers assertion and its jobs. He also participated in shopping the exceptional laws that used in special conditions as contracts. He gave chances to write in magazimes and newspapers to those who concern writing. All these things pushed the ministry of law to prove itself.7. During his job as the chief of the parliament council , he encouraged strongly the parliament habbits as the respect of the president and being among from personal and party mothers. He called for the independence of the legislation , defending the general rights and being with the constitution.8. Concerning personal matters , he helped young as individuals and groups in achieving their desires in travelling abroad to open their minds to different cultures. He enriched College of Law in Baghdad with excellent lectures speciaaly the law of punishment in addition to different opinions that guide people to the right way
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دور الوزراء في الصراعات السياسية الداخلية على السلطة في دولة المغول الايلخانيين 656 - 736 هـ / 1258 - 1335 == The Role Of Ministers In The Internal Political Struggles For The Authority In The State Of The Alalikhanyan Mongols(565 - 736 A.H / 1258 - 1335A.D

Author name: شيرين علي احمد السبعاوي
Supervisor name: علاء محمود قداوي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Al Mosul - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Mosul
First pages:
Abstract: Subject of this thesis is Role of the Ministers in the internal political conflicts on the Power in The Elkhani Moguls' State (656 - 736 A.H/1258 - 1335 A.D).I divided the study into preliminary and four chapters : The preliminary included the early history for Moguls and unifying Mongolia under rule of Jankiz Khan and the Mogul invasion to the Islamic World and establishing of Elkhani Moguls State.The fist chapter which titled (role of Al - Juwaini Ministers in the conflict on Power in the Elkhani Moguls State till reign of The Elkhan Argon) where I gave in its beginning a brief about the ministry and its birth and development, then I talked about ministers of the Moguls Empire before establishing of the Elkhani Moguls State and about Ibn Al - Alqamy as a first minister for the Elkhans, and followed that in studying Al - Juwaini ministers and about their assumption to ministry office and the conspiracies against them, and their role in the conflict on the power beside Elkhan Ahmed Tokodar who was the main reason in their death at the end.The second chapter came under title (Buqa and the Jewish Saad Al - Dawla and their role in the conflict on the power on Elkhan Argon's reign, and we talked in this chapter about Buqa and how reached to the ministry office and his conspiracy on the Elkhan Argon and his murder, as well as, we dealing with Saad Al - Dawla's ministry and his tyranny with power and his murder and Jewish losing.The third chapter titled (ministers' conflict on the four Elkhans reign Kikhato, Baido, Ghazan and Olgaitu) included role of the minister Sadder Addin Al - Zanjani in the conflict on power between Ghazan and Baido, as well as his conflict with price Nawroz and his murder, then we talking about ministry of Saad Addin Al - Sawchi and Qutb Addin Al - Sherazi and Ali Shah Al - Gelani, and the conspiracies which participated in them and their effects which followed that.The fourth chapter which titled (role of the ministers in the conflict on power in Abi Saeed and his accessories' reign). We talked about the conspiracy which carry by Ali Shah against Rashid Addin and his murder, then about the conflict between Ghiath Addin Ibn Ali Shah and his conflict with his brother and separated him, as we dealing with ministry of Rukin Addin Sabin and the minister Demashiq Khawaja and the Jubanis losing, then about ministry of Giath Addin Ibn Rashid Addin and his role in the political conflicts which ended with collapsing of the Elkhans Moguls State
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سياسة اسرائيل النووية تجاه العرب : العراق انموذجا 1956 - 1981 : دراسة تاريخية == Israel Nuclear Policy Towards Arabs (Iraq As Sample 1956 - 1981) Historical Study -

Author name: عبد الرزاق خليفة رمضان اللهيبي
Supervisor name: عبد التواب احمد سعيد
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University of Al Mosul - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Mosul
First pages:
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علاقة الاشوريين مع مدن الساحل الفينيقي 911 - 612 ق.م == The Relation Of The Assyrians With The Cities Of The Phoenician Coast 911 - 612 B.C

Author name: طعمة وهيب خزعل هتاش الدوري
Supervisor name: سهيلة مجيد احمد
General topic: History
Specific topic: Ancient History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Al Mosul - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Mosul
First pages:
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الاراضي العشرية في صدر الاسلام == Usher Lands In The Early Islamic Age

Author name: زياد طارق باهر اسمير الحيالي
Supervisor name: عبد الوهاب خضر الياس
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Al Mosul - Faculty Of Basic Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Mosul
First pages:
Abstract: Scholars and researchers started to pay a great deal of attention to economic studies. The lands subjected to the state tax (usher) in the early Islamic age are considered that should be given special attention as these lands have a direct relation with the economy of the Arab - Islamic State as well as their tight connection with many administrative affairs in the Arab - Islamic State.Undoubtedly, there are several studies that tackled the Arab - Islamic history in the early Islamic age from the economic and the financial points of view but only in a limited way, while the subject of the lands subjected to the state tax (usher), was not dealt with by economic scholars as this subject is an independent subject in comparison to Kharaj lands which were dealt with independently and in details for various periods of time. So, information about the tenth tax lands is not much in the different historical, geographical, literary and Fiqh references in the different fields of Fiqh including the Arabic And foreign references. Within all this, choosing this subject was because this subject was not tackled with the necessary care by the scholars in addition to its importance in research. The scholar aimed at writing the economic history and he adopted the methodology represented by the induction of the narrations related to this subject as they were mentioned in the Islamic references and making use of the scholars' studies of the researches that is related to the subject of this study to accomplish the objective of the study using the analytical method. The research was not limited to the narrations only, but discussing, analyzing and reaching the results in light of the information submitted by the different references. To serve this study scientifically in a sincere way, the study was divided into three chapters and a conclusion. Chapter one dealt with the Islamic conquests and their impacts on the types of lands ownerships. But chapter two tackled the resources of the tenth - taxed lands possession, while chapter three dealt with the almsgiving diwan and dealing with the tenth - tax and then the conclusion, which tackled the following : 1. The Islamic conquest, which resulted in the expansion of the geographic base of the Arab - Islamic state, was of a vital role in the emergence of different patterns of the agricultural land ownerships. 2. The deeds of prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him) and the caliph Omar Ibn AlKhattab towards the lands which were annexed to the Arab - Islamic have become antecedents to the Islamic state in its different ages.3. The Arab - Islamic state gave the priority to Arabs in paying the tenth for the lands and preferred them over the Kharaj tax payers. 4. Possessing the tenth - taxed lands became more than it was at the beginning on the Islamic state foundation, especially in the Umayyad age. 5. The payment for those cultivated lands for Muslim was not a tax nor a levy but this payment represented almsgiving and charity to the Muslims exchequer.6. Through the study it was clear that most of the tenth - taxed lands in the early Islamic - Arab state were so many and were dominated by the caliphs, leaders and distinguished noble persons from the Arabs. 7. It was also evident that the early Islamic - Arab state had its own institutions, which were independent from each other and that is manifested through the diwan of almsgivings and the collection of funds and their expenditure.8. At the beginning of Islam, the Arab - Islamic state knew and practiced many methods in investing the agricultural lands at that period and the most common one is the method of Muzara'a which was adopted by prophet Mohammed peace be upon him and his companions.9. The owners of many agricultural lands in various locations used to run these lands by their proxies because as these lands are located in various provinces and due to their vast areas and that prevents them from running them.
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المواقف السياسية للائمة الاثنى عشر

Author name: نغم حسن عبد النبي الكنعاني
Supervisor name: رباب جبار طاهر السوداني
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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ابراهيم باشا نشاطه العسكري ودوره السـياسي والاداري 1789 - 1848 == Ibrahim Basha His Military Activity And His Political And Role Managing 1789 - 1848

Author name: ثعبان حسب الله علوان الشمري
Supervisor name: صباح مهدي رميض القريشي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University of Diyala - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Diyala
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الحياة الفكرية في مدينة الحيرة قبل الاسلام == Intellectual Life In The City Of Al - Hera Before Islam

Author name: عبد الكريم جاسم محمد علي الجبوري
Supervisor name: ابراهيم محمد علي الجبوري
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Al Mosul - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Mosul
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سعيد بن المسيب (15 ـ 94 هـ / 636 ـ 712 م) حياته ومساهمته في التدوين التاريخي العربي الاسلامي == Sa`Eed Ibn Al - Musayyib (15 - 94 A.H. / 636 - 712 A. D ) His Life And His Contributions To The Islamic Arabic History Recording

Author name: نازدار عبد الله محمد سعيد المفتي
Supervisor name: عبد الستار حمدون احمد الجبوري
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Al Mosul - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Mosul
First pages:
Abstract: The heritage, traces and curricula of the earliest Muslim historians have extensively received a considerable attention from researchers whether the ancient or the modern. The present study whose title " Sa'eed Ibn - AL Musayyib (15 - 94 A.H. / 636 - 712 A.D.) : A study of the historical value of his relatings " is considered significant because it constitutes a chain among the series of studies aiming at being acquainted with the influence a of Sa'eed Ibn - al Musayyib as being one of the earliest pioneering scholars who contributed largely to the beginning and development of history for the Arabs and for the Muslims as well. Moreover, he is considered one of the prominent scholars of the Islamic nation at the age of ' at - Tabi'een' since his extensive influence was quite apparent in the scholarly movement and thus inspiring many scholars of his age. He had left an evident trace in the intellectual life of al - Madina - al - Munawwara, and he had the credit of preserving, transforming and stabilizing the Islamic scholarly heritage. Therefore, he was really worthy of having the title " Sayyid at - Tabi'een' which the scholars imparted to him later.The researcher has heavily depended in this study on the analytical critical approach in studying Sa'eed Ibn - ALMusayyib's historical relatings so as to highlight the main points which characterized him distinctively from the other historians whether the contemporaries or those who followed his discipline. The present study is divided into two parts tackling the various relevant aspects of the subject. The first part is devoted to present the career of Sa'eed Ibn - ALMusayyib including his intellect, his birth, his name, his surname, his descent, his tribe, his beginning, and his cultural background in order to know the influence of his bringing up on his study and to know to what extent he was affected by the contemporary disciplines besides being acquainted with his different aspects of knowledge including : the holy Qur'an , the prophetic tradition, the interpretation of dreams, descent and tales concentrating mainly on the different aspects of his personality, which participated in making him trustworthy teller among his contemporaries or sheikhs followers. Consequently, he became one of the earliest pioneers in historical recording in Islam. Moreover, it is important to know his family and his travellings which were to broaden his knowledge besides knowing his attitude concerning the events of his age. It is, also , important to state that he lived for 80 years, most of which he spent in al - Madina al - Munawwara which concurrently witnessed many significant events of which he was aware of their secrets. Further, he had a clear point of view with regard to each event. He was abhorent to the Omayyads, Banu Marwan, and al - Zubayreyyeen. It is important to shed some light on his precedessors sheikhs on whom he depended heavily in his relatings and his students or followers who depended on him besides uncovering the historical value of his relatings as far as content and presentation are concerned. On the other hand, the present study aims at studying the outstanding characteristies or features of his approach particularly when dealing with the pre - Islamic age, al - Rashidi age and the Omayyad age taking into consideration the historical sequence, ascription, quotation from the Holy Qur'an, references or sources of his historical relatings, his approach, documentation of the ancient and the contemporaries of him in order to know the different views raised concerning him as being one of an exceeding grandeur among his contemporaries, up to his death.As for the second part, it is concerned with Sa'eed Ibn - ALMusayyib's relatings that are collected and documented in a large number of references amounting to (43) references in which Ibn Sa'ad mentioned ( 54 ) relating , Ibn Kuthayr (21) , al - Waqidi (18) , al - Bayhaqi (15) aI - Tabari (10) , ath - Thahabi (11), Ibn Abdul - Ber (8) , al - Asbahani (8) , al - Bukhari (6) , aj - Turjani (6) , Ibn Salam (5) , al - Azraki (4) , as - Suyuti (5) , Sunan Abu Da'ud (4) , Ibn - Khayyat (4) , as - Saghani (4) , Ibn Ishaq (4), at - Tabarani (4) , Ibn abu Shayba (3) , Ibn Hisham (3) , Ibn Asaker (3) and al - Oqaili , Ibn Qutayba , al - Maqrizi , al - Arbali, al - Fasawi , (2) for each. On the other hand, the following names had mentioned one relating for each : al - Humayri, az - Zamakhshari , Ibn Habeeb , Ibn al - Atheer , Muhibu - l - deen aI - Tabari , an - Nisa'I , ad - Darmi , al - Ya'qobi , an - Nawawi , Ibn Hijr , as - Sahmi , at - Tarmathi , Ibn Hazim , ad - Dabbagh , and al - Qurtubi , Hence , the number of the relatings is (251) arranged according to the historical age and following the time sequence as follows : (17) relatings concerning the pre - Islamic age , (123) concerning al - Risala age (80) concerning al - Rashidi age and (12) concerning the Omayyed age`.A thorough study of Sa'eed Ibn - ALMusayyib's historical relating reveals that he was careful in selecting the significant events of the Islamic nation. Therefore, his relating regardings the pre - Islamic age were closely connected with the essence of Islami including some important events like : the history of building al - Ka'ba, digging Zamzam well, al - Fudhul alliance, which was attended by the Prophet (Allah's peace and prays be upon him) , the Prophet` s birth and nursing, the inspiration of the Prophet (Allah's peace and prays be upon him) , the beginning of the inspiration , the descending of the first Qura'nic verse, the death of Abu Talib, the delegation of Quraish to an - Nagashi, the number of those who pledged allegiance to the Prophet (Allah's peace and prays be upon him) in al - Radhwan allegiance, the migration of the Muslims to Abyssinia, the ascending of the Prophet (Allah's peace and prays be upon him) , the final important issues in the Meccan period from the life of the Prophet (Allah's peace and prays be upon him) , the migration of the Prophet (Allah's peace and prays be upon him) , to al - Madina al - Munawwara, the prophet's use of the platform, the transformation of Kibla, the Prophet's (Allah's peace and pray be upon him) messages to an - Nagashi, Kisra, Kaisar, the important raids including Badr, Uhud al - Khandaq and the opening of Mecca, besides Hunayn, Tabook, allotting Ali Ibn Abi Talib as Caliph of al - Madina by Prophet Mohammed (Allah's peace and pray be upon him) , the last piligrimage and the death of the Prophet Mohammed (Allah's peace and pray be upon him) in 11th A.H. Sa'eed Ibn - ALMussayid mentioned many things about the age of the Rashid Caliphs, the traditions of the people of al - Madina, the election and the caliphate of Abu Bakr as - Sideek, the wars of ar - redda, invasion of Belad ash - Sham, then Abu Bakr's death. Afterwards , he mentioned the Caliphate of Omar Ibn l - Khattab, and the main achievements, his justice, his use of the Hijri calend ering , the construction of the council ( al divan ) , and then his murdering and death. Further, he mentioned about the Caliphate of Othman Ibn Affan and the revolt of Mohammed Ibn Abu Huthayfa against himnd the coming of the people of the invaded territories to Othman the Caliph and finally his death. He also mentioned about the Calipate of Ali Ibn Abi Talib, his outstanding characteristics, his extensive Knowledge, his marriage from Fatimatu l - Zahra'. On the other hand, he mentioned the killing of Mu'awya Ibnu Abi Sifyan of Hajr and his followers and 'Aisha's blaming of him, the use of ingraved currency (dinar) during abdul Malik's reign, the alligance of Yazeed Ibn Mu'awya and the demolishing of the houses of the wifes of the Prophet Mohammed (Allah's peace and prays be upon him) and including them with the Prophetic mosque. It is worth indicating that in his relatings and presenting of all these important historical events, he had depended on a specific approach which was neutral, i.e. not biased to any of the conflicting parties at his time. In other words, he was not affected at all by the political parties and he presented real and genuine images of the events as he viewed in al - Madina al - Munawwara. It has been obvious from studying and analyzing Sa'eed Ibn - ALMusayyib's relating the clearness of the historical value. It has revealed his great contribution to the beginning and development of history for the Arabs and for the Muslims as well. Therefore, he did deserve to exceed all the prominent scholars of his time in al - Madina al - Monawwara; particularly concerning the noble prophetic sira and history.Finally, the researcher has met some difficulties in collecting the relevant materials to the study. However, these difficulties were real motives to make her work hard and persistently to overcome them and carry on her study hoping that it would be a modest contribution to enrich the modern historical studies.
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تاريخ الحركة الرياضية والكشفية في الموصل 1958 ـ 1980 == The History Of Sport And Scout Movement In Mosul1958 - 1980

