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تحضير اغشية قابلة للاكل من قشور الروبيان وتوصيفها واستعمالها في اطالة حفظ الجبن الابيض الطري العراقي == Preparation of Edible Film from Shrimp shell and it Characterization and use it in extending Iraqi Soft Cheese shelf life

Author name: حسن كاظم علي الكناني
Supervisor name: علي خضير جابر الركابي | علاء جبار عبد ال منهل
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Prepared types of Chitosan designated as (A,B,C,D) that prepared from chitin the extracted from shrimp shells Penaeus semisulcatus by treatment chemical different. Different this types the physiochemical characteristics, using in Preparation edible film form simple and Composite with whey proteins. Properties edible film physical and chemical barrier and were studied, there use it in extending Iraqi Soft Cheese shelf life .The results showed studying contain chemical of shrimp shells high parentage moisture and protein and ash 65.77% and 34.25% and 37.48% respectively while parentage chitin 20.11% and fat 8.16%.Analyze composition chemical the chitin of parentage moisture 5.8% and protein 3.2% and ash 3.3% and fat 2%.Give chitosan A high the yield 15.01% while decrease for types other B,C,D 14.23,13.3,11.18% respectively. Composition chemical the types of chitosan A,B,C,D , high parentage moisture and ash and fat for chitosan A comparing types other(11.6%,1.75%,0.95%) respectively and were types B(9.28%,1.15%,0.76%) and C(7.55%,0.78%,0.54%) and D(6.13%,0.43%,0.36).Showed of chitosan D high parentage Degree of Deacetylation 85.16% while (62.51,75.82,80.12)% for chitosan B,C,D respectively. Molecular weight decrease for chitosan D 897 kDa and increase for types chitosan other was high for chitosan A 1753 kDa. It was observed that a relationship is existed between physiochemical and functional characteristics for each type of chitosan.The nitrogen content , solubility, water and fat binding capacity increased with higher rate of Deacetylation Offset by a decrease in molecular weight and viscosity. Showed chitosan D high rate nitrogen 7.22% and solubility 95.16% some shown high value for water binding capacity 700% was lower for chitosan A 581% some give chitosan D high for fat binding capacity compared by types other was higher with ricinus oil 665% andgive rate different with almond oil and flower sun oil and Olive oil(621,551,526)% respectively. Decrease viscosity for chitosan D 62.84 centipoise while was (78.99,88.45,98.73) centipoises for chitosan A,B,C respectively. Showed of chitosan activity inhibitory for bacteria gram negative higher positive was rate inhibitory for bacteria E.coli وsp.Pseudomonas و%100 and %88 and %100 and %100 at concentrations 1250 and 2500 um/m respectively while rate inhibitory for bacteria gram positive Staphylococcus aureus وcereus Bacillus وBacillus subtilis %95.51 and %100 and %79.21 and %78.7 and %91.54 and %9.53 at concentrations 1250 and 2500 um/m respectively. Show the results cycle chitosan in inhibitory growth mulds of increase rate inhibitory with increase concentration was at concentration 2500 um/m 67.71% and 51.89% for muld Penicillium .sp and Aspergillus niger respectively. Shown higher activity antioxidation at concentration10 um/m from chitosan 72.85% compared for activity antioxidation industrial 78.89%. Preparation films simple from chitosan type B,C,D while eliminating treatment A characterized with self - standing, transparent, tasteless and odorless, clear, homogenous, bendable, glossy and flexible. Increase film thickness chitosan B compared by chitosan D,C 0.044,0.046, 0.048 mm respectively at concentration 1% and glycerol by rate 30%. Shown higher value for tensile strength for chitosan B reach 46.55 Mega Pascal lower was for chiosan D reach 34.19 Mega Pascal and decrease tensile strength with increase concentration the glycerol. Give chitosan D higher percentage elongation at break 22.44% lower was for chitosan B reach in 18.71% increase percentage elongation at break with increase concentration the glycerol .Range rate Solubility of simple chitosan film in water between higher Solubility for treatment D 17.24% and lower for treatment B 10.51% and increase Solubility with increase concentration the glycerol. Range Water vapour permeability between 10..32 - 13.59 gm· mm/m2 h .k Pascal. Composite films It is easy to be removed from the mold. Thefilm were fine texture and the transparent of the films was lowered and it has taken the color of whey protein. increasing tensile strength composite films with whey protein with increased whey protein concentration from 0.5 - 1% with reached 22.34 - 26.73 Mega Pascal while the decrease percentage elongation of composite films with increased whey protein concentration from 0.5 - 2% reach 21.45 - 15.31%. Range The percentage of water solubility was for composite films 21.15 - 36.37% and increase Water vapour permeability for Composite films with increased whey protein concentration from 14.71 - 26.65 gm.mm m²/ h. k Pascal . Shown results Coating of Soft cheese by films chitosan the simple(T3) and compound (T4) activity in percentage lost moisture decreased during time storage14 day on heat 5 - 7C excellent treatment (T3) in treatment (T4) percentage lost moisture decreased 36.50% and 32.03% respectively . Increase rate protein in Soft cheese and all treatments during storage 19.83 and 19.69 and 19.28 and 19.71% for treatments T1,T2,T3,T4 respectively. Decrease in PH during time storage 5.45,5.50,5.65,5.60 for treatments T1,T2,T3,T4 respectively. Get increase in rate in soluble nitrogen to total nitrogen for treatments T1,T2,T3,T4 reached 4.97,4.94,3.02,3.14% after weeks from storage. Decreased of peroxide value by cheese coated by films chitosan simple and coated compared cheeses uncoated. Total bacterial counts were generally higher in uncoated cheese in comparison with cheese samples coated with chitosan. Bacterial total numbers in treated samples of Soft cheese were decreased with an approximate average of 1 - 2 log CFU/g in comparison with uncoated Soft cheese. And decreased average of Psychrophilic , proteolytic ,lipolytic , coliform bacteria in coated cheese of all treatments in comparison with uncoated Soft cheese and too molds were decreased in average numbers coated cheese of all treatments in comparison with uncoated Soft cheese. .The results of examination revealed no Staphylococcus aureus growth of this group. The results showed the sensoryevolution of samples : coated and non - coated, the high value was observed in pieces cheeses coated , because it get the high evaluation sensory from where (color , outside appearance, body and texture, taste and flavor) degree from the judges as compared with non - coated pieces.

استجابة نبات الذرة الصفراءZea mays L. للتلقيح ببكتريا الازوتوباك Azotobacter chroococcum في التربة المعاملة بالمادة العضوية ومستويات من النتروجين == RESPONSE OF CORN (Zea mays L.) TO INOCULATION WITH (Azotobacter chroococcum )IN SOIL TREATED WITH ORGANIC MATTER AND NITROGEN

Author name: حسن علي طاهر الهلالي
Supervisor name: عبد الزهرة طه ظاهر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Twelve isolates of Azotobacter as free nitrogen fixing bacteria were isolated from rhizosphere of different plants and soils in (Thi - Qar and Basrah province) ,two strains were brought from (Thi - Qar university - College of Sciences) and one strain was brought from Ministry of Agriculture ( imported from Italy), all strains were diagnosed by studying biochemical , microscopical and morphological characteristcs .strains (A1,A21and AB) gave maximam efficiency of nitrogen fixation then were used for inoculanting seeds of corn.Agricultural experiment was carried out during spring season 2014 in research station of College of Agriculture - Basrah University in loam soil using CRD design with three replicates to study response of corn for inoculation with Azotobacter intergraded with organic fertilizer (0, 30) ton hectar - 1 and nitrogen fertilizer levels(0,80,120and160) kg N hectar - 1of which represented of (0,50,75,100)% of recommended completed of nitrogen fertilizer(160)kg N hectar - 1.After tow months of growing ,plants were scythed .then dried and estimated : heigh plant, length of root , dry weigh for plant and root, (N,P,K) uptake in plant and root , number of Azotobacter, total residual nitrogen in soil polts.Results obtained from this study : - 1 - A1 locally isolate showed superiority over the rest used isolates in height plants , length root,dry weight of plant and root, (N) uptake in vegetative part in corn and soil total nitrogen residual percentage 18.3%,56.1%,13.6%,64.4%, 56.9% respectively compared with control.2 - Use treatment(A1N2M1) lead to increase height plants , length root,dry weight of plant and root, (N) uptake in vegetative part in corn, number of Azotobacter and soil total nitrogen residual 3 - A21 strain showed superiority over the rest used strains in phosphorus and potash uptake of vegetative part percentage 62.6% and 61.2% respectively.4 - Treatment(A21N2M1) excelled significantlly in phosphorus and potash uptake of vegetative and root of plant .5 - Inculation whith three isolates and adding organic matter (singular or mixed) lead to significant increase all characteristcs studied.

تاثير بعض مضادات الاكسدة ومدة الخزن في الصفات النوعية والقابلية الخزنية لثمار الموز Musa spp. == Effect of Antioxidants and Duration of Storage on Quality Characteristics and Storage Ability of Banana Fruits Musa spp

Author name: حسن عبد الامير علي المايح
Supervisor name: عباس مهدي جاسم | ايمان عبد العالي السريح
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Studies were conducted at the private cold storage for ripening and maturation of Banana in Al - Basrah province to study the effect of two Antioxidant types (Citric acid and Ascorbic acid) and stages of maturing on fruits on organoleptic , quality and improvement storage ability of banana fruits (Musa spp.) var. Rosa at different storage periods.The study included two separate experiments to study the effect of different concentrations of antioxidants on Banana fruits during maturing and ripening stages , the fruits treated by three concentrations of Ascorbic and Citric acids in addition to the control treatment at different storage periods. A factorial experiments by using Completely Randomized Design (C.R.D.) with three replicates (21 fruit/replicate) and the comparison was done using least significant difference at 5% level for analyses the results of maturing study. Results can be summarized as follows : - First Experiment : 1 - The 300 ppm concentration of Ascorbic and Citric acids treatments and duration storage 7 days and their interaction significantly improved the taste and color of peels.2 - The 100 ppm concentration of Ascorbic and Citric acids and duration storage 14 days caused highest loss of weight. While the control treatment for 7 days gave highest average of weight loss.3 - The treatment of 100 ppm concentration of Ascorbic acid and duration storage 14 days were superior in T.S.S. While the interaction treatment of 300 ppm ascorbic acid and 14 days were significant in same characteristic.4 - The two treatments 300 ppm concentration of citric and ascorbic acids delayed color development of fruit peel and gave highest erage of total a and b Chlorophylls and carotene. As for duration storage 14 days was significantly decrease to amount of total , a andb Chlorophylls but the duration storage 7 days was significantly increased fruits peels from carotene. While (300 ppm from citric acid for 7 days) gave highest average of total chlorophyll and treatment (100 ppm from citric acid for 7 days) significantly increasedchlorophyll b. While the treatment (300 ppm from ascorbic acid for 14 days) was significantly increase to carotene.5 - The 300 ppm concentration of ascorbic and citric acid treatments and storage duration 7 days were superior in total reducing , non reduced sugars , and carbohydrates. While, it was significantly decrease in the percentage of starch. As for interaction treatmentsbetween (200 and 300 ppm from ascorbic acid for 14 days) gave superiority in percentage of total sugars , reduced and total carbohydrates and decreased percentage of starch. While non reduced sugars at the control treatment and storage duration 7 daysgave significantly superiority in it. Second Experiment : 1 - The 300 ppm concentration of ascorbic acid with storage duration 14 days and their interaction gave superiority in organoleptic characteristics.2 - The 300 ppm concentration from ascorbic and citric acids were significantly decrease in average of weight loss. As for storage duration period of 21 days caused highest of weight loss. The control treatment with 21 days gave significant superiority in weight loss.3 - The 300 ppm concentration of ascorbic and citric acids with storage duration 21 days and their interaction gave highest percentage of T.S.S.4 - The 300 ppm concentration of ascorbic acid gave highest average of total chlorophyll and carotene while the 100 ppm concentration of ascorbic acid gave highest average for chlorophyll a and b. While storage duration 7 days gave significantly superiority in total chlorophyll and chlorophyll b. As for storage duration 21 days gave significantly superiority in chlorophyll a and carotene. As for interaction treatment (300 ppm from citric acid for 7 days) gavehighest average for total chlorophyll. While control treatment for 7 days gave significantly superiority in for chlorophyll a and b , and the treatment (300 ppm from ascorbic acid for 21 days) gave significantly superiority in content of fruits from carotene.5 - The 200 and 300 ppm concentrations from ascorbic and citric acids with storage duration 21 days and interaction its caused superiority in percentage of total sugars and reduced and decreased percentage of starch and non reducing sugars. The treatment (100 ppm of ascorbic acid for 7 days) gave significant increase in percentage of total carbohydrates.

ستراتيجية تكاثر نوعين من الاسماك الغضروفية في المياه البحرية العراقية == Reproductive strategy of two cartilaginous species from Iraqi marine water

Author name: جنان حسن جاسم اللامي
Supervisor name: ساجد سعد حسن النور | امجد كاظم رسن
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Investigation of the reproductive strategies of Arabian carpetshark Chiloscyllium arabicum (Gubanov, 1980) and Arabian whipray Himantura randalli (Last, Manjaji - Matsumoto et Moor, 2012) were conducted in Iraqi marine water from January, 2014 to December, 2014. A total of 365 Arabian carpetshark (200 female and 165 male) with total length ranged from 141 - 750 mm and 321 Arabian whipray (176 female and 145 male) with disk width ranged from 70 - 429 mm were cached. Trawling nets of Bahith Ship (owned by Marine Science Center) or other fishing boats were used to cached these fishes.Sex ratios of these fishes were investigated during study period. The cycle of gonad maturation was followed - up throughout the period of investigation by defining stages based on colour, shape and size of gonads. Fecundity was estimated and spawning period detected depending on gonado somatic index (GSI), hepato somatic index (HIS), histological study and sonar inspection.The length frequency distribution of Arabian carpetshark was dominated by group of 300 - 399 mm that appeared in all months except October. Smallest fish (142 mm, 20 g) was during October and biggest fish (750 mm, 1668.5 g) during June. The length - weight relationship was represented by the following equations : Male W= 0.000007 ×L 2.88Female W= 0.000005 × L 2.93 Both Sex W= 0.000006 × L 2.91Values of HSI was differ depending on the maturing conditions of males and females, where highest value (11.906) of HSI for females was recorded at October and lowest value (6.908) was recorded at June, while highest value (12.5) of HSI for males recorded at January and lowest value (9.14) recorded at March. There were negative correlation between oil ratioof liver and maturing condition of females, while in males this relation was not clear.Distinguishing of sex was carried out according to presence or absence of claspers. Smallest matured female was 421 ml in total length and 785.23 g in weight, while smallest matured male was 401 in total length and 693.14 in weight. Females were dominant on males during all months except February, August and November with equal sex ratio during March, while overall sex ratio was 1 : 1.26 toward females.The cycle of gonad maturation was divided into three stages : immature, maturing and mature for males and females. Linear relationship was found between total length (TL) and clasper length (x) and it was represented by following equation : TL=211.3479 + 0.013883 x X, with significant (P<0.05) correlation (r= 0.899) between them.The GSI values were different during study period, where highest values (8.84 and 7.93) for females recorded during April and May respectively and lowest value (0.73) during June, while highest value (6.74) for males recorded during March and lowest value (0.66) during May. Monthly differences in GSI especially for females refers that spawning period extended from May to June. This result supported by the results of frequency occurrence of germ cells. Results appeared that ovary of Arabian carpetshark contain 44 - 52 eggs with diameters between 22 - 48 mm. Depending on histological inspection of gonads, spermatocytes cells for males are divided into eight maturing stages, while spermatocytes cells for females into four maturing stages.Disk width (DW) frequency showed fife groups for Arabian whipray with dominant of 300 - 399 mm group that appeared in all months except October, while group of 200 - 299 mm was appeared in all months. Group of0 - 99 mm appeared in July and August, so it was concluded that reproduction occurred in July. Smallest fish (70 mm, 20 g) was cached during July and biggest fish (490 mm, 3834 g) was cached during June. Relationships between disk width and weight were as follow : Male W= 0.00031 x DW2.59 Female W= 0.0031 x DW2.31 Both Sex W= 0.0006 x W2.4HSI differed according to maturing conditions of males and females, where highest value (11.85) for females recorded during January and lowest value (6.04) recorded during June, while highest value (11.66) for males recorded during November and lowest value (7.48) recorded at March. There were negative correlations between gonad weight and liver weight of females and also between oil ratio of liver and maturing condition of females.Smallest matured female was 115 ml in disk width and 1936 g in weight, while smallest matured male was 355 in disk width and 1249 g in weight. Sex ratio was differ from the ratio of 1 : 1 during different months and at reproduction period the ratio of females was 64.5% and of males 35.5%, while the ratio was 50% for each sex after reproduction period at August. Females were dominant on males during all months except September and December and overall sex ratio was 1 : 1.26 toward females.Maturing cycle were divided into three stages : immature, maturing and mature for males and females. For males the dividing depending on morphological characteristics (length, size and colour) of claspers. Linear relationship was found between disk width and clasper length (x) and it was represented by following equation : DW=92.4133 +0.2233 x X .GSI showed differences throughout study period for both sexes. The highest value (8.63) for females recorded during June and lowest value (0.81) during July, while highest value (7.59) for males recorded duringJanuary and lowest value (0.97) during March. It was concluded, according to GSI especially for females, that birthing occurred between June and July.Number of eggs in the Arabian whipray ovary was ranged between 10 - 35 eggs and diameters between 5 - 28 mm, while the uterus contain 2 - 5 embryos that surrounded by strong covers and there wasn’t any placenta intelligence between embryos and female, so this fish considered as Ovoviviparous. Depending on histological inspections of gonads, spermatocytes were divided into seven maturing stages, while oocytes into four maturing stages.

تاثير محسنات التربة والتناوب في ميه الري مختلفة الملوحة في بعض خصائص التربة وانتاجية محصول الذرة الصفراء Zea mays L. باستعمال منظومة الري بالتنقيط == Effect of Soil Conditioners and Alternative Irrigation Water with Different Salinity on Some Soil Properties and Productivity of Corn Zea mays L. By Using Drip System

Author name: جمعة عبد الزهرة نافع الحلفي
Supervisor name: داخل راضي نديوي | صلاح مهدي سلطان
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study is conducted in the field of the college of agriculture / Basrah university site / Karmat Ali during spring season of 2015 where the soil texture of the field is clay and classified as a fine mixed , calcareous , hyberthermic , typic , torrifluvent .The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of irrigation water treatment and their interaction with soil conditioners application by using drip irrigation system on some physical and chemical properties of the soil and water use efficiency and its impact on some growth parameters and productivity of maize crop ( fital varity, Holland origin,(Zea mays L.).Two factors are used : four different irrigation waters and two types of soil conditioners . Irrigation water treatments included four ones : high saline water (7.5 - 8.0 dS m - 1) , mixing water ( 4.5 - 5 dS m - 1) , alternative water ( irrigation with high saline water followed by low saline one ) during the period of growth season and low saline water( 3.5 - 4.0 dSm - 1 ) . Irrigation process is applied according to evaporation pan ( class A) measurements with addition to 20% of water as leaching requirements . As to the second factor , it consists of two conditioners : compost and polymer where the first one is at two levels 1% , 2% and the second one is at two levels 0.01% , 0.02% in addition to control treatment .The experiment treatments are distributed into three replicates by using factorial experiment conducted in a randomized complete block design ( RCBD ). The planting is achieved in 20/03/2015 . At the end of the experiment are collected soil samples from the experiment location for studying some physical and chemical properties of studied soil for the depth 0 - 10 cm , 10 - 20 cm , 20 - 30 cm and a distance 0,15,30 cm from the emitter . During the experiment are used piezometers connected to the water supply pipe of each experimental unit together with water gauges for measuring water discharge in each irrigation period . And the results are as follows : 1.The results showed a significant decrease in the values of bulk density soil resistance for penetration whereas there is an increase in mean weight diameter by using low saline irrigation water , alternative waterBhigh saline irrigation water followed by low saline irrigation one ) , and mixing water in contract with high saline irrigation water. While concerning the impact of soil conditioners on the soil properties above , where the use of the compost at two levels 1% , 2% and polymer at 0.01% , 0.02% lead to significant decrease the values of bulk densityand soil resistance for penetration but there is an increase in mean weight diameter value .2. The results showed that there is an increase in the values of saturated hydraulic conductivity , accumulative infiltration , infiltration average and basic infiltration average by application compost and polymer in the studied levels , whereas usage high saline irrigation water leads to a reduction in these values above. But application alternative , mixing , and low saline irrigation water lead to an increase in all soil properties as mentioned above respectively as contrast with usage high saline irrigation water.3. The results revealed that a higher weight moisture content was close to the emitters and is decreased far away from emitters horizontally and vertically for all treatments . On the other hand , the moisture content increases by application compost at 1% , 2% and polymer at 0.01% . 0.02% where was as an average 29.83% , 31.43% , 28.76% , 29.22% respectively .Through this context , moisture content decreases significantly by application low saline irrigation water and increases significantly by the use of alternative , mixing , and high saline irrigation water where was as an average 27.48% , 28.76% , 30.06% , 31.04% respectively .4. The results showed that addition of the compost as a conditioner at 1% , 2% levels and the polymer at 0.01% , 0.02% ones leads to decrease in the values of soil salinity close to the emitters in contrast with control treatment where they were 6.49 , 5.86 , 7.13 , 6.80 dSm - 1 respectively. In addition , the results showed that there is a higher salt accumulation on usage high saline irrigation water where was7.84 dSm - 1 as contrast with mixing , alternative , and low saline irrigation water were they were 7.07 , 6.58 , 5.83 dSm - 1 respectively.5. The results revealed that there is a significant increase of the plant height of maize , fresh weight , dry weight , and the productivity by application compost and polymer with the increase of their levels . More growth parameters as mentioned above increased by usage mixing , alternative , andClow saline irrigation water as contrast with application of high saline irrigation water respectively .6.The results showed that there is a significant increase of water use efficiency values of the plant by application compost at two levels 1% , 2% and polymer at 0.01% , 0.02% where the values were 0.81, 0.88 , 0.71 , 0.75 Kg ha - 1 m - 3 respectively. However, water use efficiency values increased significantly by usage mixing , alternative and low saline water treatment where they were 0.74 , 0.80 , 0.85 Kg ha - 1 m - 3 respectively as contrast with high saline irrigation water treatment where it was 0.66 Kg ha - 1 m - 3 . In short the higher water use efficiency was on low saline irrigation water treatment, whereas the lower value was on application high saline irrigation water one .7.The results revealed that there is a possibility for the application of alternative irrigation ( by using high saline water followed by low saline water ) , taking into consideration the usage of compost 2% without any great effect on physical and chemical soil properties and plant growth with save 50% of low saline water .8.The results showed that there is a possibility for representing water infiltration results as an accumulative infiltration and infiltration average according to Philip's equation ,( 1957) with high significant limiting factor and determining the values of Philip's equation constants . In this context , the results showed that water infiltration increased with the rising of conditioner level and decreased with the low conditioner one .

تاثير خف الثمار والرش بسماد الجاتون والتداخل بينهما في بعض الصفات النوعية والانتاجية لنخيل التمر Phoenix dactylifera L. صنف الحلاوي == Effect thinning of the fruits and spray fertilizer gaton and overlap between them in some quality and productivity characteristics of date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. CV. Hillawi

Author name: جاسم محمد ضمد عبود البزوني
Supervisor name: ابتهاج حنظل التميمي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This Study was conducted in one of the orchards civil in Al - bradaah area in the province of Basra to the growing season 2014 on the date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. CV. Hillawi in order to study the effect of spraying fertilizer Gaton (seaweed extract) and concentrations (0, 2.5 0.5 ml) . L - 1 after inoculation and hold process sock both types manual Spikelet flowering (25% and 40%) of the number Spikelet flowering after inoculation and chemical thinning benzyl adenine (growth regulator) and concentrations (100 and 200) mg . L - 1 in addition to treatment comparison (no thinning), was carried out spraying the total vegetative and fruiting date palm of Gaton and benzyl adenine after inoculation two payments for the first five weeks and the second after ten weeks of the date of vaccination and the overlap between them in the physical and chemical characteristics and physiological and productivity of the date palm class Hillawi, which was Gaton factor with three levels and thinning five levels. Used Factorial Experiment According to Randomized Complete Block Design ( RCBD) with three replicates per treatment were compared according to the test averages less significant difference average (RLSD) at the level of probability (0.05). The results were as follows : - Results showed superiority of treatment overlap to spray in Gaton (5 ml . L - 1) and thinning benzyl adenine (200 mg . L - 1) significant superiority in fruit weight and gave the highest averages in terms of (7.55 and 7.05 and 6.450) g of the stages of Khalal and Ritab and Date on the relay and the weight of the seed reaching (1.380 and 1.290 and 1.280) g of the stages of Khalal and Ritab and Date on the relay and the weight of stromal layer where was (6.170 and 5.760 and 5.170) g of the stages of Khalal and Ritab and Date on the relay and also outperformed significantly in size and the length and diameter of the fruit and gave the highest averages reaching (7.60 cm 3 and 3.83 cm and 2.11 cm) on the relay to the stage of Khalal, (7.10 cm 3 and 3.86 cm and 2.00 cm) on the relay to the stage of Ritab, (6.56 cm 3 and 3.89 cm and 1.96 cm) on the relay to the stage of Date compared to transactions other under study. The results also showed superiority ofBtreatment overlap to spray in Gaton (5 ml . L - 1) and thinning manual (removal of 40% of the floral Spikelet) superior moral in chemical characteristics (T.S.S college faculty and sugars and shorthand) and gave the highest averages for the stages of Khalal and Ritab and Date of (51.08 and 63.52 and 56.01%) on the relay to the stage of Khalal, (62.51 and 72.12 and 65.12%) on the relay to the stage of Ritab, (72.51 and 84.47 and 79.81%) on the relay to the stage of Dates, as results showed a decrease in the chemical characteristics (sucrose and the element nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) for the same treatment of overlap (5 ml Gaton .L - 1 + 40% removal of Spikelet floral) and gave less averages reaching (7.51 and 0.72 and 0.69 and 0.095%) on the relay to the stage of Khalal, (7.00 and 0.54 and 0.51 and 0.072) % on the relay to the stage of Ritab, (4.66 and 0.39 and 0.39 and 0.060%) on the relay to the stage of Date. The results also indicated for the treatment of overlap to spray in Gaton (5 ml \ L) and manual thinning (removing 40% of the Spikelet floral) a decrease in physiological traits (breathing) rate of speed, where the average rate of respiration rate of speed (130.19 mg CO2 . Kgm - 1.saah) The average ratio maturity and moral superiority that showed the rate of (75.80%). The results showed there outweigh the moral to spray Gaton(5 ml . L - 1) and thinning benzyl adenine (200 mg . L - 1) in the qualities of productivity (average bunch weight of Yield the total for Palm), also outperformed the treatment of overlap to spray in Gaton (5 ml . L - 1) and thinning benzyl adenine (200 mg . L - 1) the rate of bunch weight and Yield the total gave the highest averages in terms of (13.33 and 66.67 kg) on the relay

تصميم وتصنيع جهاز لاستخلاص الزيوت العطرية بالطاقة الشمسية ودراسة خواصها النوعية والكمية == Designing and Manufacturing of Solar Apparatus for Essential oils Extraction and study it’s Quality and Quantity Properties

Author name: ثامر كاظم امويشل البهادلي
Supervisor name: اسعد رحمان سعيد الحلفي | عبد الهادي كريم احمد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Solar essential oil extraction apparatus has been designed and manufactured to extract aromatic oils. The device operates by solar energy and consists of two units. The first is steam production unit, which is a solar collector provided with pipes and covers an area of 1.566 square meters. The second is extraction unit, which is a stainless steel cylinder, the height of which is 0.320m and its diameter is 0.105m. In addition to these two units, the device is fitted with a glass steam condenser and a separation unit to separate the aromatic oil from the condensing water. The device also contains a balance tank.The solar collector is directed towards the south with an inclination of 30˚ and the testing data of the solar collector were gathered for the period from February to June 2014. Daily tests are conducted from 9 : 00am to 3 : 00pm. The solar radiation energy and temperature of the weather, absorbing plant and the incoming and outgoing steam of the extraction unit along with the temperature of the botanical parts are measured. Calculations are done for the practical and theoretical effeciency of the solar collector and for the proportions of the oil yield for every plant.The study uses some plants such as;clove buds, cinnamon barks, orange and lemon , eucalyptus leaves and cardamom seeds to extract their aromatic oils using this method, which is called Solar Distillation (SOD). In addition, another common extraction method is used, which is Hydrou Distillation (HD) to extract the aromatic oils from the plants under study for the purposes of comparison. The study included the evaluation of the chemical compounds of the aromatic oils using GC - MC technology; along with conducting chemical tests and check - ups for the physical properties and also included the evaluation of peroxideBvalue and the possibility to use these aromatic oils in some food systems. A feasibility study for the device is included too.The study shows an increase in solar radiation energy while the day hours go onward, and reaches its highest degree at midday then decreased. The average of solar radiation energy reached 902.66 W/m2 . This was recorded midday in June 2014. The results of the study reveal that the highest average for solar radiation energy is 1044 W/m2. However the lowest is 682 W/m2 and is recorded at 3 : 00pm in February 2014. The results showed an increase in the practical effeciency in summer months (April, May and June) more than in winter months (February and March). The highest average of the practical effeciency reaches 37.96% recorded at midday in June; whereas for the theoretical capacity is 44.78% recorded at midday in March. The results showed that the average of temperature of the absorbing plant has increased gradually till it reaches the highest degrees at midday then decreased till it reaches the lowest degrees at 3 : 00pm and the highest averages were recorded in June and reached 101.8C°. The highest and lowest averages of temperature of the steam produced from the solar collector were recorded in June and February and reached 96.84C° and 90.4C° at 12 : 00pm and 3 : 00pm respectively.The percentage of the extracted aromatic oils using Solar Distillation (SOD) method from the plants under study reaches 15.6, 3.6, 0.9, 1.0, 3.2, 4.4% however for those extracted using (HD) method, the percentage reaches 13.4, 3.3, 1.0, 1.1, 3.4, 4.1% respectively. Qualitative tests of the aromatic oils extracted using the above mentioned procedure show that they contain compounds of aldehyde, Ketone, terpines, steroides, phenolics, and was void of alkaloid, resins, saponines, flavones, glycosides, tannins, carbohydrates, peptides, and proteins. Peroxide value change for the aromatic oils was slight and reached 1mm equivalent during storage period which lasted for 60 days in aCtemperature 5 - 7c˚. It was observed from the analysis of aromatic oils extracted using SOD method in addition to GC - MS technology that the main compound of carnation, cinnamon, orange, lemon, eucalyptus and cardamom are; Eugonol, cinnamaldehyde, D - Limonene, D - Limonene, beta - cymene and equaliptol in the following proportions; 78.19, 64.8, 62.97, 47.50, 24.17, 41.74% respectively. The results showed that the highest and lowest specific gravity average at 25C˚, recorded using SOD method are 1.0410 and 0.8322 for carnation and orange; whereas the highest and lowest specific gravity average at 25c˚, recorded using HD method are 1.0470 and 0.8336 for carnation and orange oils also and respectively. The results also showed that the majority of the aromatic oils extracted using HD method have refractive index slightly higher than those extracted using SOD method. The highest refractive index is attained with carnation oil and reached 1.5322, while the lowest was with cardamom oil and reached 1.4614 under 20c. The Optical Rotation for orange oil is higher than other extracted oils and reached +98, +93 using SOD and HD; while the lowest is recorded with cinnamon oil and reached - 2, - 1 using the above mentioned methods respectively. All the extracted aromatic oils in both methods dissolve in ethanoic alcohol in different proportions. The degrees of dissolution for all of them are approximate with no much disparity between them. Aromatic oils entered the cake industry replacing vanilla. According to the results of the study no significant disparity related to the colour, substratum, or appearance is existed amongst cake types which contain aromatic oils and those void of them. However, there are some significant differences related to the taste and smell. As shown by the results, the cake that contain cardamom oil got the highest marks, followed by those containing lemon oil

تاثير السواد الورقي ومعدلات البذار في نمو وحاصل ونوعية الحنطة (Triticum aestivum L.) == The effect of the foliar fertilizer and seeding rate in growth, yield and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Author name: تحسين يونس عبود
Supervisor name: ميثم عبد السلام علي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: An experiment was conducted in a field at AL - Qurna shire located at 65 km north Al - Basra province during 2013 - 2014 winter season in a Silty Loum soil, to study The effect of the foliar fertilizer and seeding rate in growth, yield and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using four foliar levels of 0, 2, 4, and 6 liter h - 1 which were given the following symbols F0, F1, F2, and F3 respectively. Three levels of seeding rates of 100, 120, and 140 kg h - 1 were used which were given the following symbols R1, R2, and R3 respectively. The experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design in a split plot arrangement with four replicates. The sub plots have been allocated for foliar rates whereas the seeding rates have been allocated for main plots. The experiment consists of 12 treatments resulting from the combinations between foliar and seeding rates.The results showed that F2 foliar level gave the highest flag leaf area of 36.79cm2, number of tillers of 708.42tiller m - 2, number of spikes of 575.75spikes m - 2, number of grains per spike of 77.22 grains spike - 1, 1000 seed weight of 41.3g, grains yield of 8.16ton h - 1, biological yield of 21.5ton h - 1, percentage of protein of 14.8%, and crude protein yield of 1.21ton h - 1. Whereas F3 foliar level gave the highest plant height of 97.4cm. The F1 level gave the heights spike efficiency of 83.57%. While F0 foliar level gave the highest harvest index of 40.32%.The result also showed that the R3 seeding rates gave the highest plant height of 96.5cm, number of tillers of 674tiller m - 2, number of spikes of 567.81spike m - 2, spike efficiency of 84.33%, grains yield of 7.95ton h - 1, and biological yield of 21.05ton h - 1. The R2 seeding rate gave the highest harvest index of 40.16%. Whereas the R1 seeding rate gave the highest flag leaf area of 36.76cm2, number of grains per spike of 75.62seed spike - 1, 1000 grain weight of 40.17g, The (F0 x R2) interaction treatment gave the highest, and crude peotein yield of 1.05ton h - 1.The (F2 x R3) interaction treatment gave the highest number of spikes of 616.75spike m - 2, grains yield of 8.41ton h - 1, and biological yield of 23.25 ton h - 1. Whilst (F2 x R1) interaction treatment gave the 1000 grain weight of 41.88g

عزل وتشخيص الفطريات المصاحبة للحامول Cuscuta spp. في البصر وامكانية مكافحته كيميائيا وحيويا == Isolation and Identification of fungi associated with dodder Cuscuta spp in Basrah and evaluation its biological and chemical control

Author name: بيداء غازي عوفي التميمي
Supervisor name: يحيى عاشور صالح | طه ياسين مهودر العيدان
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Prevention
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study has been conducted at the labs. Of plant protection department , and the fields of Agriculture College/ Basra university to determine the potentiality of dodder (Cuscuta planiflora Ten.) integrated control on Alfalfa plant (Medicago sativa L.) at Basra governorate.Results proued a wide range for dodder hosts , which were 38 different plant families , including three new records in Iraq which were conocarpus ; radish and leek.Twenty six different fungal species belong to twelve different genera have been180 lated from dodder stem; flower ,as well as seeds, with special emphasize on the following species : Exserohilum rostratum Bipolaris bicolar, Altrenraia longipes, A.tenuissima , Acremonium restrictum ,Bipolaris australliensis, Cladosporium oxysporiumA new record on dodder in Iraq . Hence , two species were isolated for first time in the world which were E.rostratum and B.bicolarFour different fungal species (A.terreus , E.rostratum , T. viride , A.alternata and B.bicolar ) Showed strong in hibition for dodder seed germination which were 10; 13.4 ; 16.7 and 23.4%, respectively .Fungal cultural filtrates results proved that the highest seed germination inhibition were observed at the treatments of Tricoderma viride ,Which were 38.7, 38.4 and 43.8%, respectively, while the lowest inhibition percentage was seen at E.rostratum culture filtrate treatment (13.4%) .Regarding the effect of pesticides treatments , the lowest seed germination of dodder was observed at Glyphosate treatment (36%), while a percent of 9.4% was seen at kerb pesticide .The analysis of GC - MS results revealed the existence of sereval compounds while believed to be a potential inhibitors on dodder seed germination ,such as 1,4 - Dioxin,2,3 - dihydro - 5,6 - dimethyl ,Diacetic acid , Benzoic acid ,As well as ,Ascorbic acid and a group of fatty acids.Pot results showed that the highest hight of Alfalfa plant was observed at dodder with glyphosate 350ppm treatment which was 27.56cm, hence ,the lowest average (15.34cm) was seen at dodder treatment .the highest leavesSummarynumber were observed at dodder with T.viride treatment which were 25 leaf / plant ,respectively, while , the lowest leaves number (16.78 leaf / plant )was reported at alfalfa with dodder treatment . Regarding , Alfalfa tilling parameter .the hight value was reported at dodder with T.viride with glyphosate treatment (9 tillers ) , hence ,the lowest one ( 5 tillers ) was observed at alfalfa and dodder treatment (5tillers). statistical analysis revealed that low the highest dodder severity index was observed at Alfalfa with dodder + T.viride+350 ppm of pesticide treatment (73.34%) while the lowest seventy percentage (0%) was seen at Alfalfa with dodder treatment .Field experiments showed that the highest Alfalfa hight was observed in dodder with glyphosate 350 ppm treatment (30cm), the lowest height was reported at Alfalfa with dodder treatment (21.34cm).Regaling the leaf number per plant ,Our result that the treatment of Alfalfa+dodder with T.viride showed the highest average (28.67 leaf/plant ) the lowest leaf number was observed at Alfalfa with dodder treatment (13.34 leaf/plant ).Tillering analysis proved that the treatment of dodder with T.viride scored the highest average (9tillers/plant ) , while the lowest average (5.34tillers/plant) was observed at the treatment of Alfalfa with dodder. The highest severity percentage on dodder was reported at dodder with E.rostratum +glyphosate 350ppm (100%) while the lowest percent (0%) was seen at dodder treatment .

