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استخلاص وتنقية وتوصيف اليوريز من بعض البذور المحلية

Author name: حنان ياسين محسن الغراوي
Supervisor name: ابتسام عبد الحسين الخفاجي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

تحديد الظروف المثلى لانتاج انزيم Endo - ? - 1,4 - glucanase ودوره في انتاج البروتين من الاعفان == Determination the optimal conditions for production of Endo-?-1, 4-glucanase and its role in production of protein from molds

Author name: سهاد عدنان احمد الصالحي
Supervisor name: علي عبد الله التميمي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

عزل وتشخيص مركبات ايضية ثانوية من بعض الفطريات والنباتات واختبار فعاليتها الضد ميكروبية == Isolation and Identification secondary metabolic compounds from some fungi and plants and testing their antimicrobial activity

Author name: رشيد رحيم حتيت
Supervisor name: كاظم جاسم حمادي | توفيق محمد محسن
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

استخدام بعض فطريات التربة في انتاج السماد العضوي من المخلفات النباتية والعضوية == Use of some soil fungi in production of compost from plants and organic residues

Author name: فاطمة طاهر محسن الموسوي
Supervisor name: مصطفى عبد الوهاب نجم
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

انتاج وتوصيف الزانثان بوساطة البكتريا باستخدام مولاس البنجر السكري == Production and Characterization of the “Xanthan” by the Bacterium Xanthomonas campestris by Using Sugar Beet Molasses

Author name: ندوة محمد خضر عباس الجرجري
Supervisor name: محمد بشير اسماعيل قاسم
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Mosul
First pages:

استخلاص بعض المركبات الفعالة من الطحلب الاخضر المتحمل للملوحة Dunaliella sp. ودراسة بعض تطبيقاتها الحيوية == Extraction of some Bioactive Compounds from Halotolerant Green Alga Dunaliella sp. and Study their Biological Applications

Author name: علياء عبد الحسين علوان
Supervisor name: نداء جاسم الموسوي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

انتاج المضاد الحيوي شبيه الـ Pyrrolosporin A Micromonospora Inositola من البكتريا الخيطية المعزولة من بيئة عراقية == production of an Antibiotic Similar to Pyrrolosporin a from Micromonospora Inositola Lsolated from Iraqi Environments

Author name: احمد عبد برغال الاسدي
Supervisor name: كوثر هواز مهدي | محمد جاسم بدر
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
Key words:
  • تقنية حيوية

تنقية وتوصيف انزيم الفيسين المستخلص من اوراق التين ودراسة كفاءته التحللية والتخثرية == PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FICIN EXTRACTED FROM LEAVES OF FICUS AND STUDY IT,S PROTEOLYTIC AND CLOTTING ACTIVITY

Author name: مروة سلام سلمان العبيدي
Supervisor name: ام البشر حميد جابر الموسوي | روضة محمود العلي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

دراسة وراثية عن الطوافر البكتيرية المفككة للمركبات الفينولية

Author name: دانية منعم حامد الجادر
Supervisor name: صبحي دواد حمزة | ميساء جاسب
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: During this study (30) bacterial isolates from (55) soil samples and (10) water samples previously contaminated with petroleum oils were isolated and then screened for their capability for degrading phenol and analine . only (5) isolates were selected which show higher growth and degradation activity on the two substrates and identified Pseudomonas aeruginosa A13 and A5 , Escherichia coli A2 and A11 ، Enterobacter cloacae A8. Adaptation of isolates (A13, A11, A8, A5, A2) in higher concentrations of phenol (500 - 3000) µg/ml and analine (5003500) µg/ml were done . As much as (70,75and 80)% of (2000 µg/ml) phenol and (70,75 and 85)% of (2500 µg/ml) analine were degraded after 3 days of incubation. Number of mutants were generated by using 500 µg/ml of Nitrosoguanidine at incubations time (0.5,1.0and 2.0) hr .It was found that period of 1hr enough to induce mutation in the bacterial isolates in this study . and increased degradation activity as much as (90,90and 97)% of (2000 µg/ml) phenol and (90,97 and 100)% of (2500 µg/ml) analine were degraded by isolates (A13M2, A11M4and A8M12)respectively . Genetic analysis by electrophoretic agarose gel show that (A13, A8 and A8M12) isolates contain three plasmid bands However isolates (A11, A11M4 and A13M2) contain only two . Curing of plasmid frome the three isolates,« A11M4, A13M2 and A8M12»,were done by using acridine orange , ethidum bromide and SDS . It was found that 2200 µg/ml SDS and200 µg/ml acridine orange were capable of curing plasmids frome A11M4, A13M2 . All attempts for curing plasmid of isolates A8M12 was failed , however transformation of plasmid DNA of isolates A11M4, A13M2 and A8M12 in to E. coli MM294 was achieved . Results of the experiments indicate that these plasmids were responsible for degradation ability in the transformed isolates.

تاثير تعريض بذور واعضاء بادرات القرع الجبلي Cucurbita maxima والكالس الناشئ منها للاشعة فوق البنفسجية في محتوى الزيت وتشخيص مركب Cucurbitacin == Exposure Effect of Seeds and Seedlings Explants of Cucurbita maxima and Their Calli to UV in Oil Content with Diagnosis of Cucurbitacin Compound

Author name: اسلام ياسر عبد الله الحمداني
Supervisor name: عبد الله نجم عبد الله النعيمي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Mosul
First pages:
Abstract: تعرفت الدراسة الحالية على استجابة الاوراق والسيقان والاوراق الفلقية والسيقان تحت الفلقية لنبات القرع الجبلي Cucurbita maxima لاستحداث الكالس على الوسط الغذائي MS الصلب المدعم بتراكيز مختلفة من الاوكسينات (2,4 - D, IAA,NAA) والسايتوكاينينات (Kin,BA) وقد ابدت قطع الاوراق والسيقان استجابة عالية في الوسط المنتخب MSI(MS+1.0 ملغم/ لترBA+0.5 ملغم/ لترNAA)، اذ بلغت نسبة استحداث الكالس فيهما 100% ويليهما السيقان تحت الفلقية 88% ثم الاوراق الفلقية 77% التي اعطى كالسها اعلى وزن طري على هذا الوسط 5.2غم ثم السيقان 4.3 غم وعليه اعتمد هذا الوسط في هذه الدراسة لادامته الجيدة لكالس جميع الاجزاء النباتية المستخدمة فضلا عن نسبة الاستحداث العالية، كما ان الوسط الثاني MS) + 3.0 ملغم/ لتر Kin+ 0.5 ملغم/ لتر 2,4 - D) حقق نسبة استحداث عالية كذلك للاجزاء النباتية نفسها لكنه استبعد لانه لم يحافظ على حيوية الكالس عند الادامة لمدة طويلة.كما نجحت هذه الدراسة في زيادة نسبة استحداث الكالس في كل من الاوراق الفلقية والسيقان تحت الفلقية الى 100% باستخدام الوسط MSI المضاف اليه نترات البوتاسيوم بما يعادل ثلاثة اضعاف وسط MS وكالس السيقان تحت الفلقية الى 100% باستخدام الوسط MSI المضاف اليه نترات الامونيوم بما يعادل ثلاثة اضعاف وسط MS.استخدمت اربع جرع اشعاعية 10، 20، 40، 60 دقيقة للمطفر الفيزيائي (الاشعة فوق البنفسجية) في هذه الدراسة ولوحظ من خلال النتائج تاثير هذا المطفر على عمليات الانبات والصفات المظهرية وشكل خلايا كالس النبات اذ شجعت اشعة UV على تبكير عملية انبات البذور عند الجرعتين 10، 20 دقيقة كما ان الجرعتين العاليتين 40، 60 دقيقة زادتا من معدل طول النبات وطول الجذر في حين قللت الجرعتان الواطئتان 10، 20 دقيقة ذلك.كذلك شجعت غالبية الجرع الاشعاعية القطع النباتية المختلفة على استحداث الكالس خلال مدة زمنية قصيرة وحصول زيادة في الوزن الطري للكالس المعرض لاشعة UV وخاصة كالس السيقان تحت الفلقية عند الجرعتين 20 ، 40 دقيقة اذ بلغت نسبة الزيادة 2.4 و3.3 على التوالي وكذلك زادت كمية الزيوت في العينات التي عرضت للاشعة وخاصة عند الجرعتين 10 ، 20 دقيقة في قطع الاوراق والسيقان تحت الفلقية الناتجة من البذور المشععة وكالسهما وكذلك عند الجرعة 20 دقيقة في الكالس المشعع.تمكنت الدراسة من تشخيص الاحماض الدهنية Palmitic acid وStearic acidو Oleic acid وLinoleic acidبالاضافة الى تشخيص ثلاثة احماض دهنية جديدة وهي Myristic acid وArachidic acidو Lauric acid لاول مرة في هذا النبات، فضلا عن التشخيص النوعي للمركب Cucurbitacin والتعرف على ايزومراته Cuc E وCuc B وCuc I وCuc L باستخدام كروماتوغرافيا الطبقة الرقيقة (TLC). | The present study found out the response of leaves, stems, cotyledons and hypocotyls of Cucurbita maxima to produce callus on solid MS medium enriched with different concentrations of auxins such as 2,4 - D, IAA and NAA, and cytokinins such as Kin and BA. The explants of leaves and stems showed high response in the selected medium MSI (MS+1.0 mg/L BA + 0.5 mg/L NAA) where callus production from leaves and stems reached 100%, in hypocotyls 88% and cotyledons 77% whose callus had the highest fresh weight in this medium 5.2gm and stems 4.3gm therefore, the study adopted this medium for its good sustenance of the callus of explants in addition to the high rate of production. The medium MS + 3.0 mg/ L Kin + 0.5 mg/L 2,4 - D achieved a high production rate for the same explants. However it was excluded since it did not keep the vitality of callus when maintained for a long time.The study succeeded in increasing the callus production rate in cotyledons and hypocotyls to 100% by using MSI medium added to it potassium nitrate which equals three times the MS medium)] and the callus production rate in hypocotyls to 100% by using MSI medium added to it ammonium nitrate which equals three times the MS medium)]. Four radiational doses 10, 20, 40 and 60 min of ultraviolet were used by the physical mutant. It was noted from the results that the physical mutant affected the germination processes and morphology of the plant and cells shape of plant callus. The UV activated the early germination of seeds at the two doses 10 and 20 min. The high doses 40 and 60 min raised the average length of plant and roots whereas 10 and 20 min decreased it.Most of UV doses activated the explants to produce callus early. There was also an increase in the fresh weight of callus exposed to UV especially the hypocotyls callus of the at the doses 20 and 40 min which reached 2.4 and 3.3 gm respectively. The oil rate in the samples exposed to UV showed an increase at the doses 10 and 20 min in the leaves and in the hypocotyls which grew from radiated seeds and their callus and also at 20 min in radiated callus.The study singled out fatty acids like palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, Linoleic acid, and also singled out new three fatty acids like myristic acid, arachidic acid and lauric acid first time in this plant besides the qualitative diagnosis of cucurbitacin and defining it’s isomers Cuc E, Cuc B, Cuc I and Cuc L, by using thin layer chromatography