Author name: رعد احمد امين الطائي
Supervisor name: ابراهيم خليل احمد العلاف
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Al Mosul - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Mosul
First pages:
Abstract: The study of sports movement history in any society forms an active and vital importance in the framework of historical studying, being an active part in the social life of that society. as far as Mosul city is concerned, studying sport movement and following up its historical and cultural stages is considered one of the very important things for this movement has got important roles in separating the spirit of cooperation within the young since the first years of the Iraqi state in 1921. We felt this through establishing sport clubs, scout movement, practicing sport activities inside establishments of the army, education and university. A group of considerations has controlled the study by the period (1958 - 1980). one of these consideration is that the year 1958 had witnessed an important event in the contemporary history of Iraq and that was the rise of the republican regime. the sport movement in Iraq and in Mosul city was active and vital during that period. So many specialized sport clubs had been established and a group of governmental institutions in Mosul had adopted the responsibility of forming sport teams, holding and organizing different sport championships. This had made the sport movement in Mosul developed and advanced. As for the year (1980), this year had witnessed the Iraq - Iran war (1980 - 1988) and that war absorbed many capabilities as well as the human and physical resources of the country and in addition hurdled the sport movement greatly. The study consists of an introduction and five chapters. The first chapter deals with the sport movement in Mosul since late of 19th century till (1958). It talks about the emerging of the first beginning of sport in Mosul, explaining steps stages of sport movement in Mosul.The second chapter sheds light on school sport in Mosul and ministry of Al - Ma’rf (education later) which adopted spreading and developing the sport movement in school especially among the young. It also speaks about scout movement and the stages in which that movement passes through between the years (1958 - 1980). The third chapter speaks about the role played by clubs and institutions in serving the sport movement in Mosul between (1958 - 1980). The researcher made his efforts in showing the organs, which built these clubs, institutions and administrative and cultural organizations.The fourth chapter concentrates on the role of the Iraqi army in developing the sport movement in Mosul showing the sport’s importance in building the armed forces and how the army took care to this movement since the foundation of the Iraqi state in 1921. As for chapter five, it talks about sport in Mosul university since its foundation in (1967). The researcher made this period an introduction by spotting light on activities of collages before the foundation, concentrating on participations of teams of the university in various activities till 1980. The study show the reality of the sport movement during the period of the study (1958 - 1980) and the period preceded it (1921 - 1958). The study explained the reasons which made the city of Mosul in front of other cities in sport aspects. Also the study appeared the importance of roles made by people in Mosul in developing sport movement in Mosul and Iraq. The study showed that Mosul through its modern and contemporary history, its people had got the upper hand in building up aspects of sport movement in Iraq and the thesis concluded to the truth that the reasons behind sport movement in Mosul during the last years was the speed comparison between yesterday and today and what had taken place on the sport area in Mosul and I
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بنو الخطاب بن عبد الجبار التدميري ودورهم السياسي والحضاري في مدينة مرسية == Banu Al - Kattab Bin Abdul - Jabbar Al - Tadmiri And Their Political And Culture Role In Murcia City

Author name: عمر رشيد رمو عمر زنكنة
Supervisor name: نهلة شهاب احمد محمد العبادة
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Al Mosul - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Mosul
First pages:
Abstract: The study of Arabic Islamic history in Andalusia in all its aspects political and cultural is represent the study of Arabic Islamic history considering them all in one piece and in both conditions the researchers attempt to outstand the feature of the Arabic Islamic state there in east or west. Many studies discussed the political and cultural sides in Andalusia's history which has the great effect in exposing and studying many important realities and events which has been lived by this Islamic country, the researchers by their continues and sincere efforts could cover most of the history of that period studying, analyzing and criticizing, while other sides faced little studying. If not saying that it is passive, it need questing and academic study to concentrate on it and outstand its different aspect in a proper scientific way, we could explain the cause of being far from this sides is for the little historical texts about it if we not saying its rarity comparing with the texts related to the historical eons which Andalusia face it in general, this need an extra effort from the researchers to expose these texts and analyzing them to verify the scientific historical research. This reason lead us to choose and study Bano Al - Khatab Bin Abdul Jabbar Al - Tadmery's family. Because it is a subject belong to a whole family among Al - Mulidia's families which could own for itself a place in Andalusia and could affect on the historical and civilized consequence of Mersia's city in a specific way and Andalusia in general. The study discuss the Islamic Mulidia's family which is a family of ( Bano Al - Khatab Bin Abdul Jabbar Al - Tadmery and their political and civilized role in Mersia's city ). Since the entirety of there first grandfather and the founder of the family (Abdul Jabbar) with Talia'a Balag Bin Bashar Al - Q'sheery Andalusia after the rebellion of Morocco's Barber on Omawait caliphate in Damascus. This study aimed to shed light to the member of this family and what they have done in different sides political, militaries, administrative, social and economic, showing their scientific affect on Andalusia in general and Mersia specifically. This study contain three chapters and the conclusion of the summary of research, the first chapter discuss the geography of Tadmer (Mersia), and we clarified the name (Tadmer) and from where this name come from, and when does it named (Mersia) and it also discuss the geographical position to Tadmer (Mersia) and the most important village and castles related to it, then we shows the most important cities in Tadmer (Mersia) and the elements of each city, then we discuss the economic activity for Tadmer (Mersia) in agriculture, industry and commercial sides, then this chapter handle the Arabic Islamic Fateh and we clarified the way of the treaty between the Governor of Tadmer and the leader Abdul Al - Aziz Bin Musa Bin Naseer, and the most important item of this treaty. The chapter present the settlement of the first grandfather to this family (Abdul Jabbar) in Cordoba firstly, then his move to Mersia secondly after the organization of Al - Waly Abba Al - Khatar Alhussam Bin Dherar Al - Kalby. In other side chapter two which named ( Bani Al - Khatab from the age of birth to the fall of Omawait caliphate in Andalusia (1030 - 714A.D./422 - 495A.H). We display the mix marriage in Andalusia which happened between AL - Fateheen's soldiers and natives and the reasons behind this marriages and its results, and we give an examples about this kinds of marriage and the negative and positive effect of these marriages on Andalusia society. then we display the rate of Bany Al - Khatab family and the different stories about this, the chapter also explain the most important elements which helped Bany Al - Khatab to appear on the stage of politic, economic, and scientific life notifying the events which effect on Cordoba. and emigration of the scientist and the commons, then we end the chapter by notifying the men of this family who appear in this period and their scientific sharing and travels with the changes happen on the political stage on Mersia city. Chapter three which named ( Bany Al - Khatab from the castle king's age to there end in Granada kingdom. (1311.D - 711A.H.) which handle a cultural and political role to this family to the age of casts kings and the characteristic and then transferring of Andalusia in general and Mersia specifically to Al - Murabeteen's rule and outstanding the men of Bany Al - Khatab through this period and their scientific contribution and production. Then we discuss Bany Al - Khatab in age of Al - Muahedeen state and the interest of Al - Muahedeen in science and scientists. This period witness clear outstanding to the men of this family in away wider than other last period and their share in the politic life. And we end this chapter with last Bany Al - Khatab's men who appeared in Granada kingdom's period and their scientific trips between Morocco and Andalusia and the most important events happen in his life. This study like any other new study faced some difficulties specially the one which relate to the rarity of some resource and historical references which discuss this family which is not available in our public libraries which lead us to recourse to the private libraries to some specialist professors in Andalusia studies which was the best help in this studies, and other difficulties faced this study the lost of some curriculum to the men of this family and this sometimes lead us to lost the connection in telling conversing in sequence. We may transcribe about the son then we move directly to the grandfather cause we didn’t find historical subject about the father. Also the loss of the date of birth or dead of some members in the family which demand extra efforts to know the years he lives and the event which happened and then trying to make the historical texts closed to each other and comparing it to have correct and comprehend curriculum. We tried to be far away from telling historical events following the analyzing approach for many historical stories approach and discussing them and giving ideas and opinion to reach an obvious studies which has scientific approach.
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دور المعبد السياسي - الاقتصادي - الاجتماعي في العراق القديم 2371 - 539 ق.م == The Political, Economic And Social Role Of The Temple In Ancient Iraq 2371 - 539 B.C

Author name: لانا محمد معيوف محمد العجيلي
Supervisor name: ابتهال عادل ابراهيم الطائي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Ancient History
Degree: Master
University: University of Al Mosul - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Mosul
First pages:
Abstract: The ancient Iraqis were known of being involved in religion and ritualism and of showing adorableness to their idols. They worshipped some phenomenon that affected them before. In addition, they found a public place in which those rituals were practiced collectively, and thus the temple was the most and the largest building in the city.Accordingly, the temple had a significant role in the sense that it had read impacts on general politics as well as on general aspects of the life of ancient Iraqis. Furthermore, many subjects had been discussed in that sacred place. Many activities which were related to the people at that time had been achieved in the temple. Armies set off from there, it drew the borders with neighbor states during war and peace periods or in certain agreements.Economically, the temple was the place from which people borrow money and do certain transactions. It also played a decisive role in education in that many schools were associated with it which helped students to get careers in various aspects of knowledge, like medicine, astronomy, ….etc.Eventually, the present study aims to shed light on the significance of the temple in ancient Iraq from 2371 B.C. to 539 B.C. which represented the period from the Akkadian era till the fall of Babylon. In that specific period, the role of the temple ranges between power and weakness especially in its political role and how it affected in decision making.The study excluded the architectural aspects as well as the religious one since they have dealt with many studies before.
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الرحلات العلمية من بلاد الشام واليها في العصرين الزنكي والايوبي (521 - 661هـ/1127 - 1262م) == Study Travels From Syria And Into Syria In The Zinki And Ayubid Ages (521 - 661 A.H.) (1127 - 1262 A.D

Author name: منال محمود رشيد احمد الزبيدي
Supervisor name: غانم عبد الله خلف حسن الخطابي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Al Mosul - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Mosul
First pages:
Abstract: Travel for study purposes is one of the features of the Islamic scientific and academic movement, which was an important thing in the continuity of ideological communication among the parts of the Islamic state. It helped scholars to acquire the knowledge other Muslim scholars have such the books that were brought into Syria.The study aims at shedding light on an important period of the history of the region. Syria was subject to the most dangerous challenge represented by the crusaders who posed a threat to the region and the Islamic nation at large. Therefore, it was necessary to face this threat. The role of scholars was evident in this conflict not only Syrian scholars, but also scholars from other places who supported the defenders on the basis of defending faith, religion and land.As far as this period is concerned, researchers and historians consider the Ayubid age as an extension the Zinki age which witnessed the rise of many scholars who contributed to the scientific activity the most important feature of which is the study travel. This explains their patronage by kings, princes, viziers and the public.The study is divided into three chapters. Chapter One is devoted to the definition of religious sciences such as Quranic reading, Quranic explanation, prophetic tradition, jurisprudence and the names of the scholars who left Syria arranged according to the year of death.Chapter Two deals with language sciences such as grammar, poetics, morphology and rhetoric as well as scholars' efforts in their travels, social sciences such as history, historians who traveled from and into Syria and their achievements, and geography and the specialists in this field who traveled from and into Syria.Chapter Three is specified to other sciences such as medicine, pharmacology, theology, philosophy and mathematics
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هنري لايارد ونشاطه الاثاري ودوره السياسي في العراق 1817 - 1894 == Hnery Layard His Archaeological And Political Activity In Iraq (1817 - 1894)

Author name: مروة زهير علي النحاس
Supervisor name: محمد علي داهش
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University of Al Mosul - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Mosul
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الحياة الاجتماعية في خراسان من الفتح الاسلامي الى نهاية سنة 656هـ

Author name: صدام جاسم محمد البياتي
Supervisor name: تحسين حميد مجيد
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Diyala - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Diyala
First pages:
Abstract: This study deals with an important aspect of the Islamic history : the Social Life in Khurasan and the extent it was affected by Islam from (31H.) to (656H.) a period that ended with the fall of the Abbasid Caliphate. The following points are the results concluded by this study : 1. The area of Klaurasan was very imprtant for the Islamic state at that time as stated by some of the Umaid caliphs. 2. Some Arab tribes dwelt in Khurasan and it became their perminet residence. 3. It was very clear that these Arab tribes mixed fully with the original local people of Khurasan. 4. The custooms of the society of khurasan flourished with the advent of Islam. 5. The society of Khurasan consisted of various religions and races working and living pcacefully. 6. It was very clear that the society in Khurasan paid much attention to clothes and types of food.7. The society of Khrasan paid great attention to the Arabic language because it is the langage of Glorious Quran and prayers. So they learnt Arabic quite well, and a lot of prominent religions figures wrote well - known books, and many poets composed great poems that served Islam in the Arabic language.8. The Khurasani people were keen on finding means to enhoy themselves in their spare time and to live in a comfortable way.9. The influence of Islam was very clear in the daily life of the people Khurasan during the period under under study
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علماء المدائن ومروياتهم التاريخية من القرن الاول الهجري حتى سنة 656هـ == Al - Madaa'N Scientists And Their Historical Novels ( From Ist Century Of Hijrah Of 656 H )

Author name: محمد عيان دان
Supervisor name: تحسين حميد مجيد
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Diyala - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Diyala
First pages:
Abstract: My First Knowledge to the novels of Al - madaan Scientists through novels of Abu - Al - Hassan Ali Bin Mohammad who died in (225 H) was depended in his novels by other Old writers in History. Thys , readers May think that there is no novelists for Al - Madaan people except him especially when some Writers in history did not mention his Full name for his fame and they say only Al - Madaany Said or Mentioned or talked in their Writings They Mean Abu Al - Hassan Al - Madaa'ny himself and others.After My Knewledge of the research published by my teacher Dr.Tahseen Hameed Majeed in Diyala Magazine about ( Al - Madaan Scientists ) and it is the 7th part of Diyala Series Scientists. I have a great desirefor Choosing it. After Checkeing and investigating Many references, the researcher found that the Subject is important and , new and Valuable to be studied and to be MA or ph.D project especially there is a previous academic studic , Studied the Scientists of Many lslamic big Cities like Kufa , Basrah , wasit and others , but Al - Madaan City was not included in it.The Scope of the research is limited in the time between the Ist Century (H) fill the decline of Baghdad in 656 (H) where there are some strong believers and supporters and followers who end with Ibn Abi - Al - Hadeed ,The researcher put, away novels of Abu Al - Hassan Al - Madaany because it is too Much and needs Many Studies and thesis.The researcher limited himself with the historical novels and neglected their novel or publishing in Explanation and speech and Fikh and readings just those that have a benefit as a historical Material.Difficulties and Problems that facad Us during the Writing of this research was not in reference , but the difficult Circumstances that our belowed country Passing naw and the destroy , loss , damaging and Stealing Most of the libravies. The necessity of the subject forced the researcher to divide the research into four chapters.The first Chapter is a general study for Al - Madaan , it's name , place , geographic importance , it's growth and expansion especially before Islam and Al - Sasany period , then entering Islam after Al - Radisy a battle and became the first city of Islam before bvilding the Islamic Cities like Al - Kufa and Al - Bassah.At the same Chapter , the researcher studied the constructing of publication their regional belief , national it ies sit's Cultural role and after Islam and the main events that happened in this city in different times and following its Curapting and decline , then losing it's historical importance bill it is Known only as a small city and a placey some strong bel. Everstike salman Al - Farisy , but it had an international fame and a place of Culture and devel opement. Chapter two deals with Biographies for the main and famous figures , their name and family birth and death and the scientific faculty that worked in and the scientific biography , their teachers and students and publishers , and wandering among cities and Islamic countries as part of journeg seeking for science and giving the opinion of others on them to Know the importance of ther novels and it's validity. The Biographies are arranged according to the alphabetical Order not according to the importance and neglected arranging them according to date of death because some of the biographies didn’t have dated of death even if it found they are different in writing it.Chapter three discusses pieces of novels for Al - Madaan Screntists neclecting the declined regional peace that didn’t have historical relationship so this Chapter became more than others and it is not a mistalce but the nature of this chapte , led to be big. The novels are arranged according to its historical date and subject so it began with novels about (Al - Mubtada) and about Creation and stories of prophets and previovs stories, of prophets and previous nations and the prophets biography and Al - Khilafa Al - Rashida , Al - Amawy period and Al - Abasy Period till the declined & Baghdad in Goo (H).The notice on these novels are many and Written in detail about the prophet biography and Al - Khilafa Al - Rashida but it is very few on Al - Amawy and Al - Abasy period.Chapter four is a short one. The researcher Wanted it to be as a conclusion presenting in it the importance of these nouels and the main features , of it and its Validity according to the Scientists & history and supporting this chapter with certain schedules containing the number of the novels for each one of them and the reference that the researcher depended on and its documentation and other things that can be seen by the reader inside these schedules.The researcher depended on a number of reference , according to its information and importance.Finally , the researcher hopes that he would gave the subject its right and presented useful thing and hopes to be accppted and if there is any Mistake is due to the hard circumstances that he tried to pass
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الاثر السياسي والثقافي لقبيلة الاوس في التاريخ العربي حتى نهاية العصر الاموي == Cultural And Political Track For Al - Awass 'S Tribe In Arabic History Until End Al - Aamoy 'S Age

