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دراسة حول فايروس الانفلونزا المعزول من نوبة وبائية في بغداد خلال الفترة 1988/1987 == A Study Of Influenza Virus Isolated From An Outbreak In Baghdad During 1987 - 1988

Author name: علي سالم الدباغ
Supervisor name: نوال الجنابي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Microbiology - Viruses
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

الدور المحتمل لفايروس EBV في التسبب في سرطان البروستات == The Possible Role of EBV as a cause of Prostate Cancer

Author name: ليلى عبد الكريم وحيد
Supervisor name: باسم شهاب احمد | داود سلمان داود
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Microbiology - Viruses
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

معالجة اخماج الجروح والحروق بعاثيات البكتريا المعزولة منها == Treating of Wound and Burn Infections with their isolated Bacteriophages

Author name: حيدر مهدي حمزة سلومي الشريفي
Supervisor name: زهير نعمان حمد العاني | احسان شفيق توفيق دميرداغ الونداوي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Viruses
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: شملت الدراسة جمع(720)عينة من مرضى اصابات الجروح والحروق(455 و265) عينة بالترتيب، من (6) مستشفيات مختلفة في مدينة بغداد للفترة من شهر حزيران2004 لغاية اب2007. زرعت المسحات على وسط اكار الدم والماكونكي وMSA، وشخصت المستعمرات النامية اعتمادا على الصفات الشكلية والزرعية، واكد التشخيص باستخدام نظام Api(Api Staph وApi20E)، اذ امكن تفريق (577) عزلة (342 عزلة جروح و235 حروق) تنتمي لـ (11) نوع من البكتريا الممرضة. بلغت النسب الكلية لعزلات اصابات الحروق (88.68%) والجروح (75.16%). بالنسبة للنسب الكلية لعزلات البكتريا بالدراسة الحالية اعطت S.aureus اعلى نسبة (21.84%)، تليها P.aeruginosa (19.76%) وE.coli (15.60%)، بينما اعطت M.morganii اوطا نسبة(0.58%). شكلت العزلات السالبة لملون كرام نسبة(68.63%)، اما الموجبة (31.37%)، اعطت الاصابة الاحادية اعلى نسبة (76.92%) والمتعددة (22.91%)(شملت اصابة ثنائية بنسبة 19.34%، ثلاثية 2.86% والرباعية 0.66%).اختبرت حساسية العزلات للمضادات الحيوية باستخدام(25) مضاد حيوي مختلف بطريقة نشرالقرص، واظهرت النتائج وجود تباين واضح بمقاومة العزلات، وانها كانت عالية المقاومة لمعظم المضادات المستخدمة بالدراسة والشائعة بالمستشفى. كانت نسب المقاومة الكلية بمجاميع المضادات الاعلى بالبنسلينات اذ بلغت (36.4%)، ولم تظهربمضاد Vancomycin، Bacetracin وNovobiocin. اعطت عزلات S.aureus ، P.aeruginosaو E.coliاعلى نسب للمقاومة بالبنسلينات بلغت(42.86%، 39.36% و26.32%) بالترتيب، ولم تظهربالمضادات السابقة كلها، كما لم تظهرمقاومة القولونية ايضا لمضاد Trimethoprim. بالنسبة لحساسية البكتريا للمضادات اعطت S.aureus اعلى نسبة مقاومة لمضاد Chloramphenicol (11.43%) والاوطا بمضاد Trimethoprim (0.95%)، P.aeruginosa الاعلى لمضاد Erythromycin (12.77%) والاوطا (1.06%) لكل من Fusidic acid وTrimethoprim، اما E.coli الاعلى لمضاد Chloram - phenicol (15.79%) والاوطا (1.32%) لكلا Cefotaxime وCeftazidime. تم عزل وتنقية مجموعة العاثيات النوعية المحللة للعزلات البكتيرية المقاومة اعلاة، واختبرت حساسيتها لخزين العاثيات النوعية لتحديد المدى المضيفي واختيارالعاثي الاوسع مدى والاكثرتحليل منها، وتحضير الخزين عالي المعيار. باختبارات الزجاج In Vitro درس مظهر(شكل)، حجم وقطرواعداد الثغرات الناتجة لكل نوع للعاثي على سطح الاكار المغذي بالطبق بطريقتي الاكساء Overlay technique والتنقيط Dropping، وايضا ترويق نمو مزرعة البكتريا بالمرق، اضافة لتحديد معيارها بالخزين Phage stock المستخدم للتجارب. اعطت طريقتي التنميط بالعاثي وكشف الثغرات السريع كفاءة عالية بتعريف عزلات البكتريا المقاومة بالدراسة. واعطت ثغرات العاثي بالزجاج اقطار ودرجات تحلل وشفافية مختلفة مهمة تشخيصيا وعلاجيا.بالنسبة لتاثيرالظروف الفيزيائية كانت درجة الحرارة (≥60 م) مثبطة للعاثيات، زمن التعرض (1 - 2ساعة) لاشعة UV بالطول الموجي (254 و600 nm) مثبط لها، وازداد معيارعاثيات الدراسة مع فترات الحضن حتى استقر عند (≥36ساعة). اما تاثير العوامل الكيميائية فقد تاثرعاثي aurephage بالفينول بنسبة (5.33%) والايثانول (18.33%)،aeruphage بالفينول قليلا(40%) وcoliphage بكل من الفينول (5.33%) ومنظف هيبوكلورات الصوديوم (18.33%). ايضا تاثرت عند pH الواطئة(4،3.5 فاقل) والعالية (8،8.5 فاكثر). اما تاثير المواد الاخرى فكان لاضافة الاملاح (NaCl وMgCl2)، والمواد الاحيائية (مصل، براز ومح البيض) تاثير ايجابي وثبطت بانزيم الببسين، وجميع عزلات العاثي بالدراسة تنجذب نحوالقطب الموجب كونها تحمل شحنة سالبة، ولم تتاثربظرفي الجفاف والرطوبة دليل على امكانية تحضيرها كمسحوق علاجي جاف لاجراء التخافيف والحفظ الطويل.