Author name:
انوار سعدون نجم
Supervisor name:
اسراء شريف الكعود
Abstract:
The Syrian - Lebanese relations may be the strangest of the existing relations between two countries, gathering them together many interlaced and correlated issues historically and geographically, However, that privacy was weak and tense, because any political event can tense the relation between them, And harm the essence of their common interests, and puts the two peoples into a confrontation that could reach the hostility and hatred limits, and destroys everything gathering them, sometimes, these disputes open the door for outside parties that don't care about their interests but to deepen the tension atmospheres.Syria was a major title for the policy, and the political - economical relations of Lebanon with the other countries was depended on it, Lebanon has been a constant concern for each political leadership that rules Syria, its role on the international map and in the regional area determined in light of the relationship of that leadership with Lebanon.So, we cannot study the Lebanese - Syrian relations without talking about its complex history, although those relations were established and built properly, but they were not stable and steady, and in spite of the common agreements and data and the statements, those relations remained need to a future vision, providing the suitable foundations to form a strong relation between the two countries.The Arab religion subjected to a colonial scheme, aims to ensure the colonial interests on the Arab countries account. Henry Kissinger scheme Which leads to draw a new geographical map, and political on the basis of the sectarian and religious sort of entity - the government in the Arab countries was the model Which the major colonial circles sought to devote it now from Lebanon in particular - that dividing it into a series of narrow sectarian cantons is just to generalize the Zionist project that one of its stages was carried out in 1948, and its other stages is continuous so far throughout the sectarian policy (Al - kantanah) on the Arab countries one after the other, So the cantons that likely to be established will be remained subjected to relations of permanent tension between them, which will meet with Zionist strategy - colonial in their quest to practice the role of arbiter between these weak cantons, which has only one service, which is to serve as a safety valve (the Jewish state) in a civilized alternative to dedicated at the account of Arab - Islamic civilization in the region.I divided my research into a methodical production, and four chapters, and a conclusion, and was distributed as follows : The introduction dealt with the theoretical framework and the goal of preparing this research, and presenting some new hypothesis and conclusions. I divided the first unit titled as the historical roots of the Lebanese - Syrian relations until 1958 into five chapters, the first chapter reviewed the rise of the Lebanese - Syrian relations throughout a historical introduction starting at the beginning of the world war two 1914 until the rising of Lebanon and Syria 1920, and the French mandate upon them, also studied the French policy and the division scheme to declare the grand government of Lebanon 1920 and its impact in Syria, focusing on the secret report sent by general (Gourand) to the French president (Millerand), under the title of scheme to organize the French mandate in Syria, that made room for France to draw the Syrian country map that serves its interests. And focused on the Lebanese - Syrian relations in the light of the Lebanese constitution declaration 1926, according to the French scheme that aims to prepare models of constitutions give a juristic aspect on the political division among Syria from on hand and between it and Lebanon from the other hand, but the declaration of the birth of two constitutions one of them is Syrian and the another is Lebanese was a harbinger of tense relations between the two countries, down to the signing of the Lebanese French treaty, and the Syrian - French treaty 1936, where France wanted to keep its colonial existence and determined its relations with Syria, while the second chapter dealt with the Syrian - Lebanese situation about the rise of the second world war 1939 until the British - French withdrawal 1946, where it focused on the presidential elections in Lebanon and Syria 1946, and the situation of the two countries about British - French withdrawal 1946 and the arriving to the full independence.The third chapter dealt with the Syrian coups and its impact on the Lebanese - Syrian relations 1949 - 1950, and the frequent military coups, formed an important turning point in the history of economic and political relations between the two countries, and the economic estrangement between Lebanon and Syria 1950 was discussed.While the fourth chapter dealt with Developments affecting the Lebanese - Syrian relations 1950 - 1958, Local, sectarian and political impacts, And the deterioration of the internal security conditions in Lebanon, especially the opposition to the president Beshara El Khoury asking him to Resign, that took place in September 18 1952, down to electing Kameel Shamoun president to the Lebanese republic 