Author name: ربيعة خليفة سالم الاوسي
Supervisor name: عاصم اسماعيل كنعان العباسي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Diyala - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Diyala
First pages:
Abstract: Before Islam and after it, One of the Arabic tribes which its have importance prominent ,its name (Al - awase ) ,men of this tribe are participated to construction the Islamic Arab Nation by stoop beside with messenger Mohammed (sala ALLAH alehe wasalm ) since the Islamic invitation starting and they goon on in his age ,he structing hi nation also the ages which its follow this age until the end of Al - Amawaia ‘s nation in 132 E ,so the tribe was one of the fundamental columns that the Islamic Arab Nation was support on it when it began to rising and expansion overall it was assistance element to spreading Islamic religion in the west and east of world by tribe’s present for more men whose fired in the Islamic opening conquests under here sun’s flag ,the tribe was set apart to ratify the political alliances with another tribe to support his political location between other tribes. there are study that the researcher was showed a role of Al - Ansar in general not confidentiality Al - awas. That is what push me to showing this important subject to get rid of the dust and appear the facts specially that is what concern of the culture and political role.The greatest achievements generation which its proved at beginning of invitation was proved by leader’ hand of Al - awas ‘s tribe whose present more to support Islamic invitation thus the moving of prophet Mohammed from Mecca to Yathrib their habitue places radical change in the Islamic Arab History ,the invitation had new bent lightly by good then its appear by quickly spread of new religion and the victory which is proved by prophet Mohammed (salla Allah alehe wassalm ) in the most battles and the group which he lead it and he was asked the tribe’s men and take their suggestions sometime.Addition for their political location that what its come in Quran’s texts which its show their role in Islam victory also the says of our greatest messenger Mohammed (Sala Allah Alehe Wassalm ).This letter is attempt to study one page of Islamic Arabic history pages to it’s tie for this tribe.The study of Al - Awass ‘s role in Islam because this tribe is one of the famous tribes in Yamen then its move to Yathreb to form an fundamental axis for the people of this town which its lead long wars with their cusns Al - Khazrage both of them were rivals together to rein Yathreb orders and as result for that, messenger Mohammed was chosed to has responsibility beside him to expansion Islam and saving the protection and suitable place and time for that. This study was not empty of the difficulties although it was more of references but the operation of employee these references to serve the project was not easy and it was need to gathering and had time not short and effort I can describe it an exception, about that what concern of Al - Amaowya ‘s age all the information about it was rare to cause more difficulty of this research.This letter come in the introduction four sections and its fixed by references and names and English summary. First section have naming of Al - Awass and their origin,lineage ,religion also their days with Al - Khazarge additional the political alliance which its ratify with neighboring in Yathreb before Islam ,arriving to the starting of invitation.The second section it was concern about the fundamental motives to accept Al - Awass the Islamic invitation with signe for their political role in the first and second AL - Aquba , with their reception for the emigrates whose they coming carrying with them the Islam not more. also asked of messenger Mohammed to them and take their suggestions and opinions in the wars which are lead it , and what that com done of Quraan texts in their rights also the says of prophet Mohammed which its said for them.The third section have Al - Khazrage role in Al - Saquifa also in the Islamic sequences ,for example , Al - Yamama battle ,Khazwen sequence ,Egypt’s sequence and island’s sequence and their role in the succession of Ali Bn Abe Taleb (rathe Allah Ana ) with some of the political centers which its gives for some tribe’s men as managing, like manage of some provinces like Al - Maddaan ,and island like Al - Bassra ,then sowing their role in Al - Amoya ‘s age where the Al - Hurra sit and Al - Awass men ‘s role in it , and the targets of this battle in Islamic history.The forth section had cultural role ,its include cultural sides to appear to emphasize poets and readers in the tribe ,also the speakers whose present for us our messenger’s says (Mohammed ) with the writer of biography and history , and I couldn’t find medicines ,chemistry sciences or mathematics inside of this tribe
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الجزائر في الصراع الاسباني العثماني 1518 - 1587 م : دراسة تاريخية == Algeria In Conflict Of Spainsh Ottoman 1518 - 1587 History Study

Author name: ضمير عودة عبد علي زويد
Supervisor name: يوسف عبد الكريم طه مكي الرديني
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Interest in studying the history of Algeria during the Ottoman era ( 1518 - 1587 ) is due to its important role that can not be over looked. Algeria led the resistance against the Spaniards. It did not only resist the European a ggression against the area but also continuously helped the Modscians who suffered a lot of the Spanish oppressim. Besides , annexing Algeria to the Ottoman state paved the way to unify the Arabic west under the Ottoman rule. Western Tripoli and Tunisia were annexed. but Morocco remained independent. The annexed areas became important centers for the Ottoman state. They provided sea bases for the Ottoman Fleets which were fighting in Europe and thus enabled them to achieve some victory. The reason behind choosing the specific period of the study is that it represented a complete historical era , i.e the rule of Sea Reis ( chiefs ) ( Beclerbecs ) that started with Kheir - Al - deen Barbarose in 1518 , when Algeria became a satellite of the Ottoman state , and ended in 1587 which was , in turn , the end of the rule of the Beclerbecs when the Ottoman state started reevaluating its administration in Algeria and that represented a new page in the history of Algeria. This study is made of four chapters. Chapter one deals with the Spanish intervention in Algeria ( 1492 - 1518 ). This chapter is the introduction of the study because the Spanish intervention was the important reason that led to including Algeria in the Ottoman possession. Chapter two is about the Ottoman control during the rule of Kheir - AL - deen Barbarosa ( 1518 - 1546 ). Chapter three is entitled " Ottoman Administration During the Rule of the Descendants of Kheir - AL - Deen Barbarosa ( 1546 - 1587 ) ".Chapter four tackled the administrative , economic , social and intellectual aspects during the period 1518 - 1587. The study revealed that Algeria witnessed , during this era , many positive achievements. For example , the sea Reis sustained the unity of the Algerian territory , stopped the Spanish ambitions and formed an Algerian sea force that protected Algeria from the foreign dangers. This force played an obvious role in the Mediterranean. Also , we can mention the historical position of the Algerian rulers in welcoming , helping , and searing the settling of their Muslim Brothers of Andulsia.There were , as well , some negative effects of the rule of the sea Reis in Algeria. Firstly , the rulers neglected the administrative , economic and social aspects of life and they did not develop the ruling systems in Algeria. Socially , they did not approach or mix with the Algeria people. Also , They were attentive to satisfy the needs , aims and interests of the Ottoman occupiers even at the expense of the people of the country. For that sake , they made full use of all the resources of Algeria to serve the Ottoman state regardless of the suffering of the people of Algeria. The reason could be that those rulers , themselves , were not of Algeria origin
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مؤتمر الخريجين العام ودوره في الحركة الوطنية في السودان 1938 - 1952 == The General Conference Of Graduates And Its Role In The National Movement Of Sudan 1938 - 1952

Author name: تهاني العيبي كاطع
Supervisor name: انور جاسب شنته الطريف
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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الاوضاع الصحية في لواء البصرة 1939 - 1958 : دراسة تاريخية

Author name: وسام نوري عبد الواحد المطوري
Supervisor name: نجاة عبد الكريم عبد السادة
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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الالوية والرايات من صدر الاسلام حتى نهاية الدولة الاموية == Banners And Flags Until The End Of The Umaid State

Author name: حارث جبار عبد
Supervisor name: صبيح نوري خلف الحلفي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The motif behind the phenomenon of banners and flags was to identify a certain case throughout history , and to lead the others to them. Their own symbolism was taken from the characters they held, though they were made of clothing , lines and colors, so they had great significance in human communities, these banners and flags had had their functions, especially the war banners. The banners and flags used by muslims in their fight were of sacredness because of their association with their Islamic dogma, and their inclusion of allah holy speeches. The topic of banners and flags in the Islamic military history is rather ambiguous, since the Islamic historical resources ignored the explanation of these signs, so it is hard to find amongst the modern historians who explored such a topic. As a response, this study has investigated the topic of banners and flags until the end of the Umaid state. The study consists of four chapters subdivided into certain sub - divisions, in addition to an introduction and a conclusion. Chapter one, entitled the semantic dimension of banners and flags in history, comprises of Three sub - divisions : the first one is to identify the etymology of banners and flags with their vocabulary, the second one deals with the historical roots of these signs, whereas the third one has studied the banners and flags in the glorious Koran and the prophets preaching. Chapter two has tackled the she shapes of the shapes of the banners and flags. It consists of four sub - divisions : the first one deals with colors of the banners and flags, the second one explores the shapes of the signs, the third on deals with the epigrams written in these signs, while the fourth one has shown the names engraved into these banners and flags. Chapter three has spelt out the authorities of these signs with their criteria and their holders. This chapter is divided into three main divisions : the first one has identified the authorities responsible for these signs, while the second one has highlighted the characteristics of the holders, while the third one deals with homing the substitutes for the banner and flag holders. Chapter four has anticipated the influence of these banners and flags so far the muslims battles were concerned. It has been divided into three sub - divisions : the first one has studied the influence of the banners and flags to encourage the muslims to fight, the second has dealt with the influence of the signs on the warriors recruitment, the third one has tackled the spiritual effect of the banners and flags. The study is rounded up with concluding remarks deduced from the course of the study
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النقوش الثمودية والصفوية : دراسة في الاهمية والمحتوى == Thamudic Inscriptions And Safaitic Study In The Importance And Content

Author name: علا حسين علي التميمي
Supervisor name: سهيلة مرعي مرزوق
General topic: History
Specific topic: Ancient History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The Inscriptions are a necessary subject in the life of Thamudic and safaitic life so it is give us an information from daily life and express the events and effected in it then wrote it as daily memories on the rock's faces in the mountains and valleys are very brief.The study of these Inscriptions lead us to knowledge the life & date of people Not by identifying the historical time of the incident, but through the study of inscriptions analytical study of the content and content.The Research consist of four chapters : ? Chapter one : Historical Geography that included the write , types of lines in Arabian Island , Archaeologists activity in collection the inscriptions , Places spread inscriptions and The language of the inscriptions.? Chapter two : Religion Inscriptions that included the gods mentioned in the inscriptions Thamudic and safaitic benedictions , entreaties , religious symbols, Hajj , offerings , vows and religious functions, such as the priest and the fortune - teller as well as cemeteries.? Chapter three : Social Inscriptions that included study of society by Family relations , strata of society, recorded the inscriptions of the feelings of love and passion and longing, anger, sadness and isolation, as well as tribal conflicts and alliances of the names of tribes and tribal alliances and disputes and conflicts, and then women and art as well as cultural manifestations such as building and construction, professions , jobs , industry, calendar and astronomy.? Chapter Four : Economic Inscriptions that included Hunting, herding , agriculture and Trade.
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قضاء القرنة 1869 - 1918 : دراسة تاريخية == Al - Qurna In 1869 - 1918 : Historical Study A

Author name: سعد خلف جبر علي
Supervisor name: نجاة عبد الكريم عبد السادة
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The researchers attention on the state of Basra from different aspects, but he has not prompted the study sufficient to spend Qurna Despite the importance of economic and military position in relation to Basra, where the confluence of the rivers where the site and represents the rivers of the importance of internal transport, whether on the economic level, the then military, and thus the loop a link between Baghdad and Basra, and its geographical position make it the focus of the forces that came to occupy the country and who actively contributed to the development of the first World war and the consequent occupation of the British in Iraq and in addition to that was the first regions that have implemented new British policy after Basra and thus was field experimentally important to British policy, which found its way to the rest of Iraq's US Hence kick researcher studying the history of Qurna for being one of the important districts of the state of Basra, and the researcher found the need to return to the historical roots and the beginnings of incorporation and the choice in 1869, the beginning of the period in question was due to administrative reforms that came the governor of Baghdad Medhat Pasha 1869 - 1872oukd made Qurna large spend in geographic plantings so Qurna has emerged as a local economic big Hence longer Qurna spend a worthy research and academic studies of what his legacy of economic and military impact of important has covered the letter aspects, whether administratively or economically and politically and socially Researcher has faced difficulties in the process of collecting the sources was the scarcity, as well as the scarcity of information sources that dealt with the history of Basra, Iraq, forcing the researcher to follow most of the books Iraq in order to collect scattered and very scarce information in books and formulated into a thesis Composed letter of introduction and preface, three chapters and a conclusion and supplements boot city site eating and History from the city and renamed the cause and the reasons for its establishment and the role of the Frasaab in order to be an introduction to the study of the history of the judiciary Qurna The first chapter dealt with administrative and social conditions of the Pod The goal is intended to clarify spend Qurna and the development of management and its reflection on the political, economic, social and other conditions where touched first section to the administrative divisions of the judiciary and the machine administrative boards and municipal administration and the judiciary and government departments that have established them as the second theme focused on the situation social residents spend Qurna and social structure of the judiciary and the conditions of education, health, either Chapter II handled the first part, the economic situation through the statement of economic activities then prevailing agricultural including transportation routes and craftsmanship and trade either second topic addressed the political situation where the significance of the visit Medhat Pasha and affected by armed movements in the neighboring areas the position clans of the political events that have taken place in Basra during the period of research, either in the third quarter has singled out the first part, the reason the British and the preparations that led to the occupation of Iraq is either the second topic dealt with the position of the Hawza men and the role of clans Qurna to resist the occupation and the progress of the British occupation forces to Qurna and its occupation and its importance to them, as well as dealt with in the third section interesting aspect of the occupation forces and the administrative role of the Senate in the management area Qurna
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الامير زيد بن الشريف حسين ودوره العسكري والسياسي (1916 - 1958) == Prince Zeid Bin Al - Sharif Hussein And His Military And Political Role (1916 - 1958)

Author name: محمد حسن يوسف الحسيني
Supervisor name: خلود عبد اللطيف عبد الوهاب
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study deals with the martial role of the prince Zaid bin Al - Husain during the great Arabic revolution against Ottomans, it states that he did great efforts leading a special Arabian forces fighting by his order till the end of revolution by taking syria, it also states his exceptional political role which only he has during the Faisali period; as well as his political and deplomatic role during the period of the kingdom in Iraq.The study includes : introduction, preface, three chapters, and conclusion. The preface deals with the prince Zaid's descent and his role in preperation for Arabic revolution, the first chapter discussed the price Zaid's active role in Arabic revolution battles (1916 - 1918). This chapter has been divided into three sections, the first one states his role in the first battles in Mecca city. The second, includes his role in defeating Husain bin Mibirek and besieging the city, and the third included his role the arabic revolution's nothern battles.The second chapter mentioned his role in syria suring the Faisali period 1918 - 1920 it is also devided into three sections, the first explains his role representating his brother the prince Faisal who travelled to Europe to claim Arabs' rights. The second states his representating his brother again when he travelled to Europe for the second time, but the third, mentioned forming the government by the prince Zaid which is called as directors' government, and leading Arabian forces before the end of Faisali period. The third chapter is also divided into three chapters, during the period of Iraqi kingdom (1921 - 1958) the first section mentioned the prince Zaid's role during prince Faisal the first, the second section during the period of the king Ghazi, while the third chapter included the regency and the confilect between him and the prince Abdul - Elah till the end of Iraqi kingdom by the the coup and announcing the republic of Iraq jul,14th 1958, the study depended on alot of important decuments and references
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الطيرة عند العرب قبل الاسلام وموقف الاسلام منها

Author name: ماهر شنان ناجي المياحي
Supervisor name: مصطفى جواد عباس
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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النشاط الدعائي الاميركي في الشرق الاوسط (1947 - 1979) : دراسة في (العراق - ايران) اختيارا == The American Propagandic Activity In The Middle East ( 1947 - 1979 )

