اسم المؤلف:
طارق رشيد خميس حرامي الكرخي
اسم المشرف:
عبد الستار حامد عبد الرحمن الدباغ
المستخلص:
We have traced the subject of "pledge of allegiance" in the Islamic thought, and tackled in details for the theologians and Moslem philosopher. Also, we traced the social contract for most important western philosophers who have clear touches in thatconcern, and we concluded the following : 1. the Moslem theories , especially the theologians, were restricted to reaching to a connection between making the political contract and signing it on social basis, but also the aim was finding authority that protect man and maintain his possessions in return everybody should weave his rights in the Islamic society after the era of message and companions.2. the Moslem philosophy have put important procedures in the field of linking the political authority and human society, launching from the fact that man is social being i.e.he is social in nature and just cannot live without the help of others to live and add freedom. However, all these theories remained in progress and have not seen light ofapplication; once they applied they would have drawn newlife to society.3. The Western theories, represented in the most remarkablethree thinkers Jacque Jean Russo, John Luke and Hopistake the social contract as basis to establish the state in freeagreement between individuals.4. Russo depended on his theory on the basis that the contractwas made on a contract named the First Contract whenpeople where in "natural state". When they moved to thestate of society, the contract was made between them andthose representing him. Their will met in a person who wasthe representative of general will i.e.'the sum of all wills. Inthat weave of all rights, the sum is authority that has theright to putting the ruler aside whenever they desired.5. While the theory of John Luke was based on the fact thatpeople in the natural state need are free and happy in theirfreedom, because they behave freely whenever they desire.However, when there were taboos for them whether they donot want or cannot do, their interests were conflicted andthey needed contracting to maintain the right of each for theaggressions and violence of others.6. For Hopis, he depicted society as huge entity thatterminates all. those conflicting with it, and that state isrepresented in the King whom Hopis granted all thevalidities and made him do whatsoever. That king is notresponsible before people, but he is charged before Godonly. He did not leave to people the right to disobey theKing unless when the matter relates to life, whenever kingspassed that right, people have the right to revolt and rise up.While the rest rights, as far Hopis is concerned, have beensubmitted to the king by people, under the plea of divineauthority theory.7. Not all Islamic theories that have been applied on Earthapproaches the theory of "Social Contract" whether thedocument called "the Paper of Madina" posed by theProphet (Peace be on him), which has been the base of thestate on one hand and a social contract on the other of firstrank. That the society was governed by traditions andconventions that the Prophet did not attempt to revoke buthe maintained them, and also maintained the rights of Jewsas well as Moslems. Had the Islamic nation returned to thepure fountains of message era, they would have witnessedthe Prophet (Peace on him) was not only pretending but inreality with social root, that made loyalty is for doctrine andnot for tribe and blood shedding, however the polytheist aretheir kinships. Thus, Islamic state in'the era of the Prophetwas prosperous state in which you can be proud. Herecommended all the occupied in the field of Islamicthought to concentrate their work on the state of Prophet,because the more researcher searches, the more things hewould discover as it has been a divine state not secular one.God best knows the souls His creatures that He does notpose a thing not suited them. If nature, as the Westernphilosophers claim, as chaotic and scattered, then God hasarranged it and made it subject to rules.8. Also, I invite the researchers to trace the doubts thataroused against the issue of the state of Prophet (Peace onHim) and - try to refute them. The more we moved awayfrom our great tradition, we have do not have but resortingto almighty God. As Omar (God be Blessed with him) said"we are a nation whom God graced with Islam, if we askedfrom other than God we will be humiliated". Now, we arein lowness for being away from the essence of our greatreligion. We ask God to inspire us to the right way andreturn us to the road or rightful ness from the dark tunnel weare in.Finally, thanks for almighty God the creature of the universe andpeace be upon his prophet Mohammed and his sacred family andcompanions. -
اسم المؤلف:
احمد محمد عبد الله
اسم المشرف:
رعد شمس الدين الكيلاني
المستخلص:
The moderation of Islamic monotheism aims at respecting human dignity and freedom and not to force him to embrace Islamic doctrine, its reality and simplicity and taking into account the reality of mental, spiritual and psychological aptitude, and approval of the mind and common sense, and its synthesis to arguments and proofs of evidence to implant in the minds and hearts of others. - The Islamic moderation towards prophets and messengers (peace be upon them), focuses on their being human, showing their human characteristics and features , and faith in their impeccability in conveying the divine revelation, and honoring them and the necessity of believing in them and cutting off all avenues in their idolization and hyperbole, these form the Islamic moderation perspective toward the prophets. - The moderation between the spiritual and physical resurrection, and discussing deniers by sound persuasion means, and the achievement of divine justice by recompensing the righteous and the evil people this vision formed the foundations of the Islamic moderation on the issue of resurrection. - The centrist Islamic worship lies in its ease and simplicity to facilitate the provisions and obligations of those who are obliged to perform Islamic rituals, and being considerate about human condition , relieving him whenever necessary, these form centrist Islamic worship. The centrist polygamy in Islam is that it is a compromise between the excessiveness and extravagance, it is not taboo as it is in Christianity, and is not permitted without limits as is the case in some communities, polygamy is permissible in some necessary social and personal cases, only four wives are to be married fixing justice among them, and the response with the human instinct and social situations of emergency in the interest of men and women. - The issue of divorce in Islam characterized by moderation, Divorce in Islam is not taboo at all, as in some religions and communities that women are deprived of their right to seek divorce, and is not available without restrictions or conditions or description as it was in other societies, Islam corrected the reality of divorce and erected between excessiveness and negligence. - Moderation system of inheritance in Islam and through the equitable distribution of inheritance among the beneficiaries, cutting their dispute by deducting the share of each heir through the texts of the Quran, and taking into account the reality of the man in some cases ,these convey Islamic moderation towards the inheritance system. - Centrist Islamic economic system appears in the adoption of privat property ,public property and state ownership, and to give economic freedom in the framework of the Supreme Islamic values, and justice in the distribution of wealth through the General sharing and social balance, and the balance by achieving a decent standard of living among members of society, despite the existence of disparities in the income between individuals. - Islamic values are a set of principles and rules governing human behavior that make up determined by Islamic personal revelation to organize human life and determine its Relationship to others so as to achieve the purpose of his existence in the most possible form. - Moderation of Islamic values and virtues through divine source, and the gradient rulings, moderation ,balance ,humanitarian character, realism, clarity and comprehensiveness; these characteristics determine the centrist Islamic values and make them achievable in every time and place.