دراسة السمية الوراثية لحبوب منع الحمل على الانسان والفئران البيض == Study the genotoxicity for oral contraceptive pills on human and white mice

Author name: اسراء ايوب علوان منصور القره غولي
Supervisor name: عبد الامير ناصر الركابي | سعد محمد الندا
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: الهدف من الدراسة الحالية هو تسليط الضوء على التاثيرات الوراثية الخلوية لحبوب منع الحمل الفموية المركبة على عينات دم ماخوذة من نساء اعتمدن هذا العقار كمانع حمل وفي الحيوانات المختبرية (الفار الابيض) بوصفه نظاما اختباريا ، وتم الاعتماد على بعض التحليلات الوراثية الخلوية شملت الانحرافات الكروموسومية في خلايا نقي العظم والطحال ، الانوية الصغيرة ومعامل الانقسام بالاضافة الى تشوهات الهيكل العظمي للاجنة في الفار الابيض، والانحرافات الكروموسومية ، الانوية الصغيرة ومعامل الانقسام في عينات دم الانسان . درست التاثيرات الوراثية لمجموعة من النساء بفئتين عمرية مختلفة بين )25 - 34) و(35 - 45) سنة والتي قسمت الى اربع مجاميع ، اظهرت النتائج عدم وجود فرق معنوي باحتمالية (P<0.05) في النسبة المئوية للانحرافات الكروموسومية الكلية لمجموعة من النساء اللواتي ياخذن حبوب منع الحمل المركبة (COCPs) ذوات الفئة العمرية )25 - 34) سنة ، بينما اظهرت وجود فرقا معنويا في النسبة المئوية للانحرافات الكروموسومية للنساء ذوات الفئة العمرية (35 - 45) سنة . كذلك لوحظ وجود فرق معنوي باحتمالية (P<0.05) في اعداد الانوية الصغيرة (MN) لمجموعة من نساء ياخذن (COCPs) في كلا الفئتين العمريتين. في التجربة الاخرى درست التحليلات الوراثية الخلوية (الانحرافات الكروموسومية) للمانع (COCPs) على الفئران، التي قسمت الى خمس مجاميع شملت مجموعة السيطرة السالبة التي تمثل الحيوانات المجرعة بدارئ (PBS) ومجموعة السيطرة الموجبة المعاملة بعقار السايكلوفوسفومايد (CP) وثلاث مجاميع معاملة بالمانع (COCPs) بالتراكيز(2.44), (1.25) (0.60) , ملغم / كغم ، اشارت النتائج ان التركيزين (2.44), (1.25) ملغم / كغم سجلا فروقا معنوية باحتمالية (P<0.05) في نسبة الانحرافات الكروموسومية بينما لم تسجل المجموعة ذات التركيز (0.60) ملغم / كغم فرقا معنويا في نسبة الانحرافات الكروموسومية لخلايا نقي العظم والطحال . واظهرت نتائج التحليل الاحصائي وجود فروقا معنوية باحتمالية (P<0.05) للجرع المختلفة للمانع (COCPs) على اعداد الانوية الصغيرة اذ كانت معدلات اعداد الانوية الصغيرة هي (1.26) , (2.50) , (3.53) للجرع ذات التراكيز (2.44) ،(1.25) ، (0.60) ملغم /كغم على التوالي. وكذلك اظهرت النتائج ان هناك فروقا معنويا باحتمالية (P<0.05) في معدل اوزان اجنة فئران المجاميع المدروسة ، فقد اظهرت مجموعة السيطرة السالبة اعلى معدل وزن للاجنة بلغ (1.55) غم، في حين سجلت معاملة السيطرة الموجبة اقل معدل وزن بلغ (0.56) غم. بينما كانت معدلات اوزان الاجنة للمجاميع المجرعة بالمانع ((COCPs ذات التراكيز (0.60) , (1.25) , (2.44) ملغم /كغم هي (1.34) , (1.32) (1.40),غم على التوالي . اما بالنسبة لحساب عدد هلاكات الاجنة فلم يوجد اي تاثير ملحوظ لحبوب منع الحمل المركبة (COCPs) على هلاكات الاجنة في حين ظهرت الهلاكات بنسبة عالية جدا في السيطرة الموجبة ، لكن عند دراسة تاثير حبوب منع الحمل المركبة على الهيكل العظمي للاجنة لم نلحظ اي تشوهات بالهياكل العظمية لجميع اجنة الفئران للمجاميع الثلاث المعاملة بحبوب منع الحمل المركبة . | Our work aimed to study the cytogenetic effects of Combined oral contraceptive pills (COCPs) on blood samples obtained from women utilized this contraceptive and lab animals (mice) treated with (COCPs). Several cytogenetic analyses (Chromosome aberrations of bone marrow and spleen , Micronuclei , Mitotic index and skeleton abnormal of embryos) in mice and (CA , MN , MI) in blood samples of human were used in this study . Studied the genetic effect for women in two age groups rang between (25 - 34) , (35 - 45) years in four groups. Result show non significant difference (P<0.05) in percentage of total chromosome aberration in women taking (COCPs) of age group rang between (25 - 34) years. While show significant differences (P<0.05) in percentage of (CA) in women of age group rang between (35 - 45) years. Also it was noticed significant differences (P<0.05) in Micronuclei (MN) of women taking oral contraceptive pills of two age groups. In other experiment studied the cytogenetic analysis for (COCPs) on mice that were divided into five groups as follows : Negative control group that animals orally treated with PBS buffer, Positive control group was treated with (CP) and three groups treated with (COCPs) with concentration (2.44) , (1.25) , (0.60) mg/kg and the result show was concentration (2.44) , (1.25) mg/kg recorded significant differences (P<0.05) while group with concentration (0.60) mg/kg non significant difference. also it was noticed Significant differences (P<0.05) in three groups treated with (COCPs) in Micronuclei rate and were the rates (3.53%) , (2.50%) , (1.26%) of concentration (2.44) , (1.25) , (0.60) mg/kg. Also result show statistically significant differences (P<0.05) in body weight of mice embryo of studied groups, Negative control group recorded rate highly in embryo body weight was (1.55) gm. While recorded Positive control group rate less in weight was (0.56) gm while were rates in embryo body weight of orally treated groups with (COCPs) with concentration (2.44) , (1.25) , (0.60) mg/kg were (1.40) , (1.32) , (1.34) gm . but non show any influences to (COCPs) in embryo number .while show died embryos in positive control group. also the results show non any abnormality in skeleton of embryos for three groups that treated with oral contraceptive pills.

دراسة فعالية بعض مستخلصات الطحلب الاخضر Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.,1820 على الاكياس العذرية للمشوكة الحبيبية Echinococcus granulosus (Batsch,1786 وكمضادات لخط الخلايا السرطانية نوع HeLa == Study of the activity of some of the green alga Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.,1820) extracts on Hydatid cysts of Echinococcus granulosus (Batsch,1786) and as anticancer cells type HeLa

Author name: غزوان طالب نوري الجابر
Supervisor name: صبيح هليل المياح | احمد محسن عذبي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study was conducted in order to evaluate the activity of green alga Enteromorpha intestinalis extracts (methanol and hexane extracts) on growth and development of hydatid cysts of Echinococcus granulosus in vitro and in vivo by using mice type Mus musculus Balb\c that in comparing with albendazole drug. Anti - cancer activity was also evaluated in vitro for both algal extracts by using HeLa cells. Chemical compositions of algal extracts were analyzed by using Gas chromatography - mass spectroscopy (Gc - mass)technique . The hydatid cysts were collected from livers and lungs of infected sheep which slaughtered in Basrah abattoir. While, The algae specimens were collected from Abu Sokhir marshland area /north of Basra. The results revealed that E.intestinalis chemical compounds are carbohydrate , alkaloids, phenols , saponins , triterpenes and sterols compounds. In vitro study showed that the 1 mg / mouse weight of albendazole drug was able to reduce the percentage of protoscolices activity to zero after the third day of treatment. While, the dose 6 98 mg / kg of methanol extract inhibited all protoscolices after five days of treatment, followed by the dose 804 mg / kg of hexan extract that inhibited all protoscolices after six days of treatment.In vivo study revealed that the methanol extract (698 mg / kg) treatment was the best in reducing the weights of organs significantly in comparison with the positive control group it was 2.192 , 0.192 , 0.434 and 0.282 g of liver, spleen, lung and kidney respectively. The methanol extract (698 mg / kg) treatment lowered the average number of hydatid cysts (2.6) more than other extracts treatments , then followed by hexane extract (804 mg / kg) treatment it was 2.8 cyst .This study has identified that the liver enzymes Aspartate transaminase (ALT) and Alanine transaminase (AST) values in the serum of positive control group were higher significantly than negative control group the value of the enzyme ALT was 79 IU / l and the value of the enzyme AST was 118.4 IU / l.All methanolic extracts groups showed a preference in enzyme's values compared with other treatments groups , the value of ALT enzyme of 698 , 688 and 678 mg / kg of methanol extract groups were 46.8 , 45.8 and 44.6 IU / l respectively, while all hexane extracts groups showed a preference in AST enzyme values compared to the other treatments groups, the value of AST enzyme of 804 , 794 and 784 mg / kg of hexane extract groups were 73.6 , 70.2 and 70.4 IU / l respectively. Found a significant increase in the number of white blood cells WBCs in a positive control group ( 4.6 × 013μ), compared with a negative control group and the other groups, While it has been found significant decrease in the Hb (5..8deciliter) and Packed cell volume (PCV) (31..%) values in positive control group as compared with control negative group. The study found that the number of white blood cells WBCs n the methanolic extract group (678 mg / kg) was 4.06 × 103 microliter was as same as in the negative control group, In contrast, hexane extract group (804 mg/ kg) has did not significant difference with negative control group in the Hb and PCV were 11.5 g / dl and 36.8% respectively .Histological study confirmed that there are the histological changes in positive control group included congestion , bleeding , degeneration , infiltration of inflammatory cells and hyperplasia. Whereas the histological changes in group treated with albendazole were bleeding, infiltration of inflammatory cells , atrophy of the glomerulus and fibrosis in some areas . In algal extracts groups the histological changes were infiltration of inflammatory cells, bleeding and congestion.The Gc mass results revealed that the ethanol extract contains loliolide , ethyl stearate , palmitic Acid , ethyl palmitate , phytol , ethyl oleate , ethylhexyladipate and squalene compounds. While, hexane extract has N, Ndimethyltetradecylamine , diisobutyl phthalate , palmitic Acid , ethyl palmitate and ethylhexyladipate compounds.Anti - cancer study showed the algal extracts have an inhibition activity against cancer cells, The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of the methanol extract was 79.08 μ/ ml, While, the IC50 for hexane extract was 156.3 μ/ ml.