Author name: عبد الزهرة شهيد عجمي شهيد الحسناوي
Supervisor name: اميرة رشك لعيبي الزبيدي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The American Propaganda activity in the Middle East ( 1947 - 1979 ) is regarded as one of the subjects which is characterized with vitality and relatively newly started within the his torical studies. Having such Topics and putting them within the limits of historical research and trying to search its components by the researchers in new and contemporary history aim to raise the level of the exsisting higher studies so as to create researchers who can reach the stage of so - called " Organic Rsearcher " who is capable of creation and innovation in his scientific and cultural productionSo the close look at the topic of the study reveals its great vitality because it is connected with integrated Relationship with several scientific tendencies some of which are close to the essence of the scientific science and harmonious with it to a great extent. And this ensures the strength of ties and reaction between history which can be described as an in dependent science and the methodical research of the political science and its world. Accordingly , because of the specialization of this study in the nature of the American propaganda and its objectives towards the Middle East in general and its important corner stones , namely ( Iraq - Iran ) , added a comprehensive quality to the subject and its components. The propaganda , basically , is in clusion of the state that made the propaganda and tries through its actions to show all the beautiful and positive aspects in front of the peoples targeted by the propaganda and hide all bad things. In view of what is previously mentioned , this thesis aims to search the literature of the American propaganda and its components for the states that are being studied to understand the nature of the political , strategic and cultural objectives which , in general , affected the political , cultural and security situation in these states , especially with the extreme increase in the cold war which we may call " the ideological war ". Al though Washington didn't adopt clear - cut intellectual visions or specific political strategy , it still in most of the cases , depended on her intelligence systems in running the conflict with the Soviets through its confidential operations in Iraq and Iran. The thesis was divided into four chapters in which the researcher depended on taking the basic elements of the subject according to integrated methodical Unity of the subject with his deep concern about the sequence of events as much as possible. The first chapter was devoted to Search the of the propaganda within its general terms and to identify its principles until it changed into science which deals with propaganda activity phenomenon and its techniques. In addition to that , identification of the geopolitical limits of The Middle East term historically and politically and focusing on the most prominent active and important states within its vital scope to reach the beginnings of the American tendencies most of which were dominated by the propagandic style without political purposes.As for the American propaganda towards Iraq. the researcher has found out that the generalization of scientific advantage obliged him to divide the subject into two chapters because of its numerous events and the unique transitions of the political events which offected its social and political situation. One of them , the second chapter , the nature of the American political propaganda which depended on the mutual security strategy and publicizing the importance of protecting Iraq and its security against communism. In addition , America followed confidential Operation strategy which overthrew Abid Al - Kareem Qasim's regime in April , 1963. The third chapter has shed light light on aspects of the American intellectual and cultural propaganda in Iraq and how the propaganda planner could affect the tendencies of the Iraqi intelligentsia through a group of thoughts which depended on the technology of the theatre and cinema and following The provision of subsidized American book through allocating the funds for the American publishing establishments. As for the fourth chapter , the study has identified the intellectual and political tendencies for the American Propaganda in Iran. "The information of this chapter has had considerable importance which we can depend on because the cold war and its consequences started from this Middle East state as most of Washington politizians confessed owing the insistence of the Soviet Union to keep its forces north of Iran. Furthermore , the subject of the chapter focused on " Ajax " operation led by the Ameri can intelligence to overthrow Musadak in 1953 also the chapter delt with the Ialamic Revolution in 1979. The study depended on different collections of genuine resources including American and Iraqi documents , in addition to academic studies such as : Letters and theses and lots of foreign book , Arabic and translated books are available in this thesis. The study has reached important results , some of which are : The propaganda with its fluctuation and attraction represented one of the methods which has taken the lead to consolidate the concept of the new state because it is an establishment concerned with the expression of the official tendencies of the government. It is important to reveal that the propaganda has started from the lobbies of clergy of the Christian church. Focusing on the nature of the American tendencies towards the Middle East , it is quite obvious that the American strategy is always dependent on mere propagandic bases. The ideological concepts of the American policy , being not obvious , made the decision maker in Washington mix the pragmatism and the end justifies the means policy and this what happened in Iraq and Iran through the confidential operations done by the American intelligence to overthrow Abid Al - kareem Qasim regime in Iraq and Muhammad Mosadaq in Iran. It also contributed to make Al - Baa'th party assume power in 1968 and not giving the support necessary to shah Muhammad Rudha Pahlawi.
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سياسة الاتحاد السوفيتي تجاه باكستان 1947 - 1971 == Soviet Union Policy Towards Pakistan 1947 - 1971

Author name: سحر عبد السلام مهدي
Supervisor name: حيدر عبد الرضا حسن التميمي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The United States have been associated with the state of Pakistan Through treaties and alliances After the emergence of Pakistan as a modern state in 1947, and its separation from India in the same year. The United States has worked to build militarybasses as a part of a strategy to encircle the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union had not seen the South Asian region within the interests Because it beliefs that Pakistan's independence is not a communist revolution. When Pakistan was associated by treatieswith Western countries, Moscow has approached to India against Pakistan. Pakistan was one of the non - aligned countries and principles do not allow her Link with any of the two great powers, and some world events could Change the nature of internationalrelations in the Indian sub - continent region in general, and the Soviet Union's policy toward Pakistan in particular which is the focus of our study of the period (1947 - 1971) from the beginning of Pakistan's independence until Indian Pakistan war.The study was divided in four chapters ,introduction and conclusion ,the first chapter about the Soviet policy toward Pakistan in the stage of civilian rule and Parliamentary life (1947 - 1958) ,the period between the beginning of Pakistan's independence until the beginning of military rule which divided into four part ,we study in the first section Soviet attitude of the secession of Pakistan and the establishment of a state for the Muslims of India ,in the second section we studied the Soviet position on the Indo Pakistani dispute over Kashmir and the evolution of Soviet relations - Pakistan until 1953,in the third section we study Pakistan's foreign policy and the accession of western alliances and the Soviet position for it and we study in the four section the most important communist parties and socialist in Pakistan and the recent attitude of them, and a reference to the position of these parties from Pakistan's foreign policy and the relationship of the parties with the Soviet Union.The second chapter explained The Soviet Union's position from the internal political developments and foreign relations of Pakistan (1958 - 1965),we study in this chapter the impact of international developments in the relations soviets - Pakistan (1958 - 1964) and the development of relations in the political and economic level between the two countries, the Soviet Union's position on the developments of the problem Pashtunistan until 1964 and the evolution of the diplomatic relations between Soviet and Bakstin until 1965, marked by the historic visit of President Muhammad Ayub Khan to the Soviet Union in the same year.The third chapter deal with Soviet policy toward Pakistan (1966 - 1968) ,we study in it The Soviet Union's policy toward Pakistan and the signing of the Tashkent Agreement of 1966, The role of the Soviet Union in the resolution of the India - Pakistan conflict and the success of Soviet diplomacy in the contact of Tashkent agreement, the development of Soviet - Pakistani relations in the political, military and economic areas (1966 - 1967), The evolution of Soviet policy toward Pakistan and the contact of the arms deal in 1968 and activity Pakistani government to build a nuclear program and the position of the Soviet efforts to ban nuclear weapons.The fourth chapter discuss Soviet policy toward Pakistan under the President Mohammad Yahya Khan, 1969 - 1971,we studied in it The Soviet Union's position on the internal situation in Pakistan and the development of relations between them (1969 - 1970) ,the role of Pakistani mediation in the US - China rapprochement and the position of the Soviet Union from it and the crisis of Eastern Pakistan and the Soviet position from it until 1971, and the secession of Eastern Pakistan and the creation of the state of Bangladesh.
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السيد محمد مهدي السويج ودوره الاجتماعي والسياسي والفكري بين عامي 1941 - 2002 == Sayid Mohammad Mahdi Al - Sewaich And His Social, Political And Intellectual Role (1941 - 2002

Author name: حميد سيلاوي لفتة المالكي
Supervisor name: ياسين طه ياسين الهارون
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Studying secular, intellectual and political personalities is important to remove ambiguity in historical studies on one hand and to investigate the roles those personalities play to make history on the other hand. Modern and contemporary history of Iraq witnessed appearance of too many personalities who played that role and who were concerned to help and awaken their people, to find the suitable solutions by examining the events and realities, to benefit from the experience of others and to encourage thinking in the different aspects of life to achieve those objectives. It is important to study the social, political and intellectual aspects of life of Mohammad Mahdi Al - Sewaich who was bold enough to tell the truth and the false without fear or flattery to any side both during the royal and the republican eras in Iraq. He preferred the public interest and not his own one. He was a well - known orator, not only in Iraq but also in all the Islamic world. He was particularly genius and distinguished by his varied intellectual production in all religious and non - religious sciences so as to treat retardation and failure in social, cultural and political issues in the Islamic world in general Consequently, he had his own influence on the Youth who were looking forward to a one unified state. The researcher chose 1941 as the start of the time under study because it was the year of Al - Sewaich's appearance on the Iraqi, regional and international arena particularly in his reforms and social activities like opening libraries and associations, lecturing in religious occasions… etc. On the other hand, 2002 was chosen as the end of the time under study because at that year, Al - Sewaich isolated himself from people and started writing his books until he died in Syria in 2002. The study attempts to answer the following : To what extent did the public situation in Iraq in general and Basrah in particular lead to appearance of Al - Sewaich on the arena? Were his different cultural and intellectual abilities able to change and reform the society? Why did he transform his social and intellectual reforms from Iraq to other Arab and foreign countries? Was he able overcome the difficulties he faced from the royal and republican regimes in Iraq? Was he obliged to transform his activities to other countries and was he successful to do this? The social, political and intellectual activities of Mohammad Mahdi Al - Sewaich were not academically and independently studies niether inside or outside Iraq. Furthermore, this personality was not (if not very rarely) mentioned in the academic studies that studied the clergymen in karbala and Najaf. Besides, there was no mentioning of his activities when talking about activities of other clergymen. The reason, as the researcher thinks was the special nature of the personality of Al - Sewaich who did not want to show himself and because he was busy to build himself without help of others whether socially, intellectually or economically. That put him in a Kind of isolation away of suspicion and duplicity. The study consists of an introduction, four chapters and conclusion. Chapter one studies the scientific and social upbringing of Mohammad Mahdi Al - Sewaich. It sheds light on his family, Kinship, sources of thinking, teachers, students and different works in philology, Quran commentary, history, literature, poetry… etc. Chapter two discusses his social role and activities that were represented by his reforms and travels to study and spread Islam as a preacher and orator. He went to India and Pakistan for this purpose and to Egypt to complete his study of religion. He had a special role to spread teachings of prophet Mohammad's Kins (Peace be upon them), to urge to maintain the Islamic unity and to reject sectarian conflict. He also travelled to Bahrain to teach religion, to preach and to start Hussaini mourning assemblies. He was also active in other different social aspect inside and outside Iraq and that was represented by his role in Iraqi Writers Association in Basrah and Orphan Care Association, in his opening libraries, arranging ceremonies, lecturing, teaching in courses in addition to his encouragement to sport, acting and other social activities. He was behind conversion of many foreigners to Islami causes. Chapter three highlights his political role inside and outside Iraq during the royal and republican eras. It tackles his attitude towards the different political ideas and trends of the communists, the nationalists, the socialists and the sectarians as well as his position of the regional political and military developments of the Iranian Revolution 1979, the Iraqi opposition outside Iraq, the triple aggression on Egypt in 1956, Arab - Israeli war in 1967, First Gulf war 1980 - 1988, Second Gulf war 1991 and the economic sanction on Iraq. Chapter four discusses his intellectual role and achievements in Islamic thinking and Quran commentary, doctrines and rules, Hussain's Renaissance, moderation, compromising and his jurisprudence, his views and opinions of Islamic approaches and trends like Al - Bahism, Qadianism, Sheikhism and his refuting wahabism in addition to his position of the different Islamic creeds, his style and his speeches. He was a spiritualist, a philosopher, a poet and a historian. He wrote in Iraqi and Arab newspapers and journals about different scientific and human topics. The conclusion is devoted to show the most important results arrived at by the researcher. The conclusion reflects his social, political and intellectual role inside and outside Iraq where he practiced his different activities. Finally, the researcher hopes that this humble effort of him achieves his aim of contributing something to the Iraqi and Arabic library to study prominent personalities and particularly this Basri one.
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الحملة الفرنسية على روسيا القيصرية 1809 - 1812 == The French Campaign Against Tsarist Russia 1809 - 1812

Author name: اسراء عبد الكريم طاهر المالكي
Supervisor name: مشعل مفرح ظاهر العونان
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The revolution that took place in France in the year 1789 was not an event that influenced France alone, in fact it crossed the borders to include the whole world , particularly Europe whose Kings began to fight its liberal ideas fearing that those ideas may reach their countries ; therefore, the reactions of the European countries towards the new revolution varied : some of the accepted them, others fought them and still others were indifferent. What matters here is the position of Russia towards that Revolution. They splitinto two parties : the Russian people supported the Revolution and found out that it was a way to get rid of the absolute monarchy and thus started to study the principles of the Revolution carefully. On the other hand the Russian Government was apparent from the nature of Empress Catherine the Second, 1762 - 1796, who fought all that related to the Revolution and dismissed the French that were settling in her country. Not only did she prevent the Russians from importing any French goods and stopped the trade with France but she also urged the Europeans to start a war against France. As a result those countries formed the first coalition against France in the year 1792. The Russian Empire continued in its hostility towards the French Revolution till her death in 1796. When her son, Paul the First, ascended the throne 1796 - 1801 ,he changed attitudes towards the Revolution and appeared as a man of peace at the beginning ,but when France occupied Egypt and Malta ,the new Tsar had to adopt a hostile position against France.Then he joined the new coalition of 1798 against France. Because of the different points of views and plans of themembers of theCoalition ,Paul the First left the coalition and signed a treaty with France. After the death of Paul the First, Alexander the First became the emperor 1801 - 1825. He was in peace with Napoleon ,who became the First council of France ,and after the war that took place between Britain and France , Bonaparte became the Emperor ,the relations between France and Russia witnessed new tension ,particularly when Napoleon executed Duke Angan ,one of the prices of the Bourbons, which the European countries regarded as actualthreat to their benefits, those countries agreed to form a third European coalition. Russia and Britain represented the corner stone of that coalition, where Russia led a lot of battles against France such as Austerlitz battle in 1805, Eylau battle in 1806 and Friedland battle in 1807.In all those battles the victory was French. Later on the two countries signed a peace treaty ,known as the Tlst Treaty in 1807, in which the two parties agreed to be allied and friends.That friendship was stressed in Erfurt Conference, which was held in 1808. The relations between the two countries continued to be friendly till the year 1810, when Russia breached that treaty by refusing to apply the embargo against Britain. The whole year 1811 the two countries continued in their correspondences that led, atlast, to Napoleon’s Campaign against Russia on the 23nd of june,1812. He and his army pushed deep into the Russian lands, where the Russians adopted the strategy of retreating deep into their land, and burning all the cities that they were withdrawing from , however the campaign did not end up unless Napoleon defeated and his army, which its strength exhausted due to a lack foodstuff materials into as well as the winter, which was harsh where the temperature dropped to ( - 26 Celsius). This actually forced Napoleon to return to France, at the same time Russia was pushed to form the sixth alliance against France.After the Allied victories in the Battle of Leipzig, Napoleon was forced to return to the France borders, but it was too late, and allied forced had decided to enter to Paris, and it was done in 1814. The first Paris Treaty was held in the same year, which brought up the dismissal of Napoleon, and then exiled to the Island of Elba, and formation of a new interim government and the return of the Bourbon to the throne of France. The campaign led by Napoleon against Russia ended all Napoleon's dreams to control over theEuropean Continent and to expand with the East.
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التسامح في ظل الحكم الفاطمي في مصر 358 - 567هـ/968 - 1171م == Tolerance Under The Fatimid Rule (358 - 568 A.H./969 - 1171 A.D.)