تاثير المحراث تحت سطح التربة الاعتيادي والمطور وعمق الحراثة في بعض الخصائص الفيزيائية والكيميائية للتربة الطينية ونمو وانتاجية زهرة الشمس Helianthus annus L. == The effect of the conventional and modified subsoilers and operating depth on the soil physical and chemical properties in clay soil and yields and growth (Helianthus annus L

Author name: بهاء عبد الجليل عبد الكريم النصار
Supervisor name: كوثر عزيز حميد الموسوي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

فصل وتنقية الكلايكوماكروببتايد من شرش حليب الابقار والماعز وتوصيفه كمضاد اكسدة == Separation and Purification of Glycomacropeptide From Whey Protein of Cow and Goat Milk and its Characterization as Antioxidant

Author name: بشائر عبد المطلب محمد حسن
Supervisor name: علي خضير جابر الركابي | حيدر ابراهيم علي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was conducted in order to purify glycomacropeptide from both whey goat and cow. Thereafter, The molecular properties of purified glycomacropeptide and its effects as antioxidant were studied. Furthermore, the ability of pasteurized milk, unpasteurized milk, and whey protein for each used milk were studied to measure their effects as antioxidants. The results were as follow : 1 - Glycomacropeptide protein was separated using TCA method and boiling temperature method with alcohol. The TCA method showed sufficient results by giving more production with high activity for isolated protein compared to temperature method with alcohol, thus TCA method was used in this study. Sephadex G - 25 was used to purify both whey goat and cow. After that, electrophoresis technique was assigned by using polyacrylamide gel in order to be sure about the purity of isolated protein (one band).2 - The percentage of carbohydrate, protein, sialic acid of glycomacropeptide from both whey goat and cow were 27.5%, 32 %, 19.9%, 25%, 12% and 17 %, respectively.3 - The molecular weight of glycomacropeptide protein was 27 kDa and 29 kDa for both cow milk and goat milk, respectively.4 - The ability of pasteurized milk, unpasteurized milk, and whey protein for each used milk were studied to measure their effects as antioxidants. The results were as follow : A : The antioxidant activity of glycomacropeptide protein from goat milk was more effective to prevent linoleic acid oxidation compared to cow milk, while whey protein had less antioxidant activity compared to glycomacropeptide.B : Glycomacropeptide protein exhibited high values of H2O2 scavenging activity. The scavenging activity was 92.145 % and 95.678 % at concentration 5 mg/ml compared to ascorbic acid and rutin, which were 76.955 % and 66.920%, respectively.C : The reducing power was 139.21 % and 96.13 % compared to others samples, while the reducing power was less than tocopherol and BHT, which were 195.8 % and 226.48 %, respectively.D : Glycomacropeptide protein exhibited higher ferric - reducing activity at 5 mg/ml, while ferric - reducing activities of goat and cow milk were 89.696 % and 98.269 % for EDTA and citric acid, respectively.E : The stability of Glycomacropeptide protein and whey protein was determined as antioxidants through controlling three variables (temperature, pH and synergistic factor). Glycomacropeptide protein of goat milk showed higher stability compared to the whey at 75 mg/ml in all used variablesF : Glycomacropeptide protein from goat and cow milk was added to stored fish oil at 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08 g/ g at 45 C for 50 days. The results revealed that the hydrogen peroxide and TBA were decreased using 0.08 g/g .

السليكون في خفض تاثير ملوحة مياه الري وسمية بعض العناصر الثقيلة في نمو نبات الذرة الصفراء Zea mays L. == Role of Silicon in Decreasing Salinity of Irrigation Water and Toxicity of Some Heavy Metals in Growth of Corn Crop (Zea mays L.)

Author name: بسام مزهر كاظم محمد علي السعيدي
Supervisor name: محمد مالك ياسين
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Two agricultural experiments were conducted to study the role of silicon in reducing the effect of salinity of irrigation water and toxicity of some heavy metals (Cd,Mn, and Pb) and growth of maize plant ( Zea mays L. ). The first experiment was consists five levels of silicon ( 0 , 75 , 150 , 225 and 300 mg Si Kg - 1 soil ) as the form of potassium silicate ( K2SiO3 ) which was added with irrigation water prepared previously in four saline levels with electrical conductivity ( 2 , 4 , 6 and 8 dSm - 1 ) to field capacity level. These four levels of saline water were added to two different soils , Abu - Al khasib soil (silty clay loam) and Al - Zubeir soil ( loamy sand) soil .The experiment was conducted in plastic pots by using factorial experiment with three factors 2 × 5 × 4 (soils × silicon levels × irrigation water salinity levels ) with three replicates to be 120 units for all experiment . After two months of planting, the shoot and root of plant were collected and dry weight of each them was recorded. Silicon , nitrogen , phosphorus , potassium , calcium , magnesium and sodium concentration were measured, at the same the time uptake of these elements and potassium to sodium ratio were measured . leaf area , electrolyte leakage , and electrical conductivity ( EC ) of soil were measured after planting.In general and in most of them, the results pointed out that there was an increasing in all studied parameters with the increasing of silicon levels with statistical differences especially in the level 300 mg Si Kg - 1 soil where the percentage of this treatment was superior in contrast with control where was more than 209% of dry weight of shoot and nearly 200% of dry weight of root.The results indicated that Abul - Kaseeb soil was surpassed with most studied parameters significantly. There was a significant effects of salinity water in decreasing all plant parameters, while the bi and tri interactions treatments didn't reach significant effect for shoots and roots accept cadmium and magnesium concentration .Four levels of silicon ( 0 , 75 , 150 and 300 mg Si Kg - 1 soil ) with three heavy metals ( Cd , Mn and Pb ). Cadmium ( 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 mg Cd Kg - 1 soil ) , manganese ( 0 , 200 , 400 , 800 mg Mn Kg - 1 soil ) lead ( 0 , 200 , 400 , 600 mg Pb Kg - 1 soil ), in second agricultural experiment were used in pot experiment for Abu - Al khasib soil with complete randomized design of factorial experiment with two factors ( 4 × 4 ) ( silicon level × element level ) with three replicates to confirm 48 units for each element . After 60 days of planting , the plants wereharvested and collected for both shoot and root , dry weight of each of them were recorded . ( Si , Cd , Mn and Pb ) contention in shoot and root were measured. The results appeared that there was superior of dry weight, Si contention of root and shoot due to Si addition in contrast with the control in all studied treatments of heavy metals specially level 300 mg Si Kg - 1 soil . As well , addition heavy metals in its most lead to decreasing weight of shoot and root with statistical differences whereas this addition of heavy metals leads to increasing of plant concentration from them with significant levels. As regards twofold interaction effect , of addition Si with heavy metals on growth parameters was no statistical differences of most of treatments except interaction effect of ( Cd contention ) in Cd treatment , dry weight of Mn experiment , Si contention , Pb concentration in Pb experiment for both of shoot and root were significant differences .

استجابة اصناف من محصول الباقلاء Vicia faba .L لمستويات من سماد NPK والعناصر الصغرى == Response of brod bean Cultivars ( Vicia faba L.) to NPK fertilizer levels and trace elements A ThesisA

Author name: بسام مفتن اوحيد
Supervisor name: وليد عبد الرضا جبيل السباهي | كفاح عبد الرضا جاسم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Field experiment was hold during the winter growing season (2015 - 2016) in Al - Qurna district located 80 km north of Basra city in clay - loam soil. The aim of this scenario was to study the effect of four levels of compound fertilizer with some of trace elements in the growth characteristics and yield quality for three cultivars of broad bean (Vicia faba L.). Split - plot was arranged in Randomized complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) with three replicates. The main plots had the first factor that was fertilizer (10 - 10 - 30) NPK levels (zero, 100, 200 and 300 kg NPK ha - 1), which its symbolized by (F0, F1, F2 & F3) respectively. Sub plots had the second factor (the cultivars), which they were Aquadeljy (Turkish), Wakwadolus (Holland) and Los De Aotono (Spanish), which its symbolized by (V1, V2 & V3) respectively. The results showed the V1 cultivar significantly superior in number of days from planting to the first flower appearance by (61.25 days), but the highest level of 100 seed weight (119.80 g) was recorded by V2 cultivar. On the other hand, V3 cultivar recorded the highest level of seed yield, biological yield, protein yield and protein percentage in which they was (3717, 7623, 1171.4 kg ha - 1 and 30.50%) respectively. The other characteristics (plant height, plant tillers, number of pods in plant, seeds number per pod, yield per plant and harvest index) was not significant among the cultivars. On the other hand, treatment F0 of fertilizer showed the significant affect in the days from planting to the appearance of the first flower (58.67 days), but the treatment F3 appeared the highest level of plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, yield per plant, seeds yield, protein yield and protein percentage, which they was (82.2 cm, 10.10 pods plant - 1, 40.03 seed pod - 1, 47.2 g plant - 1, 4673 kg ha - 1, 1451.6 kg ha - 1 and 30.70 %) respectively. While the 100 seeds weight was recorded at the treatment F1, the other characteristics such as biological yield and harvest index did not affected by the fertilizer treatments . The combination among the treatments wassignificant just in number of pods in plant and protein percentage, whereas the combination of V3F3 gave the highest number of pods per plant (11.80 pod plant - 1) and protein percentage (32.7%) .

تاثير التلقيح ببعض الاسمدة الحيوية والمبيدات الكيميائية في احياء التربة المجهرية واثرها في نمو نبات الشعير Hordium vulgare. L == Effect inoculation of some Biofertilizer and chemical pesticide on soil microorganisms and barley (Hordium vulgare. L. ) growth

Author name: بدور سهيل نجم هواز الكطراني
Supervisor name: عبد الزهرة طه ظاهر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تنقية وتوصيف انزيم اللايبيز المستخلص من بذور فول الصويا المنبتة واستخدامه كمحسن للخبز == PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LIPASE EXTRACTED FROM SOY BEAN SEEDS AND USED IT AS IMPROVER IN BAKING

Author name: بتول محمود محمد الانصاري
Supervisor name: علي احمد ساهي | ضياء فالح الفكيكي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الدراسة استخلاص وتنقية انزيم اللايبيز من سبعة انواع من البذور الزيتية قبل وبعد الانبات وهي(فول الصويواالسلجم وزهرة الشمس والعصفر والدخن والذرة الصفراء والخروع). اظهرت نتائج تقدير الفعالية النوعية ان افضل نوع للبذور الزيتية هو بذور فول الصويا اذ اعطت اعلى فعالية نوعية للانزيم في البذور قبل الانبات وبعد الانبات 3.58 و11.20 وحدة / ملغم بروتين على التوالي مقارنة مع بقية الانواع الاخرى. استخلص اللايبيز من بذور فول الصويا قبل وبعد الانبات باستعمال تسعة محاليل استخلاص ووجد ان افضل محلول للاستخلاص هو محلول Tris - HCl تركيز 0.1 مولاري الحاوي على 0.01 مولاري كلوريد الكالسيوم و0.001 مولاري اثلين داي امين تترا استك اسد و0.001 مولاري كلوريد المغنسيوم وبدالة حامضية 8 , اذ انه اعطى اعلى فعالية نوعية. درس التركيب الكيميائي لبذور فول الصويا قبل الانبات وخلال مدة الانبات المختلفة اذ لوحظ ارتفاع نسبة البروتين في البذور المنبتة لتصل ذروتها عند نهاية اليوم الخامس من الانبات والذي بلغ 41.60% مقارنة بنسبة البروتين قبل الانبات 35.57 %. اما نسبة الدهن والكاربوهيدرات والرماد فقد انخفضت في البذور خلال مدد الانبات اذ بلغت 17.75 و30.18 و5.97 % على التوالي مقارنة بالبذور غير المنبتة 20.74 و32.5 و6.26 % على التوالي. تم متابعة تطور اللايبيز في مدة الانبات لبذور فول الصويا, اذ امتلك اعلى فعالية في اليوم الخامس من الانبات حيث بلغت 38.00 وحدة/ مل . اجريت خــــــــــــطوة الترسيب التدريجي للانزيم باستعــــــــمال نسب اشباع متدرجــــــــــــــــة من كبريتات الامونيوم 30 - 90 %, اذ لوحظ حدوث ارتفاع واضح بشكل تدريجي للفعالية النوعية للانزيم في الراسب الناتج لغاية نسبة اشباع 80 % وقد اعطت هذه الخطوة فعالية نوعية مقدارها 324.44 وحدة / ملغم بروتين وحصيلة انزيمية بلغت 29.20 % بعدد مرات تنقية مقدارها 10.78 مرة. اما خطوة التنقية بالترشيح الهلامي باستعمال عمود الترشيح الهلامي Sephadex G - 100فقد بلغت الفعالية النوعية 366.66 وحدة/ ملغم بروتين وبحصيلة انزيمية 17.83% وبعدد مرات تنقية 12.18 مرة. وبينت نتائج تحديد نقاوة اللايبيز ظهور حزمة بروتينية واحدة عند الترحيل الكهربائي في هلام متعدد الاكريلامايد بغياب العوامل الماسخة, في حين بلغ الوزن الجزيئي 41.687 كيلو دالتون بطريقة الترحيل الكهربائي في هلام متعدد الاكريلامايد بوجود العوامل الماسخة . وجد ان الدالة الحامضية المثلى لفعالية الانزيم كانت 8 , في حين تراوحت الدالة الحامضية المثلى لثبات الانزيم بين 7 - 9 اذ احتفظ الانزيم بـ 90 % من فعاليته. بينما لوحظ ان درجة الحرارة المثلى للفعالية الانزيمية للانزيم المنقى هي 40 م وان الانزيم يفقد 67 % من فعاليته على 90 م . اظهرت نتائج تاثير الايونات المعدنية والعوامل المختزلة والكلابية على فعالية اللايبيز ان لايونات الزئبقيك والخارصين والحديدوز بتركيزي 1 و5 ملي مولاري تاثير تثبيطي في فعالية الانزيم ،اذ بلغت الفعالية المتبقية 63.2 و68.9 و66.1 % على التوالي, في حين احتفظ الانزيم بكامل فعاليته عند تركيز 5 ملي مولاري بوجود ايونات الكالسيوم والبوتاسيوم. كمااظهرت العوامل الكلابية والمختزلة ان للـ EDTA دورا تنشيطيا عند حضنه مع اللايبيز بتركيز 1 و5 ملي مولاري. ولوحظ ان اللايبيز لا ينتمي الى مجموعة الانزيمات الفلزية (metalloenzyme). اما اليوريا فكان لها دور تثبيطي على فعالية الانزيم عند تركيز1 و5 ملي مولاري, في حين بلغت الفعالية المتبقية للانزيم 86.2 % عند حضنه مع 1% Mercaptoethanol 2 - , بينما كانت الفعالية المتبقية للانزيم عند حضنه مع Hydrogen peroxide وSodium hypochlorid 74.7 و75.8 % على التوالي بتركيز1 % .ولوحظ ان لمواد الشد السطحي تاثيروااضحا على فعالية الانزيم عند تركيز 1 و5 %, اذ احتفظ الانزيم بكامل فعاليته عند حضنه مع Triton X - 100 وTween 20عند تركيز 1% . في حين تاثرت فعالية اللايبيز باضافة المنظفات التجارية, ولكنها اظهرت ثباتية عالية في وجود المنظف Sar حيث بلغت الفعالية المتبقة 99.1 %. بينت النتائج تباين النسبة المئوية للاحماض الامينية الموجودة في اللايبيز اذ لوحظ ان اعلى تركيز كان لليوسين Leu بلغ 16.4 % بينما اقل تركيز كان للاسبارتك ASP 1.5 % في حين تفاوتت الاحماض الامينية الاخرى في نسبها المئوية. اظهرت نتائج فحص الفارينوغراف وجود فروق معنوية بين قيم متوسطات نسب امتصاص الماء للمعاملات واظهر تركيز 0.004 ملغم لايبيز / 100 غم طحين و0.75 % محسن Ovalette اعلى نسبة امتصاص للماء 61.7 و59.9 % على التوالي , في حين ازدادت فترة الاستقرار معنويا 9.6 و9.9 دقيقة عند تركيز 0.002 و0.004 ملغم لايبيز/ 100 غم طحين و13.3 و11.6 دقيقة عند تركيز0.50 و0.75 % محسن. اما قيم متوسطات فترة النضج للعجين فقد ازدادت مع زيادة تركيز الانزيم 0.002 و0.004 ملغم لايبيز/ 100 غم طحين معنويا اذ كانت 7.2 دقيقة وارتفعت فترة نضج العجين عند جميع تراكيز المحسن 6.8 و8.5 و6.2 دقيقة على التوالي مقارنة مع العجين الخالي من اية اضافة. وجد من العلامات النهائية للتقويم الحسي ان افضل معاملة كانت عند اضافة اللايبيز بتركيز 0.002 ملغم لايبيز/ 100 غم طحين و0.5 % Ovalette وكان المجموع النهائي للمعاملات 95 و94 % على التوالي. لوحظ من نتائج فحوصات تاثير اللايبيز على تجلد الخبز ان قيم كل من حجم الراسب في عالق اللب المائي وقوة التشرب ورطوبة اللب انخفضت تدريجيا مع زيادة مدة حفظ الخبز, اما نسبة الرطوبة في القشرة فقد ازدادت مع تقدم مدة الحفظ. وكان تاثير اضافة اللايبيز والمحسن Ovalette ايجابيا على الصفات النوعية ( الحجم ولون ونضارة اللب) والخزنية (تاخر تجلد اللب) للخبز المختبري | The study included extraction and purification of lipase enzyme from seven kinds of oil seeds before and after germination, those were (soy bean ,rapeseed, sunflower, safflower, pearl millet, yellow corn and castor bean seeds). The results of spcific activity estimation showed that , the best kind of oil seeds are soy bean seeds, they gave the highest specific activity of enzyme before and after germination 3.58 and 11.20 unit/ mg protein respectively comparing with other varieties. Lipase was extraction from soy bean seeds before and after germination using nine extraction solutions the best extractant solution was Tris - HCl 0.10 M containing 0.01M calcium chloride and 0.001mM ethylene di amin tetra acetic acid and 0.001 mM magnesium chloride pH 8. Lipase improvement was monitored through the germination period of soy bean seeds, it reached the highest activity of lipase after five days of germination ,which was 38.00 unit / ml .The chemical composition of soy bean seeds studied before germination period and through different germination period , higher protein percentage was noticed in the germination seeds where it reached its peak at the end of five days of germination 41.60 % compared with protein percentage before germination 35.57 %. For the percentage of fat, charbohydrates and ash they decreased in the seed through germination periods, down to 17.75 %, 30.18 % and 5.97% respectively compared with non - germinated 20.74 % and 32.50 and 6.26% respectively. The gradually precipitated by addition of ammonium sulphate to final saturation of 30 - 90%. Agradual obvious higher specific activity of the enzyme in the precipitate resulted ,till saturation level 80% , this step gave aspecific activity of 324.40 unit/ mg protein and an enzyme yield of 29.20% ,purification folds 10.79 time. While purification step of gel filteration using Sephadex G - 100 where the specific activity 366.66 Unit / mg protein , enzyme yield of 17.83 % and purification fold 12.18. Results for determination of lipase purity showed an appearance of a single protein band by poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis with out of denaturizing agent . The molecular weight of enzyme was 41.687 kilo dalton by poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis with denaturizing agent . The optimum pH for enzymtic activity of the purified enzyme were 8 while the optimum pH stability profile of the enzyme was between 7 - 9, and the enzyme kept 90% of its activity, while notes that the optimum temperature for the enzymatic activity of the purified enzyme was 40 C ͦ, and that enzyme loses 67% of its activity at 90 C ͦ. The resulte of effectness of metal ions and reducing and chelating agent was showed that ions of mercury and zinc ions and ferrous at concentrations of ( 1 and 5 ) m M have an inhibition effect on enzyme activity, as the remaining activity reached the values 63.2 .68.9 and 66.1% respectively , while the enzyme kept its total activity at concentration of 5 m M in the presence of calcium and potassium ions. The chelating and reducing agents showed that EDTA has an active rule when the enzyme incubated with 1 and 5 mM of lipase. And it was noticed that lipase dosn΄t belong to the metalloenzyme group. For urea , it has an active rule on the enzyme activity at 1 and 5 M ,where remaining activity for the enzyme reached 86.2% when incubated with 1% 2 - mercaptoethanol while it was 74.7 and 75.8 % respectivly when incubate with 1% of Hydrogen peroxide and Sodium hydrochloride respectively. Concentration ,for enzyme kept its total activity when incubated with Triton X - 100 and Tween 20 at concentration 1%. While lipase activity did n΄t effected by adding commercial detergents, it also showed a high stability in present of Sar detergent where as residual activity reached 99.1 % . Results cleared the contrast of amino acids existin lipase because it is noticed that the highest concentration reached by leucine was 16.4% where as lowest concentration was that reached by aspartic acid 1.5% ,the other amino acids differed in their percentage . The results of pharinograph test showed that there were significant differences between the mean of water absorption the ratios showed that the concentration of 0.004 mg / 100 g flour of enzyme and 0.75% improver give highest absorption of water with significant of moral 61.7 and 59.9% respectively, while the stability period increased to 9.6 and 9.9 minutes at a concentration of 0.002 to 0.004 mg / 100 g flour of enzyme and 13.3 and 11.6 minutes at a concentration of 0.50 and 0.75% improver with significant differences. The average values of maturity period of the dough increased with increasing concentration of the enzyme 0.002 and 0.004 mg / 100 g flour with significant difference as it was 7.2 minutes and increased the maturity period of the dough at all improver concentrations of 6.8, 8.5 and 6.2, respectively, compared with the dough without any addition. Found from the final marks of sensory evaluation ,it is found that the best process was when add lipase at 0.002 mg / 100 g flour concentration and 0.5 % Ovallete ,the final marks were 95 and 94 % respectively. Its has been noticed that the values of volume of sediment in the crumb aquous suspended ,absorption power and crumb moisture, all reduced gradually with the increasing of loaf storage time. While the moisture content of crust was increased The effect of adding enzyme and improver Ovallete was positive regarding the specific characteristics of loaf such as ( volume ,color and softness of crumb) for loaf.

استخدام بروتيز بذور الكتان المنقى جزئيا ومقارنته مع الطرائق الكيميائية في تحضير المركزات البروتينية من بعض مخلفات الحيوانات == Using Of Partially Protease Enzyme Flaxseed And Comparison With Chemical Methods In Manufacturing Protein Concentrations From Some Animals Waste

Author name: باسم صدام محسن الاسدي
Supervisor name: اميرة كاظم ناصر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الدراسة الحالية تحضير مركزات بروتينية من ريش الدواجن وصوف الاغنام ووبر الجمال باستخدام الطرق التقليدية (القاعدة والحامض) واستخدام بروتيز بذور نبات الكتان المنقى جزئيا وانزيم البابايين كانزيم مقارنة بتراكيز 1 و2 و5 و10 و15%.تم استخلاص البروتيز باستخدام محلول الاستخلاص المكون من حامض البوريك ومحلول كلوريد الصوديوم. تمت تنقيه جزئية للبروتيز باستخدام كبريتات الامونيوم بنسبة تشبع 70% واعطى الانزيم فعالية نوعية بلغت 27.50 وحدة/ملغم بروتين وفعالية تحللية 170.20 وحدة/مل. تم احتساب درجة التحلل للعينات الخام والمركزات البروتينية وتمت دراسة التركيب الكيميائي للعينات الخام والمركزات البروتينية المحضرة وشملت تقدير النيتروجين الكلي والنيتروجين الذائب وغير الذائب والعناصر المعدنية وتقدير نسبة الرطوبة والبروتين والرماد، كما تم حساب كمية الحاصل.اوضحت نتائج الدراسة ما يلي : 1 - ارتفعت درجة التحلل للمركزات البروتينية المحضرة لتصل في مركز الريش 16.50و16.14 و15.77و 15.68% ومركز الصوف 14.69 ، 14.55 و14.13و 14.19% ومركز الوبر 14.92 ، 14.78 و14.64 و58 % 14. باستخدام القاعدة والحامض وبروتيز بذور الكتان المنقى جزئيا وانزيم البابايين كانزيم مقارنة بالعينات الخام والتي كانت 2.57و3.34 و3.05% للريش والصوف والوبر على التوالي .2 - ارتفاع معنوي في نسبة البروتين في المركزات البروتينية المحضرة مع تفوق معنوي للمركز المحضر من وبر الجمال مقارنة بالمركزات الاخرى .3 - ارتفاع معنوي في نسبة الدهن في مركز الريش مقارنة بالمركز المحضر من الصوف ووبر الجمال وبلغت اقل متوسط لنسبة الدهن في المركز المحضر من وبر الجمال .4 - انخفاض معنوي في نسبة الرطوبة في المركزات البروتينية المحضرة كافة مقارنة بالعينات الخام وكان اقل متوسط لنسبة الرطوبة في مركز وبر الجمال.5 - انخفاض معنوي في نسبة الرماد عند تحضير المركزات البروتينية مقارنة بالعينات الخام وتظهر النتائج احتواء مركز الوبر على اقل نسبة .6 - ارتفعت نسبة النيتروجين الكلي الذائب في المركزات البروتينية المحضرة مقارنة بالعينات الخام ولم تظهر النتائج اختلافات معنوية بين المركزات المحضرة .7 - انخفاض معنوي في نسبة النيتروجين الغير الذائب في المركزات البروتينية مقارنة بالعينات الخام ولم تظهر النتائج اختلافات معنوية في نسبة NTSN بين المركزات المحضرة .8 - ارتفاع قابلية حمل الماء للمركزات البروتينية المحضرة والتي لم تظهر اختلافات معنوية فيما بينها مقارنة بالعينات الخام.9 - ارتفاع معنوي لقابلية الذوبان للمركزات المحضرة مقارنة بالعينات الخام ولم تظهر اختلافات معنوية بين المركزات المحضرة .10 - لوحظ عدم وجود فروقات معنوية بين كمية العناصر المعدنية في المركزات البروتينية المركزة والمستوردة . | In this study protein concentrates were prepared from poultry feather, sheep wool and camel hair by following the traditional methods (acid an base) 1,2,5,10,15 % and the use of partially purified protease enzyme from flux seed and Babain Enzyme. The protease was extracted by the use of extraction solution consisting of boric acid and sodium chloride solution. Protease was partly purified by the use of 70% saturation of ammonium sulfate. The obtained quality activity of enzyme was 27.50 unit per mg protein and analytical activity of 170.20 unit/ml. Analytical rates for raw and protein concentration were determined chemical composition of the raw samples and the prepared protein concentrates was determined, namely total nitrogen, soluble and non - soluble nitrogen, minerals, moisture%, protein% and ash%. yield of product was calculated too. obtained results showed that : 1 - Analytical rates of raw samples of feathers, wool and camel hair were 2.57, 2.34 and 3.5 respectively and increased to 16.50, 16.14,15.77 and 15.68 % for the protein consternated of feathers , prepared by the use of acid, base and the protease of flax seed respectively and Babain Enzyme 14.69, 14.55,14.13 and 14.19% respectively for protein concentrate of wool and 14.92, 14.78,14.64 and 14.58% respectively for the concentrate of camel hair.2 - Protein percentage of protein concentrate of camel hair was significantly higher than other concentrate.3 - The lowest mean percentage of fat was recorded for the protein concentrate of camel hair compared with highest percentage of fat of concentrate of feather.4 - Significantly decreased were noticed in the fat percentage of all protein concentrate in comparison with raw samples, the lowest percentage was recorded in protein concentrate of camel hair.5 - Ash percentage were significantly lower in protein concentrate compared with the raw samples , the lowest percentage was in camel hair concentrate.6 - Total soluble nitrogen percentage were higher non - significantly in the prepared concentrate compared with the raw samples. 7 - Significantly decreased in percentage of non - soluble nitrogen in comparison of raw samples , but non - significantly difference in NTSN were obtained between the difference prepared protein concentrate.8 - Water holding capacity was non - significantly higher in the prepared protein concentrates in comparison with the raw samples.9 - Significantly increased in solubility of papered concentrates when compared with the raw samples difference in solubility of the prepared protein concentrates were not significantly. 10 - It was noticed that there is no significant between component quantity in manufacturing protein concentration from and in ported protein from

تقييم التنوع الوراثي في تجمعات الابل العراقية باستخدام تقنية التتابعات الدقيقة == ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC DIVERSITY IN IRAQI CAMELS POPULATION USING MICROSATELLITES TECHNIQUE

Author name: ايوب راضي طعمة زعلان
Supervisor name: طالب احمد جايد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was conducted in the Genetic Engineering Lab., College of Agriculture, University of Basrah (UoB). Iraqi camels divided into six provinces namely Basrah, Maysan, Dhi Qar, Qadisiyah, Muthannah and Najaf, aimed to measure the genetic diversity, genetic polymorphism for Iraqi camels, measure the ratio and the amount of heterozygosity in addition to the study of the genetic relationship between these populations. The blood samples were collected from six unrelated Iraqi camels populations by 100 samples by 5 ml from the jugular vein using a medical syringe. The blood was stored in test tubes containing anticoagulant agent like EDTA. Samples were numbered to know the area where the samples were taken. DNA was extracted using Kit from Invitrogen company, U.S.A according to the instructions attached with kit with some necessary modifications. The amount of DNA per sample measured by using Nano drop technique (Thermo scientific company, USA).Twelve microsatellite markers for camels (CMS50, CMS121, CMS13, VOLP67, LCA66, CVRL06, CVRL05, CVRL01, VOLP32, VOLP03, WYLL44, WYLL08) were used in this study. Polymerase chain reaction PCR was done for these microsatellite markers then fragmentations DNA analysis was conducted. Results were tabulated and statistically analyzed using special programs for population genetics such as popgene. can summarize the results as follows : 1. All primers generated pands and polymorphic DNA fragments in all tested samples with the exception of WYLL44 and WYLL08 molecular markers which filled to produce any amplifiable DNA for all populations.2. The total number of alleles for all molecular markers were 119 alleles with an average of 11.9 alleles.Summaryb3. VOLP67 marker had higher genetic polymorphism, as produced 23 alleles size ranged from 161 - 244 bp.4. Rest markers showed genetic polymorphism ranged from 6 to 15 alleles.5. Observed number of alleles No ranged from 16 alleles in Najaf populations for VOLP67 molecular marker to 4 alleles in Muthanna populations for CVRL06 molecular marker.6. The total silent alleles were 51, the rare alleles were 108, frequent alleles were 177 and common alleles were 244 .7. The observed heterozygosity Ho was 1.0 for all molecular markers. The expected heterozygosity He was 0.936 in Maysan populations for VOLP67 molecular marker while it was 0.682 in Dhi Qar populations for CVRL06 molecular marker.8. Effective number of alleles Ne ranged from 2,941 in Dhi Qar populations for CVRL06 molecular marker to 10.958 in Najaf populations for VOLP67 molecular marker.9. The values of polymorphism information content PIC ranged from 0.595 in Dhi Qar populations for CVRL06 molecular marker to 0.919 in Qadisiyah populations for CMS13 molecular marker.10. The lower genetic distance and higher genetic similarity between Basrah and Najaf populations, they were 0.161 and 0.851, respectively. Higher genetic distance and lower genetic similarity between Maysan and Dhi Qar populations were 0.370 and 0.690, respectively.

تاثير التسميد العضوي والبكتيري في نمو وحاصل ونوعية صنفين من الذرة البيضاء bicolor Sorghum (L.) Moench == The Effect of Organic and Bio - Fertilization in the Growth,Yield and the qualityof Two varieties of Sorghum {Sorghum bicolor ( L. ) Moench}

Author name: ايمان علاء الدين غازي
Supervisor name: كاظم حسن هذيلي الوحيلي | هاشم رشيد مجيد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted during the spring season of 2014 at a private field in Al - qurna county in clay loam soil with a salinity 3.2 ds.m - 1 ; to study the effect of interference between organic and biofertilizer (Azotobacter chroococcum ) on two varieties of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) (Kafair and NK8817).The experiment was carried out by using two levels of organic manure (without application and 10 ton / ha) and three type of bio - fertilizer (no application treatment, first strain of A.chroococcum (A1), and second strain of A. chroococcum (A2) and two varieties of sorghum local variety (Kafair) and the American hybrid (NK8817).The experiment was d esigned by R.C.B.D. in a split - split plot design in three replicates, the main plot was occupied the organic manure, sub. Plots consist bio - fertilizer levels while the sorghum varieties putted in the sub - sub plots. The results showed significant differences between varieties of sorghum, as outweigh the product was Kafair in both the number of days from planting to 50% flowering ( 44.89 day) and 50% flowering to maturity(29.11day), plant height(141.26 cm) , and protein percent (9.34%),while outweigh American hybrid NK8817 in each of the (leaf area3160cm2, the average number of grain in head2021.5 grain head - 1 , 1000 - grains weight 24.07 gm individual plant yield 46.63 gm, total grain yield 3831.8 kg/ha. The results showed that adding bio - fertilizer (A.chroococcum ) increased the qualities above while reducing the number of days from planting to 50% flowering and 50% flowering to maturity with no significant difference between first strain and second strain (A1 and A2) the yield has arrived (4030.7 kg/ ha) for A2 strain respectively compared with no application who gave 2485.8 kg/ ha .The results also showed that adding manure gave a significant increase of the recipes studied plant height (110.40 cm), leaf area (3874cm2), the average number of grain in head( 2005.7 grain head - 1 ), 1000 - grains weight (22.61 gm) individual plant yield( 45.08gm) , total grain yield (3731.4 kg/ha), protein percent ( 9.63% )and protein yield( 355.7 kg/ha) while it reduced the number of days from planting to 50% flowering ( 46.50 day) and 50% flowering to maturity ( 29.83 day) .There was a significant interaction between organic - fertilizer and Cultivated varieties, the NK8817 variety which treatment with 10 ton/ha gives high grain yield reached 4170.4 kg/ha compared with no fertilizer Kafair who gave 2944.5 kg/ha .There was also a significant interaction between bio - fertilizer and Cultivated varieties, the NK8817 variety which treatment with second strain A2 gives high grain yield reached 4431.4 kg/ha compared with no fertilizer Kafair who gave 2192.4 kg/ha .The results showed the interaction between organic - bio - fertilizer was significant interaction in most traits studied the plant which treated with 10 ton organic matter/ha and treatment with second strain A2 gives high grain yield reached 4315.8 kg/ha with no significant difference with first strain A1 .The results also showed the interaction between the three factors gave a significant differences in most traits studied. The highest seed yield ( 4880.9 kg ha - 1 )was obtained by using NK8817 variety which treated with second strain A2 and using 10 ton organic matter/ha while the control gave 2192.4 kg ha - 1 .