خصائص خمائر البيئة النهرية لمحافظة البصرة وقابلية بعضها على المعالجة الحيوية للعناصر الثقيلة والهيدروكربونات النفطية == Characterization of yeasts in river habitat in Basrah Province and an ability of some of them for Bioremediation of the heavy metals and oil hydro carbonate

Author name: سناء قاسم بدر
Supervisor name: باسل عبد الزهرة عباس
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

عزل وتشخيص احد قلويدات الايض الثانوي لبعض الطحالب ودراسة فعاليته الحيوية == Isolation and identification one alkaloid of secondary metabolites from some algae and study of biological activity

Author name: انفال نوري عباس اللفتة
Supervisor name: احمد محسن عذبي | اقبال جاسم الاسدي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The current study includes an isolation, Identification and purification of three species of algae, two of them belonging to cyanobacteria they are Oscillatoria brevis and Nostoc carneum . The third one was Enteromorpha intestinalis which belong to green algae which was from different location in Basrah .There are two extract were prepared from the algal species Alcohol , and alkaloid extracts , Alcoholic extract prepared to know what was compound it had and alkaloid extracts to test bioactivity of algae Cytotoxcity also was carried out on human red blood cells, the results revealed that alkaloid extract from E.intestinalis was nontoxic, whereas bioactive compounds isolated from O.brevis , N.carneum. Showed hemolytic action .The bioactivity of alkaloid extract was examined to elucidate their on ability to inhibit the growth of gram Positive and negative bacteria. .Biological activity of alkaloid extracts of three algae isolated were determined by using the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) againsttwo bacterial isolates. And also test the effect of filtrate pure algal culture on growth of plant pathogenic fungi ,also apparently that the algal alkaloid extract and isolated compounds exhibits antioxidant.The antitumor activity of the algal alkaloid extract from E.intestinalis against Rhabdo myosarcoma cell line was examined. The results showed that crude alkaloid extract possessed an antitumor bioactivity at low concentration 0.78mg / ml .In this study also was carried out to investigate the possibility of preventing the hypercholesterolemia by using alkaloid extract of E.intestinalis .it also aimed to study the effect of use this extract in reducing the Plasma Total Cholesterol (TC) , Triglyceride (TG), Low - Density Lipoprotein (LDL) , Very Low - Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) and no effect on High - Density Lipoprotein (HDL).The identification of the compound was made depending on the active groups test and spectroscopic analyses including : Infrared (IR) and Gas Chromatography / Mass spectrum (GC - MS). The results of such analyses showed that alkaloid extract from E.intestinalisa has three compound these are Hexadecanamide , Methenamine and Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl est and alkaloid extract from N.carneum showed that has three compound 1,2 - Benzenedicarboxylic acid diisooctyles,ا9 - Octadecenamide, (Z) - )ااااا and Didecyl phthalate .Hexadecanamide purification from alkaloid extract of E.intestinalis depended on physical and chemical properties The identification of the compound was made depending on the active groups test and spectroscopic analyses including : Infrared (IR); Gas Chromatography / Mass spectrum (GC - MS) and this component showed bioactivity on gram. Positive and negative bacteria and it has also antioxidant activity

التحلل والمعالجة الاحيائية للمركبات الهيدروكاربونية النفطية بوساطة سلالات Streptomyces وNocardiopsis المعزولة من الترب الملوثة بالنفط في محافظة البصرة - العراق == Biodegradation and bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons by Streptomyces and Nocardiopsis strains isolated from oil contaminated soil of Basrah Governorate - Iraq

Author name: احمد عبد برغال الاسدي
Supervisor name: كوثر هواز مهدي | نادية عبد الامير المظفر
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: سبعة سلالات من البكتريا الخيطية تعود الى جنسي Streptomyces وNocardiopsis عزلت من ترب شركة مصافي الجنوب الملوثة بالنفط الخام في البصرة جنوب العراق، وقد تم اختبار قدرتها على النمو بوجود النفط الخام باستعمال وسط ملحي سائل مزود بالنفط الخام كمصدر وحيد للكربون. شملت السلالات على S. variabilis 7525 وS. variabilis SW75 وS. cellulosae XFB - T وS. parvus S86 وS. bacillaris S4BW2 وS. flavoviridis VITHM - 1 وN. synnemataformans ITD - 3 بنسبة تشابه من 99٪ الى 100٪. في هذه الدراسة تم العثور على سلالات جديدة من البكتريا الخيطية المعزولة من التربة الملوثة شخصت باستعمال تحديد تتابعات جين الحامض النووي الريبوزي 16S rRNA وقد اظهرت السلالات قدرات مختلفة على تحلل النفط الخام في الوسط الملحي السائل من 50.2٪ الى 72.4٪. كما تم تقييم تاثير الظروف الزرعية من درجة الحرارة والدالة الحامضية وتركيز النفط الخام والعناصر النزرة في نمو سلالات البكتريا الخيطية وتحلل النفط الخام، وقد لوحظ ان اعلى نمو للخلايا واعلى تحلل للنفط الخام كان 80٪ في ظروف زراعة مثالية ( درجة حرارة 30 ᵒم ودالة حامضية 7 بعد 10 ايام من الحضن وزادت هذه النسبة الى 85٪ من قبل السلالة S. cellulosae XFB - T بعد اضافة العناصر النزرة.في حين اظهرت نتائج اختبار التحلل الحيوي للنفط الخام في التربة من قبل سلالات البكتريا الخيطية منفردة بعد 60 يوما من الحضن تحت ظروف مختلفة ، اظهرت ان اعلى قيمة للتحلل كانت 87 ٪ من قبل النوع S. bacillaris عند درجة حرارة 30 ᵒم وحجم لقاح مضاف 10مل/ 25غم تربة ومستوى رطوبة 40٪.المعالجة الاحيائية هي ستراتيجية فعالة لتنظيف المواقع الملوثة بالهيدروكربونات. ونتيجة تاثر الكائنات الحية الدقيقة من تلك التربة يحدث لها اضطراب وبالتالي يتم انتقاء الاحياء المجهرية القادرة على استهلاك الهيدروكربونات لاستخدامها في هذه التقنية الفعالة في التعامل مع الملوثات الهيدروكربونية. الهيدروكربونات التي تتفاعل مع نسجة التربة والكائنات الحية الدقيقة هي التي تحدد مصير الملوثات وطبيعتها الكيميائية والقدرات الهادمة للميكروبات. الاثار المحتملة لنشارة الخشب، وخليط من روث الابقار والغنم وتعديل المكملات الغذائية لتحفيز الكائنات الدقيقة الاصلية وزيادة المعالجة البيولوجية للهيدروكربونات، هذه العملية تم اجراءها باستعمال طريقة المعالجة خارج الموقع بطريقتي الكومة والمفاعل الحيوي، بخلط التربة الملوثة مع نشارة الخشب والروث الحيواني ودعم التربة بالمغذيات والعناصر النزره مع توفير الرطوبة الملائمة والظروف المواتية لنمو الكائنات الحية الدقيقة كما قدمت التهوية الصناعية للتربة في الكومة والمفاعل بوساطة شبكة من الانابيب المثقبة لمحاكاة المعالجة الحيوية التي استمرت مدة 90 يوما.خلال تلك الفترة، رصدت الهيدروكربونات النفطية الكلية (TPHs) وازالة الالكانات الاعتيادية والتغيرات في المجتمعات البكتيرية. وقد اظهرت النتائج ان (TPHs) قد انخفضت من 52غم/كغم الى 10.6 غم / كغم بمعدل تحلل بلغ 79.6٪ ومعدل تحفيز كان 71.4٪ في تجربة الكومة ومن 52غم/كغم الى 13.5 غم / كغم بمعدل تحلل بلغ 74٪ ومعدل تحفيز كان 63.5٪ في تجربة المفاعل الحيوي. وخلال مدة 45 يوما من الاختبار بلغت اعداد الكائنات الحية الدقيقة من البكتيريا المضافة والمستوطنة التي تحلل المواد الهيدروكربونية اعلى مستوى لها 2 × 710 خلية/ غم و1.1 × 710 خلية/ غم في الكومة والمفاعل الحيوي على التوالي.بناء على هذه المعطيات، نستنتج ان المعالجة الحيوية خارج الموقع افضل ستراتيجيه غير مكلفة وفعالة وصديقة للبيئة وبالتالي قد توفر خيارا قابلا للتطبيق لمعالجة التربة من الملوثات الهيدروكربونات النفطية. | Seven actinomycetes strains from genera Streptomyces and Nocardiopsis isolated from hydrocarbon contaminated soil in Basra Governorate, Iraq were selected for their capacity to grow in the presence of crude oil. Their growth rates and biodegradation ability were investigated in mineral salt media supplemented with light Remella crude oil. These strains consist of Streptomyces variabilis 7525, Streptomyces variabilis 5W75, Streptomyces cellulosae XFB - T, Streptomyces parvus S86, Streptomyces bacillaris S4BW2, Streptomyces flavoviridis VITHM - 1 and Nocardiopsis synnemataformans ITD - 3, that the sequence identity range from 99% to 100%. Our study find a new actinomycetes strains isolated from contaminated soil. these strains appears different capacity on the degradation of crude oil in mineral salt media , the highest was found to vary from 50.2% to 72.4%.The effect of the cultivation factors (temperature, pH, and concentration of crude oil and trace elements ) on growth of the actinomycetes strains and crude oil degradation was evaluated. The highest cell growth and the amount of crude oil degraded 80% were observed in optimized cultivation conditions (30oC and initial pH 7) after 10 days, this ratio reached to 85% by addition of trace elements solution at same condition by S. cellulosae XFB - T.The biodegradation test lasted 60 days in soil by actinomycetes strains at different factors shown the highest of the crude oil was removed in experiment that inoculums with 10ml of each bacterial strain, value 87% by Streptomyces bacillaris S4BW2 at 30oC. Bioremediation is an efficient strategy for cleaning up sites contaminated by hydrocarbons. Microorganism of soil is affected by hydrocarbon disturbance thus selective enrichment of hydrocarbon utilizers occurs. The technology is very effective in dealing with petroleum hydrocarbon contamination. Hydrocarbons react with the soil matrix and microorganisms determining the fate of the contaminants relative to their chemical nature and microbial degradative capabilities. The potential effects of sawdust, and mixture of cow and sheep dung as amendment nutrient supplements to biostimulate autochthonous microflora and augmentation for hydrocarbon bioremediation were investigated in test biopile and bioreactor. The soil was ground and fluffed by admixture of 1.5% sawdust, then supplemented with the necessary minerals and watered to provide conditions favoring microorganism growth industrial aeration was provided in pile by system of a abundant perforated drainage - pip network to simulate bioremediation treatments through a 90 - day period. During this period, we monitored total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) and n - alkanes degradation and changes in bacterial communities. The (TPHs) had been reduced from 52 to 10.6 g/kg (79.6 %), the rate of Biostimulants Efficiency (BE) was (71.4%) in biopile and from 52 to 13.5 g/kg (63.5 %) in bioreactor . In soil, the dominant microorganism population comprised Gram - positive bacteria from actinomycete group and autochthonous microorganisms which decompose hydrocarbons reached highest level 2 x 107 and to 1.1 x 107 CFU/g at 45 days in biopile and bioreactor respectively . Based on these data, the study conclude that is ex situ ( Biopile and bioreactor ) experiment the best strategy, inexpensive, efficient, and environmentally friendly and may thus offer a viable choice for petroleum hydrocarbons - contaminated soil remediation.