1952.The fifth chapter focused on the situation of Syria and Lebanon towards the international alliances particularly Baghdad alliance 1955 and the supported situation of Lebanon to the alliance, and the opposition of Syria toward it and toward all the western alliances, and also discussed the principle of Eisenhower 1957 and the formal support of Lebanon to it, and the opposition of Syria to it.In the second unit, I dealt with the political developments and its impact in the Lebanese - Syrian relations (1958 - 1964), the unit was divided into six chapters. The first chapter dealt with the Lebanese - Syrian relations 1958 - 1964, talked about the unity rising between Syria and Egypt 1958 and the situation of Lebanon toward it, down to the confession of the united Arab republic, and the local reactions in Lebanon toward the rising of the united Arab republic, the second chapter includes the Lebanese - Syrian relations in the In the era of the president Fouad Shehab 1958 - 1964 and dealt with the conditions of electing him, and US, French and British situation of electing Fouad Shehab, and I stopped in this chapter at the Lebanese - Syrian relations in the era of the president Fouad Shehab 1958 - 1961, and Al Khaimah meeting between Jamal Abdul Naser the president of the united Arab republic (Syria and Egypt) and Fouad Shehab the president of Lebanon in at March 25, 1958 and the stability of Lebanon, I also dealt with the separation impact upon the Lebanese - Syrian relations 1961, and the situation of Lebanon toward it.While the second chapter was titled as Syria situation toward the Syrian Social Nationalist Party coup 1961 and the Syrian government situation that is rejected to the coup, and the fourth chapter dealt with the stability of the Lebanese - Syrian relations 1962 - 1964, and the Lebanese situation toward the political coups in Syria and its impact on the relations between the two countries.The fifth chapter dealt with the Lebanese - Syrian relations from March 8 1963 to 23 September 1964, and dealt with the coup in Syria, and welcoming it by the Lebanese government, then the Lebanese government welcomed the tripartite (Egyptian - Syrian - Iraqi) unity.The third unit titled as the Lebanese - Syrian relations in the era of the president Sharel el Helou from September 23 1964 to September 23 1970, the first chapter talked about the authority arrival of the president Sharel el Helou and the Syrian situation toward him.While the second chapter dealt with the foundation of Palestinian liberation organization 1964, and the role of the first Arab summit, in the foundation of that organization and considering it a legitimate representative of the Palestinian people. The third chapter focused on the Arabian - Israeli struggle and its reflections on the Lebanese scene and about the relation between Lebanon and Syria, and June 1967 war and its setbacks on the Lebanese scene and on the relation between (Lebanon and Syria), and the formal Lebanese situation and the head of government situation, and talked about the situation of the Lebanese Parliamentary council toward the (Israeli) attack against Egypt and Syria.The fourth chapter dealt with the war reflections on the Lebanese - Syrian relations, and the content of Cairo deal, referring to the attack on Beirut international airport In December 1968 and the Lebanese reactions, and the international and the Arabian reactions toward it, and also focused on the US political interference in Lebanon and its impact on the relation with Syria. And I stopped in the fifth chapter at the political reality in Syria and its reflections on the relations with Lebanon.The fourth unit dealt with the development of the Lebanese - Syrian relations from 1970 to 1975, where the first chapter dealt with the presidential elections and the relation with Syria until 1973, and the importance of the presidential elections 1970, and the situation in Lebanon 1970 - 1973 and its impact on the Lebanese - Syrian relations, and dealt with the situation of Lebanese head of the government toward Lebanese - Syrian agreement, and the parlementary reactions upon this agreement, and the development of the Lebanese - Syrian relations 1971 - 1973.While the second chapter dealt with the internal political conditions in Lebanon and its impact on the relation on Syria 1973 Especially the internal conditions that worsened as a result of accidents between the Lebanese and the Palestinians and the deterioration of the Syrian relations during that stage.And the third chapter dealt with the Lebanese - Syrian relations 1973 and October 1973 war, and the situation of the Egyptian - Syrian fronts, and the Arab reactions toward the decision 338, and Lebanon situation toward the oil war 1973, the chapter referred to some internal issues and the relation with Syria, and studied the division due to the Palestinian existence, and the corruption in the army foundation, and the Palestinians and arming, and dealt with the Palestinian refugees in Lebanon humanly.The fourth chapter dealt with February 26 demonstration 1975 and its repercussions, and the repercussions of the attack on the Maarouf Saad, and the accident of Ain Alrumanah and the beginning of the open battle with the Phalange (Kataeb).