باختبارات الحي In Vivo في الفئران المختبريةMice Lab. حسب نوع المعالجة للعاثي اعطى المشكل اعلى نسبة (25.71%)، بينما الاوطا (5.71%) للعاثي المثبط حراريا، اما بالارانب ظهر العاثي aurephage باعلى نسبة(24.64%)،والعاثي المثبط حراريا بالاوطا(1.45%). اما حسب طريقة التقديم بالفئران اعطى تطبيق الضمادة المشبعة اعلى نسبة للشفاء بلغت (25.71%)، يليها المرهم والكريم بنسبة (22.86%) لكل منهما، والزيت باوطا نسبة(11.43%)، اما بالارانب اعطت الضمادة المشبعة اعلى نسبة (31.25%)، بينما كانت الاوطا (10.42%) بكل من المحلول المعلق والزيت.اعطت نسب الشفاء بالفئران حسب طريقة التقديم اعلى نسبة للشفاء الكامل بتطبيق المعالجة بالمشكل وcoliphage بلغت (23.53%) لكل منهما، وتحسن ملحوظ بالمشكل (38.46%). واعطى المشكل اعلى نسبة (25.71%) والتي كانت الاعلى بكلا اصابات الجروح بنسبة (28.57%) والحروق (23.81%)، اما بالارانب فظهرت اعلى نسبة للشفاء الكامل بتطبيق المشكل (57.14%)، والتحسن الملحوظ كان الاعلى(50%) بالمشترك، وحدث تحسن قليل بنسبة(100%) بالعاثي المثبط حراريا. اما نسب الشفاء بالفئران حسب معيار العاثي المقدم بالعلاج فقد ظهرت اعلى نسبة للشفاء الكامل (26.67%) بمعيار(105 pfu/ml)، التحسن الملحوظ (28.57%) بالمعيارين (104و106) وتحسن قليل (50%) عند (102و103).ظهر ان العاثيات يمكن ان تبقى في الجسم بمعيار عالي خلال(12 - 24ساعة) ويقل معيارها بعد(36 و48ساعة)، فالعاثي المحقون بالدم كشف بمعيار اعلى مما بالتقديم الفموي، وانخفضت معاييرالعاثي المعطى فمويا للفئران بعد (36 و48ساعة) لترشيحها السريع عبراعضاء الترشيح، اذ كشفت في الكبد والطحال بمعايير اعلى مما بالدم. كانت حركيات اعداد البكتريا والعاثي بسطح الجلد وحقن الدم متماثلة، اذ تزايدت اعداد البكتريا بدون عاثي لكن نزلت مع العاثي كونة هاجمها بالاصابة، اما معيارالعاثي فنزل بدون البكتريا لكنة ارتفع معها لتضاعفة عليها. ظهرت العلاقة العكسية بين قيم MOI واعداد البكتريا وعمل التخفيف(≥1) اكثر ضدها، فكلمزااد معيار العاثي نسبة لعدد البكتريزاادت نسبة القتل والتي ظهرت اعلى بالفئران منها بالزجاج. كما ظهرت العلاقة العكسية لتاثيركمية وتكرارالجرعة وطريقة تقديمها على كفاءتها بالحي، فكلمزااد عدد الجرع انخفضت اعداد البكتريا، وكان انخفاض اعدادها على سطح الجرح اكثرمما بحقن الدم والتجريع الفموي، لكن اثبتت الدراسة ان الجرعة المفردة الصغيرة للعاثي كافية لتضاعفة اسيا طالما توفرت البكتريا. وايضا العلاقة العكسية لتاثيرتاخير تقديم المعالجة على اعداد البكتريا بالزجاج والفئران، اذ تناقصت مع تاخيرها حتى (≥18ساعة) لتضاعفة عليها مؤكدا كفاءتة رغم تاخيرتقديمة بالمعالجة.وبدراسة تاثيرفترات التحدي والمعالجة على الامراضية والوفيات(نسب البقاء) بالفئران ظهرت اعلى نسبة للامراضية (100%) بسيطرة البكتريا، والاوطا(10%) بمجموعة C فتطبيق العاثي (3 ايام) بعد التحدي خفض امراضيتها وحدثت الوفيات فقط مع سيطرة البكتريا بنسبة(50%) لتزايدها بدون العاثي، وان تقديمة خفض الامراضية ومنع تضاعفها الشديد والوفيات. بالنسبة لتاثير نقاوة تحضيرالعاثي على اعداد البكتريا بالزجاج والحي (سطح الجرح والحقن بدم الفئران) ظهرت اعدادها بالزجاج اقل منها بالحي لكل تطبيق للعاثي. ظهرت اعدادها اعلى بتطبيق تحضيرالعاثي المثبط حراريا واوطا مع العاثي المعرض للنبذ عند 12000 rpm مؤكدا كفاءة العاثي ضدها بدون تاثير محتويات الراشح الملوثة بفضلات البكتريا والسموم الداخلية بالجدر المتحللة واهمية تنقية التحضير عند تطبيقة ضدها.ظهر ان التطبيق الوقائي للعاثي كان اكفا بتقديمة قبل (≤12 - 24ساعة) من الاصابة بخفض اعداد البكتريا بالفئران مؤكدا اهميتة السريرية كمطهر وقائي لسطح الجرح ومعقم للادوات الجراحية والاجهزة الطبية، ولتصحاح الردهات والصالات وبيئة المستشفى والمجتمع لمنع خطر التلوث وتهديد السلالات المقاومة المكتسبة بالمستشفى. اعطى تقديم العاثي المثبط حراريا حماية للفئران المختبرية والارانب تعزى للمناعة ضد بكتيرية الناتجة عن حقن فضلات البكتريا والسموم الداخلية المتحللة بالراشح الخام ونشط المناعة بالحيوان وعجل الشفاء وتحسين ظروف الجرح وان توليد المناعة لايعيق المعالجة.بالمحاولات السريرية السطحية لتطبيق علاج العاثي المفرد اعطت طريقتا التنقية بالنبذ الفائق عند 12000rpm وكلوريد السيزيم اعلى تاثير بخفض اعداد البكتريا على سطح جلد المتطوعين الاصحاء. بالتطبيق الخارجي ظهر تحسس قليل للراشح الخام ماعدا بالاصحاء لعدم وجود المضيف الذي يتضاعف علية العاثي فلا يحدث تحلل اوتحررسموم شديد وبالتالي لايظهرتاثيرة لديهم. اما بتطبيقة الداخلي ظهر ارتفاع حرارة ينتهي بعد (24ساعة) وبالمرضى حدث الم كبدي ينتهي لبضع ساعات يعزى للتحرر الشديد للسموم من البكتريا المتحللة بفعل العاثي، فالتاثيرات الجانبية قليلة (نسبتها 5.31% بالفئران، 5% بالارانب و4% بالمرضى) والتي تعزى للبكتريا وترافق تطبيق الراشح الخام.