دراسة تركيبة تجمع الاسماك في كرمة علي جنوب العراق == Study of Fish Assemblage Structure in the Garmat Ali River, South Iraq

Author name: انتصار كامل حميد
Supervisor name: عبد الرزاق محمود محمد | كاظم حسن يونس
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study describes the composition of fish assemblage of the Garmat Ali River by adopting the ecological indices, and focusing on the changes in the structure of fish assemblage and the environmental factors. The ecological status of the river was evaluated by applying water quality index (CCME - WQI) and fish integrated biological index (F - IBI).Water and fish samples were collected on monthly basis, from the three stations during the period from November 2015 to October 2016.The study showed that air temperature ranged from 17.3ºC in December to 35.7 ºC in September, water temperature varied from 14.3 ºC in December to 32.7 ºC in September, transparency fluctuated from 17.7cm in July to 55.0cm in January, salinity ranged between1.5‰ in June to 6.0‰ in December and the pH varied from 7.2 in August to 8.3 in November. Water quality index of the river was classified as marginal (WQI= 49.5%). A total 34 fish species belonging to 26 genus and 16 families were caught using seine net, fixed gill net and electro - fishing, all species belong to Osteichthyes. Cyprinidae is a dominant family represented by seven species.The number of species caught was 9 in January and 25 in May. The fish fauna consisted of 18 marine, eight native and eight exotic species. The resident species consisted of 14 species, three species seasonal and 17 species occasional. Poecilia latipinna was the most abundant species numerically and in weight comprising 57.66% and 35.45%, respectively, followed by Tenualosa ilisha (15.29%, 22.38%). The third position in number was occupied with Thryssa whiteheadi (7.96%), but Carassius auratus in weight (10.16%). The dominance value (D3) for the more three abundant species in number (P. latipinna, T. ilisha and T. whiteheadi) was 80.91%, while in weight was 67.99% for P. latipinna, T. ilisha and C. auratus.The overall numerical diversity index ranged from 0.47 in February to 1.66 in October, but the weight diversity index ranged between 0.79 in February and 2.05 in April. The overall numerical evenness index varied from 0.23 in February and 0.63 in October, andthe weight evenness ranged between 0.37 in February and 0.73 in November. The overall richness index ranged from 1.05 in February to 2.26 in April.Associations between the numbers of species and individuals of fish and the environmental variables were clarified by using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The analysis was indicated that T.whiteheadi, T. vetrirostris, Coptodon zilli , Oreochromis aureus C. auratus and T. ilisha have been associated with water temperature, and P. latipinna has been associated with salinity.Cluster analysis reveals five main groups according to the Jaccared similarity index and three major groups according to Schooner' s similarity index. The integrated biological index (IBI) scores were calculated from 15 separate assemblage metrics based on the fish species richness, species composition and trophic guilds. The ecological status of the river was found to be impaired (F - IBI=46.5%).The study shows that the deterioration of the water quality of the Garmat Ali River during the last years, which reflects the deterioration of the water quality of both Shatt Al - Arab and East Hammar marsh, has affected on the composition of fish assemblage of the river fish in terms of the decrease in the number of native or endemic species and the increase in the numbers of marine and exotic species. This is confirmed by the value of F - IBI, which reflect the state of the ecological disturbance of the river.

تاثير مصدر الجزء النباتي وتركيز منظمات النمو في اكثار نبات الداليا الهجينة Dahlia variabilis Wild. (Desf.) خارج الجسم الحي == EFFECT OF SOURCE OF EXPLANT AND GROWTH REGULATORS ON IN VITRO PROPOGATION OF DAHLIA PLANT (Dahlia variabilis Wild. (Desf.))

Author name: اسراء عبد المحسن دراج عباس
Supervisor name: ماجد عبد الحميد ابراهيم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The current study was conducted in the Laboratory of Plant Tissue Culture, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah during the period of 2013 - 2015. The aim of this study was micro propagation of dahlia plant (Dahlia variabilis Wild. (Desf.)), using several methods of In vitro culture. This study was conducted several experiments involving test source of explants and the effect of growth regulators in various stages of propagation, and the results of the study are as follows : - 1. The germination percentage of seeds that cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2+0.3 mg.l - 1 combination BA and NAA respectively was 100% , while the seeds did not germinate when they cultured on MS medium provided of concentration of 0+0, 1+0 and 1+0.3 mg.l - 1 each of BA and NAA.2. The germination percent of seeds cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2+0.3 mg.l - 1 BA and NAA that grown in darkness reached 100% . but these seeds did not germinated when they grown in the light.3. Shoot tip was superior significantly on the epicotyl in the percentage of shoot multiplication, which reached in each 86.67% and 43.33% respectively. While cotyledonary leaves, nodal and root segments did not show any response to shoot multiplication.4. The shoot tip cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2.0+2.0 combination of BA and NAA gave the highest rates for the number of shoots, shoot length, number of leaves and leaf area, which reached 5.00 shoots, 3.33 cm, 5.33 leaves and 0.40 cm2, respectively. This combination was superior significantly on other combinations of BA and NAA (1.5+1.5, 2.5+2.5 and 3.0+3.0 mg.l - 1).5. The results showed that the shoot base segment formed direct adventitious shoots when cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2.0+2.0, 2.5+2.5 and 3.0+3.0 mg.l - 1 combinations of BA and NAA. But, that shoot base segment cultured on MS medium supplemented with 1.5+1.5 mg.l - 1 combination of BA and NAA showed no response to the formation of shoots after eight weeks of culture. Also, theresults showed that the shoot segments cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2.0+2.0 mg.l - 1 combination of BA and NAA has superior significantly rules on other combinations of BA and NAA in the number and length of shoots (10.00 shoots and 6.67 cm, respectively).6. Shoot tips and nodal segments cultured on MS medium supplemented with 3.0 +3.0 mg.l - 1 combination of BA and NAA were superior significantly on epicotyl in the percentage of callus induction, which reached 75.00%, 60.67% and 23.33%, respectively, after eight weeks of culture. The other explants (cotyledonary leaves and root segments) cultured on the same components of the medium, they did not respond to the induction of callus.7. The shoot tips were growing on MS medium supplemented with 3.0+3.0 mg.l - 1 combination of BA and NAA gave a large amount of callus. While these shoot tips cultured on MS medium supplied with 1.5+1.5 mg.l - 1 did not give any response to the induction of callus.8. The results showed indirect organogenesis from callus developing from the shoot tip and epicotyl on MS medium added with 3.0+3.0 mg.l - 1 combination of BA and NAA while cotyledonary leaves, nodal and root segments did not respond to organogenesis when cultured on the same medium components.9. The two combinations of BA and NAA (2.0+2.0 and 2.5+2.5 mg.l - 1) were superior significantly on the 3.0+3.0 mg.l - 1 combination in the number and length of shoots producing from the developing callus of shoot tip, which reached : (6.3 and 5.67) shoots and (6. 67 and 5.67) cm, respectively. While the shoot tips did not respond to organogenesis when cultured on MS medium added to 1.5+1.5 mg.l - 1 combination of BA and NAA.10. The shoots cultured on half strength of MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg.l - 1 NAA were superior significantly on other concentrations (0.5 and 1.0 mg.l - 1), in the percentage of rooting, the number of secondary roots and root length which reached 81.67%, 10.33 root and 1.47 cm respectively .11. The adventitious shoots cultured on half strength of MS medium added to 0.6 mg.l - 1 IBA and 45 gm.l - 1 sucrose gave the highest percentage of rooting and the highest rates of the number of primary and secondary roots and root length.12. Dahlia plants were acclimatized a high success rate of 100% when cultured in plastic pods containing a mixture of fine sand and peat - moss sterilized by 2 : 1.

تاثير التلقيح ببعض فطريات المايكورايزا في نمو وامتصاص الفسفور لنبات الذرة الصفراء Zea mays L. في التربة المتاثرة بالملوحة == Effect of inoculation by some fungi Mycorrhiza on growth and phosphorus uptake by maize (Zea mays L.) in saline soils

Author name: استبرق عبد الكريم كحطان البدران
Supervisor name: ميعاد مهدي الجابري
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was carried out to evaluate inoculation efficiency of different two kinds of Mycorrhizae fungi and mixed on effect soil structure and increasing the growth of Zea mays L. plants, grown in saline soil, which was reflected on fertilization of soil and reduction of to meet the need of some plant nutrients.It has been conducting the study.Which included test and propagate Mycorrhizal isolation ( Glomus mosseae and Glomus Spp.) obtained from Agricultural Research Office , Ministry of Science and Technology, using sandy loam soil, brought from Al - Zubair region, Basrah governovate. Soil was air - dried, grinded and sieved by 4mm diameter core sieve, and then autoclaved at atemperature of 121C and pressure of 15 P.Inch2 for 90 minutes to produce soil free of microorganism. Plastic Pots have 5 Kg.Soil for each one and inoculated with both Mycorrhiza and separately.100 gm. of inoculation was put 5Cm bereath the soil surface of the pots and 100 gm. Of inoculation was also added by mixing with soil surface. 10 seeds of Triticum aestivum L. class,Ebaa 99 were stirelized in 2% HgCl and 95% ethanol and sowed in these pots. Seedlings were thirned to seedlings and watered up to 75% of water holding capacity. After 90 days of germination, shoot was cut and left away, whereas the mixture of soil and root pieces were kept in side sterilized sacks and left in the refrigerator use as inoculation . Samples of these were tested under microscope to confirm infection of roots by Mycorrhiza using Acid fuchsin dye. Samples of soil were also tested to insure the presence of Spores using the method of wet sieving and decanting .The second experiment included testing soil samples which were collected randomly from 0 - 30cmdepthsoil of Ashafi region ,vallage of Eshnanah, Al - Qurna region, north of Basrah Governoate. Soil was air - dried, grinded and sieved by 4mm diameter core sieve. The soil was salined from 5 ds m - 1. To reach the saline levels of 10 and 20 ds m - 1.through washing with abalanced solution of 4 chemicals (MgSO4 , CaSO4.2H2O, NaCl and CaCl2.2H2O) until the balance level between the added saline solution and the drained water was reached. The plastic pots were filled with 5 Kg pot - 1 soil inoculated with isolated fungi, each fungi alone, and with both fungus as infected treatments and also control treatment ( without inoculation).50gm layers of Mycorrhiza were put death 5Cm bellow pot surface and 50gm of the same inoculation was mixed with soil surface. Control treatment was contained 50gm sterilized sand layered death 5Cm bellow the soil surface of the pot and 50gm of the same sand was mixed with soil surface layer.Experimental untis were supplied with chemical fertilizers as recommended to Zea mays L. plants , with the exception of phorphorus being added with three concentrations (0,60,120) Kg p ha - 1. 10 sterlized seeds of Zea mays L.,class Bhooth 106 were sowed in each pot , and then thinned to 5 seedlings pot - 1 a week after germination , with control treatment being sowed first to avoid contamination. Pots were irrigated with RO water throughout the experimental time in which pots were watered up to 70% of its water holding capacity. After 90 days of germination, shoot part of plant was cut from the soil surface Balsndan, Rooting part was cleaned and placed in a test tube containing Formalin acetic acid solution and kept till dying and examining under microscope.Determination were made on some growth parameters , such as, percentage of root infection, root length, dry weights of shoot and root growth, Protein and phosphorus up - take and mean weight diameter.Were obtained the following results : 1 - Inoculation by Mycorrhiza (G.mosseae , G.spp. alone and with amixture of both them increase on Percentage of root infection of plant Zea mays L.(88.88% , 64.44% , 77%) as compared with control treatment (18.11%) , inoculation by fungi Mycorrhiza theabove - mentioned significant increases on root length of plant Zea mays L. (39.23, 21.99 , 28.65 cm) as compared with control treatment (12.76 cm) , give inoculation by Mycorrhiza fungi the above - mentioned significant increases on dry weight of root growth (7.02 , 4.02 , 5.48 , gm pot - 1 ) Respectively as compared with control treatment (1.05 gm pot - 1 ), inoculation by Mycorrhiza fungi the above - mentioned give significant increases on dry weight of shoot (10.007 , 6.75 , 7.57 gm pot - 1 ) Respectively ascompared with control treatment (2.36 gm pot - 1), signification increases on Protein percentagr on treatment inoculation by Mycorrhiza fungi the above - mentioned ( 11.82% , 9.80 , 10.61%) Respectively as compared with control treatment (6.13%),give inoculation fungi Mycorrhiza significant increases on phosphorus up - take (23.80 , 16.02 , 21.47 mg P plant - 1) Respectively as compared with control treatment (5.53 mg P plant - 1) and give inoculation with fungi the above - mentioned significant increases on mean weight diameter (0.37 , 0.16 , 0.26 Mm) Respectively as compared with control treatment (0.11Mm ). 2 - Results also showed that the fungi G.mosseae was significantly better than that of fungi G.spp. and also that of mixture of both fungi in all the studied characters.3 - Effect phosphorus fertilizer Added the three levels ( 0 , 60 , 120 kg p ha - 1) significantly in studied characters above the highest result on percentage infection with the level of 60 kg p ha - 1 (72.50%) half of recommendation used in the experiment.4 - The interference between in oculation and fertilization had significant increases on percentage of root infection plant Zea mays L., root length plant Zea mays L., dry weight of shoot and root growth , protein percentage and phosphorus up - take thecombination of inoculation by G.mosseae fungi and 60 kg p ha - 1 (100% , 42.29 cm , 9.25 gm pot - 1 , 12.22 gm pot - 1 , 13.59% , 26.84 mg p plant - 1 ) Respectively. 5 - Deffrent level saline give significant increases on percentage of root infection of plant Zea mays L. at 5 ds m - 1 (69.17%). As compared with studied characters other root length Zea mays L. , dry weight of shoot and root growth , Protein percentage , phosphorus up - take and mean weight diameter significant at 10 ds m - 1 (20.33cm , 5.40 gm pot - 1 , 8.96gm pot - 1 , 10.60% , 22.98 mg p plant - 1 , 14.53%) Respectively as compared with control treatment (5 ds m - 1) , after that decreased studied characters in saline concentration at 20 ds m - 1 . The interference between inoculation and salinity increased on percentage of root infection plant Zea mays L. treatment inoculation with G.mosseae fungi and saline concentration at 5 ds m - 1 (93.33%) , but characters the above mentioned significant increases in all treatment inoculated with G.mosseae fungi and saline concentration at 10 ds m - 1 ( 48.88 cm , 8.47 gm pot - 1 , 12.73 gm pot - 1 , 13.13% , 33.83 mg p plant - 1 , 0.57 Mm ) Respectively.6 - The interference between inoculation , salinity and phosphorus fertilizer different significant increases on percentage of root infection in treatment inoculation with G.mosseae fungi the hevel of 60 kg p ha - 1 and saline concentration at 5ds m - 1 (100%), but other studied charactres root length , Protein percentage and phosphorus up - take in treatment inoculation with G.mosseae fungi, with the level of 60 kg p ha - 1 half of recommendation used in the experiment and saline concentration at 10 ds m - 1 ( 52.75 cm , 11.22 gm pot - 1 , 15.42 gm pot - 1 , 14.53% , 38.04 mg p plant - 1) Respectively.

مظهرية القناة الهضمية وعلاقتها بتغذية ثلاثة انواع من الاسماك في منطقة ابو جولانة جنوب هور الجبايش == Morphology of digestive tract in relation to feeding in three fish species in Abo - Choolana southern AL - Chebayish Marsh

Author name: اسماء عبد الهادي صالح
Supervisor name: عادل يعقوب يوسف الدبيكل | جاسم محسن عبد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Addrressed study in alimentary gut morphology and relationship feeding of three fish species with different food habits i.e. Leuciscus vorax (Shilik) as a carnivore, Planiliza abu (Khishni) as an omnivore and Oreochromis aureus (tilapia) as a herbivore and the activity of alpha - amylase enzyme. Each species was divided into two length groups : 1 - Shilik 300≥ (227 fish) and ˂300 mm (117 fish) .2 - Khishni 100≥ (508 fish) and ˂ 100 mm (706 fish) .3 - Tilapia 150≥ (270 fish) and 150 mm ˂ (309 fish) .Fish were sampled monthly during the period from February 2014 to January 2015 using cast net and an electrical apparatus. Air temperature in the study area during that period ranged between 14 and 33°C and water temperature between 12 and 32 °C, while salinity ranged between 1.42 and 2.9 ppt.Appearance of Shilik mouth was characterized by a superior position, toothless jaws and barbells. The mouth position in Khishni and Tilapia was terminal with an extension of buccal cavity. Khishni lacked mandibular teeth which related to its feeding habits, while 3 - 4 rows of teeth were existed in the lower jaw of tilapia to cut plants parts.The three fish species has four branchial arches which were different in length reflecting the respiratory and feeding needs. the average length of the first arch of Shilik for the two length groups were 34.93 and 73.42 mm, in Khishni 13.96 and 19.41 mm and in tilapia between 22.63 and 37.86 mm, respectively. Gill rakers of the three species differ in length and number to accommodate their feeding habits. The average length of gill rakers in Shilik was 1.78 and 3.78 mm, in Khishni it reached 1.09 and 4.12 mm and in tilapia were between 1.91 and 2.06 mm. The number of gill rakers differed between species and ranged in Shilik between 10 - 12 to 12 - 14, in Khishni between 45 - 55 to 62 - .55 while in tilapia 21 - 22 to 22 - 24. The pharyngeal teeth in Shilik substituted the absence of mandibular teeth and its equation was ( 5.3 - 3.5). Khishni oral cavity contain a pair of pharyngeal teeth with a rough surface helps in grinding sand and mud solid particles with a length ranged from 5.14 to 8.02 mm and a width from 3.34 to 4.78 mm. Tilapia length of pharyngeal teeth were 4.91 and 9.61 mm, and the width was 4.37 and 7.28 mm.It was possible to distinguish two gut areas in the three species depending on diameter, where the anterior was wider than posterior area. The anteriorbintestine thickness were 23.74 , 4.29 and 3.34 mm, while the posterior thickness were 7.28 , 2.42 and 1.62, respectively. These differences confirm the variations in feeding habits. The relative gut length (RGL) of Shilik was 1.11 and 1.08 mm for the two length groups with no significant correlation with the standard length. In Khishni, it was 2.79 and 3.45 mm with 7 - 9 loops and the statistical analysis did not show significant correlation with standard length.The gizzard of Khishni through which food coarse are crushed, reached a width, height and wall thickness of its wall of 8, 4.26, 2.84 and 12.24, 6.24 and 4.59 mm, respectively. Tilapia RGL were 9.50 and 10.25, respectively.The stomach contents of the studied species were examined by dissected and compound microscope, using weight percentages, points and frequency of occurrence methods to calculate the index of relative importance (IRI). The three species showed similar patterns in the feeding intensity and activity during the study period with lowest values recorded during summer and the highest during spring.Result levins index showed That individual of the Shulik were small narrow specialization (0.27) and large (0.25) highly specialized, with fishes Khushnia (0.42 and 0.37) and blu tilapia (0.32 and 0.32) and were narrow specialization of small and large individual, respectively.The results of proximate analysis showed differences in the natural food of the three species depending on the feeding habits of these fish. The moisture content and energy where(%69.47 and 26.82 kcal / gm) ,(% 52.23 and 5.08 kcal/ gm) ,(%61.25 and 5.40 kcal / g) for smaller length , while it was (%68.93 and 11.50 kcal / gm) , (%55.14 and 5.01 kcal/ gm ),( %64.75% and 6.08% kcal/ gm) for larger lengths. The percentages of ash and organic matter rated (%51.57 , 48.43 and %31.96 , 68.0 and %47.53 , 52.46) for smaller lengths and (%23.56, 76.44 and %36.75, 63.24 and %44.57, 55.41) for large lengths. Organic carbon rate was higher (1,72 and 2.94 and 1.61) during summer, winter and autumn for first length group of Shilik, Khishni and tilapia, respectively, while second length group reached higher rate (1.61 and 2.67 and 1.72) during spring and autumn in Shilik, spring, summer and autumn in Khishni, and only autumn in blu tilapia.Alpha - amylase showed an elevated enzymatic activity in herbivorous and omnivorous in comparison with carnivorous fish confirming its main function in the hydrolysis of starch molecules .

كفاءة نبات البردي Pers. Typha domingensis والطحالب الملتصقة به في تحسين نوعية المياه في الجزء الجنوبي الشرقي من هور الحمار == Efficiency of Typha domingensis Pers. and Epiphytic algae for improving the water quality in South east Al - Hammar marsh

Author name: ازهار مكي نزال
Supervisor name: ازهار علي عبد الله الصابونجي | جبار خطار عبد الحسن
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of aquatic plant Typha domingensis pers. and epipytic algae in improving the quality of water in South east Al - Hammar marsh. Four Stations were Selected , the first two stations are (AL - Mndhuri and AL - Daoudi) due to their location near and lack of vegetation, while the third and fourth stations Al - Zerki and AL - Burgah were selected Depending on the presence of high density of aquatic plants which dominated by T. domingensis , These are Al - Zerki and AL - Burgah. Water, aquatic plant and sediments samples were collected monthly from the selected stations from December 2014 until November 2015. Physical, Chemical and biological variables were measured, Air temperature was between (12.5 - 46.7)C◦ in Dec. and Aug. respectively, water temperature ranged between (11.2 - 42. 4) C◦ in Dec. and Aug. respectively, Salinity concentration ranged between (2.57) ‰ in Feb. and(6.59) ‰ in Sep. , Transparency at ranged between (42) cm in Jun and(74)cm in Dec. , Current velocity ranged between (0.26) m/sce in Feb. and( 0.59) m/sce in Aug. , pH was range between (5.7) in Jul. to(8.4) in Nov. , Dissolved oxygen ranged between (5.64) mg/l in May and(10.72) mg/l in Dec. , while the Biological Oxygen Demand was ranged between (0.72) mg/l in Nov. and(3.71) mg/l in Aug. , nitrate ranged between (2.61) μg/l in Apr. and(12.81) μg/l in Aug. ,while the reactive phosphate ranged from (0.27) μg/l in Sep. and( 0.93) μg/l in Aug. ,Total phosphorus ranged between (0.76) μg atom P/l in Jun and Oct. and(1.68) μg atom P/l in Aug. ,Chlorophyll a in water was ranged value between (4.11) μg/l in Feb. and(19.6 ) μg/l in Sep. ,Coliform of the study area at the ranged between (129) cell/100 ml in Nov. and(1800) cell/100 ml in Aug..Percentage of total nitrogen and total phosphate were determined in T.domingenesis, which collected from Al - Zerki and Al - Burgah stations, results showed that the Total nitrogen content of the aquatic plant which ranged between (1.02)% in Feb. and (2.89 (% in Sep. ,While the content of the aquatic plant of total phosphorus was ranged between(0.2)% in Feb. and (0.83)% in Sep. .As well as determined the Lead and Cadmium elements , as a dissolved part in water and exchangeable part in the sediments, as well as content in T.domingenesis. The concentrations of lead as dissolved part in water rangedBbetween( ( 0.86 μg/l in Jul. and ( 3.1 ) μg/l in Apr. , and in the exchangeable part of the sediment between ( 0.78 ) μg/g in Aug. and ( 2.41 ) μg/g in Apr. , while the content in T. domingenesis ranged between ( 0.38 ) μg/g dry weight in Jan. and ( 0.71 ) μg/g dry weight in Aug. ,Whereas cadmium as dissolved part in water ranged between ( 1.0 ) μg/l in Nov. and ( 2.8 ) μg/l in Apr. ,while in the exchangeable part of the sediment ranged between (0.6) μg/g in Apr. and (2.0) μg/g in Mar. ,and ranged in the T. domingenesis between (0. 3) μg/g dry weight in Jan. and(0.6) μg/g dry weight in Aug. ,The value of organic carbon in sediments ranged between (0.162)% in Nov. and(0.458)% in Jul. .Carlson Trophic State (CTSI) Index were used, based on three variables, namely chlorophyll - a - , total phosphorus and transparency to assess the nutritional status according to the primary productivity, Al - Mndhuri and Al - Daoudi stations were evaluated to be mesotrophic category values ranged between (41.42 - 46.68) for Al - Mndhuri station and between (45.63 - 40.44) for Al - Daoudi station during the months of August and October respectively. while Al - Zerki station were ranged between (42.55) during August which classified as mesotrophic, and 38.69 in February which classified as oligotrophic, AL - Burgah station were evaluated as oligotrophic and values ranged from 39.45 during January and 25.6 during October. The rate of trophic state index were 43.14 , 42.68 , 40.24 and 32.24 for four stations, respectively. Study areas marsh were classified as mesotrophic (39.57).Organic pollution index were measured depending on three variables, namely nitrates, phosphorus and biological oxygen demand to determine the levels of organic pollution for study stations, and to assess the general level of the study area, The values ranged (43.91 - 82.68) at Al - Mndhuri station during the months of May and August, while ranged between (37.65 - 75.76) during the months of November and August for the Al Daoudi station, and values for Al - Zerki station were ranged between (27.88 - 52.51) during the months of October and August respectively, while at AL - Burgah station were (24.60 - 39.22) during September and February.Al - Mndhuri and Al - Daoudi stations were classified in general to be Deteriorated, While stations Al - Zerki and AL - Burgah were classified as Medium, with an annual rate (52.81, 50.29, 38.57, 32.17) for the four stations, respectively. The lower values at Al - Zerki and AL - Burgah stations wasCassociated with decline in values of different factor that used for measuring OPI due to the presence of aquatic plant with high density which acting as filters for water contributed to the improvement of the environmental situation of the study area.Two Laboratory experiments for Free surfaces system static and recycling was done, both of which had lasted for eleven days to compare the efficiency between Epiphytic algae, and T.domingenesis in removing nutrients, which included nitrates and phosphates as well as the reduction of biological oxygen demand. The percentages of removal were calculated for each two days, also the total percentages of removal were calculated at the end of the experiment.Results showed that Epiphytic algae have higher efficiency in removing of nitrates, phosphorus and in reduction biological oxygen demand. than T.domingenesis and at both systems static and recycling. The total percentages of removing nitrate , phosphate and reduction in biological oxygen demand by epiphytic algae were (60.0, 52.91,60.0)% respectively, at the static system, and (68.84, 57.61 , 68.91 )%, respectively, using recycling system, while the total percentages reduction using the aquatic plant for nitrate ,phosphate and biological - oxygen demand were (39.9, 21.42, 63.64)%, respectively, using static system, and ( 48.12, 31.42, 72.87)% respectively, using recycling system. The results showed that the reduction of nutrient by using recycling system is higher than a static system .

تاثير اضافة كلوريد الصوديوم وفيتامين c الى ماء الشرب في بعض الصفات الانتاجية والفسلجية والنسيجية والسلوكية لطائر السمان الياباني الجامبو == Effects of Adding Sodium Chloride and Vitamin C to Drinking Water on Some Productive, Physiological, Histological, and Behavioral Traits of Jumbo Japanese Quail

Author name: ارشد طالب محسن سلطان
Supervisor name: طارق فرج شوكت | خالد جلاب كريدي الصالحي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was conducted at Quail's Field of Agriculture Collage/University of Basrah for the period from 15/11/2015 to 15/1/2016 to examine the effect of adding sodium chloride (NaCl) and vitamin C to the drinking water on some productivity, Physiological, histological, and behavioral traits of Jumbo Japanese quail. A 216 one week old chicks of brown jumbo Japanese quail. They were randomly distributed to six treatments (T) with three replicates of 12 chicks each replicates by Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Each liter of drinking water (RO) was treated with 1.5 or 2.5 g of NaCl, T1 and T2, respectively, 1.5 or 2.5 of NaCl plus 1 g of vitamin C, T3 and T4, respectively, only 1g of vitamin C in T5 and RO only in the control. The results indicated the following : 1. A significant increase (p<0.05) of the average of body weight in T3, T4 andT5 treatments at 6 and 8 week, with a significant increase (p<0.05) in the body weight gain at the periods (8 - 0) and (6 - 0) week compared to other treatments, however, there was no a significant difference on average of feed consumption and feed conversion ratio.2. A significant increase) p<0.05) in treatments T1 and T2 in water consumption compared to the other treatments.3. A significant increase )p<0.05) in treatments T1 and T2 in relative weight of kidney, with a significant decrease )p<0.05) in relative weight of testes and ovaries compared to other treatments, however, there was no a significant difference between all treatments on the relative weight of heart, liver and spleen.4. A significant increase )p<0.05) in treatments T3, T4and T5 in red blood cell count(RBC), packed cell volume (PCV)and hemoglobin concentration (Hb) compared to other treatments with a significant decrease )p<0.05) in heterophils /lymphocytes ratio.b5. A significant increase )p<0.05) in treatments T3, T4and T5 in total protein concentration and globulin blood serum compared to treatments T1and T2.6. A significant decrease )p<0.05) in treatments T3, T4 and T5 in concentration of ALT, AST enzyme and uric acid in blood serum compared to treatment T1and T2.7. A significant increase )p<0.05) in treatments T3, T4 and T5 in concentration of thyroxin hormone in blood serum compared to other treatments.8. A significant increase )p<0.05) in treatments T1 and T2 in rectal temperature compared to other treatments.9. There was a significant (p<0.05) in treatments T3, T4 and T5 in sexual puberty in male and female of Jumbo Japanese quail, but the treatment T1 and T2 record a late sexual puberty compare with others treatments.10. A significant increase )p<0.05) in treatments T3, T4 and T5 in egg shell thickness and relative weight of egg shell compared to other treatments.11. A significant increase )p<0.05) in treatments T3, T4 and T5 in calcium and phosphorus concentration of the tibia bone.12. A significant increase )p<0.05) in treatments T1 and T2 in water drinking behavior, whereas, there was no a significant difference between all treatments in feeding behavior.13. A significant decrease )p<0.05) in treatments T3, T4 and T5 in Pecking behavior compared with other treatments.From this study we can conclude that most of productive, physiological, and histological characteristics are affected negatively by increase of sodium chloride concentration (1.5 and 2.5 g/l). Also, as the result have shown, level of vitamin c plays a positive role to reduce the negative effect of sodium chloride.

تاثير موعد الزراعة والكثافة النباتية والرش بالمحفز الحيوي في نمو وفعاليتة Ocimum basilicum L. وحاصل نبات الريحان التثبيطية لبعض الاحياء الدقيقة == Effect Sowing date, plant density and spraying with biostimulative on growth and yield of basil plant ?Ocimum basilicum L. and effectiveness of inhibitory some Microbiology

Author name: ابراهیم عباس كاظم عبید
Supervisor name: سمیرة عبد الكریم مطرود | فاطمة علي حسن
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: An experiments were conducted during spring seasons of 2015 in medicinal and aromatic plant field follow of Agriculture College/ Basrah University to study the effect of date planting , plant density and spraying with sea algae extract kelpak on growth and yield parameters seeds and oil of basil plant ˝Ocimum basilicum var. Cinnamon L.˝ The aim of the experiments was focused on the effect of two date planting (15/2 and 1/3) three plant density 60, 90 and 120 plants.m - 2 and spraying with kelpak 0 and 2 ml.l - 1 . Sprying was done three time 20, 25, 30 days after propagating. Factorial experiments was analysis with Complete Block Design Randomized ( R.C.B.D) was used with three replication, Least Significant Differences Test (L.S.D) was used at probability of 0.05 with Genstat programs. The results could be summarized as follows : - 1. Effect date planting The first date (15/2) increased significantly in plant height, leaves number. plant - 1, leaves area, the number of inflorescences, seed yield.plant - 1 (2.37 gm), total seed yields (1850 kg), weight of 1000 seed (1.39 gm), percentage oil.seeds - 1 ( 9.80%), oil yields.plant - 1 (0.26 gm) and total oil yields (0.21 kg). While the second date increased significantly in the number of vegetative branches and the date of flowering. 2. Effect plant density The first density (60plants.m - 2) increased significantly in plant height, leaves number. plant - 1, leaves area, seed yield.plant - 1 (2.52 gm), oil yields.plant - 1 (0.208 gm), percentage oil.seeds - 1 ( 9.48%) and the specific weight of the oil, while the second date (90 plants.m - 1) increased significantly in weight of 1000 seed (1.37 gm), the refractive index and specific gravity of the oil pilot, while the third days increased significantly in date of flowering, total seed yields (2.329 kg) , total oil yields (0.21 kg).3. Effect biostimulative The sprying with 2 ml.l - 1 of sea algae extract (kelpak) caused significants increasing in plant height, the number of vegetative branches, leaves number.plant - 1, leaves area, the number of inflorescences, seed yield. Plant - 1 (2.58 gm), total seed yields (2020 Kg), percentage oil.seeds - 1 ( 10.96%), oil yield.plant - 1 (0.23 gm ) , total oil yields (0.19 Kg) and specific gravity of the Volatile , in addition to the amount of chlorophyll and total carbohydrates in the leaves, while the plants spraying with distilled water caused effect date flowering. The interactions between the studied factors caused significant increased effects in all characters’.4. The hits inhibitory concentrations of alcoholic extracts of leaves , flowers and seeds of basil plants against the two types of bacteria and fungi pathogenic to humans Test was done to the effectiveness of four concentrations which were50, 100, 150, 200 mg.ml - 1 of the methyl and ethyl alcoholic extracts for leaves, flowers and seeds of the basil plants in vitro on the two types of bacteria tested Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and two types of fungus Candida albican and Aspergillus niger by using filter paper disc diffusion method. The concentration 200 mg.ml - 1 of methyl alcoholic extracts for seeds was effective inhibition the growth of the bacteria Escherichia coli.and leaves and flower weer effective inhibition the growth of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and the leave extracts inhibitory effect against two fungi Candida albican and Aspergillus niger

دراسة مرض الرقعة الفارغة المتسبب عن الفطر Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn في حقول الحنطة شمال محافظة البصرة ومكافحته احيائيا وكيميائيا == A study bare patch disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn on wheat in fields at North of Basrah and its biological and chemical control

Author name: ابتهال رياض مكطوف المعارج
Supervisor name: يحيى عاشور صالح
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Diseases
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was carried out in the laboratories of Plant Protection Department / Agriculture College / University of Basrah, while the field experiment has been done at the fields of wheat in, Qurna, North of Basrah during the season of 2013 - 2014. in orderd to know the causal agent of the wheat death and stunting phenomena. The results of isolation, identification and pathogenicity test revealed that Rhizoctonia solani was the causal pathogen agent of wheat bare patch disease. The evaluation of efficiency of Trichoderma harzianum and Moncut fungicide and their interaction were done. The study showed that bare patch disease spread in all fields in Qurna and some fields in Mudainah. The highest percentage of disease incidence was recorded in Jurf - Alsakher which was 7.9%, while the lowest percentage was recorded in Nahr Salih fields which was 2.1% . Pathogenicity test showed that the isolate Rs1 which was isolated from Qurna - Mzeraa was more virulent than Rs2 isolate which was isolated from Jurf - Alsakher. Results also explained that 25ºC and pH 5 were the best temperature and pH values for the growth of the fungus. On the other hand it was found that both isolates RS1 and RS2 were able to grow at high salinity ranges from 6 - 16 ds.m - 1.The results also showed that the bioagent T. harzianum has a high antagonistic ability against isolates of R.solani (Rs1 and Rs2) with antagonism degree reached (1) according to Bell scale . It's also found that both isolates give positive detection for cellulase , protease and polyphenol oxidase enzymes, while they gave negative detection for lipase . It is also noticed that culture filtrate of Rs1 and Rs2 treated or non - treated with heat effected on seed germination and reduced the percentage to 0% compared to 100% in control treatment.BThe laboratorial experiments revealed that Moncut fungicide was the most effective among all tested fungicides , the growth inhibition reached 50.55 and 42.22% for Rs1 and Rs2 isolates respectively, and 7.33% for T. harzianum . On the other hand the concentrations of 150 and 200 ppm of Moncut fungicide were most effective among all concentrations to inhibit growth of RS1 and RS2 isolates on PDA, which reached 62.2, 66.3, 75.7 and 80.9% for both isolates and concentrations respectively.Pot experiment elucidated that the treatment of T. harzianum + Moncut + RS1 or RS2 increased wheat seeds germination up to 74.7 and 60.35% respectively compared to 41 and 29.6% for R1 and R2 alone respectively. It is also found that T+M+R1 and T+M+R2 reduced seed decay to 26.3 and 31.6 respectively compared to 59 and 71.33% for treatments R1 and R2 respectively, also they increased the number of offshoots, plant height, fresh and dry weight for shoot and root systems.Field experiment results revealed that the treatment T+M+R1 and T+M+R2 led to increase seed germination percentage and reduced seed decay percentage to 89.67, 10.33, 82.0 and 12.0% respectively compared to 50, 45.33, 50 and 54.67 for treatments R1 and R2 alone. It's also observed that T+M+R1 and T+M+R2 increased off shoot number , plant height , fresh and dry weight for both shoots and root system which reached 7.2, 6.6, 59.66, 55.89, 25.16, 22.56, 2.76, 2.42, 6.49, 6.37, 0.59, 0.66 respectively in comparison with the treatments of R1 and R2 alone which were 4.4, 4.1,41, 38.33, 10.86, 9.51, 1.28, 1.02, 2.67, 2.55, 0.29,0.23 respectively. Also, these treatments gave best number of spikes which was 476.4 and 461.3 spike/m2 respectively. From other hand the number of seeds also increased it reached 39.67 and 34.7 seed/spike respectively, These treatments also led to increase the weight of 1000 seeds up to 41 and 39.27 gm respectively compared to the pathogen treatments R1 and R2 alon

تاثير الاقلمة والتسميد بنوعين من السماد المركب NPK في نمو نبات الموز (Musa sp.) الصنف الهندي المكثر نسيجي == Effet of Hardening and Fertilization with Two Types of NPK on Growth of Tissue Culture Derived Banana (Musa sp.)