Author name: خمود عبد غركان البهادلي
Supervisor name: توفيق دواي موسى الحجاج
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Fatimid Caliphate aappeared in morocco in (297A.H./909 A.D.) after a long struggle and a highly careful, secretive movement because of the Abbasid Caliphate's stress twoeards Isma'ilism. Abbasid Caliphate used killing and intimidation against their followers or sympathizer. Abu Abdullah al - Shi'i, or Sana'ani according to some sources, started the movement. He succeeded to convince the Kutama tribe of Berbers with his call during Hajj season in Mecca. Afterwards, he established the Fatimid Caliphate in inmorocco which was an Ismaili Shia Islamic caliphate. It lasted a century. They expanded to include Egypt in (358 A.H. /969 A.D.). They built Cairo, their capital, making it a center of peace, stability, and beneficence. The Fatimid Caliphate took these characterized from Isma'ilismand they adopted as their political approach. Without doubt, the Fatimid Caliphate had its negatives, however, they committed to tolerance since the beginning and after establishing their rule. They confirmed their tolerance when Jawhar al - Siqill?, the leader of Al - Mu'izz Al - Fatimid Caliph's army, issued a document of safety to the people of Egypt. The document resembles a human rights declaration which they used till their last days. Fatimid Caliphate strived to enhance the principles of citizenship throughout its institutions. These principles are called nowadays human rights. It turned a blind eye to religious or sectarian belonging. This tolerance in religious and political aspects towards its people distinguished it from former governments. Fatimid Caliphate secured the freedom of mind and religion to its people. My thesis is about tolerance under the Fatimid rule during (358 - 567 A.D./969 - 1171 A.D.).The researcher dealt with an introduction, three chapters, conclusion, and bibliography. The first chapter is about aspects of tolerance in the Fatimid Caliphate which is divided into three sections. Section one gives definitions to the term tolerance linguistically and idiomatically. It also explores tolerance in Quran and Sunnah. Section two is about tolerance with Sunni Islam in religious rights, rituals, and celebrations. Section three is about tolerance with the people of the dhimma (jews and Christians) in their religiousrituals and building churches and monasteries. The second chapter deals with political tolerance. It is divided into three sections : section one is about tolerance inside Egypt, section two is about tolerance outside Egypt, and section three is about giving jobs to non - Ismailis. The third chapter is about social, economic, and scientific tolerance. It is divided into three sections : section one is about tolerance and celebrating national holidays, section two is about economic tolerance in agriculture, industry and trade, and section three is about the scientific side and the contributions of Caliphs and ministers in science and building libraries. At the end, we ask God help and guidance.
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المجلس التاسيسي الكويتي (1961 - 1963) : دراسة تاريخية == The Constituent Assembly Of Kuwait (1961 - 1963 ) : A Historical Study

Author name: دعاء علي سرحان الزيدي
Supervisor name: رافد عبد الرضا عيلان الخفاجي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The chiefdom of Kuwait Signed in 1899, on the agreement of British protection under which became a protectorate administered some of their affairs, especially out wardness by Britain. was that agreement lasted until 19 June 1961, when Britain announced that Kuwait's independence, became incumbent on the Kuwaits to prove its existence as an independent state, citizens enjoy freedom and democracy, and that through the creation of a constituent assembly elected "suggest" to the world that the Kuwaiti government is moving towards more democracy. However, the march toward democracy soon clashed with the mentality of some of the ruling family elders, who refused at first to waive certain privileges which was granted to them in their capacity as the ruling family elders, Participated all their weight in the Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly. came participation by appointment rather than election, as is the case with the rest of the members of the Constituent Assembly, which confirms the fear of any democratic transformation lose their some of their privileges. plenty of the academic researchers, have significant and multiple aspects, specialized study of Kuwait contemporary political history, is that despite the importance of the Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly ( 1961 - 1963 ), close to its association with the lives of the Kuwaiti citizen on the one hand, and install the foundations of the modern state after the institution was about way to build the joints of the Kuwaiti state as a whole on the other hand, we have not noticed any concentration by those academic studies, for addressing the Council of Kuwait constituent of topics, and the Bill of laws and amendments, except for some writings and articles scattered, which dealt with a very small fraction of the Thread, noting that some of them have been written without the generality that there is a fight in the details, which made it difficult for any researcher, having such a topic in light of the lack of these studies first, and the difficulty of the subject and its complexities Second. Based on the historical significance of the above, it came this study tagged : ( Council Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly from 1961 to 1963 ), in order to detect one of the important aspects and the mean in Kuwait contemporary political history, an attempt to examine role of the Kuwaiti constituent assembly, and its contribution to the transmission of Kuwait from a tribal entity managed some internal and external affairs by the state of Britain's protection, an independent state adopts the existing democratic system of governance elections and parliamentary representation. as well as study the discussions members of the Special legislation of laws and amendment by the Constituent Assembly, which paved the way for the adoption of the permanent Kuwaiti constitution and the election of the National Assembly. The research found a set of findings and conclusions that can incorporate the most important as follows : First : the desire of Britain, Sheikh Abdullah Al - Salem Al - Sabah, and some Kuwaiti dignitaries, the establishment of a constitutional alternative to the tribal government the prevailing system in Kuwait at the time system, as it is becoming imperative for Kuwait after its independence from Britain in 1961, to prove its existence as an independent state, citizens enjoy freedom and democracy, and so through the creation of elected councils "suggest" to the world that the Kuwaiti government is moving towards more democracy.Second : The most important can be notice on the work of the Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly, is the presence of ministers appointed as members of the Council exercising two floors at the same time first : an executive capacity as minister in the Kuwaiti government, or Council of Ministers, and the second : a legislative capacity as members of the Constituent Assembly, so the problematic work of the Constituent Assembly was stemming from the attempt to the executive, the acquisition of the largest amount of powers to the legislative branch account, meaning that the legislature be dominant by the executive branch, and this is what made ministers insist initially through "a spokesman on their behalf," adviser legal Kuwaiti government Mohsen Abdel Hafez, that the task of the Constituent Assembly are limited to a supervisory role.Third : regardless of all the motives that accompanied the formation of the Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly, the Council's work form an important event in the history of Kuwait's political, economic and social, as the mode or the Constituent Assembly drafted the foundations of the system of government in Kuwait, which is destined to continue until the present day, the Although there are some obstacles and political problems faced by the parliament to work in Kuwait, and the Dismantling of the Kuwaiti National Assembly for several times, and electoral fraud, and the Deactivating of some articles of the Constitution, which thanks to the Kuwaiti accomplished Constituent Assembly.Fourth : such as the work of the Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly during that period, a radical shift in the history of Kuwait contemporary political, after the first legislative institution representative of the population to be formed in Kuwait, which has become a reason to create a kind of political awareness among the population of Kuwait, as "Feeling" the presence of a representative entity their own regulator monitors the work of the executive authority, defends their rights through the exercise of the functions of the legislative and regulatory authority, and about the so rushed some residents of Kuwait and dignitaries, to submit petitions and complaints related to their problems, especially the character service, which had previously been neglected, some ministers of the executive branch before the formation Foundation Board.Fifth : The follower of the minutes of the Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly, the minutes of the meetings of the committee preparing the permanent Kuwaiti constitution, foand that most of the laws and legislation political, economic, administrative and service, and some of the permanent Kuwaiti Constitution, were approved under pressure from ministers of the executive authority ( Council of Ministers ), the dominant the work of the Constituent Council ( Parliment ), or to find compromise solutions between the elected members and appointed, and that the necessary ignored the objections of the elected members, and resorting to a vote, which is always in favor of the appointed ministers as members of the Constituent Assembly, or taking the opinion of the Prince Sheikh Abdullah Salem Al - Sabah, to Definitiveness some of the topics at issue, which the size or reduced the independence of the work of the Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly to pass a lot of laws and legislation, it seemed as if the executive branch is watching the work of the legislature, other than what is the case in all parliaments of the world adoptive system democratic governance.Sixth : Overall, we can say that the Constituent Assembly of Kuwait, has succeeded despite the obstacles and difficulties created by the ministers of the executive branch appointed as members of the Constituent Assembly, in the tasks entrusted to him perform under the Interim Constitution of Kuwait : ( Act No. 1 of 1962 ), laid the foundations of the state Kuwait, through legislation, modification and approval of many of the political, economic, administrative and service laws, as well as being able to By done his mean mission president of the preparation of the permanent Kuwaiti constitution, which was approved by the Emir of Kuwait, Sheikh Abdullah Al - Salem Al - Sabah, dated 11 November 1962, under which announced the end of the action Board Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly, to take place after the elections, members of the Kuwaiti National Assembly, which held its first session on 29 January 1963.Seventh : Finally The research, to the Kuwait Permanent its constitution of 1962, he moved from the traditional chiefdom - based formula on the basis of the absolute rule of the elders of the Al - Sabah family, to a limited and incomplete constitutional emirate preliminary version, under the constitutional system of governance amid combines two systems Parliamentary the presidential, with a tendency towards the first, as part of the equation summarized Articles IV and VI of the Permanent Constitution of Kuwait, after Kuwait hereditary emirate where limited presidential Descendents Sheikh Mubarak Al - Sabah, provided that the system of government in which a democratic, under which sovereignty of the nation, all of which are the source of authority, and on despite limited mobility and not complete, but it is a big and important step compared to what it was the conditions of Kuwait in the pre - independence, particularly since the transition from autocracy system to a constitutional system of government, has identified the powers of the prince and the elders of the ruling family, for according to a Permanent Kuwaiti constitution, the center of a system which combines the two systems parliamentary and presidential.
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سبي ال البيت عليهم السلام : دراسة تاريخية == Captivating Of Al - Al Bait From Al - Taff To Al - Sham Region 61 A.H. / 680 A.O. A Historical Study

Author name: قسام جاسم قاسم الحسني
Supervisor name: نزار عبد المحسن جعفر الداغر
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The unique and pioneer Al - Taff experience has always carried the heat of true essence of jihad throughout history , in every page ,Among its most effective pages Al - taff had illustrated the captivating of Al - Al bait peace be upon them , They were taking prisoners from Al - Taff in Karbala to Al - sham region , where most of them were women and children , The captivating violated all the Muslim principles which the A maven had claimed to have ; as well as every moral principle Arabs had be fore Islam , The ideological jihad which Al - Bait peace be upon them had shown in those exceptional circumstances had shown their highly qualified characters , which had caused a strong shake to the human's conciunce.Their speeches which were described as ideological jihad were also a loud scream against the corrupting that it caused all the fake masks of deciept to fall.Those who were deceived or confused were eventually able to see the truth.All that happened because of what Al - Bait captivated did during the revolution of Imam Hussein peace be upon him.We tried to collect the pieces of evidence and signs of what happened after the battle of Al - Taff to explain the true events unlike what was illustevated by biased and dishone st writers. Our research has five chapters induding introduction ; preface conclusion , few annexes and references.The preface lists in summary the causes of Imam Hussein revolution ; his martyrdom with his family and supporters in Al - Taft battle which led to the captivating of Al - Bait peace be upon them. The first chapter talks about the captivating of Al - Bait peace be uponthem feom Al - Taft to the city of kufa.The chapter has three main sections. The first section talks about the meaning of "captivating".The second section talks about the meaning of "Al - Al Bait " peace be upon them.The third section talks a bout the beginning of captivating and the arrival at Kufa. It also demonstrates the number of captives of the woman in Imam Hussein family.The second chapter talks about the captives of Al - Al bait in Kufa and their effect on Kufa community. This chapter consists of six sections. The first section talks about how the captives were shown in the streets of Kufa. The second section talks about the speech of zaineb Bint Ali peace be upon them. The third section talks about speech of Fatima Bint AlHussein peace be upon them.The fourth section talks about the speech of Um Kalthoom Bint Ali peace be upon them. The fifth section talks about the speech of Imam Ali Bin Al - Hussein (Alsajad) peace be upon them. The sixth section talks about the entry of the captives to the palace.The second chapter ends with the affects of the captivating of Al - Al bait peace be upon them on the people of Kufa.Then the chapter ends with the length of period of time the captives remained in Kufa. The third chapter talks about the captivating of Al - Al bait peace be upon them form Kuta to Al - Sham Region.The chapter has four sections.The first Section talks about the leaders who accompanied the caravan of Al - Al bait peace be upon them , form Kuta to sham.The second section talks about the roods from Kuta to Damascus.The third section talks about the road which Al - Al bait peace be upon them had taken from Kuta to Damascus and the places they had passed by.The fourth section talks about the arrival of Al - Al bait captives to Damascus. The fourth chapter talks about Al - Al bait peace be upon them at the board of Yazeed Bin Muawaya. This chapter is divided into four sections.The first section talks about the first talks of Al - Al bait peace be upom them with Yazeed.The second section talks about the speech of Zainab Bint Ali peace be upon them. The third section talks about the speech of Imam Ali Bin AlHussein peace be upon them. The fourth section talks about the aspects of the captivating of Al - Al bait peace be upon them and its effects on the people of sham and their reaction which included the refusal to the actions of Yazeed Bin Muawaya and the interval of how long the captives of Al - Al bait had remained in sham be fore they left.The fifth chapter talks about the head of Imam Hussein be upon him and its burial and it is divided into two sections. The first section talks about the beheading and its political and social aspect.The second section talks about the burial of the head of Imam Hussein peace be upon him.Finally ; the conclusion includes the most important results which this research has concluded , supported by several maps and diagrams
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قوات المقاومة الشعبية في العراق 1اب 1958 - 29 تموز 1959 == Folk Resistance Forces In Iraq 1 August 1958 - 29 July 1959

Author name: بشائر محمود مطرود المنصوري
Supervisor name: فرات عبد الحسن كاظم الحجاج
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: If one traces the temporary history of Iraq, especially the period during which Abdul Kareem Qassim ruled from 1958 up to 1963, he will find a lot of bloody strife and struggles in that one starts thinking about the source behind these struggles and turmoil. The answer to such question is that there were two trends for the ideological policies which were different. These were the national and communist parties. It seems that the main reason behind these differences was attributed to the kind of policy practiced by the government in treating such struggles and its results. Thus, the formation of the folk resistance forces in 1958 is considered as a procedure agitating the conflict, and hence, the significance of the study comes from this source of discussion, regardless talking about the source of establishing the militias in Iraq. Also, little has been written on this subject. The significance of this study lies in its revelation of the roots of the contemporary political struggles after the 14 July revolution in 1958. This study falls into a preliminary and three chapters and a conclusion. The preliminary is primarily concerned with the rise of the 14th July revolution in 1958 and the Arab's position and national attitude towards this Rise. The national position from this revolution is considered one of the sources of the formation of the folk resistance. Chapter one includes three sections. The first one is devoted to show the reasons of establishing the folk resistance. In section two, several topics are discussed such as the law of folk resistance and the leading of these forces, besides other things. Section three pays attention to the distribution of the centers of the folk resistance forces in the provinces of Iraq. Chapter two shows the role of these forces in the happenings in Iraq from 1958 to1959. Section one in this chapter focuses on the Rasheed Aali Al - Gailani's movement showing the reasons of the rise of this movement and its results. Section two shows the role of the folk forces in Mosel happenings in 1958 and the rise of Abdul Al - Wahab's movement and its resistance of the folk forces. This section also focuses on explaining the role these forces in Mosel's massacre from 9 to 29 on March in 1959 and the position of the Iraqi government from these forces after the happenings of Al - Shawaf. Section three focuses on Rasheed Lolan's movement in Rawndooz on May in 1959, showing its causes and the role of the folk forces in dissolving this movement. Chapter three deals with the surpasses of these forces and the position of Abdul - Kareem Qassim from them in (1958 - 1959). The chapter explicates the surpass of these forces against ministers and military officers, against laws, administrations, and against the political parties. The conclusion comes finally to shed light on the result that these forces were the main helpers for the Iraqi army and the security forces. They under the influence of the communist party. This influence put these forces in two positions in that they should follow the government orders and guide and the communist party's orders. This affected their nature of work and led to a lot conflicts later on till they were dissolved in July 29th in 1959
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الصراع على السلطة في اندونيسيا 1965 - 1967 == The Struggle For Power In Indonesia 1965 - 1967

Author name: عمر عدنان داود الخالد
Supervisor name: كاظم هيلان محسن السهلاني
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This thesis deals with Power conflict in Indonesia from 1965 to 1967. The researcher aims at investigating the causes and results of this conflict, its Development stages and the intentions of the involved parties. The importance of choosing this topic stems from the importance of Indonesia in South - East Asia which passed through many historical events. Independence and power hand over from Holland started a new stage of home political advances, where the parliamentary institution (1949 - 1957) followed the Western countries procedures. It legalized the freedom to form political parties and practice their work to lead opposition from inside the parliament building. However, this system failed soon because of the conflict between the political parties. This failure pushed President Sukarno to apply oriented democracy starting from 1957, where he took power in his hands and cancelled the parliamentary system; he developed good relations with the Indonesian Communist Party whose authority widened because of Sukarno's support. This lead army Generals to be the main Power after the authority of the competing parties to the Communist Party had weakened after the application of oriented democracy. Army Generals stood against the Communist party for fear of taking over power. Sukarno stood beside the party which led to a new stage in the conflict during the period 1965 - 1967. The first chapter of the study tackled the Indonesian political situation during the period (1949 - 1957). Chapter two is entitled Movement of the First of October (May - October 1965). This chapter deals with the direct preparations to the Movement, the upraise of the Movement and the change in President Sukarno's position towards it. Chapter three is entitled The Role of General Suharto against the First of October Movement, it displays General Suharto's role in evoking public opinion against President Sukarno and his role in standing against the first of October Movement. Chapter four deals with the home situation crisis in Indonesia which resulted from Sukarno's formation of the National Front for his followers to stand against General Suharto's campaign against him. This chapter refers also to the ministerial modification that Sukarno started which led to a greater inside crisis and Which evolved into what happened in March 1966. This chapter also focused on the steps that General Suharto had taken to strip Sukarno of his authorities and drive him away from ruling Indonesia. The conclusion included the most important conclusions that had been reached at through studying Authority conflict in Indonesia (1965 - 1967)
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العلاقات السياسية الامريكية - الفنلندية 1939 - 1945 == The American - Finnish Political Relations 1939 - 19