اعطى تطبيق علاج العاثي السطحي اعلى نسبة شفاء كلية بالمرضى بلغت (90%)، اعلى بالحروق (100%) منها بالجروح (80%)، اذ اعطوا نسبة شفاء كامل بلغت (60%)، تحسن ملحوظ (20%)، تحسن قليل (10%) وغيرمشفي(10%)، وبهذا فهويلائم الاستخدام الخارجي السطحي لمعالجة الاصابات. وبمتابعة تطور عملية شفاء الجروح بعينات الدراسة مع فترة المعالجة(7 اسابيع) حدث تحسن قليل بجميعها في الاسبوع الثاني، بالثالث تحسن ملحوظ بالفئران والارانب، لكنة حدث بالاسبوعين الرابع والخامس لجروح وحروق المرضى بالترتيب. الشفاء الكامل حدث بالرابع للفئران، بالخامس للارانب وبالسابع للمرضى. حدثت عملية الشفاء بصورة طبيعية وكان العاثي فعال وجيد بتحسين ظروف والتام الجرح وتسريع الشفاء (ظهور النسيج الطلائي والمحبب) وخفض تدريجي واستئصال لاعداد البكتريا. | This study were conducted by collecting (720) samples from patients of wound and burn infections (455& 265) respectively, from (6) different hospitals in Baghdad City from June 2004 to August 2007. Samples were cultured on MSA, blood, and MacConkey agar, the grown colonies identified according to its morphologic and cultural properties, and confirmed by applying Api (Api Staph and Api20E) system, that differentiate (577) isolate (342& 235) respectively, belong to (11) pathogenic bacterial species. Total rate of burns was (88.68%), while wound infections (75.16%). Gram negative isolates gave (68.63%), while Gram positive isolates were (31.37%). According total percentage of bacterial isolates in study S.aureus gave the higher rate (21.84%), then P.aeruginosa (19.76%) and E.coli (15.60%), while M.morganii gave the lower (0.58%). Mono - infections showed a high rate i.e. (76.92%), whereas multiple - infections (22.91%) (which consist of Double 19.34% ,Triple 2.86% and Tetra - infections 0.66%). Antibiotic sensitivity test was conducted using (25) different types, and results showed obvious difference in isolate's resistance, which showed a high resistance against applied antibiotics and most common in hospitals. Total resistance percentages of antibiotic groups were the higher in Penicillins (36.4%), absent (0.0%) in Vancomycin, Bacitracin and Novobiocin. S.aureus, P.aeruginosa and E.coli isolates gave the higher resistance rates in Penicillins (42.86%, 39.36% & 26.32%) respectively, absent in all previous antibiotics, so E.coli resistance absent to Trimethoprim. S.aureus showed a highest rate of resistance to Chloramphenicol (11.43%), while showed a lowest (0.95%) to Trimethoprim, P.aeruginosa gave the higher rate of resistance to Erythromycin (12.77%) and the lower to Trimethoprim and Fusidic acid (1.06%) for each, while in E. coli the higher resistance to Chloramphenicol (15.79%) the lower to Cefotaxime and Ceftazidime (1.32%) for each.Specific lytic phages for resistant bacterial isolates of (S.aureus , P.aeruginosa and E.coli) in this study, were isolated, then matching with their hosts (Isolate's susceptibility to phages), to determine Specificity and Host range and to select the highly specific lytic activity phage, which then prepared in different treatment types and forms. In Vitro studies included study the Plaque morphology (Shape), size and Diameter for each phage isolated on agar by Agar Overlay and Dropping techniques and Clearing of bacterial growth in broth, So determine phage titer(pfu/ml) in stock used, results showed the high phage therapy efficiency In Vitro and In Vivo. Results of Physical conditions showed that Temperature (≥60°C) and 2hours UV light exposure times at WL (254&600nm) inhibit them, while in Chemical agents aurephage gave with Phenol the rate (5.33%) and Ethanol (18.33%), aeruphage little affect in Phenol (40%), and coliphage in Phenol (5.33%) and Sodium Hypochlorate (18.33%), so affect at low pH (≤4) and high (≥8). There was significant effects of other agents as Salts(NaCl, MgCl2), Biologicals (Serum, Stool, Egg yolk) but Pepsin inhibit them, all attracted to +ve pole,as they bear –ve charge, so they don't affect by each Dessication and Moisture conditions that we can prepare a dry therapeutic powder for dilutions and preservation. At In Vivo studies In Laboratory Mice according to type of phage treatment, Cocktail gave the higher rate(25.71%), while the lower(5.71%) for Heat - inactivated phage, in Rabbits, aurephage showed the higher rate (24.64%), while heat - inactivated phage gave the lower (1.45%). According to the form of adminstering the use of Impregnated Dressing gave the higher rate (25.71%), then Ointment and Cream (22.86%)for each, and Oil gave the lower (11.43%), In Rabbits, Imp.D. gave the higher rate (31.25%), while the lower (10.42%) for each Suspension and Oil. In Healing rates, Full - recovery were higher by using Cocktail and coliphage (23.53%) for each, Marked Improvement in Cocktail (38.46%), Cocktail gave the higher rate (25.71%), which were the highest in both wounds (28.57%) and burns (23.81%), in Rabbits, Cocktail gave the higher rate of Full - recovery (57.14%), Marked Improvment were higher (50%) in Combined, and Poor Improv.