دراسة فسلجية وجزيئية للتغاير الجيني لمستقبلات فيتامين د في النساء المصابات بمرض السكري من النوع الثاني == Physiological and Molecular Study of Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphism in Type II Diabetic Women

Author name: نورا ماجد حميد ابو خمرة
Supervisor name: حيدر كامل زيدان السعدي | محمد عبد الله جبر
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: هدفت هذه الدراسة الى تقييم دور تعدد اشكال مستقبلات فيتامين (د) وارتباطها بتطور مرض السكري وتاثيرها في الاناث قبل وبعد سن الياس. جينات مستقبلات فيتامين (د)، تتضمن (Apa - I, Taq - I, Fok - I وCdx2) و(جين الفاEstrogen receptor - ) التي حددت بواسطة تفاعل سلسلة البوليميريز - تباين اطوال قطع التقييد وتقنية تفاعل سلسلة البوليميريز المتعدد المتخصص في الاليل, في حين ان الهرمونات والتي تتضمن (الاستراديول والانسولين) والمؤشرات الفسيولوجية (فيتامين د، الكولسترول، البروتين الدهني عالي الكثافة، الدهون الثلاثية، البروتين الدهني منخفض الكثافة، البروتين الدهني منخفض الكثافة جدا، الهيموجلوبين A1C، الجلوكوز الصيامي في الدم، مقاومة الانسولين، الحساسية للانسولين ، ضغط الدم الانقباضي وضغط الدم الانبساطي). اجريت هذه الدراسة في الفترة من اذار 2016 الى تشرين الاول 2016، حيث تم جمع العينات من مستشفى الصدر التعليمي في محافظة النجف. وقد بلغ عدد العينات (80) مريضا مصابين بداء السكري من النوع الثاني بمتوسط عمر (36 - 65 سنة ، وقسمت العينات الى مرحلة ما قبل انقطاع الطمث وبعد انقطاع الطمث, كذلك قسمت حسب مدة المرض وحسب التاريخ العائلي، ومؤشر كتلة الجسم، ومضاعفات المرض (ضغط الدم المرتفع). كما تضمنت الدراسة 40 شخصا اصحاء على ما يبدو بمتوسط عمر (36 - 65 سنة)، حيث ان مجموعة السيطرة تقارن مع مجموعة المرضى. قسمت الدراسة الحالية الى جزئين رئيسيين : الاجزاء الفسيولوجية والجزيئية. واظهرت النتائج ان المرضى الذين يعانون من مرض السكري من النوع الثاني، كان لديهم معنويا (p ≤ 0.05) مستوى اعلى من الكوليسترول ، الدهون الثلاثية، البروتين الدهني منخفض الكثافة، البروتين الدهني منخفض الكثافة جدا، الهيموغلوبين A1C، الانسولين، مقاومة الانسولين ونسبة السكر الصيامي في الدم مقارنة بمجموعة السيطرة، في حين ان معدلات الحساسية للانسولين تنخفض معنويا (P≥0.05) في مرضى السكري من النوع الثاني عند مقارنتهم بمجموعة السيطرة. كان معدل الاستراديول معنويا ( ≤ 0.05) اعلى في الاناث قبل انقطاع الطمث في حين انخفض في الاناث بعد سن الياس لكل من مجموعة السيطرة ومرضى السكري من النوع الثاني. واظهر الضغط الانقباضي والانبساطي فرقا معنويا بين المرضى الذين يعانون من السكري النوع 2 ومجموعة السيطرة. وفقا للمقارنة بين النساء قبل انقطاع الطمث وبعد سن الياس في كل من مرضى السكري ومجموعة السيطرة، اظهرت النتائج ارتفاع معنوي (p ≤ 0.05) في معدلات مستوى هرمون الاستراديول، ومعدلات مستوى هرمون الانسولين ومقاومة الانسولين في كلتا المجموعتين. من ناحية اخرى، اظهرت المقارنة بين المرضى قبل انقطاع الطمث الذين يعانون من السكري ومرحلة ما قبل انقطاع الطمث ارتفاع معنوي (p ≤ 0.05) في معدل مستويات الكوليسترول، البروتين الدهني منخفض الكثافة، هيموغلوبين A1c معدل مستويات (HBA1c)، الجلوكوز الصيامي في الدم , ومستويات هرمون الاستراديول، ومعدلات مستوى هرمون الانسولين، ومقاومة الانسولين، وحساسية الانسولين وضغط الدم الانبساطي. وفقا لمقارنة مرضى السكري بعد انقطاع الطمث ومجموعة السيطرة بعد سن الياس، كانت هناك اختلافات معنوية (p ≤ 0.05) في معدل مستويات الكوليسترول، البروتين الدهني منخفض الكثافة، معدل هيموغلوبين A1c، الجلوكوز الصيامي في الدم , هرمون الاستراديول ومعدلات مستوى هرمون الانسولين، ومقاومة الانسولين وحساسيةالانسولين. اظهرت نتائج تحليل الارتباط وجود ارتباط معنوي (p ≤ 0.05) بين فيتامين (د) مع الدهون الثلاثية والبروتين الدهني منخفض الكثافة جدا في النوع الثاني من مرضى السكري. في مرضى السكري قبل انقطاع الطمث، اظهرت نتائج تحليل الارتباط وجود علاقة عكسية معنويه بين فيتامين (د) مع كل من الدهون الثلاثية والبروتين الدهني منخفض الكثافة جدا في حين تم العثور على علاقة ايجابية معنوية بين فيتامين (د) والبروتين الدهني عالي الكثافة في مرحلة ما بعد انقطاع الطمث في مرضى السكري. في مجموعة السيطرة بعد انقطاع الطمث تم العثور على علاقة عكسية معنويه بين فيتامين (د) ومستوى السكر الصيامي في الدم. اظهر تحليل الارتباط وجود علاقة معنوية عكسية بين معدلات مستوى الكالسيوم وضغط الدم الانقباضي في مجموعة السيطرة، وبينما في مرضى السكري قبل انقطاع الطمث، اظهرت نتائج تحليل الارتباط وجود علاقة ارتباط معنوية بين الكالسيوم ومؤشر كتلة الجسم، بينما وجدت علاقة معنوية عكسية بين الكالسيوم وكلا من البروتين الدهني عالي الكثافة والعمر بالاضافة الى ارتباط ايجابي معنوي مع الاستراديول في المرضى بعد سن الياس. من ناحية اخرى، في مجموعة السيطرة قبل انقطاع الطمث، تم العثور على ارتباط عكسي معنوي بين الكالسيوم وضغط الدم الانقباضي، في حين وجود علاقة طردية معنوية مع هرمون الانسولين ومقاومة الانسولين. في حين لوحظ وجود علاقة عكسية معنوية في مجموعة السيطرة بعد سن الياس بين الكالسيوم ومستوى السكر الصيامي في الدم ومؤشر كتلة الجسم. هنالك ارتباط معنوي كبير بين هرمون الانسولين مع البروتين الدهني عالي الكثافة والعمر وحساسية الانسولين، في حين كان هناك علاقة طردية معنوية بين الانسولين مع مؤشر كتلة الجسم ومقاومة الانسولين في النوع الثاني من مرضى السكري. في مجموعة السيطرة كانت هناك علاقة ارتباط معنوية طردية بين الانسولين ومقاومة الانسولين، ارتباط معنوي عكسية مع حساسية الانسولين. في كل من مرضى السكري قبل انقطاع الطمث وبعد انقطاع الطمث ومجموعة السيطرة كانت هناك علاقة سلبية كبيرة جدا بين الانسولين وحساسية الانسولين، في حين وجود علاقة طردية معنوية مع مقاومة الانسولين. في مرضى السكري قبل انقطاع الطمث، كانت هناك علاقة ايجابية كبيرة بين الانسولين والدهون الثلاثية , البروتين الدهني منخفض الكثافة جدا ومؤشر كتلة الجسم. في مرحلة ما بعد انقطاع الطمث مرضى السكري، كانت هناك علاقة سلبية كبيرة بين الانسولين والهيموغلوبين .A1c ايضا هنالك علاقة طردية معنوية كبيرة بين الهيموغلوبين A1c والسكر الصيامي في الدم في مجموعة السكري. في مجموعة السيطرة كان هناك ارتباط طردي كبير بين الهيموغلوبين A1c والسكر الصيامي في الدم ,وعلاقة عكسية معنوية مع الكولسترول وحساسية الانسولين. وفقا لمجموعة السيطرة قبل انقطاع الطمث، كان هناك ارتباط ايجابي كبير بين الهيموغلوبين A1c والجلوكوز الصيامي في الدم، في حين وجود علاقة عكسية كبيرة مع الكولسترول، الدهون الثلاثية، البروتين الدهني منخفض الكثافة جدا وحساسية الانسولين. من ناحية اخرى، في مجموعات مرضى السكري قبل انقطاع الطمث وبعد انقطاع الطمث وجدت علاقة طردية معنوية بين الهيموغلوبين A1c والسكر الصيامي في الدم , وارتباط ايجابي كبير مع الدهون الثلاثية والبروتين الدهني منخفض الكثافة جدا في مجموعة ما قبل انقطاع الطمث فقط. اظهرت نتائج التحليل الوراثي لتباين النوكليوتيدات المفردة، للجينات المستقبلة لفيتامين د باستخدام تقنية تفاعل سلسلة البوليميريز - تباين اطوال قطع التقييد ان هناك فرقا غير معنوي في الاشكال الجينية (Apa - I, Fok - I, Taq I - ) و(Estrogen receptor - alpha ) بين المرضى ومجموعة السيطرة باستخدام نفس التقنية اعلاه. بينما وجد فرق معنوي بين المرضى ومجموعة السيطرة وفقا للتغاير الجيني في الجين (CdxII)وفقا الى الجين (Apa - I)، كان النمط الوراثي المتماثل (AA) اكثر تواترا في المرضى الذين يعانون من داء السكري من النوع 2 (41٪) من مجموعة السيطرة ، في حين ان النمط الوراثي المتغاير (CA) اكثر تكرارا في مجموعة السيطرة من المرضى. نتائج الجين (Taq - I)، كان النمط الوراثي المتماثل (TT) اكثر تواترا في مجموعة السيطرة من المرضى الذين يعانون من السكري من النوع 2 ، في حين ان النمط الوراثي المتغاير (TC) كان اكثر تكرارا في المرضى من مجموعة السيطرة. وفقا الى الجين (Fok - I)، كان النمط المتماثل (CC) اكثر تواترا في مجموعة السيطرة من المرضى الذين يعانون من داء السكري من النوع 2 ، في حين ان النمط المتغاير (CT) اكثر تكرارا في السيطرة من المرضى ، والنمط المتماثل (TT) كان