Author name: ميثاق عبد العزيز سلمان التميمي
Supervisor name: فرقد عباس قاسم المياحي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study aims at shed light on the nature of American - Finnish political relations from the Soviet attack of Finland in 1939 up to the Finnish withdrawal from the second world war, and resuming of Diplomatic relations between USA and Finland in August 1945. This study is divided into a preface, introduction, three chapters and a conclusion. The preface follows up a brief history of Finland and its geography, and the early American representations in Finland, and the American attitude towards the Finnish declaration of independence. The researcher discusses the Soviet - Finnish negotiations in 1939, which led to breakdown of war between Finland and the Soviet Union, and the failure of American good office. The first chapter deals with the American - Finnish political relations from November 1939 up to June 1941. This chapter focuses on the American attitude towards the Soviet - Finnish war, the American role in holding of Soviet - Finnish treaty in March 1940. The chapter discusses also the German - Finnish rapprochement and its effects on the American - Finnish political relations from April 1940 up to June 1941. The second chapter deals with the Finnish - German attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941 and its effect on the American - Finnish relations up to December 1941. This chapter explains also the deterioration of the American - Finnish relations during 1942 , and the reducing of diplomatic relations. The chapter explains why the American government summoned its ambassador in Helsinki for consultations in 1942. The last chapter is devoted to discuss the developments of American - Finnish relations from 1943 up to August 1945. This chapter focuses on the failure of American mediation to put an end to war between Soviet Union and Finland, the failure of peace talks between Soviet Union and Finland in 1944, why USA breaks off its diplomatic relation with Finland. Finally, this chapter discusses the resuming of the American - Finnish relations in 1945
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السياسة الامريكية تــجاه الجمهورية العربية اليمنية 1967 - 1979 == American Policy Towards The Arab Republic Of Yemen 1967 - 1979

Author name: شروق سعود عبد الخنجر
Supervisor name: ابراهيم فنجان صدام الامارة
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تبنت الولايات المتحدة الامريكية سياسات متعددة الاوجه والابعاد تجاه الشرق الاوسط بصورة عامة واليمن بصورة خاصة، لحماية مصالحها الاقتصادية لاسيما النفطية منها في المملكة العربية السعودية لما لها من اهمية لواشنطن وحلفاؤها. علاوة على ذلك فقد شكل الشطر الشمالي | Multifaceted policies have been adopted by the United States of America towards the Middle East in general, and towards Yemen in particular to protect and secure their economic and political interests especially with respect to oil interests in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, because of the importance of oil to Washington and its allies. Furthermore , the northern part of Yemen represents a great strategic and military significance. Especially after the establishment of a Marxist regime which is clearly loyal to the Soviet Union in the southern part of Yemen. Not to mention the importance of its geographical location near one of the most important International waterways which the United States made sure that they did not fall under the control of the Soviet Union which leads eventually to a great threat for its economic and political interests. And this seems clear that Yemen has become one of the most important regions of the rivalry between the USA and the Soviet Union and that any of them ( USA and the Soviet Union ) will not stand back and watch the events and the developments that the is witnessed by the region if not its interests are exposed to the risk , because Yemen was passing by the period of the political and economic building , like the Third World countries , Washington exploited the necessary need of Sanaa for the political and economic support to overcome its problems so it used this assistance to extend its influence and protect its interests and face the Soviet union influence in the southern part of Yemen. This had resulted in an Arab cold war or the proxy war which is a clear reflection of the strained of the relations between Moscow and Washington. The importance of the subject of US politics towards the northern part of Yemen 1967 - 1979 , was the reason behind choosing it for this Master thesis , which includes an introduction and five chapters and a conclusion and appendixes. The first chapter deals with Yemeni - American relations for the period 1945 - 1967. The first section deals with the first attempts of Washington and Sanaa to establish mutual relations and sign the Treaty of Friendship and Trade in 1946 , and the second section discusses the Yemen - US relations in the era of Imam Ahmad 1948 - 1962, While the third section focuses on the relations of the two parties in the republican era in 1962 - 1967 , After the US recognition of the republican system in late 1962 , the US position of the Yemeni civil war between republicans and monarchists , cut ties between Sana'a and Washington after the June 1967 war, and Egypt's role in it. The second chapter focuses on the American politics towards Yemen after the severance of diplomatic relations in 1967, The first section deals with the deterioration of the relations between Washington and Sana'a and its interruption and the second section comes to explain the American politics towards Yemen during the stage of relations cut 1967 - 1972 , and the attempts by the Yemeni government to resume its relations with Washington. The third Section discusses the shifts of the American politics after the resumption of the Yemeni - American relations 1974 - 1972. The first section Turns to the motives of the both parties for the resumption of relations in 1972. while the second section deals with the visit of 'Rogers' to Sana'a and the US position in the war of 1972 between the two parts of Yemen. while the Third Section studies the growing of the Yemeni - US relations till the coup of Al - Hamdi. In the fourth chapter , the master thesis discusses the evolution of the American politics towards the northern part of Yemen in 1974 - 1978 , the first part deals with the US position of the return of the military rule for Yemen after the coup of al - Hamdi , and the second part is about the US position of the strained of the relations between the two parts 1978. The fifth chapter focuses on the American Policy towards the Yemeni internal developments 1978 - 1979 , the first section includes the US reaction to the arrival of Ali Abdullah Saleh to the power, while the second section is allocated to the statement of the US position in the war of 1972 between the two parts of Yemen. The Title : 1. US politics towards the northern part of Yemen. 2. US politics towards the Arab Republic of Yemen
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بنو قسي ودورهم السياسي والعسكري في الاندلس (94 - 317هـ / 712 - 929م) == Political And Martial Role Of Qassi Family In Andalus (94 - 317 A.H)(712 - 929 A.D)

Author name: نسرين خلف جوي الساعدي
Supervisor name: حسين جبار مجيتل العلياوي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Andalusi families had a great role in the Islamic history in Andalus, especially those families which inhabited the upper defile for it is the region to the borders with the Christian kingdoms. All along this defile many events happened that positively and negatively impacted the Islamic state. Therefore, to know these borders we can simply tell the size of the challenges in the region and the role that the families played in stabilizing the region or violating discipline and order there. This is what urged us to choose the Qassi family to be the core of the study. This family hadn’t received historians and researchers' attentions. Thus, we couldn't find any study which shed light on this family. The present study highlighted this family's important political and martial role, for it affected the political arena at that time. It also focused on the social sides which were not free of some political dimensions. These reflected the prevalence of some states in the Andalusi society and the break of some families and fusion of family relations between Muslims and Christians which provoked many inquiries throughout the research like the bias of some families to the Christian kingdoms against Muslims. This applies to this family. Qassy family is one of the half - breed families in Andalus which played a great role in the political and martial events in the period of its prosperity. Many prominent figures appeared in this family like; Mohammed Bin Mousa, Mohammed Bin Lub BinMousa who fought many wars against the Umayyad authority and against some of the Christian kingdoms on the border lines of this family's authority. This study falls into three chapters preceded by an introduction and followed by conclusions and appendices. The first chapter deals with the geography of the Andulsian upper defile and areas of Qassy family's authority. It also refers to the conquer of the region and the family's upper grandfather entrance into Islam, as well as the family's first time emergence into the political events arena up to 180 A.H / 796 A.D. We referred to the population structure of the region; we displayed the most important Arab, Barbarian and Half - Breed tribes in the region. Chapter two deals with the Qassy family's political role. Where we referred to the family's relation with the government of Cordoba and the latter's relation with other half - breed families and its impact on the relation the Qassy family. We referred to the widening authority of Mousa Bin Mousa and his political relationship with the Christian kingdoms. In addition, we displayed political reasons behind marriage relationships with these Christian kingdoms. We also mentioned something about the conflict between family members because of areas of authority. Chapter three covers the Qassy family's martial role up to the end of their authority on the upper defile region. We tackled their martial conflict with the Muslims and Christians, and the reasons behind their conversion from being allies to the Navar kingdom to be enemies. We talked also about their role in stopping the Norman attack on Andalus during the reign of the Umayyad Emirate.
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الواد عند العرب قبل الاسلام وموقف الاسلام منه == Infanticide Among Arabs Before Islam And The Position Of Islam Towards It

Author name: وجدان جعفر غالب الموسوي
Supervisor name: مصطفى جواد عباس
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Specialized studies in the social history of Arabs had gained a lot of attention from some researchers in order to stand at the reality of the Arab society, what was prevailing in it. Considering the fact that infanticide was one phenomenon among others that were prevailing in the Arab society, the researcher decided to dig deeper in this topic under the title (Infanticide among Arabs before Islam and the Position of Islam towards it). This research studied this phenomenon among Arabs before Islam and the position of Islam towards it as well as the tribes where infanticide had spread widely. The researcher found out that this phenomenon was limited to some Bedouin Arab tribes like (Rabie'a & Tameem). This phenomenon wasn't confined to the Arabs only, but rather it was found among other nations like (Greek, Romans, and Persians). The reason behind burying males alive could be economic, poverty, or religious, a sacrifice to the gods. However, reasons for burying females alive were numerous like; poverty, fear of the scandal of captivation and physical disability; that's why it was greater among females. It was found that other primitive nations and old religions practiced sacrificing humans to the gods. What spreaded among Arabs like sacrificing sons and burying daughters alive among Arabs shows a tight connection between religion and this phenomenon. Styles of infanticide were not confined to burying alive only; it included throwing from lofty places, drowning and slaughtering which is (the biggest infanticide). Isolation is also considered as a kind of hidden infanticide which is (the smallest infanticide). In addition, spiritual infanticide which the female had experienced is another kind of infanticide. It has been noticed that not all Arabs agreed about infanticide. Within the same tribe there are pros and cons. Other stabilized tribes gave women sublime status like naming her sons after her as in the case of the kings of Hira. Some Arab tribe leaders like (Sa'sa'a bin Najia) fought this phenomenon. He prevented burying many girls alive by sacrificing them for money This phenomenon was fought by Islam after its spread. Islam considered it as an atrocity and urged parents to raise up children especially females whose education is considered a worship that leads to paradise. Islam refuted all reasons that Arabs claimed to bury their daughters alive. It assured them the availability of their and their children's daily bread. Islam also warned parents that killing their children is a great sin and a crime. The study fall into three chapters, the first of which tackled the (Concept and origin of Infanticide), it consists of three sections, section one deals with the concept of infanticide both linguistically and idiomatically, section two deals with beginning of infanticide.(infanticide in old nations and civilizations,and the infanticide in Arab nation before Islam) , section three deals with the styles of infanticide.( big infanticide ,small infanticide,and infanticide on the moral level). Chapter two deals with the reasons behind infanticide.Both recomend the presence of girls who are mostly exchand with camels). Insteade of girls and the second one : the real sacrification of those girls who are exchanged with camels and its relationship with gambling. Chapter three focuses on the Chapontains (the position of holly Quran ,Sunnah and Ahlualbait from infanticideter three focuses on the social impacts offirst section the social impacts of infanticide and the position of Islamtwards it.and it consisits of two sections : the (the position of mother ftom infanticide and the social position (the revive of infanticide).the second section ( the position of Quran and contains (The position of holly Quran ,Sunnah ,and Ahlualbait from infanticide
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سياسة الولايات المتحدة الامريكية تجاه القضية النمساوية 1945 - 1955 == The United States Of America The Policy Of Towards The Austrian Question 1945 - 1955

Author name: تحسين علي حسين
Supervisor name: فاروق صالح العمر
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The era after the second world war witnessed a kind of competition between the united states of America and the soviet Union to control different countries in the world. Austria was one of these countries that became the stage for the conflict between the west and the east for ten years because of its important and strategic geographical position. After liberating Austria from the Nazi occupation in March 1945 , the Allies agreed to divide Austria and its capital Vienna into four Zones of occupation for the United states of America , the Soviet Union , Britain and France as a preparation to execute the treaty of independence of Austria which granted it the right of sovereignty after withdrawl of the occupying troops. However , the troops Left Austria in 1955 because of the conflict between the east and the west during the cold war. That is why most of the European historians see that the cold war started in Austria and not in Germany. The study covers the years from 1945 to 1955. 1945 was chosen as the starting point of the study because in that year , Austria was liberated from the Nazi occupation by the Allied states. Also , the researcher chose 1955 as the closing year because the treaty of Austria was signed by the four states of occupation on the 5th of March of that year. The thesis consisted of an introduction , four chapters , a conclusion and appendixes.The Study in chapter was on (( the policy of the united states of America towards Austria since Birth of the First Austrian Republic up to March 1945 )) starts in 1918 because it is the year of the Birth of the Austrian Republic out of the ruins of the Empire of Austria and Hungary after the first world war. The first section of the chapter deals with the American - Austrian relations from 1918 to 1938 when Hitler annexed Austria. The section reviews the relation between the two states and the political and economic support of the united states of America to the first Austrian Republic. Section two tackles the American policy towards Austria from 1939 to March 1945. The section focuses on the reflections of the second world war on Austria and the Position of the United states towards that war in addition to the military and political role of the United States after entering the war to liberate Austria. Chapter two(( Policy of the United States of America towards the Austria Question during Rule of President Truman from March 1945 to 1947 )) includes three sections. The chapter emphasizes the policy of the United states during the first year of occupation of Austria. Chapter three (( Policy of the United States of America towards the Austria Question during Rule of President Tru - man 1948 - 1952 )) consists of three sections and is concerned with the military , economic and political support of the United states to Austria During the Period under study in this chapter, Marshal Project came into effect in Austria and it helped a lot in recovery of the Austrian economy. Furthermore , the United states of America started in 1948 a secret plan to reconstruct the Austrian Army to be ready to defend Austria against any communist threat after signing the Austrian Treaty. Chapter four is devoted to study (( the policy of the United States of America during the Era of President Eisenhower towards the Austrian Question 1953 - 1955)). The chapter Looks into the international situation in 1953 when Eisenhower became president of the United State of America , Also , the Soviet leader Stalin died in that year and the negotiations between the Soviet Union and Austria started in that year. The chapter also sheds light on the role of the United State of America in Berlin conference in 1954 which prepared the way for the USA and USSR to agree on the treaty of Austria in April 1955. The conclusion is devoted to present the results that the researcher reached.
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معارك وغزوات الكويت ومشاركاتها الحربية (1716 - 1814) == Battles And Its Invasions Of Kuwait And Its Participatins In Wars (1716 - 1896 )