(100%) occured with Heat - inactivated phage. The Healing rates according to Phage titer that have been given in therapy, high rate of Full - recovery (26.67%) in titre (105pfu/ml), Marked Improvement (28.57%) in(104 - 106) and Poor Improv.(50%) at (102 - 103).Its obvious that phages could survive inside body in high titer through (12 - 24hr) and decrease after (36 - 48hr), an injected phage were detected in a high titer than orally, and oral phage titers in Mice decreased after(36 - 48hr) as fast clearance of RES, which detected in liver and spleen with higher titers more than that in blood. cfu and pfu kinetics in skin and injected were identical,cfu increased without phage,but decrease with it as attacking infection, while phage titer decreased without bacteria, but increased with it as they replicated on.The adverse relation between MOI and cfu (≥1moi) with increased titer on cfu the killing rate increased. That higher in Mice than In Vitro, so the adverse relation between the amount, frequency and administering route on phage efficacy In Vivo, with increasing number of dose the cfu decreased and this on wound were more than injection and orally, but study showed that the single small dose were sufficient as phage multiply exponentially on bacteria. So the adverse relation of delaying treatment on cfu In Vitro and in Mice, which decreased with delaying to(≥18hr) as multiply on it showed its efficiency.By studying challenge and treatment times effects on morbidity and mortality (Survival rates) in Mice, showed higher rate of morbidity(100%) in control of bacteria, the lower(10%) in C group were applying phage (3days) after challenge decreased its morbidity, and mortality occurred only with control of bacteria in rate(50%) as it increased without phage, and its administering decrease morbidity and prevent its access multiply and mortality. In phage preparation purity effects on cfu In Vitro and In Vivo (Wound and injection in Mice) its numbers the lower In Vitro than In Vivo for each phage application, and were higher by applying heat - inactivated phage and lower in phage preparation centrifuged at 12000 rpm which showed phage efficiency against it without effects of lysate contents that contaminated with bacterial debris and endotoxins and the importance of purity in treatment.It was Showen that phage prophylactic use were efficient when administered before (≤12 - 24hr) from infection in decreasing cfu in Mice, showing its clinical importance as protective disinfectant to wounds and sterilize Surgical tools and Medical devices, for Wards, Operation theaters, Hospital and Community environments sanitation to prevent the danger of contaminating and threatening of acquired resistant strains.Heat - inactivated phage administering gave protection to Lab. Mice and Rabbits due to antibacterial immunity result from injecting bacterial debris and endotoxins in crude lysae and activate immunity in animals, accelerate healing and improving wound conditions, and that were immunity been generated it didn't affect on therapy.In topical clinical trials of applying mono - phage therapy of ultra - centrifugation at 12000 rpm and Cesium chloride density gradient methods gave the higher effect in decreasing cfu on healthy volunteers skin. In external application showed few sense to crude lysate unless in healthy as absent of host that phage multiplied on, so the access release of toxins didn't occur then didn't show its effects on them, whereas internal showed in high temperature end after (24hr) and in patients Hepatalgia end for several hours due to access release of endotoxins, These side effects were low(5.3% in Mice, 5% Rabbits and 4% patients) which due to bacteria and associated with crude lysate only.Applying topical phage therapy gave higher total healing rate in patints (90%), higher in burns (100%) than wounds (80%), and they gave Full recovery (60%), Marked Imp. (20%), poor Imp.(10%) and non heal in (10%), so it suit with external topical use to treat infections.In following the process of wound healing In Vivo with weeks, Poor Imp. Occured in all at W2, at W3 Marked Imp. In Mice and Rabbits, but it occured in W4&W5 to patient's wound and burn respectively. Full Recovery occurred in W4 to Mice,W5 Rabbits and W7 to patients. Healing process occurred normally, so phage active and good in improving wound conditions, accelerate healing (appearance of epithelial and granulated tissue), graduate decrease then eliminate cfu.