Author name: منى خزعل جابر القطراني
Supervisor name: عباس مهدي جاسم | منال زباري سبتي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Tissue
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A study was conducted at the technology tissue culture lab that belong to private sector in Fayhaa / Shatt al - Arab / Basra province and tissue culture lab of college of Agriculture / University of Basra from November 2014 to December 2015, off shoots of Musa acuminate dwarf banana cv. Indian of six months age were used as a source of explants which was propagated by half of Shoot tips on MS medium supplement with Benzyl adenine (BA) to stimulate shoot multiplication and then rooting on medium free of Cytokinin and supplemented by Naphthalene acetic acid NAA at 1 mg . L - 1, Then Plantlets were hardened by two types of covering (Polyethylene cover and glass cover) to find its effect on success of hardening . plants then transferred to greenhouse and treated by two types of NPK fertilizer (NPK+ TE) 20 - 20 - 20+TE and 10 - 20 - 30+TE by four levels : 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 gm .plant - 1 besides the control treatment (without fertilization). Fertilizers were added after two and four months of hardening to find the effect of those fertilizers and interference between them in addition after two months and four months later on vegetative growth and chemical characteristics of banana plants derived from tissue culture. results can be summarized as follows : 1 - Results showed no significant difference between the two types of covering in percent of success of hardening , percent of lost humiditiy and vegetative growth except plant height where glass cover was more effective than polyethylene cover.2 - The results showed the effect of fertilizer type on vegetative growth of banana plants where the NPK (20 - 20 - 20+ TE) ( F1) was superiverالخلاصة SUMMARYBcompared to NPK (10 - 20 - 30+ TE) (F2) in most of vegetative growth (leaf area , plant height, stem diameter) which were (82.6 cm 2, 28.74 cm, 12.16 mm) respectively fo r the first addition and (123.7 cm 2, 34.07 cm, 14.33 mm) respectively for a second addition, where was no significant difference in number of leaves under the two types of fertilizers .3 - Fertilizer level at 2.0 gm .plant - 1 was significantly more effective in leaf area, plant height and stem diameter for both additions and (108.5 cm 2, 31.67 cm, 14.10 mm) respectively for the first addition and (190.8 cm 2, 39.40 cm, 17.13 mm) for a second addition respectively, whereas, 1.5 gm .plant - 1 was superior leaves number for both addition .4 - There were interaction between type and level of fertilizer ,where F1 type and 2.0 g . plant - 1 gave highest leaf area, plant height and stem diameter for both addition which were 121.3 cm 2 , 34.42 cm and 15.19 mm respectively for the first addition and 212.1 cm 2, 41.46 cm and 17.96 mm for a second addition respectively. The interaction between fertilizer type F1 and 1.5 g . plant - 1 level was superior in leaves number for both addition which were 3.40 and 6. 00 laef . plant - 1 respectively5 - Fertilizer type F1 was more effective than type F2 on chlorophyll a , b and total chlorophyll, (0.647, 0.367, 1.014) mg. gm - 1 respectively for addition after two month and (0.731, 0.403, 1.134) mg. gm - 1 respectively for addition after four months later. Fertilizer level at 2.0 gm . plant - 1 was superior in chlorophyll content for both additions after two and four months .6 - The interaction between fertilizer type and fertilizer level was significant effect on the stock content of chlorophyll a , b and total chlorophyll forالخلاصة SUMMARYCboth addition, where F1type and 2.0 g . plant - 1 level ,gave the highest rate (1.098, 0.546, 1.644) mg . gm - 1 respectively for the addition after two months and (1.160, 0.574, 1.734) mg .gm - 1 respectively for the after four months addition .7 - No significant effect for the fertilizer types of carbohydrate , and phosphorus content for both addition, and fertilizer type F1 was more effective than type F2 on nitrogen content for both additions and rate of (27.71, 32.25) mg. gm - 1 respectively . F2 type was superior of potassium content for both additions and give (23.92, 29.10) mg. gm - 1 respectively8 - Results showed the level of fertilizer 2.0gm.plant - 1 was significant effect in carbohydrates, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium level (54.09, 33.57, 2.13, 25.57) mg. gm - 1 after two months addition and (62.51, 39.95, 2.37, 31.37) mg . gm - 1 respectively for the addition after four months .9 - The level interaction between F1type of fertilizer and 2.0 g . plant - 1 level was on carbohydrates and nitrogen (55.35, 35.34) mg. gm - 1 after two months and (63.13, 42.53) mg. gm - 1 respectively for the four months addition .10 - F2 type and 2.0 gm. plant - 1 level give the highest phosphorus level (2.20) gm. gm - 1 after two months addition , while for added after four months may be greater than F1type and 2.0 gm. plant - 1 level a significant Superiority at over all interactions highest rate (2.48 mg .gm - 1) . As for the content of potassium the leaves , F2 type and 2.0 gm. plant - 1 level was significant and give the highest rate (26.10, 33.70) mg. gm - 1 for two addition respectively.

تاثير التقنين الغذائي الكي واضافة المعزز الحيوي وحامض البروبيونك في العلائق على الاداء الانتاجي والفسلجي لفروج اللحم == Effect of Quantitative feed restriction with Addition Probiotic and Propionic Acid on Productive Performance and Some Physiological Characters of Broiler Chicks

Author name: الفريد سولاقه كرومي حنا
Supervisor name: رياض كاظم موسى | عبد الله عبد المنعم محمد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was conducted at poultry farm, Animal Resources Department, College of Agriculture University of Basrah from 4/4/2010 to 15/5/2010 for the first experiment and from 8/112010 to 19/12/2010 for the second experiment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of early (8 - 21) and late (21 - 34) day of feed restriction by partial 20% with adding IRAQI probiotic at level 0.3% for (first experiment) and propionic acid at level 0.3% for the (second experiment) in productive performance and some physiological of blood and small intestine. One day of 270 unsexed chicks of Ross 308 strain were used in the study. The chicks were randomly distributed into 6 treatments with three replicates. Each replicate contain 15 chicks. Results of first experiment indicated that : 1 - There was a significant (p<0.05) increase in control treatment with IRAQI probiotic on live body weight and body weight gain. While, there was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the late feed restriction treatment with, or not adding probiotic.2 - There was a significant (p<0.05) increase for the control treatment with, or not adding probiotic in feed consumption.3 - There was a significant (p<0.05) improvement in feed conversion ratio of early and late feed restriction with, or not adding probiotic.4 - Late feed restriction and early feed restriction with probiotic cause significant (p<0.05) decrease in mortality comparing with control treatment.]b[5 - There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in abdominal fat for the treatments early and late feed restriction with, or not addition probiotic as compared with the control treatment.6 - There was significant (p<0.05) reduction in Intestine PH for the treatment adding probiotic, but there was no differences between the treatments in Ceca PH.7 - There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in total protein, albumin, cholesterol and glucose in blood serum for the chicken with early feed restriction (not adding probiotic), and there was significant (p<0.05) increase GOT and GPT levels in the same treatment at the age of 21 days, Addition of IRAQI prpbiotic showed a significant (p<0.05) reduction of serum cholesterol, GOT and GPT as compared with control treatment.8 - There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in cholesterol, GOT and GPT by the addition IRAQI probiotic compared with control treatment at 42 days.Results of second experiment indicated that : 1 - There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the treatments (late feed restriction, early and late feed restriction with, or not adding propionic acid) on live body weight and body weight gain.2 - There was significant (p<0.05) decrease in feed consumption for the treatment early and late feed restriction with, or not addition propionic acid. 3 - There was significant (p<0.05) decrease in feed conversion for the treatment early and late feed restriction with addition propionic acid compared with the other treatments.4 - Late, early feed restriction with or not addition propionic acid cause significant (p<0.05) decrease in mortality compared with control treatment, and there was significant (p<0.05) reduction in production index for the treatment early and late feed restriction with addition propionic acid as compared with the other treatments.5 - There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in abdominal fat for the treatments early and late feed restriction with, or not addition propionic acid compared with the control treatments.6 - There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in total protein, globulin, cholesterol and glucose in blood serum for early feed restriction with, or not adding propionic acid, but there was significant (p<0.05) increase at the level of GOT and GPT in the same treatment compared with the other treatments at the age of 21 days.7 - Serum cholesterol showed significant (p<0.05) reduction in the late feed restriction with, or not adding propionic acid compared with the other treatments at the age of 42 days.

التشخيص المظهري والجزيئي لانواع الفطرFusarium المرافقة لجذور الطماطا باستخدام تقانة التفاعل السلسلي للبوليمريز Polymerase Chain Reaction == Phenotypic and molecular Identification of Fusarium species associated with the roots of Tomato using Polymerase Chain Reaction technique

Author name: ايمان صباح عبد الامير الجعفري
Supervisor name: محمد عامر فياض | عدنان عيسى البدران
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Diseases
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسة في كلية الزراعة ، جامعة البصرة للمدة من 2010 - 2011 بهدف تشخيص انواع الفطر Fusarium spp المعزولة من جذور وقواعد سيقان نبات الطماطا مختبريا باستخدام الصفات المظهرية وباستخدام تقنية Polymerase Chain Reaction واجراء بعض الدراسات حول بعض العوامل البيئية المؤثرة في نموها ، اظهرت نتائج العزل والتشخيص للفطريات التي عزلت من جذور نباتات الطماطا التي حصل عليها من مناطق مختلفة من العراق انها تعود الى الفطر Fusarium فضلا عن Monilinia sp ، وفي دراسة تاثير درجة الحرارة في نمو خمس عزلات وجد ان جميع العزلات لا تنمو عند درجة الحرارة المنخفضة البالغة 5 م ودرجة الحرارة المرتفعة البالغة 40 م في حين كان معدل النمو للعزلتين IBR1 Fusarium oxysporum وISM Fusarium oxysporum 9 سم في درجة الحرارة 25 م والتي اختلفت معنويا عن العزلتين IKR Fusarium proliferatum وISF Fusarium oxysporum البالغة 8.5 سم وعن العزلة IAM Fusarium sp البالغة 8 سم ، واظهرت النتائج ان افضل نمو حصل عند pH 7 حيث بلغ نمو العزلة ISF 8.8 سم الذي اختلف معنويا عن العزلات IAM وIBR1 وIKR وISM البالغة 8 و8.3 و8 و8.7 سم على التوالي ، كما اظهرت دراسة اختزال النترات ان العزلة IAM بلغ معدل نموها 0.0 سم مقارنة مع النمو الضعيف لبقية العزلات IBR1 وIKR وISM وISM البالغ 4.5 و3 و3 و3.5 على التوالي ، وعند اختبار اوساط غذائية مختلفة (PDA وCMA وPCA وTJM ) وجد ان افضل نمو لجميع العزلات على الوسط PDA حيث بلغ 8.6 سم ويليه الوسط CMA البالغ 8.2 سم ثم الاوساط TJM وPCA 8 و7.4 سم على التوالي ، كما اظهرت نتائج تجربة تاثير المبيد Carbindazim ان العزلات ISF وIKM وIBR1 وIBR2 وICH2 اظهرت مقاومة للتراكيز العالية من المبيد التي وصلت الى 1000 مايكروغرام / مل ، وفي تجارب الاصص اظهرت النتائج ان العزلة IBR1 اشد العزلات تاثيرا في معدل نسبة الانبات في اصناف الطماطا البالغة 78.5% مقارنـة مع بقية العزلات IAM وIKR وISF وISM البالغة 80 و85.7 و87.6 و91.4 % على التوالي ، كما اثرت عزلة الفطر IBR1 في نسبة موت البادرات حيث بلغت نسبة موت البادرات 19.5 % في حين بلغت في العزلات IAM وIKR وISF وISM البالغة 13.3 و15.9 و13.6 و8.5 % على التوالي ، كما اظهرت نتائج استجابة اصناف الطماطا المختلفة للاصابة بعزلات الفطر Fusarium ان الصنف PS02405099 اكثر الاصناف حساسية حيث بلغ معدل نسبة الاصابة وشدتها 82.6 و48.3 % على التوالي ، بينما الصنف Bingo F1 اقل الاصناف تاثرا حيث بلغ معدل نسبة الاصابة وشدتها 64.6 و25.1 % على التوالي . كما اظهرت نتائج التجربة الحقلية ان اصناف الطماطا تختلف في استجابتها للاصابة الفطر Fusarium المختلفة حيث ظهر ان الصنف PS02405099 اكثر الاصناف حساسية للفطر حيث بلغ معدل نسبة الاصابة وشدتها 79.9 و46.8 % على التوالي في حين كان الصنف Bingo F1 اقل الاصناف حساسية حيث بلغت نسبة الاصابة وشدتها 63.9 و25.5 % على التوالي . كما اظهرت نتائج تاثير عزلات الفطر Fusarium في الوزن الطري للمجموعين الجذري والخضري ان الصنف PS02405099 اكثر الاصناف تاثرا بعزلات الفطر اذ بلغ معدل الوزن الطري للمجموعين الجذري والخضري 1.0 و26.2 غم على التوالي ، بينما اقل الاصناف تاثرا Bingo F1 اذ بلغ معدلهما على 2.56 و42.39 غم على التوالي كما ظهر ان عزلة الفطر IBR1 اكثر العزلات تاثيرا على اصناف الطماطا حيث بلغ معدل الوزن الطري للمجموعين الجذري والخضري 1.2 و28.4 غم على التوالي ، كما اظهرت نتائج تاثير العزلات في الوزن الجاف للمجموعين الجذري والخضري ان الصنف PS02405099 اكثر الاصناف تاثيرا بعزلات الفطر حيث بلغ معدل الوزن الجاف للمجموعين الجذري والخضري 0.2 و6.8 غم على التوالي بينما كان الصنف F1 Bingo اقلها تاثيرا حيث بلغ معدلهما 1.7 و9.2 غم على التوالي كمواجد ان العزلة IBR1 اكثر العزلات تاثيرا في اصناف الطماطا المختلفة حيث بلغ معدل تاثيرها في الوزن الجاف للمجموعين الجذري والخضري 0.8 و5.8 غم على التوالي . كما اظهر التشخيص الجزيئي لانواع الفطر Fusarium عند استخدام تقنية تفاعل البلمرة المتسلسل PCR - RAPD باستعمال البادئات الوراثية (OPA - 02 وOPB - 20 وOPF - 05) وSatellite باستعمال البادئات (M13 وCNS1 ) نتائج ايجابية مع 15 عزلة من الفطريات المعزولة من جذور وقواعد سيقان نباتات الطماطا من مناطق مختلفة من العراق والصين ونجح كل بادئ وراثي في التمييز بين عزلات انواع الفطر Fusarium كما اظهرت التشابه الوراثي بين ازواج الحزم لعزلا ت انواع الفطر Fusarium spp المعزولة من العراق والصين البالغة 15 عزلة وجود ستة افرع وخمس مجاميع تمثل الفرع الاول بالعزلة IZE(9) المتمثلة بالفرع Monilinia fructicola والتي استخدمت كعزلة خارجية للمقارنة، وتمثل الفرع الثاني بالمجموعة الاولى التي تتمثل بالعزلة ICH4 (M4) والمتضمنة النوع Fusarium kyushuense وتمثل الفرع الثالث بالمجموعة الثانية المتمثلة بالعزلة ICH2 (M2) المتمثلة بالنوع Fusarium chlamydosporum ، تمثل الفرع الرابع بالمجموعة الثالثة التي تتمثل بالعزلات)IKR 2) وIKM (8) وIBR2 (11) تتضمن النوع Fusarium solani ، كما تمثل الفرع الخامس بالمجموعة الرابعة المتمثلة بالعزلات ICH1(M1) وICH3(M3) وINJ(12) والمتمثلة بالنوع Fusarium moniliforme ، بينما تمثل الفرع السادس بالمجموعة الخامسة المتضمنة العزلات IAM(3) وIAB (7) وILH (6) وISM (5) ISF (1) IBR1(10) والمتمثلة بالنوع Fusarium oxysporum . | This study was conducted at the College of Agriculture - University of Basrah during the period 2010 - 2011 in order to identify the Species of fungus Fusarium isolated from the roots and stems of the plant Tomato laboratory using morphological characteristics and using the Polymerase Chain Reaction technique and work some experments on some environmental factors affecting its growth. The results of isolation and identify of fungi isolated from the roots of Tomato obtained from different parts of Iraq as belonging to the Fusarium species in addition to the type Monilinia sp. In a study of the effect of temperature on the growth of five isolates found that all the isolates did not grow at the low grade of the 5 ° C and the high degree of 40 ° C while the growth of the Isolates Fusarium oxysporum IBR1 and Fusarium oxysporum ISM 9 cm at Temperature 25 ° C, which differed significantly from Isolates Fusarium proliferatum IKR and Fusarium oxysporum ISF of 8.5 cm and isolation IAM of 8 cm. PH experiment also showed that the best growth Obtained in the pH 7, where growth was isolated ISF 8.8 cm, which differed significantly from isolates and IBR1 IAM and ISM IKR and the 8 and 8 and 8.3 and 8.7 cm respectively. The study showed that the nitrate reductase isolated IAM growth rate of the 0.0 cm compared with the weak growth in the rest of the isolates and IBR1 IKR and ISM and ISM of 4.5, 3, 3 and 3.5, respectively. When tested the differents media (PDA and CMA and PCA and TJM) found that the best growth of all isolates on PDA, Reaching was 8.6 cm, followed CMA of 8.2 and then media TJM and PCA 8 and 7.4 cm respectively. The experiment results showed that the effect of the pesticide Carbindazim, isolates ISF, IKM, IBR1, IBR2 and ICH2 showed resistance to high concentrations of the pesticide, which reached to 1000 micro g / ml. In pot experiments the results showed that the isolated fungus spp Fusarium IBR1 isolates were more influential in the rate of germination percentage in classes Tomato amount of 78.5% compared with the IAM and the rest of the isolates IKR and ISF ISM and 80 and 85.7 and 87.6 and 91.4% respectively. The isolation of the affected IBR1 on the proportion of seedling death where the percentage of seedling death of 19.5% while the isolates in the IAM and IKR and ISF ISM and the amount of 13.3 and 15.9 and 13.6 and 8.5% respectively. The results of the response Varieties Tomato different of infection isolates Species of fungus Fusarium that product PS02405099 more species sensitivity, where the rate of incidence and severity of 82.6 and 48.3% respectively, while the product was Bingo F1 less varieties affected with an average incidence and severity of 64.6 and 25.1% respectively . Results of field testing the Varieties Tomato differ in their response to infection isolate fungus Fusarium different showed its PS02405099, the most sensitive to the, where the rate of incidence and severity of 79.9 and 46.8% respectively, while the product was Bingo F1 less species sensitivity, where the percentage of infection and intensity of 63.9 and 25.5% respectively. The results showed the impact of isolates fungus Fusarium on the fresh weight of shoot root and vegetation that product PS02405099, the most affected isoltes, with an average fresh weight of shoot root and vegetative 1.0 and 26.2 g respectively, while fewer species affected Bingo F1 as it was average 2.56 and 42.39 gm respectively, as shown by the isolation of the fungus isolates IBR1 more influential varieties Tomato with an average fresh weight of root and vegetative shoot 1.2 and 28.4 g respectively. The results showed the impact of the isolates on the dry weight of shoot root and vegetation where he showed I class PS02405099 brand, the most influential isolates with an average dry weight of shoot root and vegetative 0.2 and 6.8 g respectively, while the product was Bingo F1 shallowest reaching shoot 1.7 and 9.2 g respectively also found that isolation isolates IBR1 more influence on the different varieties Tomato with an average impact on the dry weight of root and vegetative shoot 0.8 and 5.8 g respectively. Also showed a molecular identify of the species of fungus Fusarium spp when using the technique polymerase chain reaction RAPD - PCR using primers genetic (OPA - 02 and OPB - 20 and OPF - 05) primers and by Satellite - PCR with (M13, and CNs1) primers positive results with 15 isolates of fungi isolated from roots and bases stem Tomato from different regions of Iraq and China, succeeded each first hereditary in the discrimination between isolates species of fungus Fusarium also showed a genetic similarity between pairs of packets for isolated species of fungus Fusarium spp isolated from Iraq and China of 15 isolated and the presence of six branches and five groups represent the first section isolation IZE (9) of section Monilinia fructicola and used external comparison, and a second section the first set, which is isolated ICH4 (M4) and included the type Fusarium kyushuense and represents the third branch the second set of isolated ICH2 (M2) of species Fusarium chlamydosporum, representing Section IV Group C, which is isolates IKR(2) and IKM (8) and IBR2 (11) include the species Fusarium solani, is also a section V Group D of isolates ICH1 (M1) and ICH3 (M3) and INJ (12) and of species Fusarium moniliforme, while the section VI Group E isolates included IAM (3) and the IAB (7) and the ILH (6) and ISM (5) ISF (1) IBR1 (10) and the species of Fusarium oxysporum

التركيب النوعي والموسمي لهائمات بعض الاسماك وعلاقاتها الغذائية في الجزء الشمالي من شط العرب == The Spatial and Seasonal composition of Some Ichthyoplankton and trophic relationships in north part of Shatt Al - Arab River

Author name: منى طه خضير العكيلي
Supervisor name: عبد الرزاق محمود محمد | سمية محمد احمد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: درس التركيب النوعي والموسمي لبيوض الاسماك ويرقاتها في الجزء الشمالي من شط العرب، باعتماد الادلة البيئية للتنوع مع التركيز على العلاقات الغذائية بين انواع يرقات الاسماك وامكانية التداخل الغذائي فيما بينها. جمعت العينات للفترة من كانون الثاني 2008 والى حزيران 2009 ، اذ تم اختيار خمس محطات لجمع العينات. اعتمدت وسيلتان لجمع عينات بيوض الاسماك ويرقاتهواهي شباك الهائمات حجم فتحات الشباك 100 - 300 مايكرون واستخدام مربع خشبي (50 سم Χ 50 سم) لجمع النباتات المائية التي قد تتواجد عليها بيوض الاسماك ويرقاتها. تراوحـت درجة حرارة الماء في منطقة الدراسة بين 11.2 ºم خلال كانون الثاني و33 ºم خلال اب والملوحة بين 1.81 جزء بالالف خلال كانون الاول و3.3 جزء بالالف خلال اب، ونفاذية الضوء بين 20 سم خلال تموز و150 سم خلال كانون الثاني. جمعت 360 عينة هائمات سمكية بواقع 72 عينة لكل محطة وتضمنت العينات 7220 بيضة اسماك و7360 يرقة اسماك. صنفت البيوض الى ثلاث عوائل سمكية متمثلة بعائلة الشبوطيات Cyprinidae التي شملت بيوض الكارب الشائع Cyprinus carpio والكارب الذهبي Carassuis auratus وعائلة البياح Mugilidae التي ضمت نوعا״ واحدا״ وهو الخشني Liza abu وعائلة البطريخ Cyprinodontidae التي ضمت نوعا״ واحدا״ Aphanius sp. . سادت بيوض الخشني في محطة كرمة علي (1 ) والشلهة (3 ) والسندباد (4 ) وبيوض الكارب الذهبي والشائع في محطتين النجيبية (2 ) والجباسي(5). تواجدت بيوض الكارب الذهبي والشائع والخشني في اربعة اشهر (شباط - ايار) والبطريخ من نيسان الى تموز. سجل اذار ظهور اكبر عدد لبيوض الخشني والكارب الذهبي والشائع، بينما سجل اكبر ظهور ليرقات البطريخ في نيسان. صنفت اليرقات الى خمس عوائل، شملت عائلة الشبوطيات Cyprinidae يرقات الكارب الشائع C. carpio والكارب الذهبي C. auratus والسمنان الطويل A. mossulensis ، وعائلة البياح Mugilidae الخشني L. abu وعائلة البطريخ Cyprinodontidae ، اذ صنفت يرقاتها الى مستوى النوع Aphanius sp. . تمثلت عائلة الصابوغيات Clupeidae بيرقات الصبور Tenualosa ilisha وعائلة نصفية المنقار Hemiramphidae تمثلت بيرقات القمبرور Hemiramphus sp.. سادت يرقات الخشني على الانواع الاخرى في المحطات الخمسة، وجاءت يرقات الكارب الذهبي في المرتبة الثانية في المحطات 1 و2 و4، واحتلت يرقات البطريخ المرتبة الثانية في محطة 3 ويرقات الصبور في المرتبة الثانية لمحطة 5. ظهرت يرقات الصبور في ستة اشهر خلال السنة (اذار ونيسان وحزيران الى ايلول) وسجل اب ظهور اكبر عدد ليرقاتها في محطة 4، وظهرت يرقات البطريخ في خمسة اشهر (نيسان الى اب) وسجل نيسان ظهور اكبر عدد ليرقاتها في محطة 3. ظهرت يرقات الخشني والكارب الذهبي والشائع في اربعة اشهر (شباط الى ايار) وسجل اذار ظهور اكبر عدد ليرقاتهم عند المحطة 3 للخشني والكارب الذهبي وعند المحطة 1 للكارب الشائع. ظهرت يرقات القمبرور في اب عند المحطة 5. سجلت اعلى وفرة لبيوض الاسماك ويرقاتها تلك التي جمعت من على النباتات المائية مقارنة بتلك التي جمعت باستخدام شباك الهائمات، اذ دلت نتائج التحليل الاحصائي وجود فروقات معنوية بين المحطة 1 والمحطات 2 و3 و4 و5 في وفرة بيوض الاسماك ويرقاتها التي جمعت بواسطة شباك الهائمات، وبين المحطة 3 والمحطات 1 و2 و5 في وفرة يرقات الاسماك التي جمعت من على النباتات المائية. تم حساب ادلة التنوع ليرقات الاسماك. تراوح دليل التنوع H بين صفر - 1.068، ودليل التكافؤ J بين صفر - 0.884، وقيم دليل الغنى D بين صفر - 0.739. اظهر التحليل العنقودي ان اعلى تشابه في عدد انواع اليرقات بين المحطتين الثانية والثالثة، الثانية والرابعة، الثالثة والرابعة حسب دليل جاكارد. ووجد ان اعلى تشابه في العدد الكلي لليرقات كان بين المحطتين الاولى والخامسة حسب دليل شونر. اعتمدت في تحليل غذاء يرقات الاسماك طريقتان النقاط Points وتكرار الـتواجد Frequency of occurrence. لم تسجل يرقات بمعد فارغة اثناء الدراسة وهناك ارتفاع في شدة ونشاط التغذية. بين تحليل محتويات القناة الهضمية ان اليرقات غـير متخصصة فـي تغذيتها، شمل محتـوى القـناة الهضمية الهائمات الحيوانـية والنباتـية ( دايتومات، طحالب، فتات عضوي، مجذافية الاقدام بمراحل حياتها المختلفة، براغيث الماء وبيوض النواعم). تتغذى يرقات الكارب الذهبي والشائع على الدايتومات ويرقات السمنان الطويل والبطريخ والصبور على مجذافية الاقدام. لوحظ ان اعـلى قيـمة لـدليل التـنوع الغذائي ليرقات الخشني بلغ 1.731 وادناها ليرقات الكارب الشائع اذ بـلغ 0.762 . تباينت يرقات الاسماك في شدة التداخل الغذائي Diet overlap فيما بينها اعتمادا على طبيعة التغذية، وبلغت عدد التداخلات بين اليرقات تسع تداخلات معنوية، وتراوحت قيم التداخل المعنوي بين 67.10% و91.73%. بلغ اعلى تداخل غذائي (91.73 %) بين يرقات الكارب الشائع والذهبي. كان تاثير التداخل الغذائي قويا״ جدا״ بين يرقات السمنان الطويل والبطريخ (101.22) ولم يظهر تاثير للتداخل الغذائي بين يرقات الكارب الذهبي والشائع ويرقات كل من الصبور والبطريخ والسمنان الطويل. بينت الدراسة اهمية الجزء الشمالي من شط العرب ونهر كرمة علي كمنطقة تكاثر وحضانة لبعض الاسماك. | The present work has taken in consideration investigating the spatial and seasonal composition of fish eggs and larvae in north part of Shatt Al - Arab River during the period from January 2008 till June 2009. Five sampling stations were chosen. Ecological diversity indices were adopted, with a focus on the dietary relations among species of fish larvae and the possibility of dietary overlap within larvae. Two sampling methods were adopted to collect the samples, plankton nets with mesh sizes 100 - 300µm and a wooden quadrate to collect aquatic plants that may exist upon fish eggs and larvae. Water temperature of the studied area ranged form 11.2ºC in January to 33 ºC in August. Salinity ranged form 1.81‰ in December to 3.3‰ in August. Light penetration ranged from 20 cm in July to 150 cm in January. A total of 360 samples were collected, 72 samples from each station. These samples included 7220 fish eggs belonged to three families and 7360 fish larvae belonged to five fish families. The eggs were identified Cyprinidae included Cyprinus carpio and Carassuis auratus, Mugilidae (Liza abu) and Cyprinodontidae (Aphanius sp.). The eggs of L. abu were prevailed at stations 1,3 and 4, and the eggs of C. carpio and C. auratus at stations 2 and 5. The eggs of C. carpio , C. auratus and L. abu were presented in four months ( February - May), and Aphanius sp. from April to July with peak during April. The eggs of L. abu , C. carpio and C. auratus were most abundant during March. Larvae were classified into five families included. Cyprinidae, which included the larvae of C. carpio , C. auratus and A. mossulensis, whereas, Mugilidae included a single species ( L. abu), and Cyprinodontidae, where the larvae were classified to the species level Aphanius sp., Clupeidae represented by Tenualosa ilisha, and Hemiramphidae by Hemiramphus sp.. Larvae of L. abu prevailed on other species in the five stations, and the larvae of C. carpio came in second place in the stations 1,2 and 3. Larvae of Aphanius sp. Occupied second place in station 3 and the larvae of T. ilisha in the second place in station 5. Larvae of T. ilisha appeared during six months (March, April and June to August ) with peak during August in station 4, while the larvae of Aphanius sp occurred at five months (April to August), with peak during April in station 3. The larvae of L. abu , C. carpio and C. auratus occurred in four months ( March to May) , with peak in total number during March at station 3, for L. abu and C. auratus and at station 1 for C. carpio. Larvae of Hemiramphus sp. appeared in August at station 5. The abundance of fish eggs and larvae collected from aquatic plants more than provided by using plankton net, as indicated by the results of statistical analysis there were significant differences between station 1 and stations 2,3,4 and 5 in abundance of fish eggs and larvae which were collected by plankton net, and between station 3 and stations 1, 2 and 5 in the abundance of fish larvae collected from aquatic plant. The diversity index (H') for fish larvae ranged between 0 - 1.068, while the richness index (D) ranged between 0 - 0.884 and the evenness index (J) between 0 - 0.739. Cluster analysis show that the highest similarity in the number of fish larvae between station 2 and stations 3, 2 and stations 4, stations 3 and 4. The highest similarity in the total number fish larvae was found between stations 1 and 5, according the Schoener index. The diet analysis was assessed using points and frequency of occurrence methods. No empty larval stomach were recorded during the study period and there is a high feeding activity and feeding intensity. The result of analyzing stomach contents indicated that the fish larvae were generalized feeders, consumed diatom, algae, detritus, copepoda, daphnia and eggs of molluscs. The larvae of C. carpio and C. auratus feed on diatom, while A. mossulensis, Aphanius sp. and T. ilisha on copepoda. The diversity index of gut content ranged form 1.731 for L. abu to 0.762 for C. carpio. The fish larvae differ in intensity of diet overlap depending on the nature of nutrition, and nine significance diet overlaps between larvae were detected. The significance overlaps ranged form 67.10% to 91.73 %. The highest diet overlap (91.73%) between C. carpio and C. auratus. A very strong diet overlap (101.22) between A. mossulensis and Aphanius sp.. No diet overlap were detected between the larvae of C. carpio, C. auratus, T. ilisha, Aphanius sp and A. mossulensis. The study showed the importance of the northern part of the Shatt Al - Arab River as a breeding and nursery ground for some fish

تاثير طريقتي انتاج الشتلات وزراعتها لصنفي نبات الحبة الحلوة Foeniculum vulgare Mill. وتداخلاتها في النمو وحاصل البذور ومحتواها من الزيوت الطيارة وتاثيرهما في مستوى الدهون والكلوكوز في الجرذان المخبرية == Effect of methods of transplants production and planting of two fennel Foeniculum vulgare Mill. varieties and their interaction on growth, seed yield and its content of volatile oils and its influence on the lipid and glucose levels of laboratory rats