اكثر تواترا في المرضى من مجموعة السيطرة بينما الجين (ER_alpha)، كان النمط المتماثل (AA) اكثر تواترا في المرضى الذين يعانون من داء السكري من النوع 2 من مجموعة السيطرة ، في حين ان النمط المتغاير (AG) اكثر تواترا في السيطرة من المرضى ، والنمط المتماثل (GG) كان اكثر تكرارا في المرضى من مجموعة السيطرة | This study aimed to evaluate vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism role and its correlation with the development of diabetes disease and its effect in pre and post menopausal females. Vitamin D receptor gene including ( APA - I, FOk - I, Taq - I and CdxII) and (Estrogen receptor alpha gene) determined by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) , restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR - RFLP) and Allele specific multiple (ASM - PCR), while the hormones including (Estradiol and Insulin) and the physiological parameters ( Vitamin D, Cholesterol, High density lipoprotein, Triglyceride, Low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein, Hemoglobin A1c, Fasting Blood Glucose, insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, systolic and diastolic blood pressure). This case - control study was done in a period of March 2016 to October 2016 ,where the samples collected from Al - Sadr Teaching Hospital in Najaf Province. The number of samples was (80) females with type 2 diabetes with an average age (36 - 65 year), all of them were with type 2 diabetes are divided to pre menopause and post menopause, also divided according to duration of disease and according to age groups, family history, body mass index and complications with disease (hypertensive blood pressure). Also, the study included 40 apparently healthy people with an average age ( 36 - 65 year) , as control matched with disease group. The present study divided into two main parts : physiological and molecular parts . The results showed that patients with type 2 diabetes , had significantly( p ≤ 0.05 ) higher cholesterol, Triglyceride, Low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein, Hemoglobin A1c, insulin, insulin resistance and Fasting blood glucose levels rate than control group, while the levels rate of insulin sensitivity is decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) in type 2 diabetic patients when compared with control group . The Estradiol levels rate was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher in premenopausal females while it decreased in postmenopausal females of both control and type 2 diabetic patients. Systolic and diastolic pressure showed significant difference between patients with type 2 diabetic and control. According to the comparison of premenopausal and postmenopausal women in both diabetic patients and in control group, the results showed significant ( p ≤ 0.05) elevation in Estradiol hormone level rates, Insulin hormone level rates and insulin resistance in both groups. On the other , the comparison of premenopausal patients with diabetic and premenopausal control groups the statistical analysis showed significant elevation (p ≤ 0.05) in cholesterol levels rate, Low density lipoprotein (LDL), HemoglobinA1c levels rate (HBA1c), fasting blood glucose (FBG), Estradiol hormone level rates, Insulin hormone level rates, insulin resistance ,insulin sensitivity and diastolic blood pressure. The results of correlation analysis in pre menopausal diabetic patients showed there are significant negative correlation between vitamin D with both Triglyceride (TGC) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) while significant positive correlation has been found between vitamin D and high density lipoprotein (HDL) in post menopausal diabetic patients. In post menopausal control group a significant negative correlation has been found between vitamin D and fasting blood glucose (FBG) level.In pre menopausal diabetic patients, the results of correlation analysis showed there were significant positive correlation between calcium and BMI, while significant negative correlation has been found between calcium and both high density lipoprotein (HDL) and age in addition to significant positive correlation with Estradiol in post menopausal diabetic patients.On the other hand, In pre menopausal control group, a significant negative correlation has been found between calcium and systolic blood pressure, while a significant positive correlation with insulin hormone and insulin resistance. While, in post menopausal control group a significant negative correlation has been found between calcium and fasting blood glucose (FBG) level and body mass index. In both premenopausal and postmenopausal diabetic patients and control group there were highly significant negative correlation between Insulin and insulin sensitivity, while highly significant positive correlation with insulin resistance. In pre menopausal diabetic patients, there were significant positive correlation between insulin and Triglyceride (TGC), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and BMI. In post menopausal diabetic patients, there were significant negative correlation between insulin and HBA1c.On the other hand, in premenopausal and postmenopausal diabetic patients groups there were highly significant positive correlation between hemoglobinA1c (HBA1c) and fasting blood glucose (FBG), and significant positive correlation with TGC and VLDL in premenopausal group only. The genetic analysis of the Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms , for vitamin D receptor gene by using RFLP - PCR technique showed that there non - significant difference in the genotype polymorphisms of (APA - I, FOk - I and Taq - I) and (Estrogen receptor - alpha gene) between patients and control by using the same technique above, While there were significant differences according to (Cdx - II gene) by using (ASM - PCR) technique. According to (Apa - I gene), the homozygote pattern (AA) were more frequent in patients with type 2 diabetes than control group, While the heterozygote (CA) pattern more frequent in control than patients.The results of (Taq - I gene), the homozygote pattern (TT) were more frequent in control than patients with type 2 diabetes group, While the heterozygote (TC) pattern more frequent in patients than control. According to (Fok - I gene), the homozygote pattern (CC) were more frequent in control group than patients with type 2 diabetes, While the heterozygote (CT) pattern more frequent in control than patients, and the homozygote (TT) pattern was more frequent in patients than control group.While the (ER_alpha gene), the homozygote pattern (AA) were more frequent in patients with type 2 diabetes than control group, While the heterozygote (AG) pattern more frequent in control than patients, and the homozygote (GG) pattern was more frequent in patients than control group

تقدير الاسبارجين في مرضى سرطان الدم بوساطة الاسبارجينيز المقيد والمنقى من Portulaca oleracea L == Estimation of Asparagine in Serum Leukemia Patients by Immobilized L - asparaginase Purified from Portulaca oleracea L