دراسة خمج فيروس الكبد نمط جي HGV في مرضى الثلاسيميا المصابين وغير المصابين بفيروس الكبد سي (HCV) واهميته السريرية

Author name: مريم صبري ابراهيم
Supervisor name: اروى هادي الحمداني | اشنا جمال فائق
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Microbiology - Viruses
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: المرضى المصابين بفقر دم البحر الابيض المتوسط هم اكثر عرضة للاصابة بالالتهابات الفيروسية المنقولة دمويا. التهاب الكبد الفيروسي نمط جي (HGV)هو فيروس رنوي(RNA) مرتبط بالتهاب الكبد الفيروسي الحاد والمزمن. التهاب الكبد الفيروسي نمط سيHCV) ) والتهاب الكبد الفير | Thalassemia patients are at increased risk of infection with parentally transmitted viral agents. The hepatitis G virus (HGV) is an RNA virus, which is associated with acute or chronic hepatitis. Hepatitis G virus (HGV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections may have a role in complicating the clinical outcome in patients with thalassemia. This study was designed to investigate the prevalence and clinical importance of HGV infection in thalassemia patients with or without hepatitis C virus (HCV) co - infection, furthermore to sequence and analyze phylogentic of HGV clones. One hundred fifty four thalassemia patients (56.5% male, 43.5% female) with a mean age of 22.84±6.06 years were involved in this study that was conducted in the period between Feb. to May, 2014. Anti - HCV antibody was determined by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and confirmed by western blot. Then, HCV - RNA was detected in 53.2% of anti - HCV positive thalassemia patients. HGV antibodies were evaluated by ELISA. Also, the HGV viremia was analyzed in patients with thalassemia by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT - PCR) protocol. Results obtained showed that the anti - E2 - HGV were found in 16 out of 154 (10.4%) thalassemia patients with significant decrease in its prevalence with increasing age, while HGV viremia was diagnosed in 28 out of 154 (18.2%) patients with thalassemia. No association of HGV infection was found with gender, age and frequency of blood transfusion.According to HCV and HGV infection status, thalassemia patients were categorized into four subgroups : subgroup I (HGV infection), subgroup II (HCV infection), subgroup III (co - infection of HCV and HGV), and subgroup IV (thalassemia patients with neither HCV nor HGV infection). Seven point one percent (7.1%) of thalassemia patients were found to be co - infected with HCV and HGV.In all thalassemia subgroups, liver transaminases; alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total serum bilirubin (TSB) were determined, in addition to measure serum ferritin levels by VIDAS. HCV infection shows significant increase in ALT level while in HGV is not. Co - infection with HCV and HGV decrease ALT levels when compared with infection with HCV alone, so HGV infection is suggested to have no role in increasing the severity of liver diseases in the thalassemia patients. In HGV infection, there were significant increase in ALP levels and significant decrease in ferritin levels than other subgroups in the study. However, HGV infection shows no significant differences in AST and TSB than other subgroups. The results of genotyping in 12 randomly selected patients showed presence of genotype 2 and genotype 5 with percentage of 91.7% and 8.3% respectively. The diagnosis of prevalence of HGV and HCV in patients with thalassemia in Iraq emphasized the importance of these lymphotropic viral hepatitis infections in pathogenesis and outcome of thalassemia patients.