Author name: ندى ناصر فارس المذحجي
Supervisor name: عصام حسين علي الدوغجي | سعد شاهين حمادي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت التجربة في الموسم الزراعي 2010 - 2011م في احد الحقول التابعة لكلية الزراعة / جامعة البصرة , اذ استهدفت دراسة تاثير طريقتي انتاج الشتلات وزراعتها لصنفي نبات الحبة الحلوة Foeniculum vulgare Mill.وتداخلاتها في النمو وحاصل البذور ومحتواها من الزيوت الطيارة وتاثيرهما في مستوى الدهون والكلوكوز في الجرذان المخبرية. تضمنت التجربة ثمان معاملات عاملية وهي عبارة عن التداخل بين ثلاثة عوامل هي صنفا نبات الحبة الحلوة الحلو "محلي سوري" var. dulce (Sweet fennel) والمر" محلي لبناني" var. vulgar (Bitter fennel) وطريقتا انتاج الشتلات, اذ زرعت البذور في نوعين من الاطباق الزراعية بلاستيكية ذات 205خلية بابعاد 3,5× 3,5× 6 سم وحجم74 سم3 وفلينية ذات 209 خلية بابعاد2,5 × 2,5× 7,5سم وحجم 47 سم3 وطريقتزاراعة الشتلات في المكان المستديم على مروز وفي سطور داخل الواح. استعمل تصميم القطاعات العشوائية الكاملة بتجربة عاملية وبثلاث مكررات , حللت النتائج باستعمال تحليل التباين واستعمل اختبار اقل فرق معنوي (L.S.D) عند مستوى احتمال 5%. وفيما ياتي اهم النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها : - 1 - تفوقت نباتات الصنف المحلي اللبناني(المر) معنويا في ارتفاع النبات وقطر الساق الرئيس والوزنين الطري والجاف للمجموع الخضري ومعدل عدد الزهيرات الكلي . نورة زهرية - 1 والتبكير بعقد الثمار ومعدل عدد الثمار المتكونة . نورة زهرية - 1 والوزن النوعي للزيت. في حين تفوقت نباتات الصنف المحلي السوري (الحلو) معنوياﹰفي عدد الفروع الجانبية .نبات - 1والتبكير بظهور النورات الزهرية وتفتح الزهيرات وعدد النورات الزهرية .نبات - 1 ومحتوى الاوراق من الصبغات الكلية. بينما لم يكن للصنف اي تاثير معنوي في عددالاوراق الكلي.نبات - 1والنسبة المئوية للثمارالمتكونة.نورة زهرية - 1 وعدد الزهيرات الكلي.نبات - 1وحاصل البذور.نبات - 1 ووزن1000 بذرة وانتاجية الهكتارمن البذور وحاصل الزيت الطيار وصفاته الفيزيائية ومحتوى الاوراق من صبغات الكلوروفيل وا ب والكلي وصبغات الكاروتينويدات والكاربوهيدرات الذائبة الكلية والصفات الكيميائية للبذور(النسبة المئوية للنتروجين والبوتاسيوم والفسفور والبروتين).2 - اعطت النباتات الناتجة من الشتلات المزروعة في الاطباق البلاستيكية تفوقا معنويا في التبكير بعقد الثمار ووزن 1000بذرة والنسبة المئوية للزيت الطيار. في حين لم يكن لطريقة انتاج الشتلات اي تاثير معنوي في مؤشرات النمو الخضري وعدد الزهيرات الكلي.نبات - 1والنسبة المئوية للثمارالمتكونة.نورة زهرية - 1وحاصل الزيت الطيار. نبات - 1 (غم) وانتاجية الهكتار من الزيت وصفاته الفيزيائية والصفات الكيميائية للاوراق والبذور. 3 - اظهرت النباتات المزروعة في مروز تفوقاﹰ معنوياﹰفي ارتفاع النبات والوزن الطري للمجموع الخضري. في حين تفوقت النباتات المزروعة في سطور داخل الواح في النسبة المئوية للزيت الطيار والنسبة المئوية للبروتين في البذور . في حين لم يكن لطريقة الزراعة اي تاثير معنوي في عدد الزهيرات الكلي.نبات - 1النسبة المئوية للثمار المتكونة.نورة زهرية - 1وحاصل الزيت الطيار.نبات - 1(غم) وانتاجية الهكتار من الزيت وصفاته الفيزيائية والصفات الكيميائية للاوراق والنسبة المئوية للنتروجين والفسفور والبوتاسيوم في البذور.4 - اظهرت التداخلات الثنائية والثلاثية بين عوامل التجربة تاثيرﴽ معنوياﹰ في معظم الصفات المدروسة .2 - التجربة المختبرية نفذت التجربة وفق التصميم العشوائي الكامل لمعرفة تاثير الزيت الطيار وبذور صنفي الحبة الحلوة في مستوى الكوليسترول في مصل الدم لذكور الجرذان المخبرية . استعمل في هذه التجربة 180 جرذﴽ ابيض ذكرﴽ من نوع Albino rats تراوحت اعمارها بين 4 - 8 اسابيع واوزانها بين 50 - 60 غم , تم دراسة الفعالية البايلوجية داخل الجسم الحيIn - vivo عن طريق التجريع الفموي بالزيت الطيار لصنفي الحبة الحلوة الصنف الحلو "محلي سوري" والصنف المر" محلي لبناني" بالجرعات صفر او20 او30 او40 ملغم . كغم - 1 من وزن الجسم والتجريع بمستحلب البذور بجرعة 1000 ملغم . كغم - 1 من وزن الجسم ولكلا الصنفين ولثلاث مدد هي كل 1 او2 او3 اسابيع من بدء التجربة وبثلاث مكررات وحللت النتائج باستعمال تحليل التباين واستعمل اختبار اقل فرق معنوي (L.S.D) عند مستوى احتمال 1%. وفيما ياتي اهم النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها : - 1 - اظهرت النتائج ان تجريع الجرذان بالزيت الطيار وبذور صنفي الحبة الحلوة السوري (الحلو) واللبناني (المر) ادى الى تخفيض معنوي في مستوى الكوليسترول الكلي والكلوكوز والكليسيريدات الثلاثية والبروتينات الدهنية الواطئة والضئيلة الكثافة ومستوى اليوريا في مصل الدم وزيادة مستوى البروتينات الدهنية عالية الكثافة ووزن الجسم مقارنة بالجرذان الطبيعية والمستحثة. وازداد التاثيربزيادة تركيز الزيت الطيارومدة التجريع مما ادى الى قلة الفعالية الحيوية لجرذان التجربة المجرعة بالزيت الطيار لمدة اسبوعين وهلاكها في الاسبوع الثالث. واظهرت الدراسة النسجية عدم وجود تغيرات نسيجية في مجموعة جرذان المقارنة السالبة (طبيعية) وبقاء الانسجة ضمن الحدود الطبيعية. في حين كان هناك تغيرات مرضية واضحة في مجموعة المقارنة الموجبة (المعاملة بالكوليسترول فقط). واظهركل من الكبد والكلية والطحال في مجموعة الجرذان المعاملة بالكوليسترول ثم بالزيت الطيار وبذورالحبة الحلوة الصنف السوري (الحلو) المجرعة لمدة ثلاثة اسابيع تحسن في الصورة النسجية عند مقارنتها مع مجموعة الحيوانات المعاملة بالكوليسترول فقط. وظهر في مجموعة الجرذان المعاملة بالكوليسترول ثم ببذورالحبة الحلوة الصنف اللبناني(المر) المجرعة لمدة ثلاثة اسابيع تحسن في الصورة النسجية عند مقارنتها مع مجموعة الحيوانات المعاملة بالكوليسترول فقط. | The experiment was conducted during the growing season of 2010/2011 in the fields of the College of Agriculture / Basrah University to study the effect of methods of transplants production method and planting of two varieties of fennel plants( Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and their interaction on growth, seed yield and its content of volatile oils, and its influence on the lipid and glucose levels of laboratory rats.The experiment included eight treatments combinations resulted from the interaction between two varieties of fennel plants" local Syrian" variety (Sweet fennel) var. dulce and "local Lebanon" variety(Bitter fennel) var. vulgar, two type of seedling tray for transplants production " plastic of 205 cells 3.5× 3.5 × 6.0 cm. (vol. 74 cm3) and stearopore of 209 cells 2.5 × 2.5 × 7.5 cm. (vol. 47 cm3 )" , two planting methods " rows and plots" . Factorial Experiment in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates was adopted and means were compared according to the Least Significant Differences Test at probability of 5%. Result can be summarized as follow : - 1 - Local Lebanon variety(Bitter fennel) gave a significant increase in plant height , stem diameter, fresh and dry weights of plant , number of florets. inflorescences - 1 , number of the fruits . inflorescence - 1 and the specific gravity of volatile oil and reduces the number of days for fruits setting on first inflorescence. Whereas, the local Syrian variety (Sweet fennel) gave a significant increase in number of lateral branches. plant - 1 , number of inflorescences.plant - 1, the total pigment content of leaves and decreased the number of days to the appearance of the first inflorescence and the number of days of the first florets opening. However, the variety factor have no significant effect on number of leaves. plant - 1, number of florets.plant - 1,percentage of the fruits.plant - 1, seeds yield. plant - 1 , weight of 1000 seed , seeds yield.ha - 1, volatile oil yield and its physical characteristics , contents of carotenoid and chlorophyll a, b, and Total , carbohydrate content in leaves and chemicals characteristics of seeds( phosphorus , potassium , nitrogen and protein contents ).2 - Plants grown in plastic trays significantly increased , weight of 1000 seed , the volatile oil percentage , and decreased the number of days for fruits setting on first inflorescence. Whereas the methods of transplants production have no significant effect on all the parameters of vegetative growth , number of florets.plant - 1 , percentage of the fruits.plant - 1 , yield of volatile oil. plant - 1 and its physical characteristics, and all chemicals characteristics of leaves and seeds.3 - Plants grown in rows gave a significant increase in plant height , fresh weights of plant and number of florets. inflorescences - 1.Whereas, plants grown in plots gave a significant increase in the percent of volatile oil and percent of protein. However, the planting method have no significant effect on the number of florets.plant - 1 , percentage of the fruits.plant - 1 , oil yield and its physical characteristics, and all chemicals characteristics of leaves and the percentage of potassium , phosphorus and nitrogen in seeds.4 - The interaction between all studied factors gave significant increase in most studied parameters. 2 - The laboratory experiment Factorial Experiment in Randomized Complete Design with two replicates was adopted to study the effect of volatile oil and seeds from two varieties of fennel plants on the plasma lipid and glucose levels of laboratory rats. 180 male albino rats weights range 50 - 60 g at age of 4 - 8 weeks were used throughout the experiments, the biological activity studied in vivo by oral administration of volatile oil and grind seeds from both the varieties of fennel plants. sweet fennel (local Syrian variety ) and bitter fennel (local Lebanon variety ) at doses of (0 , 20 ,30 ,40) mg.kg - 1 of body weight and seeds extracted at dose of (1000) mg.kg - 1 of body weight of varieties for the periods of 1 ,2 and 3 weeks. Means were compared according to the Least Significant Difference Test at probability of 1% . Results can be summarized as follow : - 1 - Volatile oil and grind seeds of local Syrian variety(sweet) and local Lebanon variety(Bitter) gave significant decreases in cholesterol , glucose and ,triglycerides,Low Density Lipoprotein , Very Low Density Lipoprotein and urea levels in plasma and increased the levels of High Density Lipoprotein in plasma and body weight. The increased concentration of volatile oil and dosing, led to lack of effectiveness of vital experience of rats with volatile oil for two weeks and died in the third week . Histopathological study illustrate no changes in control(normal rats) and the tissue remain within normal limits. Whereas, the rat treated with cholesterol only, illustrate clear morbid changes. While liver, kidney and spleen in rats treated with cholesterol then with essential oil and grind seed of Syrian variety (sweet) for three weeks, showed amelioration in histological picture compared with group treated with cholesterol only. Group treated with cholesterol then with grind seed of Lebanon variety (Bitter) for three weeks, showed amelioration in histological picture compared with group treated with cholesterol only

تاثير الفصل والموقع والوقت على تركيز بعض العناصر الثقيلة في لحوم الاغنام والابقار والابل في بعض مناطق البصرة == Effect of Season, Location and Time of Sampling on Concentration of Some Heavy Metals In The Meat of Sheep, Beef and Camel In Some of Basrah

Author name: هند عدنان نوري الاجودي
Supervisor name: محارب عبد الحميد طاهر | اميرة كاظم ناصر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: شملت الدراسة التغيرات الفصلية في تركيز بعض العناصر الثقيلة (الرصاص، الكادميوم، النحاس، الزنك والزئبق) في لحوم الاغنام والابقار والابل الماخوذة من مناطق مختلفة (الهارثة، الخضارة، الزبير و5 ميل) في محافظة البصرة. بعد ذبح الحيوان الساعة الثامنة صباحا والساعة الرابعة عصرا بعد بقاء اللحوم معروضة في الاسواق المحلية، قيست تراكيز العناصر بواسطة جهاز مطياف الامتصاص الذريFlame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer، كما درست نسب التركيب الكيمياوي للحوم المدروسة (الرطوبة، الرماد، الدهن والبروتين).اظهرت نتائج الدراسة ما يلي : 1 - تاثرت نسبة الرطوبة معنويا (p<0.05) بكل من الانواع والوقت، اذ سجلت في لحوم الاغنام والابقار والابل خلال وقت الصباح 72,29 و72,61 و75,23% وانخفضت في جميع عينات الساعة الرابعة عصرا الى 69,12 و68,45 و69,36% على التوالي وكانت الرطوبة في لحوم الابل اعلى مما في لحوم الاغنام والابقار. 2 - اظهرت نتائج الدراسة عدم وجود فروق معنوية في نسبة الرماد بين انواع اللحوم المدروسة، في حين لوحظت اختلافات معنوية في نسبة الدهن وكان اعلى متوسط لها في لحوم الاغنام (4,41 و3,38%) واقل متوسط في لحوم الابل (1,58 و1,52%) صباحا ومساءا على التوالي. 3 - سجلت اعلى نسبة للبروتين في لحوم الابقار (22,26 و24,72%) في كلا المدة، فيما لم تختلف معنويا في كل من لحوم الاغنام والابل كما لوحظ ارتفاع نسبة البروتين عند جمع العينات الساعة الرابعة عصرا اذ بلغت 23,60 و24,72 و23,72% في كل من لحوم الاغنام والابقار والابل على التوالي. 4 - اوضحت نتائج الدراسة وجود تاثير معنوي (p<0.05) للمنطقة على تركيز عنصر الرصاص في اللحوم، اذ سجل اعلى تركيز في منطقتي الهارثة و5 ميل، في حين ارتفع مستوى هذا العنصر في فصلي الشتاء والربيع وارتفع متوسط تركيزه في العينات التي جمعت الساعة الرابعة عصرا ليصل الى 89,09 و107,31 و97,30 مايكروغم/غم في لحوم الاغنام والابقار والابل على التوالي. 5 - تراوح متوسط تركيز عنصر الكادميوم بين 0,23 - 11,94مايكروغم/غم في انواع اللحوم الماخوذة من مناطق الدراسة خلال فصول السنة، بلغ اعلى متوسط لتركيز العنصر في منطقة 5 ميل، ومن ناحية التغيرات الفصلية سجل اعلى متوسط في فصل الربيع لكل من لحوم الاغنام والابقار والابل (10,99 و10,76 و11,29) مايكروغم/غم على التوالي. لم يظهر للوقت تاثير معنوي على تركيز عنصر الكادميوم في كل من لحوم الابقار والابل عدا تركيزه في لحوم الاغنام اذ سجل متوسط تركيزه خلال وقت الصباح 3,56 وارتفع التركيز ليصل الى 4,14 مايكروغم/غم عصرا.6 - كان للمنطقة تاثير معنوي على تركيز عنصر النحاس، اذ بلغ اعلى تركيز في منطقتي الخضارة و5 ميل خلال فترة الدراسة لانواع اللحوم المدروسة، فيما ارتفع المستوى في فصل الشتاء معنويا (p<0.05) بالمقارنة مع الفصول الاخرى اذ بلغ المتوسط 94,31 و95,54 و51,41 مايكروغم/غم في لحوم الاغنام والابقار والابل على التوالي. وكان للوقت تاثيرات معنوية في تركيز العنصر في انواع اللحوم المدروسة. 7 - بالنسبة الى تركيز عنصر الزنك لم يكن للمنطقة تاثير معنوي في كل من لحوم الابقار والابل، فقط في لحوم الاغنام اذ سجل اعلى متوسط في منطقة الهارثة (165,79 مايكروغم/غم) واقل متوسط في منطقة الزبير (150,96مايكروغم/غم). في حين ارتفع المستوى في فصل الربيع بالمقارنة مع الفصول الاخرى في اللحوم المدروسة. مع زيادة وقت التعرض ارتفع متوسط تركيز العنصر ليصل الى 161,49 و168,45 و173,56 مايكروغم/غم في لحوم الاغنام والابقار والابل على التوالي. 8 - بينت نتائج الدراسة ان للمنطقة تاثير معنوي في تركيز عنصر الزئبق، اذ سجل اعلى تركيز في منطقة الهارثة في انواع اللحوم المدروسة. ومن ناحية التغيرات الفصلية بلغ اعلى تركيز للعنصر في فصل الشتاء مقارنة مع الفصول الاخرى. كانت الفروقات في تركيز العنصر بين الصباح والمساء معنوية، اذ بلغ متوسط تركيزه خلال وقت الصباح 44,21 و49,36 و35,14 مايكروغم/غم وعند جمع العينات الساعة الرابعة عصرا سجل متوسط 46,14 و59,31 و43,88 مايكروغم/غم في لحوم الاغنام والابقار والابل على التوالي. | This study was carriedout to study the effect of season (summer, fall, winter and spring) location and time of sampling on the concentrations of heavy metals (lead, cadmium cupper, zinc and mercury) in the meat of sheep, beef and camels. Meat samples were obtained from retail sellers in four different locations of Basrah city (Hartha, 5 miles, Khathara and Zubair) twice a day ; 8 a.m. in the morning and 4 p.m. in the afternoon. Promixate analysis of meat was determined and heavy metals were measured by flam atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results revealed that : 1 - Moisture content was affected significantly (p<0.05) by the type of meat and time of sampling. Percentages were 72.29, 72.61 and 75.23% for the meat of sheep, beef and camel, respectively in the morning and decreased in the afternoon to percentages of 69.12, 68.45 and 69.36% respectively, moisture content of camel meat was higher than that of beef or sheep. 2 - No significant differences were obtained for the percentages of ash between the studied types of meat, while the differences between the percentages of fat were significant, the highest means were for the meat of sheep (4.41 and 3.38%) and the lowest means were for the meat of camel (1.58 and 1.52%) in the morning samples and the afternoon samples respectively.3 - The highest percentages of protein were recorded for the meat of beef (22.26 and 24.72% for the morning and the afternoon samples respectively), while differences between meat of sheep and camel were not significant. Percentages of protein were higher in the samples of 4 p - m., being 23.60, 24.72 and 23.72% for the meat of sheep, beef and camels, respectively. 4 - Concentrations of lead metal in the meat samples differed significantly (p<0.05) between locations. The highest levels were in the samples obtained from Hartha and 5 miles in winter and spring seasons. Also the samples of 4 p.m. contained higher levels than in the 8 a.m. samples, being 98.09, 107.31 and 97.30 µg/g for meat of sheep, beef and camels respectively. 5 - Average cadmium concentrations during the different seasons and different locations varied between 0.23 and 11.94 µg/g. The highest levels were for the samples of 5 miles location and spring season in the meat of sheep, beef and camel (10.99, 10.76 and 11.29 µg/g respectively). No significant effect for the time of sampling on the concentration of cadmium for beef and camel meat except for sheep meat in which the level was 3.56 for the morning samples and raised to 4.41 µg/g in the samples of the afternoon. 6 - Location of sampling had significant effects on concentration of cupper in the meat. The highest levels were in the samples of Khathara and 5 miles during the period of study for the studied types of meat. On the other hand, the level increased significantly (p<0.05) in the winter season in comparison with other seasons, the mean concentrations were 94.31, 95.54 and 51.41 µg/g in the meat of sheep, beef and camel respectively. Time of sampling affected significantly the concentration of cupper in the studied types of meat. 7 - The effect of location was non significant on the concentration of zinc in the meat of beef and camel and significant in the case of sheep meat, its highest mean (165.79 µg/g) was in the Hartha location and lowest mean (150.96 µg/g) in Zubair location. High level of the metal was registered in the spring season in comparison with other seasons in all studied types of meat. Zinc concentration increased with the increase of exposure of meat to atmosphere to reach values of 161.49, 168.45 and 173.56 µg/g in the meat of sheep, beef and camel, respectively. 8 - Level of mercury in the meat was affected by location of sampling, the highest mean concentration was registered in Hartha region. Season of the year affected the level of mercury in meat too. The highest level was found in winter. Concentration of the metal in meat samples at 4 p.m. was higher than at 8 a.m. Values in the meat of sheep, beef and camel were respectively 44.21 , 49.36 and 35.14 µg/g in the meat samples collected in the morning and 46.14, 59.31 and 43.88 µg/g in the meat samples collected in the afternoon.

خفض الكولسترول باستخدام انزيم الكولسترول اوكسديز المنتج من عزلة محلية لبكتريا Bacillus subtilis == decrease of Cholesterol by Cholesterol Oxidase Produced from A Local Isolate of Bacillus subtilis

Author name: الهام كاظم ناصر
Supervisor name: غياث حميد مجيد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: عزلت 12عزلة تابعة لجنس Bacillus من عينات شملت التربة والجبن والقيمر واللبن الرائب المجفف واللبن الرائب الناشف والحنطة. شخصت العزلات حسب الصفات المظهرية والفحوصات الكيموحيوية ، واوضحت النتائج انها تعود الى انواع من بكتريا Bacillus وهي ثلاث عزلات By0 Br3 , Bs0 , تمثل Bacillus cereus، وثلاث عزلات Bc1 , Bc3 , Br4 تمثل Bacillus sublilis والعزلات Bc2 , Bw0 كانت تمثل Bacillus coagulans، اما العزلة Br1 فقد كانت B.megaterium والعزلة Br2 كانت B.alvei، فيما كانت العزلة By1 B.licheniformis . اوضحت نتائج الغربلة الاولية بان العزلة Bc3 كانت الاكفا في انتاج انزيم الكولسترول اوكسديز COB. كانت الظروف المثلى لانتاج انزيم COB من العزلة المحلية Bc3 كما يلي : - 2% سكر الكلوكوز مصدر كاربوني. - 0,15 كبريتات الامونيوم مصدر نتروجيني. - 7 الدالة الحامضية الابتدائية. - 35م درجة الحرارة لحضن وسط الانتاج . - 1,75مل حجم لقاح وبمعدل 3,5% - 150 هزة/دقيقة سرعة الحاضنة الهزازة. - 0,2% تركيز كولسترول لانتاج الانزيم - 24 ساعة مدة الحضن. تمت تنقية الانزيم وفق خطوات التنقية والتي تضمنت الترسيب بكبريتات الامونيوم وبنسبة اشباع 70% اذ بلغت الفعالية الانزيمية 16,66وحدة/مل وبفعالية نوعية 111,07وحدة/ملغم بروتين واستكملت التنقية بالترشيح الهلامي باستعمال العمود سيفادكس G - 100 اذ ظهرت اربع قمم بروتينية وكانت القمة الرابعة ذات فعالية انزيمية 6,5 وحدة/مل، وبفعالية نوعية 162,5وحدة/ملغم بروتين وكانت عدد مرات التنقية 4,31 وبحصيلة انزيمية مقدارها 1,4%. وللتاكد من نقاوة الانزيم اجري الترحيل الكهربائي واوضحت النتائج ظهور حزمة بروتينية واحدة في هلام متعدد الاكريل امايد. درست صفات الانزيم المنقى فقد قدر الوزن الجزيئي لانزيم الكولسترول الاوكسديز المنتج من العزلة Bc3 بتقنية الترحيل الكهربائي في هلام متعدد الاكريل امايد وبوجود SDS وكان 60 كيلو دالتون. وبينت النتائج ان الدالة الحامضية المثلى لفعالية الانزيم المنقى هي 7 اذ اعطى الانزيم اعلى فعالية انزيمية مقدارها 80 وحدة/مل. وبلغت الدرجة الحرارية المثلى لفعالية الانزيم المنقى 50 م وبفعالية انزيمية 106,72 وحدة/مل. اما الدالة الحامضية المثلى لثبات الانزيم فقد تراوحت بين 6 - 9 فقد احتفظ الانزيم لكامل فعاليته عند هذا المدى للدوال الحامضية. وكان الثبات الحراري للانزيم عند مدى حراري تراوح بين 40 - 60م .درست الثوابت الحركية للانزيم واوضحت النتائج ان قيم ثابت ميكالس Km للانزيم بلغت 14,2 مايكرومول وبلغت السرعة القصوى Vmax 0,03 مايكرومول/دقيقة. اثبتت النتائج قابلية الانزيم العالية على خفض الكولسترول في الحليب فقد انخفضت نسبة الكولسترول الى 3,577 ملغم/100مل مقارنة مع 15,035 ملغم/100مل للحليب غير المعامل بالانزيم. استعمل الانزيم في صناعة اللبن الرائب لدراسة مدى امكانيته في خفض الكولسترول في المنتوج النهائي. اوضحت النتائج قابلية الانزيم العالية في خفض الكولسترول في اللبن الرائب حيث انخفضت نسبة الكولسترول من 16,648 في الحليب المعد في الصناعة الى 3,013 ملغم/100 مل باستخدام 0,25 وحدة/مل من الانزيم . لم تختلف درجات التقييم الحسي اللبن الرائب المصنع من الحليب المسترجع والذي اضيف اليه الانزيم بتركيز 0,25 وحدة/100مل حليب عن معاملة السيطرة فيما يتعلق بالصفات الحسية والتي شملت النكهة واللون والقوام. | Twelve strains that belonged to the genus Bacillus were isolated from different sources which are : soil, cheese, thick cream (Gaimer), dry yoghurt (Jameed), concentrated yoghurt (Laban Nashif), myonaise, and wheat.The isolates were identified according to their morphological characteristics and biochemical tests. The results showed that all isolates belonged to Bacillus species which were classified to : Three isolate (By0, Br3 and Bs0) as Bacillus cereus. Four isolates (Bc1, Bc3 and Br4) as Bacillus subtilis. Two isolates (Bc2 and Bw0) as Bacillus coagulans. One isolate (Br1) as Bacillus megaterium. One isolate (Br2) as Bacillus alvei. One isolate (By1) as Bacillus licheniformis. Primary screening results showed that the isolate Bc3 was the best in producing the enzyme cholesterol oxidase (COB).Optimum conditions for producing COB from Bc3 were studied, the optimum values obtained are shown below : - Carbon source : 2% glucose. - Nitrogen source : 0.15% ammonium sulfate. - pH value : 7 - Temperature : 35C° - Inoculum : 3.5% - Shaking speed : 150 shake/min - Incubation period : 24 hrs. - Concentration of Cholesterol : 0.2%.Purification of COB were accomplished as follow : - Ammonium sulfate precipitation (70% saturaqtion). - Gel filtration through sephadex G - 100.Enzyme activity obtained after ammonium sulfate precipitation was 16.66 unit/ml and the specific activity was 111.07 unit/mg. Four peaks were resulted from gel filtration step. The fourth peak was found to contain COB. Activity of COB in the pooled tubes was 6.5 unit/ml and the specific activity was 162 unit/mg, with a recovery of 4.31 and a yield of 1.4%.Poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of the purified COB was conducted to check the purity. One band was noticed which revealed that COB is pure. The molecular weight of COB was estimated by means of SDS - PAGE technique, which was found to be 60 K Dalton. At pH 7 the highest activity of COB was obtained which was 80 unit/ml. This pH value was considered as the optimum pH of the enzyme. However, at a temperature of 50 C and pH 7, the highest activity was gained which was 106.72 unit/ml, therefore, this temperature is regarded as the optimum for COB reaction. COB stability at different pH values showed that the enzyme is stable at a range of 6 - 9. Heat stability of COB when incubated at a temperature range 0 - 80 C for 1 hr showed that the enzyme is stable at 60 C, then started to decrease till it reached at 40 - 60 Cº.Maechalis - Menton constant (Km) and Maximum velocity (Vmax) of COB was found to be 14.2 µ mole and 0.03 µ mole/mint, respectively.An experiment was conducted to examine the ability of COB obtained in this study in degrading cholesterol in milk and yoghurt. The results revealed that COB was efficient to degrade cholesterol in both products under the experiment conditions.Results showed that the enzyme was efficient to degrade cholesterol in milk. Cholesterol level decreased from 155.34 mg/100 ml milk to 35.77 mg/100ml. The enzyme was used to detect its ability in reducing cholesterol content in yoghurt. Results revealed that the enzyme was able to reduce cholesterol percentage from 150.84% in milk to 30.13% in yoghurt when used in amount of unit/100 ml milk. Sensor evaluation of yoghurt for both enzyme treated and non - treated milk had no significant differences. However, yoghurt with added COB got higher degrees than control.

تقييم بعض المواد العلفية والرعويـة المحليـة باستخدام تقنيـة اكياس النايلون (In sacco) في الاغنام == Evaluation of some Local Feeds by in - Sacco Technique in Sheep

Author name: جلال عكيلي يسر
Supervisor name: اسعد يحيى عايد | سمير اسطيفان حنا
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت الدراسة على 3 كباش عرابية مزوده بنواسير الكرش ومحتجزه في اقفاص الهضم (1.2x 0.80x 1م) في احد مختبرات قسم الثروة الحيوانية في كلية الزراعة جامعة البصرة للفترة من 14/1/2008 ولغاية 26/5/2008 حيث غذيت هذه الكباش على العلف المركز والاخضر(الجت) مع تجهيزها بمكعبات الاملاح المعدنية والفيتامينات بصورة حرة.جمعت عينات من المواد المراد تقيمها بصورة عشوائية من مناطق مختلفة من منطقة الهارثة وكرمة علي حيث شملت القصب (Phragmites australis) والبردي (Typha domingen pers)والطرطير(Suaeda fruticosa)والحلفه (Imperata cylinrica ) والاسل (Juncus rigidus ) والمران(Paniccm repens )والسليكورنيا(Salicornia europaea ) والعاقول (Alhagi maurorum ) وتـبن الشـعير(Barley straw ) وكوالح الذرة (Corn cups) ودريس الجت (Alfalfa hay ) ونوى التمر (Date palm seeds ) وكانت جميع هذه النباتات في مرحلة النضج التام (يابسه وليس خضراء).بعد تجفيف هذه العينات وطحنها بحيث تمر من منخل قطر فتحاته 3 ملم. ثبتت مكوناتها الكيمياويه ثم غمرها بالكرش( الوقت صفر) ثم سحبها في الفترات 6 و12 و18 و24 و48 و72 و96 ساعة. واستخدمت طريقة Orskov and McDonald (1979). لتقدير معدلات تحلل الماده الجافه والمكونات الكيمياوية الاخرى حيث تم التوصل الى النتائج التاليه : 1 - ارتفاع نسبة المادة الجافة في جميع العينات المدروسه والتي بلغت( اكثر من 85%)وانخفاضها في نبات الطرطير (41%) بصوره معنوية.2 - انخفاض محتوى البروتين عن 10% لجميع المواد العلفية المدروسة باستثناء دريس الجت والطرطير والمران وكان الاختلاف في محتوى البروتين معنويا. 3 - ارتفاع نسبة الالياف الخام ومكونات جدار الخلية (السليلوز والهيميسللوز واللكنين) لجميع النباتات والمواد العلفية المدروسة وبنسبة اكثر من 25% عدا نوى التمر والسالكورنيا (9.8 و19.4)%على التوالي.4 - تمـيز كل من دريـس الجت والعاقول والسالكورنيا بارتـفاع معـدل التحلل الكـلي ( 76.75 و68.74 و63.03% على التوالي) ومعدل التحلل المؤثر( 53.8 و34.8 و34.7 %) للمادة الجافة مقارنة بالمواد العلفية الاخرى. وكانت الفروق عالية المعنوية.5 - تفوقت معدلات تحلل البروتين لجميع المواد العلفية على معدلات تحلل المادة الجافة. وامتاز كل من دريس الجت (70.62%) وتبن الشعير (68.60%) والعاقول (62.57%) بارتفاع معدلات التحلل الكلي للبروتين بينما كان دريس الجت (57.54%) والعاقول (47.00%) والسالكورنيا (41.98%) ذات معدلات تحلل مؤثر عالية مقارنة بباقي المواد العلفية.6 - بلغ معدل التحلل الكلي للالياف 34.56% لنوى التمر والذي كان اعلى من قيمته للمواد العلفية الاخرى والتي تميزت بانخفاض معدل تحلل اليافها الكلي (اقل من 23%) لاسيما الحلفة وكوالح الذرة (9.32 و9.23% على التوالي). اما من حيث معدل التحلل المؤثر للالياف فامتاز دريس الجت بارتفاع معدل تحلل اليافه المؤثر (26.14%) وتليه المواد العلفية الاخرى.7 - اظهر العاقول والسلكورنيا معدل هضم (معدل التحلل في 48 ساعة) لكل من المادة الجافة والبروتين والالياف اقل من دريس الجت ولكنه كان معنويا من ذلك لبقية المواد العلفية الاخرى.8 - اظهرت نسبة المادة الجافة في المادة العلفية ارتباطا سالبا غير معنوي مع معدل تحلل المادة الجافة في جميع الاوقات وكانت نسبة البروتين ذات علاقة ارتباط موجبة ومعنوية مع معدلات تحلل المادة الجافة. في حين اظهرت نسبة الالياف المتعادلة ارتباطا معنويواسالبا مع تحلل المادة الجافة منذ الساعة 3 حتى الساعة 12من غمر العينات في الكرش فقط وكانت سالبة وغير معنوية في الاوقات اللاحقة. وكانت علاقة نسبة الالياف الحامضية سالبة وغير معنوية مع معدل تحلل المادة الجافة (عدا الوقت 12 ساعة).9 - اظهرت نسبة البروتين في المواد العلفية ارتباطا معنويواموجبا مع معدل تحلل البروتين الخام في جميع الاوقات. بينما كانت العلاقة سالبة ومعنوية بين نسبة الالياف الحامضية والمتعادلة ومعدل تحلل البروتين. | The current study was carried out on three Arabi rams in a laboratory of the Department of Animal Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Basra for the period from 14/1/2008 to 26/5/2008. The rams have drawn up in digestion cages (1.2x 0.8x 1 m). Rumen fistula were fixed on these rams. Ration, water,minerals and vitamins blocks were given ad libitum. Random samples of 12 feeds were collected from different areas of Al - Hartha and Qarmit - Ali. These feeds were phragmites australis, Typha domingensis, suaeda fruticosa, Imperata cylinrica, paniccm repens, juncos rigidus, salicorina europaea, alhagi maurorum, barley straw, corn cups, alfalfa hay and date palm seeds. All samples were dried, milled (3mm) and chemically analyzed before incubation into the rumen (0 h) and after 6, 12, 18, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of incubation. Dry matter and all its chemical component degradability were estimated auording Orskov and McDonald (1979) formula. The results revealed the following : 1 - All feeds showed high level of dry matter content, exceeding 85%, except suaeda fruticosa(41%). Differences in dry matter content among feeds were significant.2 - Protein level of studied feeds was less than 10%, except that of alfalfa hay, suaeda fruticosa and paniccm repens. The differences in protein level of different feeds were significant.3 - Fiber levels and cell wall contents (cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin) were high and exceeded the level of 25%, except that of date palm seed and salicorina europaea (9.8 and 19.4% respectively).4 - Total and effective degradability (a+b and p) of dry matter content of alfalfa hay, alhagi maurorum and salicorina europaea were significantly higher (76.75, 68.74 and 63.03% and 53.8, 34.8 and 34.7% respectively) than that of other studied feeds.5 - All protein degradabilities were high than dry matter of all feeds. Total protein degradabilities of alfalfa hay (70.62%), barley straw(68.60%) and alhagi maurorum (62.74%) were higher than other feeds. However, effective degradabilities of alfalfa hay (57.54%), alhagi maurorum(47.00%) and salicorina europaea (41.98%) were higher than that of other feeds.6 - Total fiber degradability of date palm seeds was 34.54%, which was higher than other feeds (all are less than 23%), specially that of Imperata cylinrica and corn cups (9.32 and 9.23% respectively). Effective degradability of alfalfa hay fiber was 26.14%, which was followed by that of the rest of studied feeds. 7 - Digestibilities (degradation at 48 hours of incubation in the rumen) of dry matter, protein and fiber of alhagi maurorum and salicorina europaea were less than that of alfalfa hay, but they were higher than that of other feeds.8 - Dry matter of different feeds showed negative but not significant correlation with dry matter degradation at different times of incubation. While protein level correlated significantly and positive with dry matter degradation. The level of NDF showed negative and significant correlation with dry matter degradation during 3 to 12 h of incubation, however, the correlation was negative but not significant at other times of incubations. The correlation of ADF was negative and not significant with dry matter degradation except that at 12 h of incubation.9 - Protein level of feeds correlated significantly and positively with protein degradation at all times of incubation. However, correlations of protein degradation with ADF and NDF were negative and significant

تاثير الرش بالاثيفون في البناء البايوايميائي والتشريحي لثمار السدر "Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk." وحاصل الشجرة في صنفي التفاحي والجبجاب خلال مراحل النمو والنضج == EFEECT OF SPRAYING ETHEPHONON THE BIOCHEMICAL AND ANATOMICAL BULID - UP OF JUJUBE FRUITS "Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk."AND YIELD TREES OF TUFAHI AND CHIBCHAB CULTIVARS DURING GROWTH AND RIPENING

Author name: وسن فوزي فاضل الابريسم
Supervisor name: علي حسين محمد الطه
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study was conducted on jujube trees "Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.", cv. Tufahi (grown in a private orchard at AL - Hartha district, Basrah Governorate) and on cv. Chibchab (grown in a private orchard at Abi ELKhassib district, Basrah Governorate) during the growing season 20007 - 2008 to investigate effects of the plant growth regulator "Ethephon " at the concentrations of 0 , 100 , 300 , 500 mg/1 on the biochemical and anatomical build - up of fruits and yield quality. The results of this study were as follows : All ethephon spray treatments had significant effect on the physical and chemical characters of fruits and yield of trees. The ethephon treatment at the concentration of 500 mg/1 for both cultivars recorded the highest increases in fruit volume, length, diameter, fresh weight of fruit, pulp and seed, total soluble solids, fruit skin content of carotene pigment, nitrogen concentration, proten, respiration, ethylene production, number of cells per mm2 (for Chibchab cv. only) cell length and width, total and reducing sugars, sucrose, vit. C. and potassium concentration per fruit. Ethephon treatment at the concentration of 500 mg/1 gave also insignificant increased in fruit dry matter percentage. The control treatment (0 mg/l ethephon) for both cultivars had significantly highertotal acidity, pectins, phonolic compounds, fruit skin content of chlorophyll a(for Tufahi cv. only), b and total chlorophyll, and phosphorus concentration per fruit over the other treatments. Ethephon treatment at the concentration of 100 mg/1 ethephon gave significant increased in fruit skin content of chlorophyll a for Chibchab cv. only, and total chlorophyll, and insignificant increased in number of cells per mm2 for Tufahi cv. only. Ethephon treatment at the concentration of 300 mg/1 increased the fruit weight per tree and total yield per hectare significantly over treatments for both cultivars but the differences were not significant with ethephon treatment at 100 mg/1 in both characters for Tufahi cv. only.Periods from anthesis factor had significant effect in all characters for both cultivars. Periods 122 and 131 days from anthesis for Tufahi and Chibchab cultivars respectively recorded the highest increases in fruit volume, length, diameter, fresh weight of fruit, pulp and seed, fruit dry matter percentage(for Tufahi cv. only), total soluble solids, fruit skin content of carotene pigment, cell length and width, whereas period 40 days from anthesis increases significantly fruit moisture content(for Tufahi cv. only), dry matter(for Chibchab cv. only), total acidity, pectins, phenolic compounds, fruit skin content of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, nitrogen concentration, protein and cell number per mm2 over other periods. Period 67days from anthesis recorded Significant increase in moisture content per fruit for Chibchab cv. , while period 101 days from anthesis gave Significant increase in respiration rate and ethylene production for both cultivars.The The combination of ethephon treatments and periods from anthesis had significant effects in all fruit characters for both cultivars but frut moisture content and dry matter percentage were Significant in all combination treatments for Tufahi cv. only.All ethephon treatments hastened fruit ripening by means of changes in fruit color and picking date for both Tufahi and Chibchab jujube cultivars in comparison to control treatment, with the treatment at 500 mg/l ethephon recording the best results in this respect. Fruits of both ethephon treatments at 300 mg/l and 500 mg/l were picked three times in the season and fruits of ethephon treatment at 100 mg/l and control treatment were picked five times in the season.