Author name: هادي ساجد عبد العباس عبد الله
Supervisor name: محمد عبد الله جبر جاسم
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: جمعت عينات النباتات قيد الدراسة من منطقة الرارنجية \مدينة الحلة\العراق. وصنفت النباتات من قبل د.نداء عدنان في قسم علوم الحياة \كلية العلوم \جامعة بابل بالاعتماد على الصفات المظهرية للنباتات . تم التحري عن فعالية انزيم الاسباراجينيز والمحتوى البروتيني في المستخلص الخام لهذه النباتات , تبين ان اعلى فعالية نوعية لانزيم الاسباراجينيز في نبات البربينة Portulaca oleracea L., ثم قدرت الفعالية الانزيمية في اجزاء النبات والتي شملت (الاواق, السيقان,الجذور, نبات كامل) حيث ظهرت اعلى فعالية في النبات الكامل مقارنة بالاجزاء الاخرى ,بالاعتماد على هذه النتائج استخدم نبات البربينة Portulaca oleracea L. كمصدر لانتاج وتنقية وتوصيف والاستخدام الطبي لانزيم الاسباراجينيز.درست الظروف المثلى لفعالية انزيم الاسباراجينيز من النبات الكامل وقد اشارت النتائج الى ان اعلى فعالية للانزيم قد تحققت بحضن الانزيم الخام مع الاسبراجين بتركيز 200mM بنسبة 1 : 3 في محلول دارئ فوسفات البوتاسيوم المنظم بتركيز 0.05 مولار بدالة حامضية 8 وبدرجة حرارة 37 م مع الانخفاض التدريجي في الفعالية النوعية للانزيم الخام بعد خزنه لفترات زمنية محددة .تم تنقية انزيم الاسباراجينيز الخام المستخلص من نبات البربينة بثلاث خطوات تضمنت الاولى الترسيب بكبريتات الامونيوم بنسبة 90% ثم التنقية بكروماتوغرافيا الترشيح الهلامي باستحدام السيفاديكس G - 100 وبعدها التنقية بكروماتوغرافيا الترشيح الهلامي باستخدام السيفاديكس G - 150 وقد ظهرت ثلاثة اشكال للانزيم حيث بلغت الفعالية النوعية للانزيم النقي 7440 وحدة\ملغم وعدد مرات التنقية 4.08 وبحصيلة انزيمية بلغت 22.7%.تم توصيف الاسباراجينيز النقي ,اذ بلغ الوزن الجزيئي52±1 كيلو دالتون باستخدام كروماتوغرافيا الترشيح الهلامي باستخدام السيفاديكس G - 100 بوجود البروتينات القياسية والتي هي Trypsin (23 KD), Pepsin (34.5 KD), Egg Albumin (43KD) , and Bovine serum albumin (67 KD) وكان الرقم الهيدروجيني الامثل لفعالية وثبات الانزيم هو 8 في حين كانت درجة الحرارة المثلى لفعالية وثبات الانزيم هي 37 م وعند دراسة الثوابت الحركية للانزيم , ظهر ان معدلات قيم ثابت ميكالس (Km) والسرعة القصوى (Vmax) وعدد التحول(Kcat ) كانت 250 ملي مولار و100 ملي مولار \دقيقة و350 1\ثانية على التوالي. قيد الانزيم باستعمال الاكار,الاكاروز والجيلاتين وتم توصيف الانزيم المقيد ومقارنته مع الانزيم الحر. اظهرت نتائج الدراسة كفاءة التقييد باستعمال مادة الاكاروز والاكار والجلاتين حيث بلغت ( (70,72,78 % على التوالي وكما تبين من النتائج ان اعلى فعالية للانزيم الحر والمقيد بالاكاروز كانت عند الدالة الحامضية 8 اما الانزيم المقيد بالاكار والجيلاتين فكانت اعلى فعالية عند الدالة الحامضية 9. بالمقابل كانت درجة الحرارة 37 م هي المثلى للفعالية للانزيم المقيد بالاكار والجيلاتين والحر و40 م للانزيم المقيد بالاكاروز. واستخدم الانزيم المقيد في تقدير تركيز الاسبارجين في مصل الدم , اظهرت النتاج ارتفاع واضح في تركيز الاسباراجين لمرضى اللوكيميا (سرطان الدم) حيث بلغت〖10〗^( - 2) - 〖10〗^( - 3) مولار مقارنة مع الاشخاص الطبيعيين حيث بلغت〖10〗^( - 4) - 〖10〗^( - 7) مولار | Plants samples were collected during 2016 (August to September) from Al - Raranjia Hamlet field / Al - Hilah city / Iraq. These samples were classified by Dr. Nidaa Adnan Muhammed ,Biology Department/ Collage of Science / University of Babylon , according to their morphological characteristics. Activity of asparaginase was detected in whole plant, leaves, steems and roots extracts. Results showed that Portulaca oleracea L. was the best one from group of tested plants for research due high yield of L - asparaginase enzyme . Maximum asparaginase activity was detected in whole plant extracts which was 43.55 U/ml in comparison with 37.74,33.16 and 36.8 U/ml in extracts of leaves, steems and roots respectively. According to these results whole plant of Portulaca oleracea L. were used as a source for asparaginase production, purification , characterization, and medical application . Activity of crude asparaginase extracted from whole plant were under optimal conditions studied. Results revealed the maximum activity of asparaginase was achieved when the enzyme was incubated with asparagine 200mM at 37°C in the presence of potassium phosphate buffer 0.05 M solution/plant sample (g) (3 : 1 ratio) at pH8 , with gradually increase in activity with increase of the substrate and gradually activity decrease after particular storage period. Crude asparaginase extract was purified in three steps ( Ammonium sulfate precipitation (90%), gel filtration chromatography technique by Sephadex G - 100 and gel filtration chromatography method by Sephadex G - 150. There are three isoform of enzyme while Specific activity of the purified asparaginase was 7440 U/mg and 4.08 Purification folds, 14.5 % yield. Characterization of the purified asparaginase showed that the molecular weight of the enzyme was 52±1 Kilo Dalton by gel filtration chromatography using Sephadex G - 100 in the presence of four standard proteins which they are Trypsin (23 KD), Pepsin (34.5 KD), Egg Albumin (43KD) , and Bovine serum albumin (67 KD). pH 8 was the optimum pH for enzyme activity and stability, while 37°C was the optimum temperature for both enzyme activity and stability, with Km of 250 mM toward L - asparagine as substrate and the maximum velocity (Vmax) and Kcat of 100 mM/min, 350 sec^( - 1) respectively . The activity of immobilized enzyme was determined and compared with free enzyme ,where immobilizing Efficiency of agar , agarose and gelatin techniques was ( 72 %,78 % and 70 % ) respectively, all immobilizing technique proved that the activity of the enzyme was increased significantly compared with free enzyme, where agar and gelatin methods showed more stability of enzyme at alkaline pH (pH 9) , whereas only agarose method get the enzyme more heat stability to enzyme than other immobilizing methods. There are significant elevation level of asparagine concentration in leukemic human serum samples than normal human serum samples , where reached to 〖10〗^( - 4) - 〖10〗^( - 7) M of asparagine in normal human serum samples while it was 〖10〗^( - 2) - 〖10〗^( - 3) M of asparagine in leukemic serum blood samples.

التحري عن فيروس التهاب الكبد نمط B باستخدام تقنيات ELISA وReal Time PCR في دم ولعاب المرضى في محافظة الانبار == Detection of Hepatitis B Virus By Using Elisa And Real Time PCR Techniques In Patients' Blood And Saliva In Al - Anbar Governorate

Author name: ثائر عبد الله حسن الدليمي
Supervisor name: امين سليمان بدوي الجنابي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Salahaddin
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسة في مختبرات قسم علوم الحياة في كلية التربية وفي مختبرات مستشفى الرمادي التعليمي العام ومستشفى الرمادي للنسائية والاطفال ومختبرات النظائر المشعة في بغداد للفترة من 1/11/2011 ولغاية 1/5/2012 والتي تضمنت التحري عن فيروس التهاب الكبد نمط B في | The present study has been carried out at the laboratories of the department of biology at the college of Education and the laboratories of the public - teaching Al - Ramadi hospital and Al - Ramadi hospital for women and children and laboratories of Al - Nathaer Al - Mushe'ah in Baghdad for the period from 1/11/2011 to 1/5/2012. The study consisted of the investigation about Hepatitis B virus in the saliva as compared with serum by using the ELISA and Real Time PCR techniques as well as the detection about antigens and antibody to this virus in serum. It also seeks about the liver functions enzymes and evaluating the extent of its importance for diagnosing liver disease resulted that virus. However, the obtained results showed that HBsAg antigen was found in 99.4% and (1.101± 0.335) mean ±SD in serum as compared with 48.6% in saliva with a (0.330±0.278) mean ±SD, that gave a noticeable increase when comparing it with the control group which was (0.0039± 0.0024) and (0.0017±0.0014 ) for serum and saliva respectively. The value of T test for serum and control group was (16.25) , while the value of T test for saliva and control group was (4.18). The proportion of correlation between saliva and serum in ELISA test was equal to (0.361) with high significance of test while the value of T test for them was (28.902) with high significance of test. The results have also stated that the age groups involved in the experiment contributed as being high proportion of infection in the serum, but in the saliva, these proportions were different and it has been found that the high proportion of infection was 53.3% in the group (10 - 20) yrs., While the lowest proportion was 38.4% in the (31 - 40) yrs. Moreover, it has been concluded that the number of males exceeded the number of females, but the number of females was the most infected with HBsAg in the experiment group. However, the total number of males was 91, It was found that 90 males have positive test to the HBsAg in serum with a proportion equals 98.9% whiles 42 males have a positive test to the HBsAg in saliva with a proportion equals 46.1%. on contrary, the number of female was 84 female and all of them had a positive test to the HBsAg in serum with a proportion 100% and 43 females have a positive test to the HBsAg in the saliva with 51.1 % as compared with control group which included 15 males and 10 female. All of them were negative to the HBsAg test in serum and saliva... The levels of HBV DNA were determined in the samples of positive saliva to ELISA test by using Real Time PCR. 95% from tested serum samples were positive to the viral load While in saliva 50% from the samples was HBV DNA positive. The results also showed that soluble antigen HBeAg has been detected in 24 patients with 13.7% from a total 175 patient as compared with the control group that showed a negative result to this antigen. As for the antibodies, it has been found that anti - HBc IgM was found in only 5 patients with 2.5% while anti - HBc IgG was found in 170 patients with 97.2% from the total number of patients. The control group revealed negative result for these two antibodies. The anti - HBeAg was in 150 patients with 85.7% from the total number of patients. There were no positive patients to this antibody in control group. The anti - HBs wasn’t found in any patient but it was found in the half of control group. This emphasizes to immunize against HBV in those members. The results also exposed that there was a noticeable increase in liver enzymes that it was found that ALT the elevated levels of were found in 76% of patients. As compared with the control group which has normal values 100%. As for AST enzyme was elevated in 60.6%, As compared with the control group which was normal 100%.It has been observed that ALP enzyme was elevated with a 38.4% in the experiment patients as compared with the control group which was normal 100%. Finally, the total values of TSB was elevated in 35.5%, As compared with control group which was normal 100% with (0.52±0.19). Nevertheless, it has been noticed that it cannot be judged about the person's blood on the basis that it is healthy in case of absence of surface antigen unless it is certain that his/her blood is free from HBV DNA by using the technique of Real Time PCR - since many patients who heal from past infection or their infection in a time of passive and amounts of HBV DNA can't be diagnosed by using the ELISA technique

عزل وتشخيص الجين lipA المنتج من بكتريا الزائفة الزنجارية من مياه الصرف الصناعي == Isolation And Identification of lipA Gene Producing Pseudomonas Aeruginosa From Industrial Wastewater