دراسة جزيئية للاصابات بفايروس الحليمي البشري وفايروس سرطان الغدد اللبنية البشري في المريضات المجراة لهن عملية استئصال الرحم الكامل == Molecular Study Of Human Papilloma Virus And Human Mammary Tumor Virus Infections Of Patients With Total Hysterectomy

Author name: سري ظافر داود العزيز
Supervisor name: سعد حسن محمد علي | بسام شهاب احمد
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Microbiology - Viruses
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Theoretically , the origin & mode of in - utero transmission of high risk Human PapillomaVirus (HR - HPV) types could be acquired hematogenously, by semen at fertilization or as asending infection in the genital tract. Viral Oncogenes E6 and E7 have ability to altered the Cyclin D1,p21 and p27 protein levels. Worldwide, Human Mammary Tumor Virus(HMTV) infection been described in hormonal responsive tissues.This research work is to study viruses in relaition to endometrial carcinoma in Iraqi patients.Materials and MethodsA retrospective study envolved seventy(70) cases (158 samples) of endometrial and cervical tissues collected from teaching laboratories in Medical City, Al - Yarmok Teaching Hospital and private laboratories related to the period from 2012 to 2014. Sections were made and subjected to chromogenic in - situ hybridization technique to detect the presence of High risk (HR) HPV 16/18 DNA and HMTV integrated DNA (provirus) and immunohistochemical technique to detect the presence of Cyclin D1,P21and P27.Results : The most commonly affected age group was ? 60 year 60.0% in malignant endometrial tumors, 40 - 49 years 36.0% in non - malignant endometrial tumors. Adenocarcinoma was the only histopathological type among endometrial cancer (100%) and the majority have well differentiated grade (90.0% ),and have (70%) T1b/IB stage.Hight risk HPV16/18 expression was detected 33.3% of malignant endometrial tumors, 20% in non - malignant endometrial tumors, andSUMMARY26.7% in control group. The higher rates of expression of HPV in cervical lesions was 40%.Most HPV16/18 infections revealed in both sites (cervix and endomertium) have Punctate DNA pattern.Cyclin D1 expression was mostly in 43.3% of malignant endometrial tumors and 33.3% was in cervical lesions. The significant correlation between Cyclin D1 expression and HR - HPV16/18 infection was reported only in malignant endometrial tumors groups. The highest P21 expression was 40.0% in malignant endometrial tumors and 44.0% in cervical lesions that reveals a significant association between p21 expression and HR - HPV16/18 infection. The highest rates of P27 expression were noticed among non - malignant endometrial tumors 24.0% and 32.0% in cervical lesions.While significant association of P27 expression with HR - HPV16/18 infection was only found in the cervical lesions among malignant endometrial tumors group.The distribution of integrated HMTV genome detected by Chromogenic in - situ hybridaztion (CISH) in the endometrial tissues was 16.7% in malignant endometrial tumor , 8% in non - malignant endometrial tumors, and 13.3% in the control tissues group while in the cervical lesions HMTV was detected in 13.3%. Significant correlations were found between HMTV infection and Cyclin D1 expression in the cervical lesions among malignant endometrial tumors group and p21 expression in the malignant endometrial tumors.ConclusionsHR - HPV16/18 may be associated with initiation of endometrial carcinogenesis events as well as play a role in the progression of such malignant tumors in addition ,these viruses could ascendingly be transmitted from lower part(cervix) to the upper part of the genital tractSUMMARY(endometrium) in some way or other.Cyclin D1 ,P21,and p27 could have sharing in early events of tumorgenesis in endometrial carcinoma and a significant correlations of Cyclin D1 ,p21& p27 expressions with HPV infection was observed among study group.Althought a relating low rates of HMTV infection were detected among different endometrial as well as cervical lesion in this Iraqi study,it might mark or shade alight in the way for further researches in this field to exposure more aspects of this newly studied virus among other hormonal dependent malignancy