دراسة تاثير استهلاك منتوج علاجي متخمر مصنع من عزلة محلية من بكتيريا Lactobacillus salivarius في بعض المعايير الفسلجية في الجرذان المختبرية == Studying The Consuming Effect of Therapeutic Fermented Product Manufactured by Local Isolate Lactobacillus salivarius on Some Physiological Parameters in Experimental Rats

Author name: وسن جعفر ابراهيم
Supervisor name: غياث حميد مجيد | احمد عبود خليفة
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant Biotechnology
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: عزلت ثمان عزلات محلية من بكتيريا L.salivarius من براز الاطفال الرضع بعمر (3 - 2) اشهر اعتمادا على الصفات المجهرية والفسلجية والكيموحيوية ، ثلاثة منها (LsP1 ، LsP2 ، LsP5) اظهرت فروقات معنوية (P < 0.01) في قابليتها على انتاج الحامض في الحليب مقارنة مع بقية العزلات والسلالة القياسية من بكتيريا L.acidophilus . اجريت غربلة للعزلات المحلية الثلاث (LsP1 ، LsP2 ، LsP5) لاختيار قابليتها على تحمل الظروف المشابهة لظروف القناة المعدية المعوية من حموضة وتركيز املاح الصفراء وتركيز الانزيمات الهاضمة ، حساسيتها تجاه تاثير بعض المضادات الحيوية واسعة الاستخدام في العلاج الطبيعي ، وقدرتها على تثبيط نمو بكتيريا E.coli O3 : H4 . اظهرت العزلة المحلية L.salivarius (LsP5) فروقات معنوية (P < 0.01) في تحملها لظروف القناة المعدية المعوية حيث كانت اعداد الخلايا الحية11×106 وبعد ثلاث ساعات من التعرض للعصير المشابه للعصارة المعدية انخفضت الى (105 x 35 cfu \ مل) عند رقم هيدروجيني 2 و(104 x 39 cfu \ مل) عند رقم هيدروجيني 1.5 . وفي العصير المشابه للعصارة المعوية كانت اعداد خلاياها الحية (109 x 39 cfu \ مل) عند تركيز املاح صفراء %1 و(108 x 18 cfu \ مل) عند تركيز املاح صفراء %2 ؛ واظهرت مقاومة عالية للتاثير المثبط لبعض مضادات الحياة حيث كان قطر الهالة الخالية من النمو عند المعاملة مع المضاد الحياتي (E) Erythromycin (1.91 سم) و(CTX) Cephotaxime (0.95 سم) و(CTP)Ciprofloxacin (1.23 سم) بينما لم يظهر اي تاثير مثبط لنموها عند المعاملة مع الـ (Am) Ampicilline وTrimethoprime + Sulfamethoxazol (SXT) . كما انها اظهرت تاثيرا مثبطا لنمو البكتيريا E.coli O3 : H4 حيث كان قطر الهالة الخالية من نمو البكتيريا المرضية (25 ملم) . درست قابلية هذه العزلات على مقاومة ظروف التصنيع والخزن المبرد لمدة اربعة اسابيع على درجة حرارة 4 م ، واظهرت العزلة LsP5 قدرة عالية على البقاء حية بعد انتهاء فترة الخزن حيث كانت اعداد الخلايا الحية (107 x 25.9 cfu \ مل) . اختيرت العزلة LsP5 لتصنيع منتوج لبني متخمر مشابه للحليب الاسيدوفيلي وذلك لدراسة تاثير استهلاك هذا المنتوج على اوزان ، وبعض المعايير الدموية (اعداد كريات الدم الحمراء RBC ، الهيموكلوبين Hb ، حجم الدم المضغوط PCV ، اعداد كريات الدم البيضاء WBC) والبيوكيمياوية (الكوليستيرول الكلي Tchol. ، البروتينات الدهنية واطئة الكثافة LDL ، البروتينات الدهنية عالية الكثافة HDL ، الكليسيريدات الثلاثية TG ، والبروتين الكلي TP) لذكور الجرذان المختبرية في تجربة اشتملت على 24 حيوانا ، قسمت الى ثلاث مجاميع (8 حيوانات لكل مجموعة) المجموعة الاولى (مجموعة السيطرة) تم تغذيتها بالعليقة الاعتيادية لمدة 30 يوم ، المجموعة الثانية (S) تم تغذيتها بالعليقة الاعتيادية بالاضافة الى 2 مل من الحليب الفرز المسترجع بنسبة %12 ، اما المجموعة الثالثة (P) تم تغذيتها بالعليقة الاعتيادية بالاضافة الى 2 مل من المنتوج المتخمر حيث اظهرت النتائج ما ياتي : - 1 - حصول زيادة معنوية (P < 0.01) في النسبة المئوية للزيادة الوزنية لحيوانات المجموعة (P) مقارنة مع حيوانات المجموعة (C) و(S) .2 - ارتفاع معنوي (P < 0.01) في معدلات كل من RBC ، Hb ، PCV ، وانخفاض معنوي (P < 0.01) في اعداد WBC في دم حيوانات مجموعة المعاملة (p) مقارنة مع حيوانات المجموعة (C) و(S) .3 - ظهر من دراسة العد التفريقي لكريات الدم البيضاء ان التجريع بالمنتوج المتخمر ادى الى ارتفاع معنوي (P < 0.01) في اعداد الخلايا اللمفاوية lymphcyctes ، وانخفاض معنوي (P < 0.01) في اعداد الخلايا العدلة Neutrophil بينما لم تظهر اي اختلافات معنوية في اعداد الـ Eosinophil والـ Basophil . 4 - انخفاض معنوي (P < 0.01) في قيم كل من Tchol. ، LDL ، TG وارتفاع معنوي (P < 0.01) في قيم الـ HDL وTP في مصل دم حيوانات المجموعة (P) مقارنة مع حيوانات المجموعة (C) و(S) . درست امكانية استخدام الحليب المتخمر في علاج ذكور الجرذان المختبرية المصابة ببكتيريا E.coli O3 : H4 في تجربة استندت على 24 حيوانا ، قسمت الى ست مجاميع (4 حيوانات لكل مجموعة) حيث تم تغذية جميع المجاميع بالعليقة الاعتيادية طيلة فترة التجربة البالغة ستة اسابيع بالاضافة الى المعاملات الاتية : - مجموعة السيطرة (C) بدون معاملة ، المجموعة الثانية (P) عوملت بجرعة 2 مل من الحليب المتخمر ، المجموعة الثالثة (E) جرعة بـ 2 مل من معلق الخلايا الحية لبكتيريا E.coli O3 : H4 ، المجموعة الرابعة (EP) جرعت بالبكتيريا المرضية لمدة ثلاثة اسابيع متتالية ثم جرعت بـ 2 مل من الحليب المتخمر لثلاثة اسابيع تالية ، المجموعة الخامسة (EM) جرعت بالبكتيريا المرضية لمدة ثلاثة اسابيع ثم جرعت بـ 2 مل من الميترونيدازول ، اما المجموعة السادسة (P + E) فجرعت بالمنتوج المتخمر لمدة ثلاثة اسابيع ثم بالمنتوج المتخمر و2 مل من معلق البكتيريا المرضية في وقت واحد لثلاثة اسابيع اخرى ؛ واظهرت النتائج ما ياتي : - 1 - ان اصابة الحيوانات بالبكتيريا المرضية E.coli O3 : H4 ادى الى انخفاض معنوي (P < 0.01) في اوزان الحيوانات كما نفقت بعض الحيوانات ، وكانت النسبة المئوية للحيوانات النافقة (% 55.5) .2 - ادى علاج الحيوانات بالحليب المتخمر الى زيادة معنوية في اوزان الحيوانات المعاملة (EP) مقارنة مع الحيوانات التي تم علاجها كيمياويا بالميترويندازول . كما ان التجريع المسبق بالمنتوج المتخمر ادى الى عدم ظهور فروقات معنوية في الزيادة الوزنية مقارنة مع حيوانات مجموعة السيطرة (C) ، كما لم تظهر اعراض الاصابة على الحيوانات بعد تعاطيها البكتيريا المرضية .3 - حصل انخفاض معنوي (P < 0.05) في قيمة كل من الهيموكلوبين وحجم الخلايا المضغوط وارتفاع معنوي (P < 0.05) في اعداد كريات الدم البيضاء في دم الحيوانات التي تم اصابتها بالبكتيريا المرضية وادى استخدام العلاج الحيوي بالحليب المتخمر الى اعادة قيم هذه المتغيرات الى حدودها الطبيعية مع وجود فروقات معنوية مقارنة مع استخدام الميترويندازول في علاج الحيوانات ، كما ان التجريع المسبق بالبكتيريا العلاجية ادى الى المحافظة على هذه القيم ضمن الحدود الطبيعية حتى بعد اصابتها بالبكتيريا المرضية .4 - انخفاض قيم البروتين الكلي (TP) بشكل معنوي (P < 0.05) في مصل الحيوانات المصابة خلال فترة المعاملة وادى العلاج الحيوي بالحليب المتخمر الى ارتفاع قيم البروتين الكلي بشكل معنوي (P < 0.05) مقارنة مع استخدام العلاج بالميترونيدازول ، كما لم يحصل انخفاض في قيم البروتين الكلي في مجموعة الحيوانات التي تم تجريعها مسبقا بالحليب المتخمر (E+P) .5 - لم تظهر النتائج اي تغيير (عدم وجود فروقات معنوية) في قيم البيليروبين الكلي (TB) لجميع المجاميع الحيوانية طيلة فترة التجربة . | To investigation the effect of Lactobacillus local isolate the present study was conducted . Eight local isolates have been isolated and identificated as Lactobacillus salivarius from infant stool samples aged 2 - 3 months depending on their microscopical , physiological and biochemical aspects . Three of these isolates (LsP1 , LsP2 , LsP5) revealed a significant differences in their ability of milky acid production . these isolates screened according to their ability to tolerance the environments like those in the Gastro - intestinal tract which include (high acidity , bile salts concentration , digestive enzyme concentration) , sensitivity to the effect of some widespread antibiotics and their ability to inhibit growth of E.coli O3 : H4 . The local isolate (LsP5) showed a significant differences in his tolerance to gastro - intestinal tract environments and the number of living cell after 3 hours of exposure to the juice like gastric juice is (35 x 105 cfu / ml) in pH 2 and (15 x 104 cfu / ml) in pH 1.5 and in the juice like intestinal juice the number of living cells is (39 x 109 cfu / ml) in % 1 bile salt concentration and in the concentration % 2 (18 x 108 cfu / ml) , and this isolate showed also higher resistance to the lethal effect of some antibiotics than the other isolates and the inhibition zone diameter in erythromycine (1.91 cm) , cephotaxime (0.95 cm) , ciproflexacine (1.23 cm) , whereas not appear any lethal effect when its treated with ampicilline and trimethoprime + sulfamethoxazol . It’s indicated higher inhibition effect on E.coli O3 : H4 and the inhibition growth zone is (25 mm) . In conclusion , the results revealed that LsP5 isolate has higher resistance to the fermented milk production and cold storage under 4˚C for four weeks than the other isolates . In view of the above results we chosed the Lactobacillus salivarius (LsP5) to production a fermented milk like acidophilus milk and the effect of oral administration to experimental mal rats on weight , some hematological and biochemical parameters were studied in an experiment include 24 animals divided into three groups (8 animals / group) first group (C) control had adopt fed , second group (S) had adopt fed plus 2 ml of reprepared skim milk (12 %) and the third group (P) had adopt fed plus 2 ml of fermented milk contain 109 cfu / ml of living cell of LsP5 isolate and the results showed that : - 1 - Significant increase (P < 0.01) in body weight in treated group (P) compare with group (C) and (S) .2 - Significant increase (P < 0.01) in the rates of red Blood Cell (RBC) , Hemoglobine (Hb) , Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and significant decrease (P < 0.01) in the number of White Blood Cell (WBC) in animals group (P) in comparison whit group (C) and (S) . 3 - The differential count of WBC showed that the oral administration of fermented milk (group P) caused Significant (P < 0.01) increase in the number of lymphocytes and decrease (P < 0.01) in nutrophil , while not indicate changes in eiosinophil and basophil number compare with group (C) and (S) .4 - Significant decrease (P < 0.01) in the rates of total cholesterol (Tchol.) , low density lipoproteins (LDL) , triglycerides (TG) and Significant increase (P < 0.01) in the rates of high density lipoproteins (HDL) and total protein (TP) in the serum of treated animals (group P) in comparison whit group (C) and (S) . The therapeutic effects of fermented product contains 109 cfu / ml of Lactobacillus salivarius (LsP5) living cell was conducted in an experiment include 24 male experimental rats divided into 6 group (4 animals / group) , all these animals had adopt fed during experimental time (6 weeks) in addition to the following daily treatments : - a. Group (C) with out any treatment .b. group (P) has been oral administration with 2 ml of fermented milk .c. group (E) has been infected by oral administration with 2 ml of suspension of E.coli O3 : H4 . d. group (EP) has been infected by disease bacteria for three weeks and then treated by oral administration with 2 ml of fermented milk .e. group (EM) has been infected by disease bacteria for three weeks and then treated by oral administration with chemical therapeutic metronidazol .f. The final group (P + E) has been oral administration with 2 ml of fermented milk for three weeks and then with fermented milk plus disease bacteria in the same time . The results may be summarized as follow : - 1 - Infection bacteria caused Significant (P < 0.01) decrease in animals body weight , Hb , PCV & TP and Significant (P < 0.01) increase in WBC in addition to some of animals die during the experimental time .2 - Animals treated with the fermented milk showed Significant increase (P < 0.01) in animals body weight in the otherwise the value of Hb ,PCV and WBC returned to the normal value in comparison whit animals treated with metronidazol .3 - Anon - Significant effects in the total bilirubine has been seen in all treated rats during the experimental time .

دراسة تاثير التغليف الدقيق Microencapsulation في عيوشية بكتريا Lactobacillus casei المستعملة في تصنيع بعض منتجات الالبان

Author name: خالد حسك عبد الحسن
Supervisor name: نوفل عبد الامير حسين الحلفي | اسعد محمد رضا الطائي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: عزلت احد عشر عزلة من بكتريا Lactobacillus casei من براز الاطفال الرضع باعمار 40 - 10 يوما في محافظة البصرة . شخصت العزلات باستعمال الاختبارات الكيموحيوية وانتخبت العزلة الاكفا في انتاج الحامض من الحليب لاستعمالها في تصنيع منتجات حليب متخمرة علاجية . اجريت عملية التغليف الدقيق Microencapsulation على بكتريا L .casei بتحضير اربعة بوادىء للبكتريا المعزولة محليا والعزلة القياسية وذلك بخلط 45 مل من مواد الربط تركيز %4 والتي شملت الجيلاتين (G) ,الدكسترين (D) ,الجينات الصوديوم (A) والصمغ العربي (Gu) كلا على انفراد مع 45 مل حليب فرز %10 .استعملت هذه البوادىء في صناعة الحليب المتخمر (Ay1) بشكل منفرد للعزلة المحلية و(Ay2) للعزلة القياسية وفي تصنيع اللبن الرائب (By) بصورة مختلطة مع بكتريا بادىء اللبن الرائب Streptococcus thermophilus وLactobacillus delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus اضافة الى هذا استعملت ايضا في صناعة المثلجات اللبنية ( IM) Ice milk .تمت دراسة تاثير عملية التغليف الدقيق في عيوشية بكتريا L.casei في هذه المنتجات ودراسة تاثير التجفيد واظهرت النتائج : 1 .ان عملية التجفيد ادت الى انخفاض لوغارتم الاعداد الحية لبكتريا L.casei بنسبة 2. 77 , 3.01 , 2. 29 و2.65 % في البوادىء المربوطة G , D , A وGu على التوالي في حين كانت نسبة الانخفاض اعلى في البكتريا الحرة (F) اذ بلغت 4.09 % . 2 . درس تاثير عملية التجفيد في الاعداد الحية لبكتريا L.casei في البوادىء المربوطة RG , RD , RA وRGu اثناء الخزن واظهرت النتائج انخفاضا اقل في لوغارتم الاعداد الحية بنسب بلغت 6.58 , 7.21, 5.31 و6.20% على التوالي مقارنة بالنموذج RF والذي بلغ 17.6% بعد مدة خزن استمرت 180يوما وفي درجة حرارة 5م وبلغت نسبة الانخفاض في لوغارتم الاعداد الحية 40.03 , 40.7 ,38.4 و38.9% على التوالي اذ كانت اقل مقارنة بالانخفاض الحاصل في النموذج RF والذي بلغ 70.7% بعد مدة خزن استمرت 180 يوما وفي درجة حرارة 25م. 3 .عند استعمال البوادىء المربوطة لبكتريا L.casei في منتوج الحليب المتخمر Ay1 كانت نسبة الانخفاض في لوغارتم الاعداد الحية للنماذج Ay1G , Ay1D , Ay1A وAy1Gu حوالي 2.73 , 3.80 , 2.62 و2.84% على التوالي مقارنة بالنموذج Ay1F والذي بلغ %9.31 في حين كانت نسبة الانخفاض في منتوج الحليب المتخمر Ay2 للعزلة القياسية في النماذج Ay2G ,Ay2D , Ay2A وAy2Gu حوالي 3.06, 3.17 , 2.73 و3.07% على التوالي مقارنة بالانخفاض الحاصل في النموذج Ay2F والذي بلغ 10.2% بعد مدة خزن 28 يوما في درجة حرارة 5 م. اظهر ت النماذج ByG , ByD , ByA وByGu في منتوج اللبن الرائب By انخفاضا في لوغارتم الاعداد الحية لبكتريا L.casei وبنسب بلغت 8.27 , 8.81 , 5.61 و7.62% على التوالي مقارنة بالانخفاض في النموذج ByF والذي بلغ 19.4% بعد مدة خزن استمرت 28 يوما وفي درجة حرارة 5م . كما اظهرت بكتريا S.thermophilus انخفاضا في لوغارتم اعدادها الحية بلغ 2.30 , 4.24 , 4.82 , 2.88 و2.74 % في منتوج (By) للنماذج ByG , ByD , ByA , ByGu وByFعلى التوالي بينما اظهرت بكتريا L.bulgaricus انخفاضا حادا في لوغارتم اعدادها الحية بلغ53.0 , 43.0 , 51.6 , 49.0 و44.3 %على التوالي.4 .اظهرت النماذج IMG , IMD , IMA وIMGu في منتوج المثلجات اللبنية انخفاضا اقل في لوغارتم الاعداد الحية لبكتريا L. casei المربوطة وبنسب بلغت 22.5 , 23.2 , 22.0 و22.6% على التوالي مقارنة بالانخفاض الحاصل في النموذج IMF والذي بلغ 33.3% بعد مدة خزن استمرت 180 يوما وفي درجة حرارة - 18م . | Eleven isolates of Lactobacillus casei have been isolated from infant feaces at 10 - 40 days old. The isolates have been identified using biochemical test ,and the best isolate has the ability to produce acid from the milk was selected to exploit in the synthesis of fermenting milk production.The microencapsulation has been done of L.casei by with preparing four starting for local and standard isolates which mixing 45ml of lagging at concentration 4% these including gelatin(G),dextrin(D), sodium alginate(A) and Arabic gum(Gu) each alone with 45%ml of skim milk at concentration 10% . These starters were used to Produce yoghurt (Ay1) with local isolates , (Ay2) with standard strain and (By) using mixed starters (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp bulgaricas and Streptococcus ther - mophilus) which ordinary used to yoghurt production .Also these starters used in making ice milk (IM) and then have been lyophilized. The effect of microencapsulation and lyophilization have been studied and the results ,show that : 1.reduce in the logarithmic percentage of survival numbers of L.casei about 2.77, 3.01, 2.29 and 2.65 in the binding starters G,D,A and Gu respectively,while the reduction in free bacteria (F) was higher about 4.09% .2. The effect of lyophilization of starters RG, RD, RA and RGu of L.casei showed reduction in the survival logarithmic percentage of the survival number reached 6.58, 7.21, 5.31 and 6.20 respectively in contrast with the decreasing in RF about 17.6 after 180 days of storage at 5C . The decreasing in the logarithmic percentage of the survival number reached 40.03, 40.7, 38.4 and 38.9 respectively, in contrast with the decreasing in RF about 70.7 after 180 days of storage at 25C .3.When the starters were used in production Ay1, there were a reduction in the logarithmic percentage of the survival numbers of Ay1G, Ay1D, Ay1¬A and Ay1Gu about 2.73, 3.8, 2.62 and 2.84 respectively, in comparision with the reduction of Ay1F about 9.31. where as the reduction of Ay2 for standard strain Ay2G, Ay2D, Ay2¬A and Ay2Gu about 3.06, 3.17, 2.73 and 3.07 respectively in comparision with the reduction of Ay2F about 10.2 after 28 days storge in 5 C . Also the reduction of ByG, ByD , ByA and ByGu in yoghurt are 8.27, 8.81, 5.61 and 7.62 respectively, in comparision with ByF which is about 19.4 after 28 days storge in 5 C . The reduction in the logarithmic percentage was seen also in the numbers of survival of S. th ermophilus about 2.3, 4.24, 4.82, 2.88 and 2.74 in the yoghurt productions ByG, ByD , ByA ByGu and ByF respectively. While L. bulgaricas showed sharping reduction in their survival logarithmic percentage numbers as 53.0, 43.0, 51.6, 49.0 and 44.3 respectively.4. The ice milk production IMG , IMD, IMA and IMGu showed lowerst reduction in the survival logarithmic percentage number of L.casei about 22.5, 23.2, 22.0 and 22.6 respectively in accordance to IMF which reached 33.3 after 180 days of storage at - 18C.

تاثير اعطاء المضاد الحيوي الاوكسي تتراسايكلين ومجموعة الفيتامينات في النمو وبعض الصفات (A, D3, E) ا، د 3، ه الدمية والبايوكيميائية للحملان الذكرية العرابية == Effect of oxytetracycline and vitamins group (A,D3,E) on Growth , some blood traits and biochemical traits for male Arabi Lambs

Author name: عبد الكريم حمود جاسم المياحي
Supervisor name: عماد فلاح حسن | محمد حسن خضر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was conducted in the College of Agriculture / University of Basrah from 10/1/2008 up to 25/4/2008 in order to find out the influence of supplementations of Oxytetracycline and Vitamin&#39;s (A, D3, E) on growth, blood picture and biochemical parameters, pHand total bacteria count in rumen fluid of Arabi lambs. Sixteen Arabi male lambs were used in this experiment, and the lambs were divided randomly into four groups. All these groups fed on a concentrate ration contain barely (59.5%), wheat brain (38%), urea (1.5%) and NaCl (1%). First group was a control (no treated). The 2nd, 3rd, 4th groups treated with Vitamins (A,D3,E) orally, Oxytetracycline orally, Vitamins (A,D3,E) and Oxytetracycline orally given together respectively. The results of the currents study may follows : be summarized as 1. Average daily gain and total body weight of treated groups recorded (P

تحضير وتوصيف المتحللات البروتينية من المخلفات الحيوانية والمصادر النباتية بالهضم الانزيمي والحامضي واختبار كفاءتها في النمو المايكروبي == PREPARATION AND SPECIFICATION OF PROTEIN HYDROLYSATES FROM ANIMAL BY - PRODUCTS AND PLANT SOURCES BY USING ENZYMATIC AND ACIDIC DIGESTION AND TEST THEIR EFFICENCY IN MICROBIAL GROWTH

Author name: محمد زيارة اسكندر
Supervisor name: ام البشر حميد جابر الموسوي | روضة محمود العلي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الدراسة تحضير ستة انواع من المتحللات البروتينية من مخلفات حيوانية شملت (ارجل الدجاج وقشور ورؤوس الروبيان)ومصادر نباتية (بذور الباقلاء وبذور العدس)، باستعمال الطريقة الكيميائية (حامض HCI) 6ع لكل من معاملتي ارجل الدجاج A وقشور ورؤوس الروبيان B واستعمال الطريقة الانزيمية بواسطة انزيم فطري تجاري (رنزيم) بعد قياس الفعالية النوعية اذ كانت (36.7 وحدة/ملغم) لكل من معاملات ارجل الدجاجC وقشور ورؤوس الروبيانD وبذور الباقلاءE وبذور العدسF. درس التركيب الكيميائي للمتحللات البروتينية المحضرة والتي شملت النسب المئوية لكل من المواد الصلبة الكلية، النتروجين الكلي ، البروتين ، الدهن ، الرماد , الحاصل ودرست كذلك درجات التحلل لجميع المتحلل المحضرة. لوحظ ارتفاع النسب المئوية للتركيب الكيميائي للمتحللات المحضرة باستخدام الحامض للمعاملتين A وBعلى باقي المعاملات الاخرى E,D,C وF المحضرة بواسطة الانزيم. ودرست ايضا الصفات الفيزيائية لهذه المتحللات(الرقم الهيدروجيني ,اللون والبروتينات المترسبة بالحرارة) ولوحظ ان كل من المتحللين A وB لهما لون داكن مقارنة بالمتحللات الاخرى. اختبر افضل تركيز في تحضير الاوساط الزرعية وكان 4% لكل من المتحللين A وB و12% للمتحلل C و8% للمتحلل Dو10% لكل من المتحللين E وF . ادخلت المتحللات البروتينية المحضرة في نوعين من الاوساط المستعملة لتنمية البكتريا ، الاول وسط الببتون (السائل والصلب) والثاني الوسط المغذي (السائل والصلب) بعد رفع الببتون منهما ،ودرست مدى قابلية هذه الاوساط على دعم نمو الاحياء المجهرية الهوائية من خلال زرع عينات طبيعية (ماء، تربة، حليب خام ولحم مفروم)عليهواالحضن لمدتي 24و48 ساعــة ومقارنتها مع اوساط زرعية تجارية وكذلك تنمية بعض السلالات البكتريا المنتخبـــة (Escherichia coli Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillu casei Streptococcus spp.,) واخذ القراءات لها. وقد اظهرت النتائج في اغلبها تفوق الاوساط المحضرة من كل من المتحلل البروتيني E وF على باقي الاوساط المحضرة من المتحللات البروتينية الاخرى في كل من الاوساط السائلة والصلبة ، اذ لم تظهر فروقات معنوية في اغلب النتائج عند مدة حضن 48 ساعة مع الاوساط التجارية ، وكذلك اعطت باقي المتحللات البروتينية نتائج ايجابية في كثير من الاختبارات اذ اظهرت قابلية عالية في دعم نمو البكتريا الهوائية . وحضر وسط خاص لتنمية الفطريات بعد تعديل الرقم الهيدروجيني الى 5.5 وتنمية سلالات نقية منتخبة من(خمائر واعفان) ( Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium Spp. , Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans) وGeotrichium candidum ، اذ اظهرت النتائج قابلية جميع المتحللات البروتينية المحضرة على تنمية الفطريات في مدة حضن (5) ايام واقل منها للوسطين B وA فقط في مدة حضن (3) ايام وهذا يدل على امكانية استعمال هذه المتحللات برقم هيدروجيني حامضي بحدود 5 5. لاستعمالها كاوساط لتنمية الفطريات. درست الصفات المورفولوجية لجميع الاحياء المجهرية النقية النامية على الاوساط المحضرة (البكتريواالفطريات) لكل من المستعمرات والخلايا البكتيريه بعد تصبيغها بصبغة (كرام) ووضعها تحت المجهر الضوئي ومقارنتها مع الصفات المورفولوجية للاحياء المجهرية النامية على الاوساط التجارية اذ لوحظ تماثلا عاليا في حجم وشكل المستعمرات او طبيعة النمو لهذه الاحياء على الاوساط المحضرة. | Six protein hydrolysates were prepared from two different sources which include raw animals waste (chicken legs and raw shrimp waste) and plant seed s (bean and lentil seeds). Two methods were used ,the first including chemical method by(hydrochloric acid) for A chicken legs and B shrimp heads and halls, the second method by using commercial fungal enzyme(Renzyme) (after determining its analytic activity which was about 36.7unit\mg) for C chicken legs , D shrimp heads and halls, E bean seeds and F lean seeds. The chemical composition of Protein hydrolysates that include percentage of total solid matter, total nitrogen, Protein,lipid,ash ,yield and degree of analysis was studied, The protein hydrolysates A and Bfrom acid method showed increasing in their chemical composition more those in enzymatic method . Also the physical properties of Protein hydrolysates were studied (pH, color, and precipitated Proteins by temperature),and noticed that both hydrolysate A and B have dark colour in comparison with the other hydrolysates . The best concentration of hydrolysates for preparing media was 4% for A and B, 12% for C, 8% for D,and 10% for E and F. The Protein hydrolysates were added to two types of media (peptone broth and agar) and (nutrient broth and agar) instead of their peptone .Their ability to support the growth of microorganisms by cultivating natural samples (water, soil,milk and meat). The samples were incubated in 37C◦ for (24 - 48) h. A comparison was made with some commercially available media, also some selected types of bacteria ( Streptococus spp. , Staph.aureus, L.casei and E. coil ) have been cultivated in these media. Results show that the media prepared form protein hydrolysates E and F have the ability to cultrate bacteria more than other hydrolysates, in both liquid and solid media, and there are no significant differences with commercial media after 48h incubation .other hydrolysates gave promising results in most tests that they showed high ability to enhancement the growth of bacteria,A Fungai media have been prepared by reducing the pH to5.5 for cultivating pure mold and yeasts (Penicillium, SSp., Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Cand. Albicans, Geotrichium. candidum and Sacch. cerevisiae). The results showed that all Protein hydrolysates have the ability to enhances the growth after 5 days of incubation. Also they showed the same results after 3 days of incubation except A and B. Morphological properties for all kinds of selective microorganism (bacteria and fungi) of cultures and bacteria cells after gram staining for both prepared and commercial media have been studied .The results showed high resemblance in size, shape and the nature of growth

دراسة منحنى انتاج الحليب وبعض مكوناته والمعايير الكيموحيوية وعلاقتها بانتاج الحليب في الابقار المضربة == Study of Milk Yield Curve, its Components and Blood Biochemical Parameters and its Relation with Milk Production of Cross Cattle