Author name: انتصار طه لفتة
Supervisor name: واثق عباس الدراغي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: توضح هذه الدراسة عزل lipA gene من الزوائف الزنجارية من مياه الصرف الصناعية للزيوت النباتية وتشخيصها اعتمادا على تفاعل البلمرة المتسلسل (PCR). استغرقت هذه الدراسة تسعة اشهر, من شهر شرين الاول 2014 لغاية حزيران 2015. تم جمع خمسين عينة من مياه الصرف الصناع | This study clarify the isolation and identification of lipA gene in Pseudomonas aeruginosa from industerial wastewater of vegetable oils factories depending on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The present study had taken nine monthes starting from October 2014, till the mid of June 2015. Fifty samples of industrial wastewater were collected from the factories of the general company of vegetable oils, fourty from AL Rasheed factory and ten from AL ameen factory, the samples collected from the physical, chemical and biological treatment units, and other different wastewater tanks departments. While the four sewage samples were collected from sewer service Baghdad /Alrustumaiya. For Identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, two types of tests were used in this study. The first type was the routine tests, which include selective cultures, bacteriological and biochemical tests. Thirty four of fifty samples (68%) gave a positive growth and results for tests that were used to confirm the presence of P. aeruginosa. In addition to diagnosis P. aeruginosa in sewage sample which prepare the biological treatment units in vegetable oils factories as active sludge, other bacterial types have been diagnosed by using traditional methods and API 20 E system. For detection of bacterial lipolytic activity, two methods were used for this purpose, the first was the screening of bacterial lipolytic activity which was based on values of clear zones diameter around bacterial colony. The best values were between (1.9 _ 2.7) cm. The second test was carried by the Gas - Chromatography - Flame ionization detector, fatty acids solutions that were produced from hydrolysis by lipase enzyme were extracted by Petrolium ether solvent then analyzed by gas chromatograph apparatus. The second type of test was the Molecular diagnosis by using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to detect lipA gene in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by two primers. Through two primers used, lipA 948 was the best and more specialized primer to isolation lipA gene of P. aeruginosa. It gave (100%) a positive result. While the second primer lipA 558, gave (66.66%) a positive result and that may be due to the design of this oligonucleotides was not specific for lipA of P.aeruginosa. This is so as was based on highly preserved region of 12 bacterial lipA - homologous genes for many genus and many species belong to Pseudomonas. DNA sequencing done for amplicon generated using lipA 948, this sequence aligned by using BLASTn software against NCBI database to validate the results and investigate the similarity degree with other corresponding strains.

تحديد تعبير الجين المتحمل للملوحة TaGSK1 في عدد من اصناف الحنـطـة == Determination of Gene Expression of Salt Tolerant Gene Tagsk1 In Wheat Cultivars

Author name: ايمان نعمان اسماعيل
Supervisor name: نورية عبد الحسين علي | مجيد ارشيد سباح
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: نفذت الدراسة الحالية في مركز بحوث التقنيات الاحيائية/ جامعة النهرين للمدة 2011 - 2012 لغرض الكشف عن جين الملوحة TaGSK1 ودراسة التعبير الجيني له في صنفين من الحنطة فرات ودجلة والتركيب الوراثي 2H المنتخبة لصفة تحمل الملوحة مقارنة مع الصنف تموز2 الحساس للملو | This study was conducted in biotechnology research center, Al - Nahrain university in 2011 - 2012 to detect the gene responsible for salt tolerant (TaGSKI) and study its expression in two wheat (Tigris and Euphrates) cultivars and the genotype (2H) were selected for salt tolerance through improvement and breeding programs as compared with to the sensitive local wheat cultivar (Tamooze 2). Seeds of the these cultivars were sown in flasks that contained Ms media in three salt levels (0, 15, 25) ds/m with three replication for each. Five seeds from each cultivars were sown in each replicate. After 10 - 15 days from the sowing, the percentage of germination was estimated, and samples of leaves were collected for RNA extraction and then changed to the cDNA. B - actin gene that consider endogenous control and salt tolerant gene TaGSK1 were amplificated by using PCR technique to discover the gene and by QPCR to estimate gene expression by determine the CT (Cycle Threshold) value for B - actin and TaGSK1 genes in wheat plants of the studying cultivars. Number of DNA dilutions of 189bp molecular weight that extracted from agarose gel were used to determing CT value for each dilution. Standard curves were drawn to find out value of PCR Efficiency which was used for gene expression for the salt tolerant gene TaGSK1.The results of germination percentage (%) showed that there were high differences between the two salt tolerant cultivars (Tigris and Euphrates) and 2H genotype and local cultivar (Tamooze 2). Euphrates cultivar gave 100% germination percentage, and the Tigris cultivar and 2H genotype gave 89, 86% germination percentage respectively at 25ds/m. whilst the local cultivar gave zero germination percentage at the same level of salinity. At 15ds/m level, also the Euphrates cultivar gave 100% germination percentage while the Tigris cultivar and 2H genotype gave 96, 94% germination percentage respectively as compared to Tamooze cultivar that gave 13% germination percentage. All the cultivars have 100% germination percentage at 0.0ds/m level. The conclusion of this result is the two cultivars (Tigris and Euphrates) and 2H genotype more salt tolerance than local cultivar at this growth stage which more salt sensitive than others growth stages. The results of PCR reaction were also indicated that Tigris and Euphrates cultivars and 2H genotype have salt tolerant gene TaGSK1, while this gene did not exist in the local cultivar. There were two bands of TaGSK1 gene that have 189bp and 404bp molecular weight in the Tigris and Euphrates cultivar and the genotype 2H, while the local cultivars have only one band that have 404bp molecular weight. These results were indicated that 189bp molecular weight of this gene is responsible for salt tolerance character in these cultivars.The results of QPCR reaction also were revealed that there is difference between the cultivars in their gene expression. Tigris and Euphrates cultivars and 2H genotype gave the highest gene expression at 15ds/m and increased at 25ds/m as compared to 0.0ds/m. At the second level 15ds/m the gene expression of the two cultivars and genotype was 0.8682, 0.8190 and 0.8688 respectively, and at the third level 25ds/m was 1.656, 1.3176 and 1.2665 respectively, while at the first level 0.0ds/m was less than the other 15, 25 ds/m as compared to local cultivar that the gene salt tolerant (TaGSK1) have no gene expression at the same salt levels. This result indicated that the local cultivar does not have salt tolerant gene TaGSK1. From these results we can revealed that TaGSK1 gene was found in the Tigris and Euphrates cultivars and 2H genotype, and this gene can be considered from high salt tolerant gene, because it gave the highest gene expression at the highest salt level 25ds/m. Therefore this gene help the plant to tolerate salt stress and grow very well. The results also showed that the two salt tolerant cultivars (Tigris and Euphrates) and the salt tolerant genotype (2H) proximately have the same salt tolerance degree, so they have proximately the same gene expression as compared to salt sensitive local cultivar which have no salt tolerant gene TaGSK1. This gene is good indicator for salt tolerance at high salinity levels 15, 25 ds/m in these cultivars and genotype.

دراسة انتاج صبغة البرودجيوسين من بكتريا Serratia marcescens المعزولة من مصادر سريرية وبيئية وتاثيرها في بعض الميكروبات المرضية == Study of the Prodigiosin productivity from Serratia marcescens isolated from environmental and clinical sources and the effect on some pathogenic microbes

Author name: فرزدق ناظم حربي البديري
Supervisor name: مكرم ضياء جعفر شكارة | صالح عبد الرضا الصالح البكري
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The cotemporary world witnesses currently a rapid change due to the challenges imposed by the information technology in all scientific aspects.Hence, the scientific knowledge has become a prerequisite for each individual in this world. This led to a new view on education, in that it is no longer to be a process of providing information but it is a technique for a better learning.However, the main goal of education has shifted to focus on how to make the student to think appropriately and how to utilize the skills of the scientific thinking in order to motivate their thinking and understanding of knowledge as well as discovering the facts and relationships concerning the scientific phenomena aiming to form the generalities. The problem of the current research is mainly concerned with specifying the classical methods adopted in the Iraqi schools which do not match the contemporary scientific development. This research aims at utilizing the strategy of the strategy of forming generalizations according to Helda Taba Inductive Model as a teaching technique in order to identify its effect on : 1 - achievement in Biology.2 - the skills of the scientific thinking of the Fifth - Year female pupils.For sake of achieving the above two aims, two null hypotheses have been formed as follows : 1 - There are no statistically significant differences at level of significance of 0.05 between the mean scres of the female pupils (the experimental gronp), who have been taught according to the strategy of forming generalizations the strategy of forming generalizations, and the mean scores of those female pupils who have been twght classically in the achievnent test. 2 - there are no statistically siguificant differences at level of significance between the experiemental group, who have been taught according to the strategy of forming generalizations, and the mean scores of those female pupils who have been taught classically in the test of the scienhific thinting skills. In order to verify the above two hypotheses, the researcher has conducted an experiment which lasted for one whole academic semester.This experiment inluded : - The lesson plans. - The scientific thinking skills test (30 items). - An achievement test (60 items).The discrimination and difficulty power as well as the alternative action of the two test have been computed.Moreover, validity and reliability of the two tests have been secured. The reliability of the scientific thinking test has been found out to be (0.75) and the reliability of the achievcment test has been found out to be (0.92). This was done by using koder Richardson formula - 20. The researcher has prepared an experimental design, comprising two groups, the first one of which is called the experimental group which is to be taught according to the strategy of forming generalizations.While the second group is called the control one which is to be taught classically. The sample of the study covers (46) female pupils at the fifth - year secondany school (scienbific branch).The whole sample have been randomly distributed into two groups, the experimental one is of (24)pupils and the control one is of (22)pupils. The equalization between the testees in the variables of age, intelligence, exinformation, previous achivement in Biology and the scientific thinking skills has been conducted. The experiment group was conducted at the second academic semester (7weeks).The researcher himself had taught the two groups.The results obtained has been statistically analyzed by using two - indepenbent samples t - test.The results gained showed a better performance of the experimental group more than that of the control one in the scientific thinking and the achievement tests. In the light of the above results, the researcher reconmends the use of the strategy of forming generalizations in accordance to Helda Taba Inductive Model.Also, the researcher recommends to conduct other studies and research on other subjccts other than Biology on different school stages to find out the impact of the strategy of forming generalizations on thinking skills.