دراسة التنميط الجيني لفيروس الSEN في متبرعي الدم الاصحاء ومرضى الثلاسيميا المصابين وغير المصابين بفيروس التهاب الكبد نمط ج واهميته السريرية == Genotypic Study Of SEN Virus In Healthy Blood Donors And Thalassemia Patients; With Or Without HCV Infection And Its Clinical Importance

Author name: بشار منذر خزعل الزبيدي
Supervisor name: اروى هادي الحمداني | اشنا جمال فائق
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Microbiology - Viruses
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Blood transfusion is one of the most common routes of viral hepatitis transmission among population. There are several diseases need continuous blood transfusions to manage the patient's condition; one of these diseases is ?thalassemia, so these patients are at increased risk of infection with blood transfusion transmitted agents. SEN - Virus is a DNA virus which is associated with acute post - transfusion hepatitis and the prevalence with the clinical importance and also the genetic characterization are still much unknown in Iraq; therefore, this study was designed to investigate the occurrence and the clinical importance of SEN - virus infection in healthy blood donors and thalassemia patients with or without HCV infection and then the study of the genome sequencing and the phylogenetic analysis of SEN - V clones. One hundred and fifty eight thalassemia patients (57.6% male, 42.4% female), with mean age of 16.8±8.5 year, and one hundred and fifty healthy blood donors with randomly selected persons (58.7%male, 41.3% female), with mean age of 16.7±8.6 year. All these samples involved in this study that were conducted in the period between January to June 2015. SEN - V had been identified by DNA extraction, DNA amplification by nested conventional PCR and then Agarose gel electrophoresis amplified DNA bands detection; while HCV was identified by RNA extraction, RNA reverse transcription into complementary DNA, DNA amplification by nested conventional PCR and then Agarose gel electrophoresis amplified DNA bands detection. Liver transaminases (Aspartate Transaminase and Alanine Transaminase) were determined, in addition of measure of serum ferritin levels by VIDAS. SEN - V was detected in 68 out of 158 (43%) thalassemia patients and 16 out of 150 (10.7%) blood donors. HCV prevalence was (11.4%) in thalassemia patients. There was significant increase observed in the occurrence of SEN - V or HCV infection with age but there was no significant difference observed in the occurrence of both with gender. The most important (hepatotropic) SEN - V genotypes were SEN - V - D and SEN - V - H and there were patients infected with D genotype or H genotype alone, while there were patients co - infected with D and H. According to HCV and SEN - V co - infection status, patients and controls subdivided into six subgroups : subgroup I was thalassemia HCV RNA + and SENV DNA +, subgroup II was thalassemia HCV RNA + and SEN - V - , subgroup III was thalassemia HCV RNA - and SEN - V DNA +, subgroup IV was thalassemia HCV RNA - and SEN - V - , subgroup V was control SEN - V + and finally subgroup VI was control SEN - V - . Statistical analysis revealed that there was significant increase in AST and ALT levels in subgroup I when compared with the other subgroups - that showed the increasing relationship in the case of infection with both viruses - and there were no any significant differences in ferritin levels among these subgroups. Moreover, there were no significant differences between SEN - V - D, SEN - V - H and SEN - V - D and H co - infected samples in AST, ALT and ferritin among thalassemia patients and controls. The results from the study of gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of samples of amplified SEN - V - D and samples of amplified SEN - V - H DNA which were selected randomly from blood donors and thalassemia patients infected with D or H genotypes alone or together (co - infection), revealed that the most transmission route of SEN - V D and H was blood transfusion that is because there was (99%) gene similarity between blood donors and thalassemia patients, furthermore SEN - V - D or SEN - V - H sequences of the co - infected persons were the same sequences of D or H genotypes alone and with the observations of similarity with neighboring countries.