Author name: نضال خزعل غضبان الزيادي
Supervisor name: رافد عبد الرضا عيلان الخفاجي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: يهدف البحث الى دراسة معارك وغزوات الكويت ومشاركاتها الحربية ( 1716 - 1814 )، اي خلال المدة التي سبقت تولي الشيخ جابر الصباح حكم مشيخة الكويت، والتي امتازت بكثرة مشاركاته الحربية الى جانب الدولة العثمانية.. فضلا عن دراسة تاثير تلك المعارك والغزوات والمشارك | Kuwaiti modern history has been associated with many of the political events represented by wars and battles fought by the Kuwaiti tribes since their migration from Najd. Alsubah family, a branch of the tribe Utub, which have migrated up to the year 1665 from their first habitat in the Hadar located within the region of Najd to the shores of the Arabian Gulf as a result of the harsh conditions of life, and severe drought that has happened in their home areas due to Lack of rain, which caused the outbreak of tribal conflicts over grazing lands and eventually led to an exodus of large numbers of Utub tribe native to the first direction of Kuwait area, and it should be It noted that the members of this tribe before settling in Kuwait tried to settle in areas ( Al Mabraz, Al Zubarah, the coast of Persia, and Basra ), but they faced strong rejection of the population in these areas.. After a long migration, some families of Utub ( Al - Sabah, Al - Khalifa, and Al - Jalahmah ) were allowed within the year 1716, to settle near the Kuwait bay which was influenced by the tribe of Bani Khalid, a region that was not inhabited at the time. The reason I chose my study of the year 1716, as a beginning of a subject of the study is due basically that that year was the beginning of Kuwait foundation as an Emirate by Utub tribe which had many battles with different tribes to keep that Emirate. Utub tribe did its best to prove itself and quit migration life.. After settling in Kuwait , they began practicing acts of pearl diving and fishing, maritime and trade from and to India, as well as the ports of the Persian Gulf and other such as ( Basra, AL - Ahwaz, And Bahrain ). Then they divided the adminisration of the affairs of Kuwait among them. The agreement texted that Alsubah family hold presidency and its affairs by consulting others while AlKhalifa family hold the trade affairs.On the other hand , work organising affairs in the sea was entrusted by Al Jalahmah. This type of government administration was until 1766 when Alsubah family totally ruled Kuwait as a result to the migration of Al - Khalifa family and a big number of AlJalahima to Zubarah where they settled there before their occupation of the island of Bahrain with the participation of Kuwaiti rulers (Alsubah family) in 1782.. But after the year 1782, Kuwait was exposed to numerous attacks ( the most important one was the first battle occurred directly with Kuwait, known as the ( Naval battle of Rikkah ) against a coalition of AlKaab when Kuwaitis won by themselves ).. Starting in 1793, Kuwait has been subjected from time to the Wahhabi invasions, which lasted until 1896, which is the year of the study stop and the reason for this is that the year witnessed radical change in Kuwaiti policy represented by Sheikh Mubarak Alsubah's assassinating his two brothers ( Mohammad and Jarrah ) and appointed himself as a Sheikh of Kuwait.. Due to the importance above, this study is to discover one of the important political sides in the modern history of Kuwait. The study is an attempt to study those events in details and to show its effect in Kuwait as an independent Emirate and to detect the latent goals behind those events.. The study needed to divide the research into four chapters. The first chapter of the research has studied the origin of Utub tribe as a founder of the Emirate of Kuwait and presented a historical review about the origin of this tribe and its first habitat. The chapter referred to the date and the reasons of their migration from Najd up to the year 1665. It also deals with the topic of their migration to Zubarah about 1669, showing the problems happened between the tribe of Utub and the original people of Zubarah ( Al - Muslim ) which at last led to killing a man from Al - Muslim by the hand of a man from Utub. Consequently, It was the reason which made Utub migrate from Zubarah to the shores of the Arabian Gulf in 1698. The chapter always mentions their migration to Persia in 1698. They didn't settle there for a long time because they had a war with the tribe of Hola in 1701. They migrated to Basrah in the same year and settled in it for a period of time but they worked as pirates which made them have conflicts with the Ottoman empire. They were forced to leave Basrah and go to Kuwait in 1716.. The second chapter studied the Kuwait battles and participations in war ( 1716 - 1814 ) and how Utub could achieve their stability. It also studied the participation of Utub with Al - Mathkoor in the war againt Bani Kaab in 1761. It also studied the participation of Kuwait in Zubara battle in 1782, Kuwait participation with Al - Khaleefa in occupying Bahrain in 1783, and Kuwaiti battle of the naval battle of Raqqa in 1783, against a coalition of Bani Kaab and achieved victory by itself, as well as the Battle of Ibrahim bin Afissan of Kuwait in 1793, and the invasion of Manna Abu Rijlain two years in 1797, and Saoud Bin Abdel AlAziz Al - Saoud's invasion to Kuwait 1804, At last it studied the participation of Kuwait in the battle of Khkakrah in 1811.. The third chapter dealt with Kuwait war battles and participations for the period ( 1814 - 1866 ). This historical period was recognized by many Kuwaiti war participations beside the Ottoman empire such the participation of Kuwait in breaking the blockade of Basrah imposed by The tribe of Muntafiq in 1826. The chapter also studied Kuwaiti invasion to the tribe of Al - Nassar in Briam in 1827. The chapter also contains the participation of Kuwait beside the tribe of Muntafiq and Bani Kaab in the blockade of Basrah in 1831. It also studied the participation of Kuwait in the bnlockade of Zubair in 1833. It also studied the participation of Kuwait beside the Ottoman Empire in occupying the city of Mohammarah in 1837. The chapter also explainedthe Egyptian second expansion in the Arab gulf in 1838. The chapter also studied the invasion Sheik of Muntafaq , Bandar Al - Sadoun , to Kuwait in 1844. At last, the chapter studied the participation of Kuwait in the battle of Milh in 1859.. The fourth chapter studied the battles and invasions of Kuwait and war participations for the period ( 1866 - 1896 ). It mentioned the participation of Kuwait beside the Sheikh of Mohammrah, Jabir Bin Mirdaw , in his conflict with the tribe of Nassar in ( 1868 - 1869 ). It also mentions the participation of Kuwait in the Ottoman campaign on Ihsaa in 1871, referring to the decisive role done by the Kuwaiti forces participating in the campaign and the results made the campaign and its effect on Kuwait. The chapter also mentions the attempt of Saoud Bin Faisal Al - Saoud to invade Kuwait in 1873, the invasion of Mohammad Bin Abdullah Al - Rshaid to Subahiah in 1877, and the invasion of Majid Al - Duwaish to Kuwait in 1892. The chapter also mentions the participation of Kuwait in the interior conflict of Al - Dhafeer tribe in 1892. It traces the participation of Kuwait in the Ottoman campaign against Qatar in 1892, focusing on the importance of Kuwaiti financial and military support in that campaign. The chapter also mentions that Kuwait was exposed to the invasion of the tribe of Al - Saeed in 1893. It also mentions the invasion of the Saudi tribe of Bani Hajer against the Kuwaiti ships in 1894, killing many men and robbing their contents. It also mentions the participation of Kuwait beside the Ottoman empire in perusing the forces of Sheikh Al - Muntafaq, Sulaiman Mansour Al - Sadoun in 1894. Atlast it mentions the end of the study topic in the year 1896, when external and internal events happened which were the base in changing the political, social and economic situations in Kuwait when Sheikh Mubarak Al - Subah ruled Kuwait after he had killed his two brothers, Sheikhs Mohammad and Jarrah
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تصدي ائمة اهل البيت (عليهم السلام) للتحديات التي واجهت الدولة الاسلامية == Ahl - Albeit'Sthwarting For The Challenges Facing The Islamic State

Author name: محمد حنش راهي
Supervisor name: سليمة كاظم حسين
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Studying Ahl - Albeit's history (peace be upon them) is considered as one of the important topics in the Islamic history. Itdoes not mean investigating their life background, but also their considerable role they played at the level of politics, culture, economics and sociology, besides showing the scopes and attempts of these roles to protect the Islamic state from the surround danger. Thus, this is the domain and frame of the current work. It sheds light on Ahl - Albeit's roles in keeping the Islamic and celestial message and maintaining its principles and values after Prophet Mohammad's death (peace be upon him). They are regarded as the second pillar in the Islamic state. The basic aim of this work is to set things right concerning the mistaken belief that Ahl - Albeit's role was passive since they did not rule or having ascending the throne. This work shows their active participation in protecting and maintaining the Islamic beliefs and doctrines as well as saving the Islamic message from deviation. They were ready to stand against those who tried to put Islamic values and principles into jeopardy. They find solutions and take considerable decisions to put the Islamic doctrine in the safe side, whereas, other Islamic scientists face difficulties in solving these dilemmas. Accordingly, these facts embody the significance of this study. This importance ensues difficulties the researcher faces since there are two responsibilities : the first one is about historical and scientific responsibility and the second one is religious and faithful. Thus, the researcher should be objective in presenting and discussing this matter. This rises a difficulty especially for a researcher in Islamic historical matters. There is another problem in this study which is that this work has not been discussed in its particulars as an academic field of inquiry, though some aspects of the topic was discussed but from a different perspective. This study with the title 'Ahl - Albeit's Thwarting For the Challenges Facing The Islamic State' includes the period extends the prophet's death in 11 H.D. /632 A.D. , up to 260 A.H. /874 A.D which is the period of Imam Al - Askary's death (peace be upon them all). The nature of study, with its diverse pieces of information, is divided into three chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter is entitled "Thwarting The Political Deviation". It is divided into three sections. The first section is devoted to explaining the ways of maintaining the ruling line (the ruler)such as giving advice, also this section includes a discussion about an example taken from Imam Hussein's Revolution as a successful attempt to set religious things right especially the guidance in Islam. It also explicates Ahl - Albeit's role in supporting the protesting revolutions. Finally, this section closes with mentioning their attempts in making all people participate in the reformation of Islamic leadership via emphasizing the matter of enjoining kindness and forbidding iniquity inside the society. Section two is entirely concerned with Ahl - Albeit's thwarting for the challenges that the military and administrative institutionssuffered from and these having a direct relation with the Islamic government and the ruler himself. The third section of chapter one deals with their thwarting against temptations through a lot of techniques. Chapter two focuses on their roles to stand against the intellectual challenges. It includes two sections, one of them is concerned with their role in thwarting for the politics of not writing the prophet's sayings and how they contributed to keep these pious speeches and quotes and as a result, they become the source for the Moslems indispensible for organizing their ways of life. Section two is primarily built upon their contribution to a lot of intellectual trends which are aberrant attempting to distort the Islamic doctrine. Chapter three is entitled 'Thwarting the economic and social challenges', and falls into two sections. The first one is concerned with Ahl - Albeit's successful attempts to thwart the economic challenges facing the Islamic state when the government were unable to find solution for such challenges. Section twois about the social challenges especially when they stand against the racial discrimination practiced by some authorities and governments in their treatments. Also they rejected and thwarted the behavioral and moral deviations that are against the principles of the Islamic state. Finally, conclusion shows the main results of this and how the aim is attained throughout the discussion of various thwarts
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الامام علي بن موسى الرضا (عليه السلام) (148 هـ - 203 هـ / 765 - 818 م) : دراسة تاريخية == Al - Imam Ali Bin Musa Al - Ridha ( Peace Upon Him 148 - 203 A.H / 765 - 818 A.D) : A Historical Study

Author name: اياد صالح عاصي التميمي
Supervisor name: جواد كاظم منشد النصر الله
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study attempts to shed light on the Character of Ali Bin Musaa Al - Ridha. He is considered to be the 8 th Imam of Ehl al - Bayt. Most of the the scholars agree upon the high and Valuable Status of Imam Ali Bin Musaa AL - Ridh. ( peace upon him).The Present study is divided into an introduction , four chapters , and conclusion. The first Chapter tackles Imam`s Life and his biography. It contains three sections. Section one deals with his birth , kinship , generation , surname , honorific titles , and his ring engraved. The second section devotes to the psychological dimensions of Imam`s in Character. While section three present Imam`s personal The second Chapter of this study show the intellectual role of Imam Ali Bin Musaa Al - Ridha. This Chapter has five sections. section one deals with Imam`s scientific statue that presents his teachers and students and the scientist's opinion towed Imam. The second section give the Imam`s mental debates. the third section states the Imam`s role in theology. the fourth section explores the Imam`s narrations concerning altars alhadith , and fiqh. the last section of this Chapter attempts to reveal the Imam`s role in defending the true Islam. The Third Chapter discusses the Imam`s political role. This Chapter has three sections. The first section explains the Imam`s political era and relationship with many of Caliphates in that era. The second section deals with the Imam`s attitude towaed armed movements. The third section explains the sort of relation between Imam Ali Bin Musaa Al - Ridha and mandate of the covenant ( Wilayat aleahd ).Finally , Chapter four reviews the political developments in Abbasi Stat after the period of wilayat aleahd. It contains three section. Section one discusses the Imam`s echo in the provinces of Abbasi state. the second section focuses the attention upon Mamon`s change of his public policy. the third section explains the martyrdom of Imam Ali Bin Musaa Al - Ridha ( Peace upon him ).
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كعب الاحبار (550م - 654م/70ق.هـ - 34هـ) : دراسة تاريخية == Ka’B El - Ahbar (550A.D - 654 A.D / 70 B.H - 34 A.H) Historical Study

Author name: عقيل يوسف سعود السلطان
Supervisor name: عادل هاشم علي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study investigates the figure of Ka'b El - Ahbar who is a jewish cleric from Humair Yemeni tribe. He converted into Islam during Omar ibn Al - Khattab. He managed to be one of those near to Omar and Othman ibn Effan due to his knowledge in Torah.which was inspired by God to Moses. Authorities consulted him as an alternative to fill the ideological gap out of the prevention of spreading the prophet's Hadith. So he was a filler for that gap. He was narrating the jewish morals and stories of Torah. Omar and Othman considered him as their political and financial advisor. When people began to revolt against Othman, Ka'b decided to to move to Al Sham ruled by Mu'awiyya bin Abi Sufyan who was its governor. Because Al Sham was regarded as an ideological and religious heritage for jews, Mu'awiyya and Ka'b had the same objective to insert and tell alot of narrations glorifying Al Sham.This study consisted of an introduction, preliminaries, three chapters and conclusions.In the preliminaries, there was a historical approach to the jewish existence in the most important places in Al Jazeerah Al Arabiyyah such as Hijaz and Yemen. Furthermore , it deals with the basic opinions of this existence and the titles of the jews during their history. The Torah was also explained because it was the major reference of Ka'b and a short explanation of the important jewish sects.The first chapter deals with the life of Ka'b : the personal, his islam, his scientific position. It consisted of three sections. The first section deals with his name, surname, nickname, his birth, death and his burial place. It also talks about his family, relatives, tutors and his pupils. The second one contains the narrations given by Ka'b and his rationale of being Muslim. The third section shows his scientific position in the jewish and Islamic religions and the formal and informal attitudes of Ka'b by the followers and the opinions of the recent researchers.The second chapter explains Ka'b's relations with the authority. It consisted of three sections. The first section deals with the relation of the prophet Mohammed (peace upon him) with the Christians and the jews and his attiude from their knowledge. It also shows the position of the prophet and the Caliphs and Sultans after him. The second section deals with Ka'b ' relation with the Caliph Omar and its basic features : his political consultation, his narrating of stories and Fatwas. It also deals with Omar's position from Ka'b 's perspective and Ka'b relation with Omar's murder. The second one shows Ka'b relation with Othman and the consultations with him in the financial matters and alms giving distributions. In addition, it touches upon the oppositions towards these interferences. The third section deals with Ka'bs's relation with Mu'awiyyah and his departure to Al Sham with the reasons of Ka'b's going to Mu'awiyyah and the feaures of that relation with its effects on the narrations of Ka'b in Al Sham.The third chapter deals with Ka'b's narrations and its effects on Islam. It is divided into three sections. The first section deals with the historic narration in Ka'b such as the beginning of creation, prophets ' history and past nations. The second one shows the dogma narration according to Ka'b. It has three parts : the first one deals with monotheism in Ka'b's narrations which were characterized with anthropomorphism. The second part includes the prophets' impeccability in Ka'b's narrations and sins committed by prophets.This is close to what jews said in Torah. In addition, this section deals with doomsday in Ka'b's narration. The third section studies the forthcoming narration in Ka'b at the end of the world in Al Mahdi, the Christ and the quack. This section sheds light on the salvation case or the universal savior in the jewish and Islamic ideology and the narrations of Ka'b as a jew in this regard after his conversion into Islam.The conclusion contains the most important results arrived at in this study.
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موقف عشائر جنوب العراق من الاحتلال البريطاني للعراق 1914 - 1918 == The Position Of The Tribes Southern Iraq From British Occupation Of Iraq 1914 - 1918

Author name: حسن موات حسين الفرطوسي
Supervisor name: جعفر عبد الدائم بنيان المنصور
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: When erupted the First World War 1914 - 1918 and the declaration of war between the Ottoman and British Fmpire , she was Clans third the power of her position on the floor worrying for both parties (the Ottoman - British), and the British command deems a contributing factor in the war against the Ottomans, due to the recent persecution of those clans. Now that the national spirit for those clans have proved the opposite, as it rushed the men to do what is most precious in order to repel the British occupation of the homeland, it has had a major role in the resistance to the British occupation of Iraq, as the Ottoman authorities mainly relied on those tribes to repel the British occupation of Iraq. In spite of having a lot of research and academic Which I studied History of Iraq Modern and Contemporary with all the political aspects, economic, social and administrative, but no one was highlighted and the kind of detail on the position of the tribes of southern Iraq from British occupation during the First World War, 1914 - 1918.The letter came to cover the period of time the task of Iraq's history during the twentieth century, as well as to document and demonstrate the spirit Jihadist and true citizenship and absolute loyalty to the homeland, which surpasses all tribal loyalties and ethnic and sectarian The message came with an introduction, three chapters and a conclusion and seven appendices and a summary in English. The message chapters discussed the position of the tribes of southern Iraq from British occupation 1914 - 1918 as devoted the first chapter as an introduction to the review of the most important tribes in southern Iraq and the position of the Ottoman occupation and the influence of British authority 1869 - 1914. The second chapter the British occupation from 1914 to 1918 for Iraq and the role of tribes in southern Iraq in response to this occupation through active participation in the battles against the army of the British occupation forces and also their participation in front of Ahwaz. the third chapter Me studying the British administration in the era of occupation from 1914 to 1918 and the position of the tribes in southern Iraq, including 0, with which he discussed the formation of the British civil administration and how it has been by this management the most important administrative procedures that facilitate the process of the control of the occupation of southern Iraq areas and how the clans of southern Iraq, the position of this administration. The message has reached the most important results, as demonstrated tribes in southern Iraq national position of rejecting the Ottoman and British occupation with. as shown Ottoman neglect of Iraq only to Interests narrow. The inability of British influence in general stand, Which has expanded in Iraq because of the strategic and economic importance, as events proved the existence of effective national leadership, whether clerics or tribal leaders the leaders of this resistance and the extent of the commitment and obedience to the families of southern Iraq to references religion in Najaf
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الامام الحسين بن علي (عليه السلام) : دراسة تاريخية تحليلية في جوانب من سيرته == Imam Hussian : Analytical And Historical Study In His Biography