Author name: منتهى يعقوب يوسف الصيوان
Supervisor name: اسعد يحيى عايد | عماد فلاح حسن
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسة في محطة البحوث الزراعية التابعة الى كلية الزراعة بجامعة البصرة وبعض الحقول الاهلية المجاورة لجامعة البصرة في كرمة علي واستخدم في الدراسة 23 بقرة مضربة باعمار ومواسم مختلفة حيث اعتمدت التغذية الحرة على النخالة والقصب واجريت القياسات للفترة من 1/12/2006 - 31/12/2007 لدراسة تاثير مقاييس واشكال الجسم والضرع والحلمة على انتاج الحليب ومكوناته اليومي والكلي والجزئي والمعدل لـ305 يوم ودراسة منحنى انتاج الحليب ومكوناته .واظهرت النتائج مايلي : 1 - بلغ متوسط انتاج الحليب اليومي والكلي والمعدل لـ305 يوم 5.80 و1740.97 و1883.91 كغم على التوالي وتاثر كل منهم معنويا (p<0.05) بكل من مرحلة وموسم الادرار, وتاثر انتاج الحليب المعدل لـ305 يوم معنويا (p<0.05) في كل من شكل الضرع وشكل فتحة الحلمة وشكل الحلمة , بينما لم يكن لشكل الضرع وشكل الحلمة تاثيرا معنويا في انتاج الحليب اليومي والكلي .2 - بلغ المتوسط العام لانتاج الحليب الجزئي 30 و60 و90 يوم 171.98 و415.10 و656.97كغم على التوالي. وتاثر معنويا (p<0.05) بكل من موسم الادرار وشكل الضرع وشكل فتحة الحلمة.3 - بلغ المتوسط العام لكل من نسبة الدهن والبروتين وكمية اليوريا3.69 % و3.63% و5.48 ملمول/لتر على التوالي وتاثرت هذه المكونات بكل من موسم ومرحلة الادرار, في حين لم يكن للتداخل بين موسم ومرحلة الادرار تاثيرا معنويا لهذه المكونات.4 - اظهر نموذج Wood (1967) غير الخطي ملائمته لانتاج الحليب اذ ينطبق هذا النموذج على القيم الحقيقية لانتاج الحليب منذ بدء الانتاج حتى نهايته والفرو قات بين الانتاج الفعلي والمقدرة بهذا النموذج متقاربة جدا في اي وقت من مرحلة الانتاج. 5 - بلغ الانتاج الابتدائـي للحـليب (الاسبوع الاول a ) المحسوبـة بنموذج Wood (1967) تساوي 33.74 كغم وبزيادة اسبوعية(b) قدرها 0.517 كغم/اسبوع حتى الوصول الى انتاج القمة (65.08كغم), ثم بدا بالانخفاض(c) بمعدل 0.059كغم/ اسبوع وبمثابرة قدرها 74.22% من انتاج القمة.6 - كانت نسبة الدهن والبروتين وكمية اليوريا الابتدائية (انتاج الشهر الاول) المقدرة بنموذج Wood (1967) تساوي %4.023 و%2.89 و5.31 ملمول/لتر على التوالي.7 - تظهر النتائج بان الانتاج الابتدائي (a) يرتبط ارتباطا معنويا وسالبا مع كل من المعيارين b وc والمثابرة وعدد اسابيع القمة ( - 0.48و - 0.68 و- 0.61 و- 0.60 على التوالي) الى انتاج الحليب .8 - تاثرت كل من المثابرة وقمة الانتاج والانتاج الابتدائي (a) لانتاج الحليب ونسبة البروتين معنويا (p<0.05) بموسم الادرار .9 - وجود ارتباط معنوي موجب (p<0.01) بين كمية انتاج الحليب وكمية اليوريواالبروتين والدهن في الحليب, وكان معامل الارتباط بين انتاج الحليب ومكوناته والمعايير الكيموحيوية للدم عالي جدا (p<0.01) وكان الارتباط بين كمية اليوريا في الدم وكمية انتاج الحليب يساوي 0.958 وكمية البروتين في الحـليب (0.698) وكمية اليوريا في الحليب (0.834).10 - بلغ المتوسط العام للارتفاع عند اتصال الرقبة والذنب وطول الجسم المائل وطول الجسم ومحيط الصدر ومحيط البطن والمسافة بين العظمتين الدبوسيتين 121.04, 147.35 , 141.69 ,127.17, 188.69, 200.87, 5.962 سم على التوالي , في حين بلغ المتوسط العام عمق الضرع ومحيطه 39.14 , 17.00 سم على التوالي وكان المتوسط العام لطول الحلمة الامامية والخلفية ومحيط الحلمة 6.87، 5.81 ,7.59 سم على التوالي.11 - اظهر كل من طول الجسم ومحيط الصدر والمسافة بين العظمتين الدبوسيتين وطول الضرع وطول الحلمة الامامية والخلفية ارتباطا موجبا ومعنويا (0.778 - 0.418). 12 - اظهرت جميع انواع الانتاج اعتمادا معنويا (p<0.05) على طول الجسم فقط (انحدار بسيط) وبمعامل تحديد(R2) تراوح بين 21 - 31 % وعند اضافة المسافة بين العظمتين الحرقفتين ومحيط البطن او محيط الصدر(انحدار متعدد) اضافة الى طول الجسم كعوامل مستقلة تراوحت قيمة معامل التحديد(R2) بين 54 - 79 % .13 - تميز انحدار انتاج الحليب والدهن والبروتين الخطي والتربيعي والتكعيبي على طول الجسم بالمعنوية (p<0.05) وكانت قيمة معامل التحديد تتراوح بيـن 23.1 % الى 36.3 %.14 - امتاز الانحدار الاسي الى انتاج الحليب ومكوناته جميعها بالمعنوية (p<0.05) على طول الحلمة الخلفية. | The present study was conducted at Agricultural Research Station, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah and nearby farms. Data of 23 hybrid cows of different ages and season were used. The cows fed wheat bran and reeds as roughages ad libtum . All measurements were done during 1/12/2006 to 31/12/2007. Data included body, udder and teat measurements and partial milk and total milk yield. Milk yield and its content were also included. The result revealed the followings : 1 - Overall mean of daily, total and corrected for 305 day milk yield were 5.80, 1740.97 and 1883.91kg respectively. Entire trait significantly influenced by lactation stage and season. Corrected milk yield for 305 day was influenced by udder shape, teat open and teat shape. However udder and teat shapes did not significantly affect daily and total milk yield. 2 - Mean of partial milk at 30, 60 and 90 days were 171.98, 415.10 and 656.97 kg respectively. They were significantly influenced by season, udder shape and shape of teat open.3 - Mean of fat and protein percentages and were 3.96%, 3.63% and 5.48 mmol/L respectively. Season and stage of lactation had significant effect on these traits, in contrary to interaction effects.4 - Wood’s (1967) model was suitable to milk yield and its component, as it fitted to all early and late yield data beside differences between actual and expected values were very low.5 - Initial milk yield (first week yield, a) calculated by Wood’s (1967) model was 33.74 kg. Milk increased weekly by a rate of 0.517 kg/week to reach peak production (65.08kg), after that decreased in a rate (c) of 0.059 kg/week. Persistency was 74.22% from peak production.6 - Initial fat and protein percentages and urea content (production of 1st month) estimated by Wood’s (1967) model was 4.023%, 2.89% and 5.31 mmol/L respectively.7 - Initial production (a) was significantly correlated with b and c parameter, persistency and number of weeks at peak ( - 0.48, - 0.68, - 0.61 and - 0.60 respectively).8 - Lactation season significantly affected persistency, peak production and initial production (a) for milk yield and protein percentage.9 - There was a significant positive correlation between milk yield and its component (fat, protein and urea). Correlations among milk yield and its component with blood biochemical parameters were high, significant and positive. They were 0.958, 0.698 and 0.834 between blood urea and milk yield or milk protein or milk urea respectively.10 - Overall mean of body height at neck and tail, body length, diagonal body length, chest girth, abdominal girth and distance between pin bones were 121.04, 147.35, 141.69, 127.17, 188.69, 200.87 and 25.96 cm respectively. Mean of udder depth and width were 17.00 and 39.14 cm respectively. Mean and front and rear teat length and teat diameter were 7.59, 6.87 and 5.81 cm respectively.11 - Body length, chest girth, and distance between pin bone, udder length, and length of front and rear teats showed significant correlations ranged 0.418 - 0.778.12 - All type of production regressed significantly on body length (simple regression) with a determinant coefficient (R2) equal to 21 - 31%. When the model included distance between pin bone, abdominal circumference or chest girth (multiple regression) as well as body length as independent variables caused an increase in R2 to be 54 - 79%.13 - Linear, quadratic and cubic regression of milk, fat and protein yield on body length were significant with ranged 23.1 to 36.3%.14 - Expontial regression of milk yield and its components on rear teat length were significant.

الاستخدام الجزئي للطحلب Enteromorpha intestinalis والقشري Parhyale basrensis علائق صغار اسماك الكارب الشائع Cyprinus carpio L == Partial utilization of Alga Enteromorpha intestinalis and the Crustacean Parhyale basrensis in diets of young carp Cyprinus carpio L

Author name: علي عبد الامير كحطان البدران
Supervisor name: ازهار علي عبد الله الصابونجي | امنة علي هاشم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت في الدراسة الحالية مجموعة من التجارب التغذوية خلال الفترة الممتدة من 28 اب ولغاية 10 تشرين الثاني 2007 لمعرفة امكانية استبدال مسحوق الاسماك جزئيا باستخدام مسحوق الطحلب Enteromorpha intestinalis ومسحوق القشري Parhyale basrensis في العلائق المغذاة لصغار اسماك الكارب الشائع Cyprinus carpio واختبار كفاءة هذه المصادر البديلة من خلال تاثيرها على معدل الزيادة الوزنية ومعدلات النمو النسبي والنوعي وكفاءة التحويل الغذائي وقيمة البروتين المنتج ونسبـــة كفاءة البروتين ومستوى الاشباع ومعدل التفريغ الغذائي وقابلية الهضم والتركيب الكيميائي للجسم .اشارت التحليلات الكيميائية لمسحوق القشري P. basrensis ومسحوق الطحلب E. intestinalis بان محتواهما من البروتين قد بلغ 38.05 % ، 21.97 % على التوالي .صنعت سبعة علائق وهي 3.B , 3.A , 2.B , 2.A , 1.B , 1.A , Control متساوية في محتواها من البروتين ( 39.69 + 0.17 % ) والطاقة ( 450.30 + 4.80 كيلو سعرة/100غم ) ومتباينة في مصدر البروتين , اذ استبدل مسحوق الاسماك في العليقتين 1.B , 1.A باستخدام مسحوق القشري P. basrensis بنسبة 25% ، 50% على التوالي ، واستبدل في العليقتين 2.B , 2.A باستخدام مسحوق الطحلب E. intestinalis بنسبة 25% ، 50% على التوالي ، كما استبدل مسحوق الاسماك في العليقتين 3.B , 3.A باستخدام خليط من مسحوقي القشري والطحلب وبنسبة 25% ، 50% على التوالي ايضا ، وقورنت علائق الاستبدال مع عليقة السيطرة Control الخالية من مصادر البروتين البديلة . تباينت معدلات الزيادة الوزنية الكلية ومعدلات النمو النسبي والنمو النوعي للاسماك المغذاة على علائق التجربة المختلفة حيث حققت العلائق 2.A , 1.A , Control اعلى معدلات الزيادة الوزنية ومعدلات النمو النسبي والنوعي والتي بلغت 24.65 ، 23.86 ، 23.51 غم و242.24 ، 223.38 ، 220.47 % و2.085 ، 1.988 ، 1.972 % غم/ يوم على التوالي ، في حين كانت اوطا القيم لها في عليقتي الاستبدال 3.B , 2.B اذ بلغت 16.69 ، 17.27 غم و161.39 ، 162.73 % و1.627 ، 1.636 % غم/ يوم على التوالي .سجلت عليقتي الاستبدال 3.A , 1.A تفوقا معنويا ( P < 0.05 ) على عليقة السيطرة وبقية علائق الاستبدال الاخرى في قيم كفاءة التحويل الغذائي ونسبة كفاءة البروتين وقيمة البروتين المنتج اذ بلغت لهاتين العليقتين 37.01 ، 35.31 % و0.95 ، 0.90 و13.17 ، 12.42 % على التوالي ، بينما تخلفت العليقتان 2.B , 3.B في قيم كفاءة التحويل الغذائي ونسبة كفاءة البروتين وقيمة البروتين المنتج حيث سجلتا 25.33 ، 26.82 % و0.63 ، 0.68 و9.20 ، 9.83 % على التوالي .حققت علائق الاستبدال بنسبة 25% ( 3.A , 2.A , 1.A ) افضل النتائج بالنسبة لمستوى الاشباع إذ بلغت قيم مستوى الاشباع للاسماك المغذاة على هذه العلائق 3.13 ، 3.90 ، 3.98 % على التوالي بالمقارنـــــة مع عليقة السيطرة التي ســـجلت مستوى اشــــباع بلغ 5.27 % وعلائق الاستبدال بنسبة 50% . تباينت قيم معدل التفريغ للاسماك المغذاة على علائق التجربة المختلفة اذ اظهرت النتائج ان عليقة السيطرة تليها عليقة الاستبدال 1.B قد حققتا اعلى معدلات التفريغ بالمقارنة ببقية علائق الاستبدال وقد بلغت قيم معدل التفريغ لهاتين العليقتين 0.0092 ، 0.0082 غم / ساعـــــة على التوالي ، في حين كانت اوطا قيمة لمعدل التفريغ 0.0031 غم / ساعة في عليقة الاستبدال 1.A التي اعطت افضل النتائج ، وفيما يتعلق بوقت ظهور الفضلات فقد سجلت علائق الاستبدال 3.B , 2.B , 2.A ابطواقت لظهور الفضلات الذي بلغ 4.38 ، 4.21 ، 4.05 ساعة على التوالي بالمقارنة مع بقية علائق التجربة ، بينما سجلت العليقتان 1.B , Control الوقت الاسرع لظهور الفضلات وقد بلغ 3.30 ، 3.39 ساعة على التوالي .تباينت قيم معاملات الهضم الظاهري الكلي ومعاملات الهضم الظاهري للعناصر الغذائية باختلاف علائق التجربة اذ تراوح معامل الهضم الظاهري الكلي ما بين اوطا قيمة له التي بلغت 57.66 % في عليقــة الاستبــــدال 3.B واعلى قيمة له التي بلغت 63.53 % في عليقة الاستبدال 2.A ، وقد حققت عليقة الاستبدال 1.A اعلى قيمة لمعامل هضم البروتين التي بلغت 81.14 % في حين سجلت عليقة الاستبدال 2.B اوطا قيمة لمعامل هضم البروتين اذ بلغت 74.96 % ، وسجلت عليقة الاستبدال 1.A اعلى قيمة لمعامل هضم الدهون التي بلغت 77.28 % بينما سجلت عليقة الاستبدال 3.B اقل قيمة لمعامل هضم الدهون اذ بلغت 69.60 % . وفيما يتعلق بالتحليل الكيميائي لاجسام الاسماك فقد اشارت نتائج الدراسة الى ترافق انخفاض نسبة الرطوبة مع ارتفاع نسبة الدهن في اجسام الاسماك المغذاة على مختلف العلائق ، ولم تظهر هنالك اي فروق معنوية ( P > 0.05 ) في محتوى جسم الاسماك من البروتين لجميع علائق التجربة حيث تراوحت قيم بروتين الجسم ما بين 13.26 % في اجسام الاسماك عند بداية التجربة الى 14.95 % في اجسام الاسماك المغذاة على عليقة الاستبدال 1.B ، وقد سجلت عليقة الاستبدال 1.A اعلى قيمة لمحتوى الدهن في جسم الاسماك فقد بلغت 6.44 % في حين كانت اوطا قيمة لها في اجسام الاسماك عند بداية التجربة حيث بلغت 2.81 % ، ولم يظهر التحليل الاحصائي وجود فروق معنوية ( P > 0.05 ) ما بين عليقة السيطرة وجميع علائق الاستبدال في محتوى جسم الاسماك من الرماد .يستنتج من الدراسة الحالية امكانية الاستبدال الجزئي لمسحوق الاسماك باستخدام مسحوق القشري ومسحوق الطحلب وخليط من المسحوقين وبنسبة استبدال 25% في علائق صغار اسماك الكارب الشائع Cyprinus carpio . | Nutritional experiments were conducted in the present study during 28 August until 10 November 2007 to knowledge the possibility of partially replacement of fish meal using algae meal Enteromorpha intestinalis and crustacean meal Parhyale basrensis in the diets of young Common carp Cyprinus carpio and test the efficiency of these alternative sources through its effects upon rates of weight increment , relative growth , specific growth , food conversion efficiency , productive protein value , protein efficiency ratio , satiation level , evacuation rate , digestibility and body chemical composition .The chemical analysis of crustacean meal P. basrensis and algae meal E. intestinalis showed that its protein contain were 38.05 , 21.97 % respectively .Seven diets were formulated : i.e. control , 1.A , 1.B , 2.A , 2.B , 3.A , 3.B the diets were isonitrogenous ( 39.69 + 0.17 % ) and isocaloric (450.30 + 4.80 kcal./100 gm ) but varied in protein source , where fish meal replaced in diets 1.A , 1.B with crustacean meal P. basrensis using 25 , 50 % respectively , and with algae meal E. intestinalis in diets 2.A , 2.B using 25 , 50 % respectively , Also it was replaced in diets 3.A , 3.B with a mixture of crustacean and algae meals using 25 , 50 % respectively , these replacement diets were compared with control diet which contain no alternative protein source .The average of total weight increment , relative growth and specific growth rates were varied of fish fed different experimental diets , where control , 1.A , 2.A diets achieved the highest values of weight increment rates , relative growth and specific growth rates that achieved 24.65 , 23.86 , 23.51 gm , 242.24 , 223.38 , 220.47 % and 2.085 , 1.988 , 1.972 % gm / day respectively , while the lowest values were recorded in the replacement diets 2.B , 3.B which recorded 16.69 , 17.27 gm , 161.39 , 162.73 % and 1.627 , 1.636 % gm / day respectively .The replacements diets 1.A , 3.A showed significant ( P < 0.05 ) compared to control and other replacement diets in FCE , PER and PPV which reached in these diets 37.01 , 35.31 % , 0.95 , 0.90 and 13.17 , 12.42 % respectively , while the 3.B , 2.B diets were backward in the values of FCE , PER and PPV which recorded 25.33 , 26.82 % , 0.63 , 0.68 and 9.20 , 9.83 % respectively .The replacement diets with the 25 % ( 1.A , 2.A , 3.A ) achieved the superior results concerning the satiation level where it values in fish fed these diets were 3.13 , 3.90 , 3.98 % respectively compared to control diet which recorded satiation level which was 5.27 % and replacement diets of 50 % .The values of evacuation rates in fish fed experimental diets were varied where the results showed that control diet followed by replacement diet 1.B achieved the highest values compared to other replacement diets where it values were 0.0092 , 0.0082 gm / h for these diets respectively , while the lowest values 0.0031 gm / h were recorded in replacement diet 1.A which showed the superior results , the time of feces appearance were recorded in replacement diets 2.A , 2.B , 3.B slower time 4.38 , 4.21 4.05 h respectively compared to other experiment diets , while the diets control , 1.B recorded the faster time of feces appearance 3.30 , 3.39 h respectively . The values of total and nutrients apparent digestibility coefficients varied in different experiments diets , where the total apparent digestibility coefficient ranged between the lowest value 57.66 % in replacement diet 3.B to the highest value 63.53 % in replacement diet 2.A , The replacement diet 1.A achieved the highest protein digestibility coefficient 81.14 % where replacement diet 2.B recorded the lowest value 74.96 % , The replacement diet 1.A recorded the highest fat digestibility 77.28 % while the replacement diet 3.B recorded the lowest value 69.60 % .The results of chemical composition of fish body showed the association of moisture decrease with fat increase in the fish body fed different diets , No significant ( P > 0.05 ) differences were recorded in protein content of fish body fed all diets , where protein content ranged between 13.26 % in fish body at the beginning of experiment to 14.95 % in fish body fed replacement diet 1.B , The replacement diet 1.A recorded the highest fat content in fish body reached 6.44 % while the lowest value recorded in fish body at the beginning of experiment 2.81 % , statistical analysis showed no significant ( P > 0.05 ) differences between control diet and all replacement diets in ash content of fish body .It was concluded from the present study the possibility of partially replacement of fish meal with crustacean and algae meals also with mixed meal from both , the replacement ratio was 25% in the diets of young Common carp Cyprinus carpio .

تاثير موعد الزراعة والرش بالبنزايل ادنين وفيتامين ب1 في النمو والحاصل الزهري والزيت العطري لنبات البزاليا العطرية (Lathyrus odoratus L.) == Effect of Sowing Date and Spraying With Benzyl Adenine and Thiamine on Growth, Flowering and Volatile Oil Yield of Sweet Peas Lathyrus odoratus L.

Author name: وجيهة موسى عيسى الفداغ
Supervisor name: عبد الرزاق عثمان حسن الجلبي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت التجربة في الموسم الزراعي الشتوي 2007 - 2008 في احد الحقول البستنية التابع لكلية الزراعة - جامعة البصرة, اذ استهدفت التجربة تاثير موعد الزراعة والرش بالسايتوكاينين (البنزايل ادنين) او فيتامين ب1 في النمو الخضري والزهري وحاصل الزيت العطري لنبات البزاليا العطرية Lathyrus odoratus L. . تضمنت التجربة 15 معاملة عاملية عبارة عن التداخل بين عاملين هما ثلاثة مواعيد زراعية هي 10/10/2007 و25/10/2007 و10/11/2007 ورش النباتات بخمس محاليل هي البنزايل ادنين بتركيز 10 او20 ملغم. لتر - 1 وفيتامين ب1 بتركيز 10 او 20 ملغم. لتر - 1 وماء المقطر (المقارنة).وفيما يلي اهم النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها : 1 - النمو الخضريادى تاخير الزراعة الى تقليل معنوي في صفات النمو الخضري المدروسة (ارتفاع النبات وعدد الافرع الجانبية وعدد الاوراق والوزن الطري والجاف والمساحة الورقية), وازداد التاثير كلما ازداد تاخير الموعد. اما الرش فقد ادى رش النباتات بمنظم النمو البنزايل ادنين بتركيز 10 او 20 ملغم. لتر - 1 تفوقها معنويا في الوزن الجاف للمجموع الخضري مقارنة ببقية المعاملات، كما تفوقتا في عدد الافرع مقارنة بمعاملة الرش بفيتامين ب1 تركيز 10 ملغم. لتر - 1 والتي لم ترش في حين تفوقت النباتات التي رشت بالمنظم نفسه بتركيز 20 ملغم. لتر - 1 معنويا في صفة عدد الاوراق والمساحة الورقيـة التـي اختلفت معنويا عن النباتات التي رشت بمحلول فيتامين ب1 بتركيز 20 ملغم. لتر - 1 وتفوقت النباتات التي رشت بفيتامين ب1 بتركيز 20 ملغم. لتر - 1 معنويا في صفة ارتفاع النبات باستثناء تلك التي رشت بالتركيز نفسه من ب1. وكان للتداخل بين عاملي الدراسة تاثير معنوي في كل صفات النمو الخضري. 2 - التزهيرادى التبكير في الزراعة الى زيادة معنوية في عدد الازهار. نبات - 1 وفترة التزهير وحاصل الازهار. نبات - 1 وازداد التاثير كلما ازداد التبكير. وتفوقت النباتات المزروعة بالموعد الاول معنويا عن الموعد الثالث في الوزن الطري للزهرة. وتفوقت النباتات المزروعة بالموعد الثاني معنويا في طول الحامل الزهري مقارنة بتلك المزروعة في الموعد الثالث فقط. ادى تاخير موعد الزراعة الى تقليل عدد الايام حتى ظهور اول زهرة وازداد التاثير كلما ازداد التاخير في حين لم يكن لموعد الزراعة اي تاثير معنوي في قطر الحامل الزهري.اما بالنسبة للرش فقد تفوقت النباتات المعاملة بـ 20 ملغم. لتر - 1 بفيتامين ب1 معنويا في عدد الازهار الكلي وطول الحامل الزهري وحاصل الازهار. نبات - 1 في حين ادى رشها بـ 10 او 20ملغم. لتر - 1 بالبنزايل ادنين الى تبكير التزهير وطول فترة التزهير ولم يكن لمعاملة الرش اي تاثير معنوي في قطر الحامل الزهري ووزنها الطري. اما تداخل عاملي الدراسة فكان له تاثير معنوي في عدد الايام في ظهور اول نوره زهرية وعدد الازهار الكلي وطول الحامل الزهري وحاصل الازهار الكلي.3 - حاصل الزيت وصفاته النوعيةكان للتبكير في موعد الزراعة تاثير معنوي في النسبة المئوية للزيت وحاصل الزيت. نبات - 1 وازداد التاثير كلما ازداد التبكير، في حين لم يؤثر موعد الزراعة معنويا في الصفات النوعية للزيت (الوزن النوعي ومعامل الانكسار وكثافة الزيت). اما بالنسبة لمعاملة الرش فقد اعطت النباتات المعاملة بتركيز 10 ملغم. لتر - 1 فيتامين ب1 تفوقا معنويا بالنسبة المئوية للزيت, في حين اعطى رشها بتركيز 20 ملغم. لتر - 1 بالفيتامين نفسه اعلى حاصل زيت. ولم تؤثر معاملة الرش معنويا في صفات الزيت النوعية (الوزن النوعي ومعامل الانكسار وكثافة الزيت). ولم يكن للتداخل بين عاملي الدراسة تاثير معنوي في مؤشرات الزيت وصفاته باستثناء حاصل الزيت. نبات - 1. 4 - الصفات الكيميائية للاوراقادى تبكير زراعة النباتات الى زيادة معنوية في محتواها من الكربوهيدرات والفسفور والبوتاسيوم وازداد التاثير كلما ازداد التبكير في حين تفوقت نباتات الموعد الاول في المئوية مقارنة بنباتات الموعد الثالث، وتفوقت النباتات المزروعة بالموعد الثالث معنويا في محتوى الاوراق من النتروجين والبروتين مقارنة بالموعدين الاخرين اللذان لم يختلفا معنويا فيما بينهما. اما الرش فقد ادى رش النباتات بالبنزايل ادنين بتركيز 10ملغم. لتر - 1 تفوقا معنويا في محتوى الاوراق من الكربوهيدرات، كما ادى رشها بالمنظم نفسه بتركيز 20 ملغم. لتر - 1 الى تفوقها في النسبة المئوية للفسفور. وكان للتداخل بين عاملي الدراسة تاثير معنوي في محتوى الاوراق من الكربوهيدرات والفسفور فقط. | The study was conducted during winter season of 2007 - 2008 at Horticulture Farm, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah. The objective of the study was to study the effect of sowing date and spraying with cytokinine (Benzyl Adenine) and Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) on vegetative, flowering and oil yield of sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus L.). The study included 15 factorial treatments (interaction between two factors, three sowing dates 10/10/2007, 25/10/2007 and 10/11/2007 and plant spraying with five solutions of benzyl adenine concentration of 10 and 20 mg/L, Vitamin B1 at a concentration of 10 and 20 mg/L and water (control). The experimental design was Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates. The results were as follow : Vegetative growth : Dealing of planting caused a significant reduction in all vegetative traits (plant height, numbers of branches, number of leaves, fresh and dry weight and leaf area). The effect increased with preceding planting date. Spraying with growth promoter (Benzyl adenine 10 or 20 mg/L) caused significant increase in dry weight of vegetative part. Benzyl adenine at 20 mg/L caused a significant increase in number of leaves and leaf area in comparison with plants that sprayed with Vitamin B1 20 mg/L. the group sprayed with 20 mg/L of Vitamin B1 showed significantly higher plants. The interaction showed a significant effect in all vegetative traits .Flowering Early planting caused a significant increase in number of flowers plant, flower dry weight, flowering period and flowering yield. Plants of the first planting date exceeded the thivol planting date in fresh flower weight. However, the flower stalk length of second planting date were significantly higher than that planted at the third date.Delay in planting date caused early flowering and the effect increased with delaying planting date, planting date had no significant effect of flower stalk diameter, plants sprayed with 20 gm/L Vitamin B1 showed significant increase in total number of flower, flower stalk length, flower dry weight and flower yield. However, spraying with 10 mg/L or 20 mg/L of Benzyl adenine caused earlier flowering and length of flowering period Benzyl adenine and Vitamin increased no significant effect on flower stalk diameter and flower fresh weight.Interaction had a significant effect on the total number of flowers, flower stalk length, and total flower yield only. Oil yield and its quality characters Early planting resulted in significant effect in oil percentage and oil yield/plant. However planting date had no significant effect on oil quality (specific gravity, reflection coefficient and oil density). Plants sprayed with 10 mg/L of Vitamin B1 gave a significant higher percentage of oil, while sparing with 20 mg/L resulted in higher oil yield. There were no significant effect of sparing on oil quality characteristics. There were no significant effect of interaction on oil characters parameters except oil yield . Chemical characters of leavesEarly planting date was significantly exceeded the other two date in carbohydrate and phosphorus and potassium content. However, plants planted at the third date showed a significant increase in nitrogen and protein content.Spraying with Benzyl adenine caused a significant increase in carbohydrate and phosphorus. Interaction between the two studied factors had a significant effect on leaves carbohydrate and phosphorus

تاثير الباكلوبيوترازول والكازين في تكوين الاجنة الخضرية وانباتها لنخلة التمر Phoenix dactylifara L صنف نيرسي

Author name: زياد طارق صافي عبد العلي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Present study was conducted in the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Agriculture Collage, Basrah University, Basrah , Iraq, in the period 2012 - 2014. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of growth retardant (paclobutrazol) and casein hydrolysate on somatic embryogenesis formation and germination in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultured in vitro. The shoot tip explants were excised from offshoots that approximately 3 - 4 years old. Shoot tip explants then cut it in four segments and each segment cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium containing different concentrations of paclobutrazoal (0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 and 1.0 mg/L) or casein hydrolysate (0, 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg/L).Results obtained in this study can be summarized to : 1 - Study showed that the MS medium containing pacloputrazol (1.0 mg/L) or casein hydrolysate (1000 mg/L) increased in fresh and dry weight of primary callus and embryogenic callus comparing to control treatment.2 - Primary and embryogenic callus cultured on MS medium fortified with 1.0 mg/L paclobutrazol for a long period showed superiority in fresh and dry weight compared with other treatments and control.3 - The period need it for somatic embryo formation was decreased to (17 and 20.33 days) when the embryogenic callus with 0.5 and 0.7 mg/L of paclobutrazol respectively. Results also revealed that the numbers of white and big spherical somatic embryos were appeared when high concentrations of paclobutrazol 1mg/L and casein hydrolysate (1000 mg/L) have been used.4 - The rate of somatic embryos length were increased when the concentration of casein hydrolysate increased to 1000 mg/L. In contrast, length rate of somatic embryos were decreased when treated with paclobutrazol.5 - High fresh and dry weight of somatic embryo were recorded on MS medium containing (0.9 and 1 mg/L) of paclobutrazol.6 - The high germination rate of somatic embryos was obtained on MS medium containing 0.3 and 0.5 mg/L paclobutrazol or MS medium enriched with 800 and 1000 mg/L in short time in comparing with other treatments.7 - Among the different concentrations of paclobutrazol tested, 0.3 and 0.5 mg/L were the most effective concentrations for increase the length of leaf and primary roots, but the 0.7mg/L and 0.9 led to increase root numbers only, whereas the high concentration of paclobutrazol 1.0mg/L increased the length of leaf and decreased the rate of roots. In contrast the high concentrations of casein hydrolysate (800 and 1000 mg/L) affected positively on leaf and root length.8 - Embryogenic callus tissue subjected to 1.0 mg/L paclobutrazol, containing high carbohydrate, whereas, embryogenic callus treated with 0.5 and 0.7 of paclobutrazol containing high protein. In contrast, embryogenic callus tissue treated with different concentrations of casein hydrolysate containing high carbohydrate and protein.9 - Histological study revealed that the high concentration of paclobutrazol reduced the size of cells in compare with control treatment.

اثر برنامج ارشادي لتعديل الاتجاهات نحو الحركة الكشفية لطلاب المرحلة المتوسطة في محافظة البصرة

Author name: رياض نوري عباس
General topic: Sports
Specific topic: Physical Education
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تاثير التداخل التدريبي في تطوير بعض القدرات البدنية والمهارات الاساسية لدى لاعبي تنس الكراسي المتحركة == The interaction effect training in the development of some of the basic physical abilities and skills of the players tennis wheelchairs

Author name: يوسف سلمان خليل ابراهيم
Supervisor name: عقيل حسن فالح | منتظر مجيد علي
General topic: Sports
Specific topic: Fitness
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: احتوت الرسالة على خمسة فصول تطرق الباحث فيها الى ما يلي : اشتمل الفصل الاول على المقدمة واهمية البحث وقد تطرق الباحث فيها الى ان التطور في شتى مجالات الحياة لم يكن وليد الصدفة واستخدام التدريب الرياضي بالشكل الامثل لتحقيق الانجازات الرياضية ولمختلف شرائح المجتمع . وبما ان لعبة التنس الارضي من الالعاب التي تتميز بقدرات بدنية ومهارات اساسية تعتمد في اساسها على وضع الاستعداد للتعامل المهاري من قبل اللاعب مع المنافس, مما يبين لنا اهمية القدرات اللاهوائية في مجابهة هذا المجهود البدني, وهذا يبين لنا اهمية التدريبات اللاهوائية وفق طرائق واساليب تدريبية متنوعة اثناء الوحدة التدريبية. ومن هنا جاءت اهمية البحث في تسليط تمرينات لا هوائية التي تكون مشابهة وملائمة لتنمية القدرات البدنية وبعض المهارات الاساسية وفق التداخل للطرق والاساليب التدريبية في الوحدة التدريبية اليومية.وكذلك تضمن هذا الفصل مشكلة البحث التي تجلت في اثر التداخل التدريبي الذي يمكن تطبيقه في الوحدات التدريبية للاعبي تنس الكراسي المتحركة وما يحققه من تاثير على بعض القدرات البدنية والمهارات الاساسية.ومن اهداف البحث هي : 1. التعرف على نتائج التداخل التدريبي للاعبي التنس على الكراسي المتحركة.2. التعرف على الفروق في الاختبارات البعدية للقدرات البدنية والمهارات الاساسية بين المجموعتين التجريبية والضابطة ولصالح المجموعة التجريبية .3. تصميم اختبار السرعة الحركية للذراعين وبعض المهارات الاساسية للاعبي التنس على الكراسي المتحركة.وقد افترض الباحث ما يلي : 1. وجود فروق معنوية بين الاختبارات القبلية والبعدية لبعض القدرات البدنية والمهارات الاساسية ولصالح الاختبارات البعدية ولكلا المجموعتين.2. وجود فروق معنوية في الاختبارات البعدية في بعض القدرات البدنية والمهارات الاساسية بين المجموعتين التجريبية والضابطة ولصالح المجموعة التجريبية.اما الفصل الثاني فقد تطرق فيه الباحث الى المحاور الرئيسة ذات العلاقة بموضوع الدراسة والتي تعنى بمجال التدريب الرياضي وتنس الكراسي والتصنيف الدولي واخيرا تم التطرق الى الدراسات السابقة.اما الفصل الثالث فقد احتوى على مجتمع البحث وشمل اللاعبين التنس الكراسي للمنتخب الوطني فئة الشباب لسنة 2015 وكان عددهم (8) لاعبين تم تقسيمهم عن طريق القرعة العشوائية البسيطة الى مجموعتين ( تجريبية - ضابطة) التي تم تنفيذ التجربة الرئيسة عليهم وقام الباحث بتصميم اختبار السرعة الحركية للذراعين واختبارات بعض المهارات الاساسية, وكذلك تم اجراء التجارب الاستطلاعية والوسائل الاحصائية.اما الفصل الرابع فاحتوى على عرض ومناقشة النتائج.اما الفصل الخامس فاحتوى على اهم الاستنتاجات والتوصيات.فكانت الاستنتاجات هي : 1 - هناك التاثير الايجابي للمنهج انتج تطورا في القدرات البدنية ( السرعة الحركية للذراعين, الرشاقة, القوة المميزة بالسرعة للذراعين ) والمهارات الاساسية في لعبة تنس الكراسي المتحركة ( الضربة الارضية الامامية, الضربة الارضية الخلفية, الضربة الطائرة الامامية, الضربة الطائرة الخلفية ) .2 - هناك تاثير ايجابي للمتغير التجريبي انتج تطورا في القدرات البدنية والمهارية في الاختبارات البعدية ولصالح العينة التجريبية.اما التوصيات فهي : 1 - استخدام المنهج التدريبي المعد من قبل الباحث باسلوب التداخل التدريبي في تدريب لاعبي التنس الكراسي المتحركة (للفردي - الزوجي - المختلط).2 - اعتماد مبدا التداخل التدريبي باستخدام التمرينات اللاهوائية في تطوير المتغيرات التابعة التي تم بحثها على اساس استخدام شكل تدريبي لكل قدرة بدنية او مهارية | The letter contained five chapters of the researcher addressed : included the first chapter on the importance of research and the researcher to the development in the various spheres of life was not Walid chance and the use of the sports training optimally to achieve sportive achievements of the various segments of society. Since the game of tennis games feature physical abilities basic skills and rely on the basis of a standby mode to deal Al - mahari before the player with rival, which shows us the importance of building anaerobic treatment in confronting this physical effort, and this shows us the importance of training exercises anaerobic treatment according to the modalities and techniques of a variety of training during the Training Unit. Hence the importance of the search in the shed exercises aerial not to be similar to the appropriate capacity development center and some of the basic skills according to the overlap of roads training methods and training module daily.As well as ensure this chapter problem that reflected what is the role of the training overlap tennis players in chairs in capacity development center according to not exercise bike, treadmill anaerobic treatment tennis player chairs in keeping with the requirements of the Center.One of the objectives of the research are : 1 - The preparation exercises aerial not overlap training tennis players in wheelchairs.2 - The design of speed test mobility snaps and some of the basic skills of tennis players in wheelchairs3 - Identify the differences between a posteriori tests physical capacities and skills essential between the two groups pilot. It has been assumed, a researcher with the following : 1. The existence of a positive impact overlap training program in the development of some of the physical abilities and skills of the tennis players chairs.2. The existence of moral differences between tests fingerprinting of some of the physical abilities of basic skills for the benefit of a posteriori tests of both groups.Chapter II the researcher to the main axs of the relationship to the subject of the study, which means in the field of sports training, Tennis, chairs the International Classification finally been addressed to the previous studies.Chapter III it contained the research community, involving the tennis players chairs the national team of young people for the year 2015, which was the implementation of the experience of the chairperson and researcher designed speed test mobility tests wings offered some of the basic skills as well as experiments reconnaissance statistical means.Chapter IV dealt with the presentation and discussion of the results.Chapter V discussed the most important conclusions and recommendations.Were the conclusions are : 1. The curriculum prepared by researcher had the positive effect in capacity development center (speed mobility snaps, elegance, distinctive force fast snaps ) and basic skills in a game of tennis chairs.The Strike front floor, the strike the rear floor, the Plane Strike Front, the plane strike rear).2. proved training overlap and have a positive impact on the development of the physical abilities and basic skills and reflected on the functional devices.3. The results appeared in all the physical abilities والمهارية for the benefit of the Pilot Group.The recommendations are : 1. The use of the training curriculum prepared by researcher overlap style training program in the training of the tennis players chairs (singles - Doubles mixed.).2. Adoption of the workout anaerobic treatment prepared by researcher to develop physical abilities and basic skills wheelchair tennis discussed.