تقويم صفة تحمل بعض اصناف البطاطا المكثرة نسيجيا للجفاف على المستوى الجزيئي == Evaluation of Some Potato Varieties Grown In Vitro To Drought Tolerance At The Molecular Level

Author name: هوازن حليم صالح
Supervisor name: علي عبد الامير مهدي الصالحي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: درست استجابة اربعة اصناف من البطاطا Solanum tuberosum L. وهي (Lusa, Ambo, Arizona, Riviera)، استجابتها للزراعة النسيجية، وتقييم صفة تحمل الجفاف، كما اجريت التحاليل الجزيئية لتحديد البصمة الوراثية لها.اوضحت نتائج تجربة اختبار استجابة الزراعة النسيجية، ان ا | Four varieties of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. Lusa, Ambo, Arizona and Riviera) were studied for their response to tissue culture and evaluation of the treatment of drought tolerance and molecular analysis. Results showed that the varieties differ in their response to growth, where as Arizona was the best variety in shoot tip culture and the survival percent (100%) and gave the highest average of branch length and number of leaves which were 9.810 cm, 8.100 leaf/ plant, while Riviera showed lower rate of survival and growth (40%). Riviera was excluded from the experiments. Cytokines and auxins were used in the following concentrations Kinetin (kin) with 2, 4 mg/L and Benzel adenine (BA) with interacted with Indoleacetic acid (IAA) at 1 or 2 mg/l or Napthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 0.5 or 1.0 mg/L in multiplication experiment. Arizona variety exhibited the highest length shoot, number of nods, number of leaves, root length, dry weight of roots, fresh and dry weights of shoots when using kinetin 2mg/L; interacted with NAA at 0.5 mg/L. while it showed a significant increase in the average of branches number, stem height, fresh and dry weights of shoot as well as the number of roots after treatment with using BA at 1 mg/L in combination with 0.5 mg/L (IAA). Drought tolerance of the studied varieties was studied by using Poly Ethlene Glycol (PEG) at the concentrations 20, 40, 60, 70, or 80 g/l. It showed that proline content was at its highest in Ambo variety reached 22.811 ? /g at the concentration 80 gm/L PEG. Arizona gave the highest mean in number of branches, number of nods, number of leaves, number of roots, under water stress conditions when the medium was supplemental with 20 mg/L PEG. Molecular analysis the studied varieties was conducted by using 6 primers. Results showed that the inheritance approximation between them, 0.314, 0.297, 0.273 for Lusa, Ambo and Arizona respectively. These results indicate that Rivera variety is genetically different from the others.

الكشف الجزيئي عن بكتريا Oxalobacter formigenes باستخدام جينات 16SrRNA، oxc في البراز من اشخاص اصحاء == Molecular Identification of Oxalobacter Formigenes Bacteria Based On 16S rRNA, Oxc Genes In Stool Samples Healthy Subjects

Author name: طارق طلال خلف
Supervisor name: زهرة محمود الخفاجي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: بكتريا Oxalobacter formigenes من مكونات المكنون البشري الميكروبي، تتغذى على الاوكزالات السامة وبذا تخلص الجسم منها. البكتريا سالبة لصبغة كرام، ولا تكون الابواغ ولاهوائية المعيشة، ويمكن عزلها من الغائط البشري، ولدراسة البكتريا من النواحي الجزيئية، تم جمع ع | Oxalobacter formigenes is one of the human microbiome, uses the toxic oxalate for their growth (Oxalotroph), and helps the body to get rid of excess oxalate. The bacterium is Gram negative, non - spore former, obligate anaerobe, and can be isolated from human stool.To carry out molecular studies on this bacterium, 50 samples of human stool were collected from subjects with wide range of ages (3 - 63 years) and different genders, subjects were healthy and have no medications and especially antibiotics for at least for 3 months. Genomic DNA was extracted with special kit, to amplify certain housekeeping genes, these are 16S rRNA (3' end) segment having the anti - Shine - Dalgarno sequence (ASD), and the oxc gene responsible for production of oxalyl - CoA decarboxylase (middle region responsible for active site at where the Thiamin pyrophosphate binds, the enzyme co - factor). It was possible to amplify the 16S rRNA gene in 46 sample out of 50 (92%), and 7 samples out of 50 (14%) for oxc gene. Analysis and alignments of 16S rRNA sequences put the Iraqi samples in the O. formigenes i.e., the same species depending on Distance Score of alignments, it has been found that ASD of bacteria is conserved and represented by the sequence " 5' CGCGGUGAACGUUCCCGGG3' " in the studied samples and in strains found in the International Databases. Segment of oxc (~ 600 bp) translated into proteins (190 - 194 amino acids) were aligned with oxc protein of O. formigenes (M77128) reference strain, it has been found that this segment similar to the TPP binding site and characterized by its high hydrophobicity

انتاج انزيم الفوسفاتيز القاعدي من العزلة المحلية لبكتريا Bacillus sp. وتنقيته جزئيا

Author name: جعفر انور قدوري الخاجي
Supervisor name: رباب عمران راضي الجيلاوي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: Fifteen local isolates of Bacillus bacteria and previously isolated were screening a from laboratory of advanced biotechnology and Genetic Engineering in Babylon University, College of Science to know their ability on production of extracellular alkaline phosphatase after its growth in liquid production in PH8 medium for 4 days and temperature 37°C. and destinguished 11 isolates by their different abilities on produc of enzyme and Bacillus sp.I bacteria was their best and perfected it selection to complete the study and described by depending on microscopic and cultured and biochemical characteristics studying of effect some of environmental condition for production of alkaline phosphatase enzyme by submerged cultural method were appeared that the optimum PH for production was 8, and optimum temperature 40°C, after incubation time 4days and explain that the production by static incubator was better from shaker incubator.Alkaline phosphatase of the isolate Bacillus sp.I was purified partial by fractionating with ammonium sulphate and the best ratio for saturation 95%. And on purification of enzyme by ion exchange chromatography with batch wise by using DEAE - cellulose and enzymatic recovery was 37.1%, and fold 3.64 once, and enzyme passed after concentrated on gel filtration column (Sepharcyl S - 200) one peak was appeared for enzyme and enzymatic recovery was 23 % and fold 36.80 once.Results of electrophoresis by presense of denaturation condition appeared that the molecular weight of alkaline phosphatase produced from gel filteration by using Sepharcyl S - 200 gain approximately 29.5 KDa and 28.8 KDa and this enzyme composed of homodimer.The characterization results for the enzyme indicated that the optimal pH for activity of enzyme was (9), while the optimal pH for the enzyme stability was (8 - 9), and found that the optimal temperature for activity of anzyme was 30 ? C, and on studying optimal temperature for stability of enzyme indicated that better stability for this enzyme was on temperature 0 ?C while the activity lost completely on temperature 60°C. and on studying effect some chemical compounds in activity of enzyme found that the enzyme needs to cofactor and it is zinc andmagnessium ion to increase catalytic activity and needs to calessium ion to increase stability of enzyme. At that time potassium and sodium ions appeared a negatively effect on activity, and heavy metals ions Fe and Hg appeared an inhibited effect to activity and so that the enzyme was inhibited by presence EDTA and and potassium ferro cyanide indicating that the enzyme from metal enzymes.Determination of constant kinitics of the enzyme was completed of Michaelis - Menten constant (Km) of para - nitrophenyl phosphate and this gained 500 micromolar and maximum velocity of this enzyme (Vmax), and this gained 2500 unit/ml.

دراسة وراثية وبكتريولوجية على بكتريا تثبيت النيتروجين التكافلية Ensifer meliloti == Bacteriological And Genetic Study On Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria Ensifer Meliloti

Author name: محمد زهير ناجي المرعب
Supervisor name: حسن فاضل ناجي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: عزلت عشر عزلات من بكتريا Ensifer meliloti من العقد الجذرية لنبات الجت Medicago sativa L. بعد ان جمعت من مناطق مختلفة من محافظة بابل خلال المدة من شهر تشرين الثاني/2012 لغاية شهر شباط/2013. شخصت العزلات جزيئيا بتقنية تفاعل البلمرة السلسلي فضلا عن طرق ال | Ten isolates of Ensifer meliloti were isolated from root nodules of Medicago sativa L. collected from different areas of Babylon province during a period from November - 2012 to February - 2013. The isolates were molecular identified using polymerase chain reaction technique, in addition to traditional methods (morphological and biochemical). All isolates were harboured nodbox and mucR genes and produced cyclic ? - (1, 2) glucans, cellulose fibers and lipopolysaccharide.The ability of isolates to grow at different degrees of pH, temperatures and different concentrations of sodium chloride were tested. It was found that the optimum pH for growing of Em1, Em3, Em4, Em6 and Em8 isolates was pH7, while for the isolates Em2, Em5, Em7, Em9 and Em10 was pH8. The optimum temperature for growing of Em1, Em3, Em5, Em7, Em8 and Em9 isolates was 30?C, while the optimal growth of Em2, Em 4 and Em6 isolates was 35?C, Em10 isolate showed significantly extremism to grow at temperture reached to 45?C. The optimal percentages of NaCl for growing of Em1, Em3, Em4, Em5, Em6, Em8 and Em9 isolates were 2%, for Em7 isolate was 3% and for Em2 and Em10 isolates were 4%. The effect of different degrees of pH on symbiotic properties was studied. Em1 and Em8 isolates that grew at pH6.5 ; all isolates that grew at pH 7, pH 7.5 and pH 8 were able to infect the root hairs of alfalfa plants. The isolates that grew at pH6.5 (except Em1 and Em8 isolates) and all isolates that grew at pH8.5 were failed to infect the root hairs and did not formed nodules and resembled to the control plants (without inoculum).Different concentrations of NaCl on symbiosis was studied, it was found that all isolates that grew at 2% and Em2 and Em10 isolates that grew at 3% formed nodule, while Em1, Em3, Em4, Em5, Em6, Em7, Em8 and Em9 isolates that grew at 3% and all isolates that grew at 4%, 5% and 6% did not elicited nodules on the roots of alfalfa plant. Light microscopic observations of root hairs inoculated with Ensifer meliloti isolates showed the root hair deformations like curling, waviness, swelling and formation of shepherd`s crook and infection thread. These consequent changes lead to emerge the mature nodules having five distinct zones viz., distal meristematic, infection, inter, nitrogen - fixing and proximal senescence zones.The gel electrophoresis results of plasmid DNA of isolates showed that these isolates harboured two megaplasmids. When the isolates exposed to extreme factors like pH, temperture and NaCl, it was found that the isolates lost these plasmids and its ability to elicite the nodules and failed to fix the nitrogen. This study showed that the nitrogen fixing bacteria had essential role to support the plant growth and increase their productivity, and recommended to use the isolate Em10 as example for biofertilizers and the best alternative to the chemical fertilizers
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