Author name: حسين نعمة ابراهيم البوهلاله
Supervisor name: نزار عزيز حبيب الخاقاني
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The current work aims showing and tracing Imam Hussein's lifetime since he is considered as the most pious and sacred figure on earth second in rank to his grandfather, Prophet Mohammad, and his parents, (peace be upon them). When I started writing about him, I gathered ten chapters about the details of his life, but finally, I settled on only two chapters to be included in this dissertation. I reviewed more than 750 sources, but these do not cover all the details of incidents in his life. Thus, I started writing about the ceremony of his birth and aspects of his personal moments as well as the moments he spent with his grandfather. The dissertation ends with the story of his assault. It also includes details about his wife and sons besides his role with his father and his brother as well as against Muawiya and Yeizeed. This also comprises something about his intellectual, social and moral aspects from his life. The present work consists of five chapters. Every chapter has a number of sections concerned with analytical and historical matters in his life. 1. Imam Hussein is the guardian and trustee as well as the supposed Caliph and Imam on earth and all others should obey and follow his orders, and also they must love him and being loyal to him. He is also mentioned in a number of verses in Quran. 2. The prophet said on behalf of Imam Hussein that " Allah loves Imam Hussein more than I do". The prophet also added a lot of sayings concerning Imam Hussein and Imam Hassan (peace be upon them) such as "Allah ordered me to love them and love those who love them", besides other sacred sayings showing his position and value in the prophet's life and Islam in general. 3. There are a number of sayings rendered by Prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him and his offspring) concerning Imam Hussein's great position and importance such as " Hussein is from me and I am from him". Chapter two is mainly devoted to the moments of his birth when his grandfather was present during his birth - giving. The prophet had done the requirements of birth ceremonies such as calling prayers in his ears in the first day then he named him " Hussein" and no one else had ever the same name, and this was an order from Allah to be called with this. Also, The prophet had done the ceremonies in the seventh day of after his birth such as shaving and doling with his cut hair with equal weight of silver, then he had done the circumcision for him, after that, he sacrificed for him one lamb nicknaming him after that with "Abi Abdullah". He was being suckled by his mother only, and sometimes sucking his grandfather's thump and tongue as part of blessing. Chapter three is totally devoted to his personal information such as his pedigree who are so pure in that they had worshipped Allah only following the prophet Ibrahim (peace be upon him" and their mother offspring were totally immaculate and devout. He comes from a devout mother nicknamed with a lot of good references. He is also referred to with a lot of nicknames. In addition, this chapter explains a lot about his clothes and blessed rings with inscriptions. Chapter four illustrates Imam Hussein's life time during the presence of His grandfather, Prophet Mohammad. It discussed five points : 1. Imam Hussein's flesh, blood and bones belong to Prophet Mohammad's, thus, he is similar to him in all things such as at the level of thinking and morals. Accordingly, when he came in front of his enemies in the tenth day of Ashur, he wore his grandfather's turban and armor as well as riding his horse carrying the sword of Thu - Alfiqar. He told them that they would be fighting the prophet if they fight him now. 2. This chapter also mentions and shows seven suspicions made by Ahl - Beit's enemies concerning the prophet's close relationship with Imam Hussein. These suspicions were answered with reason and analytical responses providing instances showing how the prophet was dealing with Hassan and Hussein (peace be upon them). Some of these suspicions were about carrying them to praying in Fridays and how they were playing upon his back, or the prophet was kissing Husseins's penis, beides other types of behaviors. Chapter five is written to conclude the whole work starting with his birth and ending with his assault. It also mentions his wives and sons in terse. According to the historical context, the following points are about the lifetime of Imam Hussein's (Peace be upon him) : 1. He was martyred in the tenth day in Ashur in Karbala in 61 A. H. after the midday praying in Friday with the age of 56. 2. The names of his wives and sons : a. Layla gave birth to Ali Al Akbar.b. Shah Zanan gave birth to Ali Alsajad.c. Al Rabab gave birth to Abdullah, the infant. d. Salama Al Qathiya gave birth to Jaafar and died while Imam Hussein was still alive. e. Um Isaac gave birth to Fatima. He has no sixth wife as others claimed. The sources mentioned that he has three daughters : Fatima, Sukeina and Zainab
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كتاب المـــواعـــظ والاعتبار في ذكر الخطط والاثار لتقي الدين احمد بن علي بن عبد القادر المقريزي (845هـ - 1442م) مصدرا لدراسة الاحوال الدينية والاجتماعية في الدولة الفاطمية (358هـ - 567هـ / 968م - 1171م) == Sermons Book In Mentioning Plans And Relics Of Ahmed Bin Ali Maqrizi (845AH - 1442AH) As A Source For The Study Of Religious And Social Conditions In The Fatimid State

Author name: عمار عبد الامير محمد السلامي
Supervisor name: علاء كامل صالح العيساوي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The book of sermons and mind to mention the effects of the plans written by Taqi Al - Din Ahmad ibn Ali Maqrizi important sources it represents an advanced stage in the writing of history in a manner plans, it has made maqrizi a great effort provided him with all his energies, and hired him to various sources, until it became an important point of reference for those who wanted to research and authorship on Egypt at various times, and in all aspects of political, economic, physical and social life and religious. The Egyptian community in the era of multi - religions and doctrines of the Fatimid state, since muslims are the majority, and they belong to the various Shiite and sunni muslim sects.Noon shiism in Egypt by the sunni sects, as the Egyptians were loyal to the front of Ali bin Abi Tabli ((Peace be upon them)), and they were many, love and loyalty to the Ahl Al - bayt ((Peace be upon them)), and sectarian Shiite bases are Ismailia, is the view of the Fatimid rulers of Egypt, and Twelver.The Sunni sects in Egypt they tap shafi’I, maliki, and Hmpelah, and the sunnis are free sectarianism in the Fatimid era, it emerged as the senior scholars, in addition to assuming important positions in the state.In addition to the muslims were Christians and jews, as it was christain religion that has spread in Egypt since the first century AD followed by the egyptains, and the jews was the beginning of their presence since the era of prophet Yusuf ((Pease be upon him)), and it was Christians and jews enjoy religious freedom, they have occupied important positions in the country.The followers of religions in Egypt, places of worship, as it was in Egypt, a large number of mosques, the most important mosque, the old, Ibn Tolon mosque, the mosque of the military, and in the era of the fatimeds was built a number of mosques, the most important of Al - Azhar mosque, an Al - Hakm mosque, in addition to the holy shrines and the most important place of the head of Imam Hussein ((Peace be upon him)), the shrine of sayeda Nafisa ((Peace be upon her)), the shrine of zaid shahid ((Peace be upon him)), and the shrine of sayeda Kulthum ((Peace be upon her)), and it was for christians monasteries and churches scattered in Egypt, and Jews had their churches.The Demographics of Egypts consists of copts, Arabs, Berbers, Sudan, Turk, Daylam, and the Interview.Both faiths had their festivals that celebrate it, was of the most important muslim holiday Eid al - fitr, Eid al - Adha, Eid al - Ghadeer, and suitable day of Ashura, and it was the most important festivals of Christian holiday Christmas, holiday of Passover, Fest of the Annvnciation, the feast palm Sunday, and it was the most important jewish festivals of the top holiday month, the feast of unleavened bread, and the festival umbrealla.
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صحيفة النداء وموقفها من الاجتياح العراقي للكويت (11 اب - 30 كانون الاول - 1990) == The Attitude Of Al - Ned,A From The Iraqi Invension To Kuwait 11 - 30 Aug 1990

Author name: زيدون محمد راضي
Supervisor name: جاسم محمد هايس
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In addition, it clarifies, in survey the beliefs and the administrative systems of ancient India before the arrival of Islam.
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المراسيم الدينية للدولة الفاطمية في مصر (358 - 567هـ/968 - 1171م) == Religious Edicts Of The Fatimid State In Egypt )8 : 3 - : ;5H/8;3 - 1151M)

Author name: مها عبد الله نجم الشرقي
Supervisor name: سليمة كاظم حسين
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Independent political entities sprung from Abbassidian succession in Morocco and Egypt as Aghaliba state in Kairouan, Adarrissa in Fas, Omayyads in Andalusia and Akhishidia and Tolonia in Egypt, besides others such as those which are originated in the East (Al - Tahiryia and Al - Safaryia states) which exploited the fragility of Abbassidian state and their remoteness from this state. As a result, Fatimidian entity appeared and they rules under the doctrine of being descended from Prophet Mohammad (peace be upon him and his offspring). Their state lasted approximately two centuries spreading their influence towards east and west. It had its own features and culture contesting Abbassidian state in the Islamic world.There is no doubt that the Fatimids had reached their supreme power and glory when they moved to Egypt. They initiated special liturgies and religious services representing an important aspect of their civilization for their state and policy. One of these services is the religious one. These services are practices concerning religious traditions that had spread throughout Egypt during their ruling period. They had their own ways of celebration which included the whole classes of people at that time since these religious practices were considered as an important historical prospect and reflecting the cultural aspect of their lives and behaviors. This activity acquired an essential level of importance in comparison with the long ruling period. Thus, it is essential to pay attention to this state and its religious routine and how it originated great cultural traces. Through these religious services, one can look forward for the nature of their social life.The current work comprises an introduction and four chapters and a conclusion. The introduction is concerned with the defining the subject of investigation and mentioning the basic sources used in the thesis.Chapter one is devoted to present and explain the general religious services. Chapter two is mainly concerned with illustrating the Fatimids' emphasis on the idea of being followers to Ahl - Albeit (peace be upon them) via focusing on holding celebrations that indicate their alliance to them especially those that are continuously being held during Moharram and those that rejoice different occasions such as Eid al - Ghadeer and the declaration for Ali's alliance since this prospect is considered as the catalyst for their legislation in Succession, besides other religious festivals such as the birth of Prophet Mohammad and his daughter Fatima (peace be upon them) as well as the Imam Ali and his two sons (peace be upon them).Chapter three is mainly attributed to mention the national Egyptian festivals previous to the arrival of Fatimids to Egypt such as celebrating the Nile alliance and the gulf breaking. This chapter also explains the celebrations held by ahl - Althoma in that the Fatimidian era is seen as the golden age for them. Chapter four is a presentation of the influence of those festivals upon the Egyptian society socially, economically and culturally when poetry and prose flourished at that time.Finally, the conclusion explains the results and facts from the cultural level left after the deterioration of the fatimidian state and the emergence of Aiubians who tried hard to destroy that culture.
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القضية الفلسطينية وانعكاساتها على احداث الوطن العربي 1970 - 1982 == The Palestinian Issue And Its Impact On The Events Of The Arab World 1970 - 1982

Author name: اروى نوري نديم المياحي
Supervisor name: هلال ثجيل جلوي الخفاجي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The message deals with the Palestinian issue …reflection on the events of the Arab world , for the period from the events of September 1970 AD , in Jordon , And the October war with Israel first , and followed the camp David treaty and its repercussions onthe Arab world and the conclusion of the Lebanese and their impact on the overall Arab history of war and also the Israel occupation of Lebanon in 1982 AD. The message had been reached among the results , but the most important is that the Palestinian.Issue has a dual effect on Arab situation and events either directly or indirectly. As well as the most prominent Israeli army defect in the fact of guerrilla war fare , Which the Israeli army is not fluent in dealing suffered big losses as the peace process led by Egypt did not come to a comprehensive peace did not stand in dependent of the chain wars swept the region. As Lebanon came under two bread categories in the year 1978 AS and 1982Ad , but Israel did not achieve its targets of these attacks , either militarily shaken the prestige and power of the Israeli army to the public , The Israeli and international public opinion. criticism of the regime's policies. Numerous journalists were dropped from the party or arrested last month. In February Sadat launched his diplomatic initiative, the main elements of which were Hafiz Ismail's visits to the Soviet Union and the United States. Sadat was roundly criticized in some Arab circles for opening a dialogue with the United States, especially after the news leaked that the US was preparing to continue supplying Israel with large quantities of arms and production facilities for aircraft.The Content of the Speech Sadat began his two and one - half hour speech by 124 Foreign Relations, 1969 - 1976, Volume XXV 50. Memorandum From Director of Central Intelligence Schlesinger to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger)iWashington, April 16, 1973. SUBJECT : Israeli Estimates of Egypt's Present Military Intentions Recent assertions regarding the probability of Egyptian military moves against Israel are in conflict with the assessment the Israeli military intelligence has provided the United States as recently as the end of last week. Other indicators of Egyptian military intentions remain negative. On 12 April 1973, General Shalev, Deputy Chief of Israeli Military Intelligence, told the American Defense Attache' in Tel Aviv that he does not believeEgyptian President Sadat has made a decision to renew hostilities against Israel or that he will decide to do so in the near term. Shalev outlined at considerable length his reasons for reaching this conclusion despite certain recent developments in the Egyptian military, notably the transfer from Libya to Egypt of Libyan Mirage V aircraft, which have given rise to questions about present Egyptian intentions. A copy of the Defense Attache"s report of this conversation with Shalev is provided as Attachment A2 to this memorandum. Attachment B 118 Foreign Relations, 1969 - 1976, Volume XXV (Memorandum of conversation, March 8; ibid.) Regarding the Soviet paper handed to Kissinger by Brezhnev during Kissinger's April 1972 visit to Moscow, see Foreign Relations,1969 - 1976, volume XIV, Soviet Union, October 1971 - May 1972, Document 141, footnote 5. On March 14, Brezhnev sent Nixon a message describing his talks in Moscow with Egypt's Minister of War, Ahmed Ismail, who had expressed the Egyptian Government's serious concern with the absence of any progress toward a peace settlement. Egypt had been subjected to Israeli aggression for six years and Arab lands were still occupied by Israel. Ismail had declared that although it preferred a peaceful settlement , the Egyptian Government was coming to the conclusion that military confrontation with Israel might become unavoidable. Therefore, Egypt had to prepare itself for the possibility of a new military clash. Brezhnev concluded his message by saying that he wanted to emphasize again the seriousness of the developing situation in the Middle East and to draw the President's attention to the necessity of taking constructive steps in order to prevent such a confrontation. Brezhnev argued that such a turn of events would not only cause irreparable damage to the countries in the region but hurt other countries as well. Therefore, much depended on having the Soviet Union and the United States take "agreed steps directed at settlement of the Middle East situation."(National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Kissinger Office Files, Box 70,5 Country Files, Europe, USSR, Exchangeof Notes Between Dobrynin and Kissinger, Vol. 5) January 2 - October 5, 1973 123 42. Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixom Washington, March 30, 1973. SUBJECT : Fuller Analysis of President Sadat's Speech The Daily Brief has contained the main points in President Sadat's speech of March 26. This memo includes a more extensive discussion and analysis, and excerpts of the section on foreign policy are attached.2Background Sadat has been struggling with troublesome domestic problems since last fall. Student riots in January were followed by press 1. Memorandum From Richard T. Kennedy of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger)l Washington, January 2, 1973. SUBJECT : Secret Jordan - Egyptian Negotiations At Tab A2 is a memorandum from Director Helms conveying detailed information on secret negotiations between a representative of King Hussein andPresident Sadat which took place on 17 December. The key item is Sadat's assertion that he has decided Egypt must launch a war of attrition against Israel. Zayd Rifai represented King Hussein at the talks which took place in Cairo. In essence, the King proposed that Egypt and Jordan resume diplomatic relations and that they work together through political efforts to force a settlement on Israel. Rifai stated that the Arabs cannot risk another full scale war with Israel. He argued that the Soviets, having reached an understanding with the U.S. , do not wish to do anything that might jeopardize their newly - established working relationship with the Americans.Thus, according to Rifai, the United States is the only country in a position to break the present impasse and force the Israelis to withdraw from occupied Arab territories. Rifai informed Sadat that it is for this reason that on King Hussein's last visit to WashingtonS he attempted to take the problem out of State Department channels and bring it to President Nixon's office. Sadat expressed pleasure at Hussein's initiative in sending an emissary to meet him. He denied having any direct contacts with President Nixon's representatives but he said that he had received letters from President Nixon, all of which he had answered. Sadat told Rifai that he disagreed with Hussein on the Soviet role in the Middle East, asserting that Moscow does have a role to play inbringing about a solution to the Middle East problem , even though it is secondary to the role played by the United States. Sadat informed Rifai that his major disagreement with Hussein's views is in regard to the question of war versus political pressure on Israel. Sadat stated that he is absolutely convinced that the only way to force Israel to surrender the occupied territories is by renewing a war of attrition. He said that he had carefully calculated the cost to Egypt of starting such a war and he believes that it can be sustained. By hitting hard and deep inside Israel and by inflicting a sizeable number of civilian casualties on a regular basis, Egypt could force Israel into deciding that it is better to surrender the occupied territories. Sadat also told Rifai that under no circumstances should Jordan in any way become involved in Egypt's war of attrition because the Israelis would quickly overrun the East Bank and destroy the Jordanian army. Sadat also pushed aside Rifai's question about resuming normal diplomatic relations betweenJordan and Egypt. Sadat closed by telling Rifai that he would have some thoughts to convey to Hussein on what he could say to President Nixon about Egypt.
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