تاثير التدريس الفعال على وفق اسلوب الاكتشاف الموجه في التحصيل المعرفي وتعلم بعض المهارات الاساسية في كرة القدم للطلاب == Effect of effective teaching of the method ofdiscovery oriented in the achievement of knowledge and learning some of the basic skills of students in football

Author name: هيثم احمد طلال
Supervisor name: احمد عبد العزيز عبيد المشرفاوي
General topic: Sports
Specific topic: Football
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تطرق الباحث الى ان اساليب التدريس التي يستخدمها المدرس هي بمثابة تنظيم الموقف التعليمي وتوجيهه من اجل تحقيق الاهداف التعليمية.وحدد المشكلة من خلال التجربة الميدانية للباحث في مجال التدريس وجد ان المتعلم يمر بظروف تصاحبها جملة من الاخطاء اثناء عملية التعلم فضلا عن التباين الكبير في مستويات التعلم لعموم الطلاب وزيادة في اعداد الطلبة وقلة التخصيص لساعات التعلم، وفرض انه توجد فروق ذات دلالة احصائية بين الاختيار القبلي والبعدي لدى المجموعتين (الضابطة والتجريبية) في التحصيل المعرفي وتعليم بعض المهارات الاساسية بكرة القدم للطلاب. كما توجد فروق ذات دلالة احصائية بين الاختبارات البعدية في التحصيل المعرفي وتعليم المهارات الاساسية بكرة القدم للطلاب ولصالح المجموعة التجريبية.وكانت العينة طلاب الصف الثاني المتوسط في مدرسة متوسطة البركات للبنين في محافظة البصرة.وفي الفصل الثانيتطرق الباحث الى الدراسات النظرية والدراسات المشابهة وتناول المواضيع البدنية ذات العلاقة بموضوع البحث.وفي الفصل الثالثتناول الباحث منهجية البحث واجراءاته الميدانية اذ استخدم المنهج التجريبي وحدد عينة البحث التي اختيرت بالطريقة العشوائية من طلاب الثاني المتوسط.وبعد اجراء التقييم والاختبار القبليللمهارات الاساسية وجمع البيانات القبلية طبق المنهاج المقترح الذي استمر لمدة ( 10 وحدات ) والحصول على البيانات البعدية وعولجت النتائج بالوسائل الاحصائية اعتمدت من قبل الباحث.وفي الفصل الرابععرضت النتائج جدولتها ثم نوقشت على وفق اراء الباحث معززة بالمصادر العربية والاجنبية.وفي الفصل الخامسذكر الباحث ما توصل اليه من استنتاجات وما اوصى به من توصيات وكانت الاستنتاجات كالاتي : 1 - المنهاج التعليمي المستخدم باستراتيجية التدريس الفعال (الاكتشاف الموجه) اسهم اسهاما فعالا في تنمية الجانب المعرفي وتعليم المهارات الاساسية بكرة القدم.2 - استنتج الباحث وجود فروق ذات دلالة احصائية بين الاختبارات البعدية والقبلية لدى افراد المجموعتين الضابطة والتجريبية.3 - وجود فروق ذات دلالة احصائية في الاختبارات البعدية في متغيرات البحث بين افراد المجموعتين ولصالح المجموعة التجريبية.واوصى الباحث بما ياتي : 1 - التاكيد على تطبيق اساليب التدريس الفعال في تدريس التربية الرياضية وخصوصا التغذية الراجعة والتشويق والاثارة لما لهما من اثر ايجابي في العملية التعليمية.2 - صلاحية المنهج التعليمي المستخدم باسلوب الاكتشاف الموجه في تدريس الجوانب المعرفية والمهارات الاساسية في كرة القدم.3 - اجراء دراسات مشابهة اخرى على فعاليات مختلفة وبفئات عمرية مختلفة | The first chapter included a definition of the researchThe researcher dealt with methods of teaching that are used by a teacher as an organization and direction for the educational attitude to achieve the educational objective.He detected the problem through a filed experiment conducted by himself in teaching. He found that the learner passed conditions which were accompanied by a group of mistakes learning process. In addition, there were a significant variance in levels of learning among the students in general. Moreover, The were large numbers of students attending very poor hours of learning. He assumed that there were statistical differences on between the results of the pre - tests and pro - tests that were conducted to two groups (disciplined group and experimental group) in acquiring knowledge and learning some basic skills for football players. There were also statistical differences between the pre - test and pro - tests daring the knowledge acquiring process and learning some basic skills of football for students, the results were for the benefit of the experimental group.The sample was taken from students of Second Middle School class at Brakat Middle School for boys in Basra city.The researcher stated the theoretical studies and similar and dealt with the main topics related the.Conducting evaluation, pre - test of the basic skills, and data collection, the researcher applied the suggested syllabus that lasted for (28) weeks (using the most dominated method in Basra); he obtained the post - test data and processed the outcomes by using statistical methods and were adopted by the researcher.The fourth chapter showed the outcomes after being scheduled then were subjected to discussions based on the opinions of the researcher enhanced by Arab and Foreign references and textbooks.The researcher listed at the fifth chapter the suggestions and recommendations he reached. The suggestions were as follow : 1 - The educational syllabus that was used in Active Teaching Strategies (the Directed Exploration) contributed effectively in developing the knowledge aspect and led to teaching basic skills in football.2 - The researcher found out that there were statistically differences between the pre - tests and post - tests among the community of the two sample groups (disciplined and experimental)3 - There were statistically differences at the post - test as far as the variables of the research among the community of two groups. The results were for the benefit of the experimental group. 4 - There were not any statistically differences at the post - tests as far as the skill of passing the ball as it was used more than any other skill at the external environment of the student. The researcher recommend the following : 1 - It is to focus and emphasis upon applying active in teaching Education sport methods especially feedback, suspense, and excitement as they have positive effect at the education (learning) process.2 - directed exploration method during teaching the knowledge aspects and basic skills of football.3 - It is to conduct more similar studies that effect different activities to different age stages.

بناء وتقنين مقياسين لادارة الاحتراف الرياضي واسس تقييـم سعـر لاعبـي كرة اليد في العراق == Building and Standardizing the Two Measures to Managing the Sport Professionalism and The standard of evaluating The price of handball players in Iraq

Author name: هشام عباس نعمة الركابي
Supervisor name: صادق عباس علي | عبد الحليم جبر نزال
General topic: Sports
Specific topic: Fitness
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: ركزت الدراسة على ضرورة ادارة الاحتراف الرياضي بمهنية وكفاءة عالية من قبل الادارات الرياضية في اندية كرة اليد واتباع الاساليب الاحترافية في التعامل مع كافة اركان الاحتراف ( اتحاد - مدرب - لاعب) , اضافة على اهمية اعتمادها معايير واسس علمية لتقييم سعر لاعبي كرة اليد .مشكلة البحث : ـ وفقا لمتابعة الباحث لاهم الاحداث الرياضية في كرة اليد العراقية , لاحظ وجود خلل في عملية ادارة الاحتراف الرياضي للعبة كرة اليد , فهناك تقصير في العديد من الجوانب الادارية والاقتصادية والقانونية المتعلقة بنجاح الاحتراف , والمشكلة الاخرى التي شخصها الباحث هو عدم وجود نظام حقيقي او معيار واضح ومتفق عليه لتقييم سعر اللاعبين المحترفين لكرة اليد في العراق.اهداف الدراسة هي : 1. بناء وتقنين مقياسي الادارات المحترفة واسس تقييم سعر اللاعبين في اندية كرة اليد.2. التعرف على مستوى ادارة الاحتراف الرياضي من قبل الادارات المحترفة في اندية كرة اليد.3. التعرف على مستوى تقييم سعر اللاعبين في اندية كرة اليد .مجالات البحث : المجال البشري : اعضاء الهيئات الادارية والكوادر التدريبية للاندية الرياضية بكرة اليد للدرجة الممتازة فضلا عن اعضاء الاتحاد المركزي والاتحادات الفرعية لكرة اليد.المجال الزماني : للمدة من 25 - 01 - 2016 الى 20 - 04 - 2017المجال المكاني : المقرات والقاعات الرياضية الداخلية للاتحادات والاندية الرياضية بكرة اليد المشمولة بالدراسة.الفصل الثاني / الدراسات النظرية والدراسات السابقة تناول الباحث الادارة بمفهومها العام وعلاقتها بالعلوم الاخرى , والتعرف على الادارة الرياضية ومهاراتها واهم المهام التي تقوم بها , وتناول موضوع الاحتراف والاحتراف الرياضي واهم مكوناته والعوامل التي تساهم في نجاحه .الفصل الثالث / منهجية البحث واجراءاته الميدانية استخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفي بالاسلوب المسحي , وتكونت عينة البحث من (181) عضوا من السادة اعضاء الهيئات الادارية والكوادر التدريبية للاندية الرياضية بكرة اليد للدرجة الممتازة فضلا عن اعضاء الاتحاد المركزي والاتحادات الفرعية لكرة اليد, وقد قسمت عينة البحث الى قسمين الاول لاجراءات تصميم المقياسين وبنائهما وكان الثاني لغرض تطبيق استمارة المقياسين بصيغتيهما النهائيتين.الفصل الرابع / عرض النتائج ومناقشتها تضمن عرض النتائج وتحليلها ومناقشتها.الفصل الخامس / الاستنتاجات والتوصياتالاستنتاجات• ان المقياسين اللذان صممهما الباحث قادران على الكشف عن مستوى الادارات المحترفة وتقييم سعر اللاعبين في اندية كرة اليد للدرجة الممتازة في العراق , وقد تم تحديد المجالات للمقياسين.التوصيات• اعتماد مقياسي الادارات المحترفة واسس تقييم سعر اللاعبين بكرة اليد والاستفادة منهما في ادارة الاحتراف الرياضي لاندية كرة اليد العراقية . | The study focused on the need to manage professional sports professionally and efficiently by the sports departments in the handball clubs and professional methods in dealing with all levels of professionalism (union - coach - player), in addition to the importance of adopting standards and scientific foundations to evaluate the price of handball players .Problem of the Study According to the researcher's follow - up of the most important sports events in Iraqi handball, he noticed that there is a defect in the process of managing the sport professionalism of handball. There is a shortcoming in many administrative, economic and legal aspects related to the success of professionalism. The other problem identified by the researcher is the absence of a real system and consistent standard to assess the price of professional handball players in Iraq.Aims of the Study1. Building and standardizing the measure of professional administrations and the measure of the standards of evaluating the players' prices in handball sport clubs.2. Identifying the level of the sport professional administration by the professional administrations in handball sport clubs.3. Identifying the level of evaluating the players' prices in handball sport clubs.Scope of the Study1. The human scope : sport associations, administrative commissions and the training cadre for the handball sport clubs.2. The temporal scope : from 05 - 02 - 2016 up to 01 - 05 - 2017.3. The spatial scope : The clubs halls in question.Chapter Two : The Theoretical Administration in its general concept and its relationship to other sciences were examined. Identifying the sport management, its skills, their most important tasks as well as the administrations of the sport clubs with their duties were also examined. Then, the researcher discussed the topic of professionalism, sport professionalism, its components, and the factors that lead to its success . Chapter Three : Methodology and Field Procedures The researcher used the descriptive approach with a survey. Sample of the study consisted of 181 admin working in the central federation of handball and the sub - federations plus the admin commissions and the training cadre for the handball sport clubs in the premier league. The sample was divided into two : the first section is for procedures of designing the measure and its building and the second is for applying the measuring form in its final form.Chapter Four : It includes displaying, analyzing, and discussing the results Chapter FiveConclusions• The two Measures designed by the researcher are able to reveal the level of professional departments and the evaluation of the price of players in the handball clubs for the premier degree in Iraq.Recommendations• Adopting the measure of professional administrations of handball clubs for the premier league to identify the level of sport professional administration.

تصميم وتقنين اختبارات للمهارات الفنية وفق انظمة الطاقة لقياس بعض مؤشرات التعب للاعبي الريشة الطائرة الشباب == Design and rationing tests technical skills according to energy systems to measure some fatigue indicators for young badminton players

Author name: هذام عبد الامير امين الزيدي
Supervisor name: زينب عبد الرحيم خضير
General topic: Sports
Specific topic: Fitness
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: التعريف بالبحث : تعد لعبة الريشة الطائرة من الالعاب سريعة الرذم اذ يكون الاداء فيها متواصل بين الطرفين لا يتوقف خلاله اللاعب الا لثواني قليلة جدا هذا من جانب ومن جانب اخر فهي تتضمن حركات فجائية سريعة كالدوران والوثب والضرب لذلك تصنف هذه اللعبة من الالعاب الرياضية التي تتطلب السرعة والجهد الكبير من اللحظة الاولى للشوط وحتى نهايته وعلى هذا الاساس يجب ان يمتلك اللاعب المؤهلات الكافية لتحقيق الانجاز واول تلك المؤهلات الموهبة والتي بدورها تحتاج ان تصقل وتدرب ... وقطعا ان عملية التدريب لها اهداف اساسية وهي اعداد اللاعب ( بدنيا ومهاريا وفسيولوجيا ( انظمة الطاقة العاملة + الاجهزة الوظيفية التي تدخل بشكل رئيسي في النشاط الرياضي ) وعقليا ونفسيا ومعرفيا )، فضلا عن تطوير قدرة الجسم على استعادة مخزون الطاقة المستهلك بالعمل العضلي.. لذا تكمن اهمية بحثنا في العمل على اعطاء التقييم الموضوعي للمدربين عن مستوى اللاعبين كذلك استخدام هذه الاختبارات التخصصية كطرق قياس جديدة في التنبؤ بالاداء وفي عملية الانتقاء الصحيح للاعبين الجدد كما يمكن استخدام هذه الاختبارات في امكانيتها لمعرفة الاهمية النسبية للمتغيرات لذا فهي تعمل على تشخيص مؤشرات التعب الفسيولوجية والمهارية تشخيص مباشر بواسطة مجموعة اجهزة حديثة صممت لهذا الغرض واعداد طريقة تقييم مباشرة للاداء الفني لاكثر المهارات الفنية التي تظهر فيها مؤشرات التعب بشكل واضح وهي ( ضربة الابعاد الدفاعية وضربة الاسقاط ( التسقيط خلف الشبكة ) ) في لعبة الريشة الطائرة.اما مشكلة البحث : يمكن تحديد المشكلة البحثية لهذه الدراسة وهي ندرة الاختبارات التخصصية التي تقيس بشكل مباشر ( باستخدام اجهزة ) مؤشرات فسيولوجية تعد هي الاهم لظهور حالة التعب والتي ترجع بالاصل الى نواتج عمل انظمة الطاقة العاملة .. كذلك قلة الاختبارات التخصصية لهذه اللعبة والتي تهدف لقياس مباشر للمهارات الفنية الاساسية لها.اما اهداف البحث فكانت : 1 - تصميم وتقنين اختبارات للمهارات الفنية وفق انظمة الطاقة لقياس بعض مؤشرات التعب للاعبي الريشة الطائرة الشباب للموسم 2012 - 2013.2 - تحديد درجات ومستويات معيارية للمهارات الفنية وفق انظمة الطاقة لقياس بعض مؤشرات التعب للاعبي الريشة الطائرة الشباب للموسم 2012 - 2013.3 - تقييم مستوى بعض مؤشرات التعب لدى افراد العينة للمهارات الفنية وفق انظمة الطاقة للاعبي الريشة الطائرة الشباب للموسم 2012 - 2013.في حين كانت مجالات البحث كالاتي : المجال البشري : اللاعبون الشباب لاندية محافظات (البصرة، بابل، بغداد) تولد (1995 - 1996) للموسم 2012 - 2013.المجال المكاني : القاعات الداخلية للاندية المشمولة بالبحث.المجال الزماني : للمدة من 7 / 1 / 2013 ولغاية 1/5/2014الدراسات النظرية : تطرق الباحث الى المحاور الرئيسة ذات العلاقة بموضوع البحث. اما منهجية البحث واجراءاته الميدانية : استخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفي بالاسلوب المسحي اما عينة البحث هم لاعبو اندية ( البصرة، بابل، بغداد ) في لعبة الريشة الطائرة فئة الشباب للموسم الرياضي 2012 - 2013 والبالغ عددهم (30) لاعب تولد (1995 - 1996) كذلك تضمن هذا الباب عملية تصميم وتقنين الاختبارات لقياس بعض مؤشرات التعب وفق انظمة الطاقة، بعدها عولجت النتائج بالوسائل الاحصائية التي تناسب موضوع البحث.كما وعرضت النتائج ومناقشتها والتي تم الحصول عليها على شكل جداول تمت مناقشتها وفق اراء الباحث وتفسيراته مدعومة بالمصادر التي تليق بالموضوع البحثي.الاستنتاجات والتوصيات : كانت اهم الاستنتاجات : 1 - للاختبارات المصممة القدرة على اعطاء قياسات موضوعية لدقة اداء مهارتي الضربة الابعاد الدفاعية ومهارة ضربة التسقيط (الاسقاط خلف الشبكة).2 - ظهر ان هناك علاقة ارتباط عكسية عالية بين متغيرات البحث الفسيولوجية مع متغير دقة الاداء.اما اهم التوصيات فهي : 1 - الاستفادة من الاختبارات المصممة والمقننة من الباحثين والمختصين.2 - اعتماد الدرجات المعيارية التي توصل اليها الباحث كاحدى وسائل التقييم الموضوعي لفئة الشباب في المحافظات قيد الدراسة.3 - يوصي الباحث باستخدام فكرة الاختبارات المطروحة في دراسة مؤشرات اخرى للتعب سواء على اللعبة ذاتها او في العاب اخرى. | Definition of research : The Game Badminton quick Games Rhythm as performance which continuously be between the parties does not stop during which the player only a very few seconds this by On the other hand, it includes a quick sudden movements Turnover jump and beatings so classified this game of sports that require speed Great effort from the first moment to run until the end and on this basis, the player must have sufficient qualifications to achieve completion and the first of those qualifications talent, which in turn needs to be refined and trains ... and definitely that her training process basic objectives which the player numbers (physically and Skill and physiology (energy systems operating + functional devices that are mainly involved in sports) and mentally, psychologically and cognitively) activity, as well as the development of the body's ability to recover energy stocks Consumer work muscular .. So lies the importance of our research work to give an objective assessment of the trainers on the level of the players as well as the use of these specialized tests as ways new measure in predicting performance in the right selection for new players process can also be used of these tests in their ability to know the relative importance of the variables are therefore working on the diagnosis indicators fatigue physiological and skill direct diagnosis by modern devices set designed for this purpose and the preparation method of assessing the direct technical performance of more technical skills where fatigue indicators clearly show a (blow deportation defense and strike projection (Miscarriage behind the network)) in a game of badminton. The research problem : You can identify research problem of this study, a scarcity of specialized tests that measure directly (using computers) physiological indicators are the most important for the emergence of the case of fatigue which returns the asset to the outputs of the work of energy systems operating .. as well as the lack of specialization for this game tests, which aims to measure direct her to the basic technical skills . Either the objectives of the research were : 1 - Design and rationing tests to measure fatigue index according to energy systems and some technical skills Badminton players young season 2012 - 2013. 2 - Determine grades and standardized levels of fatigue index according to energy systems and some of the skills Technical players Badminton young season 2012 - 2013. 3 - assess the level of fatigue at the index of the sample according to energy systems and some technical skills Badminton players young season 2012 - 2013. While the fields of research were as follows : The human sphere : the young players to the clubs provinces (Basra, Baghdad) generate (1995 - 1996) for the season 2012 - 2013 . Babylon Spatial domain : interior halls for clubs that are dealt. Temporal sphere : for the duration of 01.07.2013 until 01.05.2014 Part II : theoretical studies and similar studies : Turning the researcher to the main themes related to the subject matter of the nature of fatigue and its importance and the factors affecting it and its stages and others, was addressed also to the nature of energy, regulations and some indicators of fatigue was addressed as well as to the nature of badminton and a brief history of badminton and basic skills in the game of badminton. The Part III : research methodology and procedures of the field : The researcher used the descriptive survey manner on a sample of 30 players representing the youth badminton represented by the provinces (Basra, Babil and Baghdad)). ) This section also included the design and rationing tests to measure fatigue indicators according to energy systems, after the results were treated by statistical means which fit the research topic. Part IV : Results and discussion : The results were presented that were obtained in the form of tables are discussed in accordance with the views of the researcher and interpretations supported by sources subject worthy of research. Part V : Conclusions and Recommendations : : The most important conclusions 1 - tests designed for the ability to give objective measurements of the accuracy of the performance of my skills Strike deportation defense and skill blow miscarriage (projection behind the network). 2 - it turned out that there is an inverse correlation between high physiological research variables with variable accuracy Performance : The main recommendations are1 - Take advantage of the tests and inhalers designed by researchers and specialists. 2 - Adoption of the standard grades reached by the researcher as a means of objective evaluation of the class young people in the provinces under study. 3 - the researcher recommends using the idea of tests on the study of other indicators of whether fatigue on the game itself , or in other games.

تاثير منهج تعليمي على وفق مقياس مصمم للسيادة الدماغية في تطوير بعض جوانب التعلم بكرة القدم للاعبين الشباب == The Impact of an Educational Curriculum Designed for the Cerebral Dominance in the development of Some Motor Learning Aspects of in foot bool Game for young players

Author name: هاشم متعب طه سبتي
Supervisor name: عمار جاسم مسلم المطوري | ليث محمد حسين
General topic: Sports
Specific topic: Fitness
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: يعد موضوع السيادة الدماغية من الموضوعات التي لها صلة باساليب التفكير والتعلم والتي حظيت بالدراسات بالجامعات والمدارس، فمفهوم السيادة الدماغية شهد دراسات مكثفة حول الطريقة التي يتعامل معها الدماغ البشري حيث يتكون من نصفين متماثلين يرتبطان بكتله كبيرة من الالياف العصبية تدعى الجسم الجاسئ ويعد النصف الكروي المسيطر النصف الذي يوجهه السلوك وهو النواة الاساسية التي بني عليها مفهوم السيادة الدماغية. وتعد لعبة كرة القدم احدى الالعاب التي حظيت باهتمام كبير في مختلف البلدان وهذا الاهتمام جعل المختصين يسعون دائما الى تطوير اللعبة من خلال رفع مستوى اللاعبين من النواحي البدنية والحركية والمهارية، وفي ضوء ما تقدم برزت اهمية البحث في تصميم مقياس للسيادة الدماغية بكرة القدم على اساسة يصنف اللاعبون الى نمطين (ايمن وايسر) بالاضافة الى اعداد منهج تعليمي معتمد على مجموعة من التمرينات الخاصة لتطوير بعض جوانب التعلم بكرة القدم. وتكمن مشكلة البحث في ان هناك الكثير من المدربين وبالاخص المحليين منهم ليس لديه معلومات كافية عن السيادة الدماغية وان وجدت هذه المعلومات فهم لا يعملون بها اي من النمطين (الايمن او الايسر) اكثر سيادة من الاخر لدى اللاعبين من منطلق الاهداف البدنية تغلب على بقية الاهداف اذ يخضع كل من اللاعبين للوحدات التعليمية والتدريبية نفسها، الامر الذي حدا الى تصنيف اللاعبين على وفق نصف الدماغ السائد واعداد منهاج تعليمي يحتوي على اهداف عديدة ومنسجمة مع دماغ اللاعب مما قد يساعد على زيادة دافعيتهم نحو التعلم وكذلك تنمية قدراتهم البدنية والمهارية.اما اهداف البحث فكانت : - 1 - اعداد مقياس للسيادة الدماغية للاعبي كرة القدم الشباب.2 - اعداد منهج تعليمي على وفق السيادة الدماغية (الايمن والايسر) والتعرف على تاثيره في تطوير بعض جوانب التعلم بكرة القدم للشباب. 3 - التعرف على اي النمطين (الايمن) او (الايسر) اكثر ملاءمة في تطوير بعض جوانب التعلم بكرة القدم. وقد كانت فروض البحث : - 1 - هناك تاثير للمنهج التعليمي المقترح في تطوير بعض جوانب التعلم بكرة القدم. 2 - للنمط الايسر تاثير اكبر من النمط الايمن في تطوير بعض جوانب التعلم بكرة القدم. استخدم الباحث المنهج التجريبي بتصميم المجموعات المتكافئة، وتحدد مجتمع البحث باللاعبين الشباب بكرة القدم في محافظة البصرة باعمار 17 - 19 سنة للموسم التدريبي 2016 - 2017، اما عينة البحث الرئيسية فتمثلت للاعبين الشباب لنادي الميناء الرياضي بكرة القدم والبالغ عددهم (21) لاعبا وتم استبعاد حماة الهدف عدد (2) ولغرض تصنيف افراد العينة وفقا لانماطهم استخدم الباحث مقياس السيادة الدماغية المقترح حيث تبين ان (7) لاعبين يمتازون بالنمط الايمن و(7) لاعبين يمتازون بالنمط الايسر و(5) لاعبين يمتازون بالنمط المتكامل والذين تم استبعادهم لتحديد الدراسة بالنمطين الايمن والايسر فقط وبذلك بلغ عدد افراد العينة (14) لاعبا، وبعد اجراء الاختبارات القبلية تم تنفيذ المنهج المقترح على وفق السيادة الدماغية للمجموعتين من قبل المدرب وباشراف الباحث وبمساعدة فريق العمل والخاص بتحسين بعض جوانب التعلم بكرة القدم لمدة (10) اسابيع للفترة من 4/2/2017 ولغاية 13/4/2017 وبمعدل (3) وحدات تعليمية وبزمن مقداره (60 - 72) دقيقة فقط للقسم الرئيسي. ثم بعد ذلك اجريت الاختبارات البعدية، وبعد معالجة البيانات بجهاز الكمبيوتر باستخدام البرنامج الاحصائي Spss Ver 16 . تم التوصل الى مجموعة من الاستنتاجات منها : 1 - اظهرت المجموعة التجريبية الاولى التي استخدمت المنهاج التعليمي وفق السيادة الدماغية للفص الايسر تاثيرا ايجابيا في تطوير جوانب التعلم في كرة القدم قيد البحث.2 - اظهرت المجموعة التجريبية الثانية التي استخدمت المنهاج التعليمي وفق السيادة الدماغية للفص الايمن تاثيرا ايجابيا في تطوير جوانب التعلم في كرة القدم قيد البحث.3 - تفوقت المجموعة التجريبية الاولى التي استخدمت المنهاج التعليمي وفق السيادة الدماغية للفص الايسر على المجموعة التجريبية الثانية التي استخدمت المنهاج التعليمي وفق السيادة الدماغية للفص الايمن في تطوير جوانب التعلم بكرة القدم قيد البحث. | The concept of cerebral sovereignty has been extensively studied in schools and universities which is considered one of the crucial topics deal with thinking processes.The concept of cerebral sovereignty is shed light upon to disclose the way that the human brain where the cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. Is of two identical hemispheres associated with a large mass of nerve fibers called a stiff body. The dominated hemisphere is the core nucleus on which the concept of cerebral sovereignty is built up, which means that sensory information enters a large space to one half of the brain that integrates with and operates it so that the behavior is directed in light of that.The football is one of the games that has received a great amount of attention in different countries and this interest has made specialists always seek to develop the game by raising players' physical, dynamic and skill levels. As a result, it lies the importance of this study in designing a scale of cerebral sovereignty in soccer. Based on that, players are classified into two modes ( right & left) as well as preparing an adopted educational curriculum to develop some learning aspects of the soccer. The problem of the research is that most methods of learning and training skills do not take into account the individual differences that exist between the players, both in their intellectual, cognitive and psychological abilities in terms of physical goals. Players are subject to the same units of education and training, which led to the classification of players pursuant to cerebral dominance and preparation of a earning curriculum containing many objectives and consistent with the brain of the player, which may help increase their motivation towards learning as well as develop their physical and skill capabilities. The research objectives were : 1 - Preparing a scale for the cerebral dominance of youth football players.2 - Preparing an educational curriculum according to the sovereignty of the brain (left and right) and identify its impact in the development of some aspects of learning soccer.3 - Identifying which types (right) or (left) are more appropriate in developing some aspects of learning soccer.The research hypotheses were : 1 - The impact of the proposed curriculum in the development of some aspects of learning soccer.2. The left style has a greater influence than the right - style in developing some aspects of soccer learning.The researcher used the experimental method through designing equal groups. The research community was determined to be the young soccer players in Basra governorate with the age of 17 - 19 years for the 2016 - 2017 training season. The main research sample represented the 21players of Al - Minaa soccer club, (2) goalkeepers were excluded for the purpose of classifying the sample according to their patterns. The researcher used the proposed cerebral sovereignty scale where it was found that (7) players are characterized by the right style and (7) players are characterized by the left style, and (5) players are characterized by the integrated style, who were excluded to determine the study in the left and right models only, thus the number of the sample were (14). The implementation of the proposed curriculum was conducted according to the cerebral sovereignty of the two groups by the coach and his assistant and under the supervision of the researcher and with the help of a team who is specialized in improvement of some aspects of learning soccer for 10 weeks for the period from 5/2/2017 to 13/4/2017 at a rate of (3) educational units and the duration of (60 - 70) minutes. Then, the post tests were carried out, and the data was processed using the statistical program Spss Ver 16.A number of conclusions were found out, including : 1 - The first experimental group that used the educational program according to the cerebral dominance of the left side has shown a positive influence in the development of aspects of learning in soccer.2 - The second experimental group, which used the educational program according to the cerebral dominance of the right side, has shown a positive influence in the development of aspects of learning in soccer.3 - The first experimental group that used the educational program according to the cerebral dominance of the left side exceeded the second experimental group, which used the educational program according to the cerebral dominance of the right hemisphere in the development of aspects of learning soccer.

تاثير تمرينات باستخدام وسيلتين تدريبيتين في تطوير القوة المميزة بالسرعة ومستوى التعجيل والسرعة القصوى والانجاز لعدو 100 متر ناشئين == The Effect of Exercise Training using The Two Methods in the Development of Distinctive Force the Speed and Acceleration of The level of Maximum Speed and Achievement of The Event 100 Meters Junior

Author name: هاشم شاكر عبد الكريم علي
Supervisor name: حيدر مهدي عبد الصاحب | حسام محمد جابر
General topic: Sports
Specific topic: Fitness
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: يعد اعداد المناهج التدريبية العلمية للوصول الى مستويات رياضية متقدمة من الواجبات الرئيسية في التدريب الرياضي عن طريق الاستعمال الامثل للوسائل التدريبية الحديثة التي ساهمت في وصول الرياضين للانجاز المتقدم ، كما ان تحقيق المستويات الرياضية العليا لانواع الانشطة والفعاليات الرياضية بصفة عامة والعاب القوى بصفة خاصة موضوعا هاما استحوذ على اهتمام العاملين في المجال الرياضي ، وقد كمنت مشكلة البحث في معرفة الفائدة العملية من تدريب انواع المقاومات في المناهج التدريبية لفعالية 100 متر عدو في فترة الاعداد الخاص فضلا عن اقتصار هذه المرحلة على تدريبات الانجاز وعدم التوسع في استخدام الطرائق المختلفة للتدريب التي ظهرت حديثا . لذا فان تصنيع جهاز ووسائل تدريبية تجمع كلا الامرين ومعرفة الافضل بينهما قد عده الباحث مشكلة تستحق الدراسة. ومما تقدم فقد برزت اهمية البحث في : 1 - تصنيع جهاز تدريبي مبتكر واعداد تمرينات لتطوير القوة المميزة بالسرعة وصولا لتطوير مرحلة الانطلاق ومرحلة تزايد السرعة لدى عدائي فعالية 100 متر .2 - معرفة مدى الفائدة العملية والعلمية من استعمال الجهاز التدريبي اثناء الاداء مقارنة باسلوب صدرية التثقيل في تطوير مستوى سرعة الاداء لدى عدائي فعالية 100 متر .وقد هدفت الدراسة الى : 1 - تصميم وتصنيع جهاز تدريبي لتطوير القوة المميزة بالسرعة لدى عدائي سباق 100 متر. 2 - معرفة تاثير التدريب بنوعين من المقاومة على تطوير مرحلتي الانطلاق وتزايد السرعة لعدائي سباق 100 متر استعمل الباحث المنهج التجريبي على عينة يمثلون عدائي مدرسة مشروع البطل الاولمبي لفعالية 100 متر عدو( الزبير ) لفئة الناشئين في محافظة البصرة والبالغ عددهم (8) عدائين ، وقد قسمت العينة الى مجموعتين تجريبيتين عشوائيا بطريقة القرعة قوام كل مجموعة (4) عدائين ، وبعد ان حدد افراد عينة البحث بمجموعتين تجريبيتين واكتمال الاختبارات والاجراات الميدانية تم تطبيق التمرينات ولمدة ( 6) اسابيع بواقع وحدتين تدريبيتين في الاسبوع ، اذا طبقت المجموعة التجريبية الاولى ىطريقة التدريب على الجهاز المصنع فيما طبقت المجموعة التجريبية الثانية طريقة صدرية التثقيل ، وبعد معالجة البيانات بجهاز الحاسوب على وفق البرنامج الاحصائي Spss ver 16 توصل الباحث الى مجموعة من الاستنتاجات اهمها : 1 - التمرينات المعدة وباستعمال الجهاز التدريبي المصنع ساعد على تطوير القوة المميزة بالسرعة وبالتالي تطور الانجاز في فعالية 100 متر لعدائي المجموعة الاولى .ومن اهم التوصيات 1 - ضرورة توظيف الاجهزة الحديثة في التدريب للحصول على نتائج جيدة ودقيقة للصفة المراد تنميتها لتطوير القابلية العضلية وبالتالي تطور القوة المميزة بالسرعة لعدائي فعالية100 متر . | The sprint event 100m is one of the most appeal events in athletics due to the nature of this event of for both sexes. National records have witnessed a remarkable development during the recent Olympics and its substantial role in the force - speed development to evolution of records performance. The research problem is the lack of use of exercises and resistance training programs in the training curriculum for the sprinters in the workout period .As well as limiting this stage to achievement exercises. So it is necessary to focus on the training of prescription muscle strength propriety in these two stages while maintaining the true motor performance of the runner, as the design and manufacture of training devices combine both of them and find out the best, therefore; the researcher adopt this as a problem worthy for study. The importance of the study : First : - Made an innovative training device and prepare the training curriculum to develop distinctive strength - speed , the start - up phase and of the increasing speed phase of the sprinters 100 m.Second : - seeing how the practical usefulness of the use of innovative heavy devices and traditional heavy means in the development of level of achievement among of the sprinters of 100m distances.The research aimed to : 1. Designing and manufacturing an innovative device for the development of strength - speed of sprinters (100m). 2.Knowing the effect of training using two types of resistance on the development of the two phases : starting and the increasing speed of the runners (100m).The researcher used the experimental method on samples whom representing runners in the School Project Olympic Champion of the event of short running (sprint) 100 m of the junior grade in the province of Basra ages (16 - 17 years) and who are trained in Al - Zubair Stadium totaling (8) runners, and the sample is divided into two experimental groups randomly, each group of (4) runners,.Completed each group (12) and a training unit underwent two groups of speed tests in the time period of 20/11 /2015, and after treatment the data according to the statistical program SPSS version 16. Film and video are analyzed within Dartfishe program. The researcher finds to a set of conclusions including : 1 - The proposal Training curriculum by using the training manufactured device helped develop strengths speed and thus the evolution of achievement in the short sprint 100 m.2 - Training method with weight of the two phases : the starting and the increasing speed with the help of the manufacturer device have a significant impact in the development of muscular strength and its speed performance.The main recommendations are as follow : 1. The researcher recommends using of modern equipment in the training to gain good and accurate results for the development of speed
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