دراسة التنميط الجيني لفيروس تي تي في مرضى الثلاسيميا المصابين وغير المصابين بفيروس التهاب الكبد نمط ج

Author name: ابتسام نايف عودة الجبالي
Supervisor name: اروى هادي الحمداني
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Microbiology - Viruses
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: ما زال الكثيرون لا يعرفون الاهمية السريرية لفيروس تي تي الذى رشح كاحد فايروسات التهاب الكبد انماط A - G)).ان فيروس تي تي يصيب المرضى المعرضين لخطر الحقن ونقل الدم المتكرر، كما في المرضى المصابين بفقر دم البحر الابيض المتوسط(? - Thalassemia major). تمت هذة | Much is still unknown about the clinical significance of TT virus (TTV) that has been reported as a candidate for non A - G hepatitis virus. TTV infects patients at risk for parenteral exposure and chronic blood transfusion, such as those with ? - thalassemia major. This study was designed to investigate the prevalence and clinical importance of TTV infection in thalassemia patients with or without hepatitis C virus (HCV) co - infection, furthermore to sequence and analyse phylogentic of TTV clones.One hundred fifty four thalassemia patients (64.3% male, 35.7% female) with a mean age of 23.8±6.8 years were involved in this study that was conducted in the period between Feb. to Dec. 2013. TTV DNA was detected using Real time PCR. Furthermore, conventional PCR was done for sequencing and phylogenetic analysis using N22 region from open reading frame 1 (ORF1). Anti - HCV antibody was determined by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and confirmed by western blot. Then, HCV core antigen was detected in those anti - HCV Abs seropositive samples. Liver transaminases (ALT, AST) were determined, in addition to measure serum ferritin levels by VIDAS ferritin. TTV was detected in 45 of 154 (29.2%) of thalassemia patients with predominance of males than females (64.4% vs. 35.6%). The prevalence rate of anti - HCV Abs were 54.5% with significant increase in females than males (p<0.05).Out of these 84 samples, 59 (70.2%) were positive by HCV core Ag assay and related significantly to frequency of blood transfusion. According to HCV and TTV infection status, patients were categorized into six groups : Anti - HCVAb+ HCV core Ag + TTV+, Anti - HCVAb+ HCV core Ag + TTV - , Anti - HCVAb+ HCV core Ag - TTV+, Anti - HCVAb+ HCV core - TTV - , Anti - HCVAb - TTV+, Anti - HCVAb - TTV - . The increased levels of ALT, AST and ferritin in the HCV and TTV infected group were not significantly different from those in the TTV and HCV negative groups. Co - infection of TTV and HCV were significantly increase ALT levels compared to infection with HCV alone. No association of TTV infection was found with gender, age and frequency of blood transfusion.The results of genotyping in 12 randomly selected patients showed the presence of equal percentage of genotype 1 (G1) and genotype 2 (G2) 50% for each one, with homology between them 79.0%. Other TTV genotypes were not identified in the present study suggesting that G1and G2 are predominant in this area. Mixed infection of the same patient with multiple TTV genotypes was observed. The results concluded that TTV is moderately present in Iraqi thalassemia patients, with G1 and G2 were predominant. Patients co - infected with HCV and TTV had a significantly higher serum ALT level than those without TTV infection, so TTV infection is suggested to have a role in increasing the severity of liver diseases in the thalassemia patients when co - infected with HCV.

اقتران مؤشرات التهاب المفاصل الرثواني و بعض المفاهيم المناعية مع التهاب الكبد الفايروسي نمط سي == Association Of Rheumatoid Arthritis Parameters And Some Immunological Aspects With Hepatitis C Virus

Author name: عباس عراك عباس
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Viruses
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages: