Show: 25 50 75 100 Results

Search results: 25 out of 705

تضمين البرم في ليزرات اشباه الموصلات (ليزرات البرم) == Spin Modulation in Semiconductor Lasers (Spin lasers

Author name: ضیاء جبار عكوش
Supervisor name: حسن عبد الله سلطان
General topic: Physics
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The introducing of electronic spin with its charge is the key of many applications which uses the electrical and magnetic properties of the electron , (spintronics )and semiconductor lasers.This concept gives led to the newest type of semiconductor lasers called ( Spin Lasers ).In the present thesis a numerical study of the effect of the carriers spin on the semiconductor lasers described by VCSEL using Matlab and Runge - Kutta method .The study includes the effect of the spin polarization in terms of the polarization injection and the injection current also to find the two thresholds of right polarized light circularly and the left circularly polarized one.The effect of the spin relaxation time on the dynamics of spin - VCSEL such as the steady state time evolution and direct modulation of the injection current and the polarization injection were studied also is presented too.The study shows that the spin VCSEL strongly affected by the injection current , polarization injection and spin relaxation time.The present results show that the laser threshold can reduced to quarter than that of conventional laser.

تحضير ودراسة بعض الخواص الكهربائية والبصرية للبوليمر الموصل بولي (انيلين اوكزالك) - وامكانية تطبيقاته في الخلايا الشمسية == preperation and studying some of the electrical and optical properties of conducting polymer poly(aniline - oxalic) and the possibility of its applications to solar cell

Author name: صفا نزار رمضان
Supervisor name: غفران محمد باقر شبيب
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Solar Energy Physics
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: We present in this study away of preparing Poly(aniline - oxali) (PAni - ox) by a Chemical polymerization with an ideal environment and temperature (5 - 0)0C. The Optical properties have been studied included the absorbance and transmitance measurements and calculations of the energy gap for (PAni - ox), which was found equal to (2.6eV). Electrical properties of (PAni - ox) have been also studied. The electrical conductivity for these materials was ( 8.22x10 - 2S.cm - 1) at room temperature.Thin films of titanium dioxide TiO2 of particle size (50 nm) and (25 nm) have been prepared and then deposited on a conductive glass bases Fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) to study the optical properties.The materials under study have been diagnozid by using several techniques including X - rays (XRD) technique to determine the crystalline structures , Infrared (FT - IR) to determine the effective groups ,and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) to determine the surface roughness and the regularity range of the nanoparticles compositions. Optical Anode was prepared by adding (PAni - ox) to TiO2, and the efficiency of the solar cell was calculated Two types of pigments alpha - Naphtholbenzein and EOSIN Y were added to TiO2 films and the prepared polymer is (PAni - ox). The pigments absorbs the solar energy and converte it to free electrons that are injected into titanium dioxide, which works as a collector for electrons. Electro solution was added to compensate for the loss electrons from the organic dye molecules. Thereafter, the electrode for the solar cell was prepared from carbon which has been obtained from candle flame.After preparation, the individual parts of solar cell have been collected by multi - layeres method . The (carrent - voltage) feature for cells by electrical properties have beem measured device and Light source.From this measurement , we calculate the open circuit voltage Voc and closed - circuit current Isc ,maximum power Pmax ,filling factor F.F, cell efficiency η, and Parallel resistance Rs and Resistance respectively Rsh.

الخواص البصرية اللاخطية ومحدد القدرة البصري للصبغات العضوية في المحاليل والاغشية البوليمرية باستخدام تقنية مسح حزمة الليزر على المحور z == Nonlinear Optical Properties and Optical Power Limiting of Organic Dyes in Solutions and Polymer Films Using The Laser Beam Z - Scan Technique

Author name: سيف الدين عبد الكريم قاسم
Supervisor name: عماد الدين حسين علي السعيدي
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The research in this thesis is concerned with our extensive study of the spectral properties, the nonlinear optical properties, and the optical power limiting effect, for three organic dyes : Leishman, Giemsa, and Brilliant Cresyl Blue. Three different solvents were used to dissolve each dye : Chloroform, Ethanol, and Dimethyl(formamide) (DMF).We prepared dye solutions at four different concentrations : 0.03 mM, 0.05 mM, 0.07 mM, and 0.09 mM. Dye doped polymer films at concentration 0.09 mM were also prepared by mixing the dye with the polymer poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) which already dissolved in the chloroform and using the casting method to obtain the desired polymer films.The linear absorption spectra of the dye solutions and the dye doped polymer films for different concentrations were analyzed by using the double - beam spectrophotometer in order to find the spectral range for each dye .2Our study was focused mainly on the nonlinear optical properties of the dye solutions and the dye doped polymer films. We employed in this study the laser beam z - scan technique and the solid - state laser (SSL) operating with the continuous wave (CW) at wavelength 532 nm and with variable output power over the range 0 - 100 mW .We have also studied the effect of the laser beam intensity on the nonlinear optical parameters of the dye solutions prepared by dissolving each dye in the Dimethyl(formamide) (DMF) solvent. Two values for the laser beam intensity were used for irradiating the samples (The dye solutions), these are : 1.11 kW / cm2 and 2.22 kW / cm2.Our obtained results from the present study reveal that all solutions of the three dyes and the dye - doped polymer films have a negative value for the nonlinear refractive index (n2 < 0) (occurrence of the self - defocusing effect) and also a negative value for the nonlinear absorption coefficient (β < 0) (saturable absorption).The values of the nonlinear optical parameters for each dye were calculated, these parameters are : The nonlinear refractive index (n2), the nonlinear absorption coefficient (β), and the absolute value of the nonlinear optical susceptibility (|χ(3)|). The solvents effect on the values of these optical3parameters was studied, and we find that the solvent plays an important role on the variation of these values.We also studied the optical power limiting for the dye solutions and the polymer films by using the laser beam z - scan technique. Good optical power limiting properties were obtained. The values of the optical power limiting threshold for the dye solutions at different concentrations and also for the dye doped polymer films were determind. We note that the value of the optical power limiting threshold depends on the kind of the used solvent for dissolving the dye. The smallest value for the optical power limiting threshold is 6.7 mW for the Brilliant Cresyl Blue dye doped polymer in chloroform at concentration 0.09 mM, while the smallest value for the power limiting threshold for the Brilliant Cresyl Blue solution in the same solvent at concentration 0.09 mM is 7.8 mW. The value of the power limiting threshold depends the kind of the used dye or the kind of the used solvent in preparing the sample and also on the concentration of the dye.The results that we have obtained from our present study show that the three dyes, Leishman, Giemsa, and Brilliant Cresyl Blue exhibit large nonlinear optical effects, suggesting that they are good promising materials for applications in the nonlinear photonic devices, the optical power limiting, and other optical devices.

تحضير اغشية رقيقة من اوكسيد الخارصين ZnO النقي والمشوب بالالمنيوم باستخدام تقنية المحلول ودراسة خواصها البصرية (Sol - Gel) الغروي وتطبيقها كمتحسس غازي == Preparation of Pure and Doped with Aluminum Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Thin Films by Using (Sol - Gel)Technique and the Study of Optical Properties and Applications as A Gas Sensor

Author name: سعد عبد الله جبر الفاضلي
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In this study, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) thin films are prepared by using Sol - Gel technique . The samples are prepared with different thicknesses (58,69,77)nm . Different weight ratio of Aqueous aluminum chloride (AlCl3.6H2O) are added to the Sol - Gel ZnOwith percentage (0.345%, 0.824% , 1.703% and 2.146%). These solutions are deposited by using spin coating on glass substrate .In order to investigate the sensitivity and the response of these samples for the detection about different vapors and gases (ethanol , methanol , acetone and nitrogen ) , pure and (AlCl3.6H2O) doped ZnO films are prepared by using the same technique but by adding Aluminum electrodes on these films with dimensions (2.5x0.5)cm2 .This preparing is followed by thermal treatment for these films by using oven with temperature reaches to 450 oC.The structure properties of these films are studied by using X - ray diffraction (XRD) and the results show that these films are polycrystalline and the calculated lattice constant are close to the standard values . The samples are analyses by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopic (FESEM) and the results show that the grain arrangement are regular and these structures are packed and the grain shape is as spherical . But for the AZO films , we notice that the increasing of the doping percentage reduces the gra in size .We also study the optical properties of these films such as Absorption (A) , Transmission (T) , Reflection (R) , Absorption coefficient (α) , extinction coefficient (k) , the energy gap(Eg) , refractive index (n) , with its complex and real dielectric constant( ) , dissipation factor (tanδ) , Optical Dispersion Parameters (Eo , Ed) and optical conductivity ( ) . The effect of the films thickness on the optical properties of the ZnO films for the over mentioned parameters . The results we get are discussed and compared with other studies . This work elucidates and analyzes the studying of the effect of adding (AlCl3 . 6H2O) o Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and the results are with standards agree with the results of many other researchers . The optical constant are tabulated and compared with , the results of other . And in order to determine the electronic transitions type , Absorption coefficient is calculated and it shows that ZnO and AZO films have transition of direct type because the values of α > 104 . The energy gap of the ZnO films with different thickness (58,69 and 77) nm is calculated , since it is found that the increasing of the film thickness gives slight increasing in the energy gap . The experimental results show that the increasing of doping percentagein ZnO film increases the energy gap with very little amount . In the electronic application field , the study also included design and fabrication of gas sensor system from local materials , which contain of chamber that made of plates polymer that contain of base for install the sample , electrodes to link the sample the measurement circuit , glass flask with three holes , heater , N2 gas cylinder , glass tubes , valves and the measurement circuit electric .The study also includes the ability of responding of the films for the thicknesses (58 , 69 and 77 )nm , to these gases , and it is found that the highest response was at vapor ethanol at the thickness 58nm. The effect of chloride Aluminum on the response of these percentage (0.345% , 0.824% , 1.703% , 2.146%) is studied for the mentioned gases , and it is found that the highest response we get is 45% at the concentration 2.146% for methanol gas . The results are tabulated , discussed and compared with precedent studies.

دراسة تراكيز الرادون والثورون والراديوم ومعدلات الانبعاث الكتلي والتبخر السطحي للرادون في البقوليات الجافة والعسل الطبيعي == Study of Radon , Thoron , Radium concentrations ,as well as the mass and surface exhalation rates in dry legumes and natural honey

Author name: سارة عبد اللطيف كديمي
Supervisor name: عيسى جاسم محمد الخليفة
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In this study a sample of 50 different dry legumes and honey used (local and imported), the number of dry legumes samples under study were 21, including 5 samples of local and imported 16 samples collected from the Governorate of Basrah markets - Iraq. 29 samples of honey collected from local markets and apiaries in Iraq. The number of local honey 8 samples while the number of imported honey were 21 sample.Two methods in this research for various measurements and comparison between them. It is a method of (Misdaq and Satif.,1996) and the method of (Azam., 1995). Both methods are considered long - term methods for measuring the concentration of radon and thoron in various materials, Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTDs), a closed cylinder technique method. Results in the first part of the samples dry legumes have shown that radon concentration ranges between a higher value (698.9Bq / m3) in thesample (Turkish lentil (imported)) and less valuable (69.0Bq / m3) in the samples (Iranian Homs and Chinese beans (imported)),and the concentration of thoron between the highest value (865.0Bq / m3) in the sample (Chinese beans (imported)) and the lowest value (86.45Bq / m3) in the sample (Canadian lentil (imported)), and that the radon concentration rate and thoron for samples local dry legumes (3551.1Bq / m3), (364.1Bq / m3), respectively. For samples imported dry legumes the radon concentration rate and thoron (333.0Bq / m3), (420.8Bq /m3 respectively For the results of the honey samples in the first part has found that the radon concentration between the highest value (826.7Bq / m3) in the samples ( AL - noor Honey (Basra - Seder) (Local)) , (Honey AngizaGerman (imported)) and less value (242.9Bq / m3) in the sample (Honey Mount Haj Omran (Local)), and the concentration of thoron between a higher value ( 538.4Bq / m3) in the sample (Turkish Honey) and the lowest value (115.2Bq / m3) in the sample (Honey Mount Haj Omran (Local)) , and that the concentration of radon and thoron samples of local honey rate (457.5Bq / m3), (297.0Bq / m3), respectively. For samples imported honey, the radon concentration and thoron rate(469.0Bq/m3) , (314.1Bq/m3) , respectively. Results obtained in the second part of the samples dry legumes note that the concentration of radium between the highest value of a (2.4489Bq / Kg) in the sample (Indian Homs (imported)) and less valuable (0.4030Bq / kg) in the sample (Indian Mash (Imported )), and that the concentration of radium samples local dry legumes rate (0.8941 Bq / Kg). For the samples dry legumes imported, the concentration of radium rate (0.9270Bq / Kg), the results obtained in the second part of the samples honey note that the concentration of radium ranges It is among the highest value (1.7270Bq / Kg) in the sample (Honey fall Karbala (Local)) and less valuable (0.2111Bq / Kg) in the sample (Honey Mount Haj Omran (Local)), and that the concentration of radium samples of local honey rate (0.7441 Bq / Kg). For the samples of imported honey, the concentration of radium rate (0.6141Bq / Kg).Results mass emission rates of radon samples dry legumes, ranging from the highest value (0.4442Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1) in the sample (Indian Homs (imported)) and the lowest value (0.0731Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1) in the sample (Indian Mash (imported)) , and the arithmetic average of the mass emission rate of the samples the local dry legumes (0.1540 Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1), and for dry legumes imported (0.1681 Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1), and the results of area emission rates radon samples dry legumes, ranging from the highestvalue (2.0405 Bq.m - 2.d - 1) in the samples (Indian Homs and Turkish lentil (imported)) and the lowest value (0.5681Bq.m - 2.d - 1) in the sample (Indian Mash (Imported)), and the arithmetic average of the rate of the area emission rate of surface samples local dry legumes (1.0865 Bq.m - 2.d - 1), and for samples of imported dry legumes (1.1589 Bq.m - 2.d - 1). Results mass emission rates of radon samples of honey, ranging from the highest value of ( 0.3132 Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1) in the sample (Honey fall Karbala (Local)) and the lowest value (0.0383Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1) in the sample (Honey Mount Haj Omran (Local)), and the arithmetic average of the mass emission rate for samples of local honey (0.1359 Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1), and for samples of imported honey (0.1114 Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1), and the results of area emission rates of radon samples of honey, ranging from the highest value (3.1286 Bq.m - 2.d - 1) in the sample (AL - noor Honey (Basra - Seder) (Local)) and the lowest value (0.6257 Bq.m - 2.d - 1) in the sample (Honey ount Haj Omran (Local)), and the arithmetic average of the rate of area ssion samples of local honey (1.4828 Bq.m - 2.d - 1), and for samples of imported honey (1.1670 Bq.m - 2.d - 1).

دراسة حركيات ليزر النقطة الكمية بوجود البرم == Study of Dynamics of Quantum Dot Laser with Spin

Author name: حكمت عبد الحسين ابراهيم
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The dynamics of VCSE QD spin polarized laser is studied based on asix equations model that takes into account the effect of number ofcontrol parameters on populations in the wetting layer for bothpolarized components and those in the quantum dot .The carrier density in the wetting layer and the quantum dot vary indifferent manner although the former lends to the later . Also thedynamics of carriers in the quantum dot shows varieties of dynamicsthat range from simple to complex one while the dynamics of carriersin the wetting layer are always simple .The polarized field related to the spin up and spin down cases sufferseffects in different manners due to the variations of these controlparameters . the intensities of both two polarized components behavioralso range from simple and end up chaotically.It appears that output ellipticity can be used as a new tool to assess the dynamical state of the laser wither it in stable , periodic , aperiodic or chaotic .The modulation of the injection current for both components or for either one led to new dynamics , the system was not able to show when it work autonomously although the model has five degrees of freedom .

خصائص نقل الالكترون العابر لانظمة نقاط كمية متعددة == Transient Electron Transport Properties of Multiple Quantum Dots Systems

Author name: حسه ابراهيم عسكر
Supervisor name: شاكر ابراهيم عيسى
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Electronics Physics
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: We presented a theoretical study for the electron transportcharacteristic, within a system of multi - quantum dots coupled tothe three metallic leads (right lead as an electron reservoir andtwo left leads as an electron source). We take into account twoarrangements for the scattering regions, one composed of twoquantum dots and the other is composed of four quantum dots.The study concentrated on the system parameters that has itseffect on the characteristic of the electron transfer process andhow these characteristic are affect by the number of the quantumdots in the scattering region in the both arrangements for thescattering regions.The theoretical formulism depends on the one - electron model.Where, we assigning a single effective level for each quantumdots and by taking the effects of the leads continuum levels intoaccount which are show within the wide band gap approximationto produce an imaginary quantity add to the energy levels of thequantum dots, representing the broadening in each effectivelevels.The related basic equation of motion for all the correspondinglevels eigen function probability amplitudes are solvedanalytically by using Laplace transform technique. We calculatethe occupation probability for the right lead, the instantaneouscurrent and the average instantaneous current that passes throughthe right lead.Our calculated results for the time - dependent dynamical electrontransfer offered a general features that takes into account thefollowing effects :  Energy levels position changes with respect to the leadFermi level. A suitable applied bais voltage on the right and left leads. Changes of the coupling amount among the quantum dots levels and in between them and the leads levels. Change of the leads temperatureThe characteristic of the time - dependent charge transport in the system are shown through the relation between the average instantaneous current passes the right lead and the applied baisvoltage, which we show as follow :  For the case of the scattering region arrangement that compose of two quantum dots it is an Ohmic behavior. For the case of the scattering region arrangement that compose of four quantum dots it is a non - linear (non - Ohmic) behavior.

قياس تركيز غاز الرادون والثورون في المنازل والمستشفيات والمراكز الصحية في محافظة البصرة العراق

Author name: حسام نجم عبود
Supervisor name: عيسى جاسم محمد الخليفة
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

دراسة تركيز البورون في مياه محافظة ذي قار وتربتها باستخدام طريقة الكارمين وجهاز اللوفي بوند == Study of Boron Concentration in Water of Thi - Qar Governorate and Soil Using Carmine Method and Lovibond Device

Author name: تغريد عبد الحسين شاكر
Supervisor name: ثائر منشد سلمان
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In this study , we measured the boron concentration in the water and soil of Thi - Qar Governorates, where were collected (45) Sample Water also were collected (66) Sample soil from the districts of Thi - Qar and its environs province of southern Iraq , and we used that analogy chromatography Al carmine method (colorimetric carmine method) . we got the highest concentration of boron (0.801 ppm) in Garmat Bani Said area - Al Greej and the lowest value for the concentration of boron measured Al carmine manner of samples of clay in said Dhkeel - Al Ibrahim (2) area (0.368 ppm) . The concentration of boron has been in samples of mud rate in the province of Thi Qar was (0.614 ppm) also were measured exponent pH and ranged results between (7.208 - 8.368 ) and an average of (7.890) . As well as we used measurement chromatography Al carmine to measure the boron concentration in water samples way . We got the highest value for the concentration of boron water sample (1.057 mg / L) in Garmat Bani Said area - center (1) and the lowestvalue for the concentration of boron measured Al carmine way in water samples in Al Fuhood zone - Amayreh(1) (0.251 mg / L) . Boron concentration of water samples in the province of Thi Qar rat was (0.592 mg / L) .The boron concentration of water samples located within the normal allowable ratio globally but some are relatively high . As well as the measured pH and the results were pH ranging between (7.435 - 8.277) and an overall average of (7.885) .It was also some water samples to measure the soil by a device (Spectro Direct Lovibond) we got the highest value for the concentration of boron in the water samples (1.4 mg / L) in Al Fuhood zone - Amayreh area (3) , and the lowest value for the concentration of boron in Al Nasiriya - Al shuhada zone (1) (0.4 mg / L) . The soil samples were measured by a device (Spectro Direct Lovibond) has the highest value for the concentration of boron we got them in Al Tar - Al hareb area (1.1 ppm) and the lowest value for the concentration of boron in Al Tar - Al Ebrat (0.2 ppm) .

دور تذبذب الجسر في نقل الالكترون خلال نظام مانح - جسر - قابل == THE ROLE OF BRIDGE VIBRATION ON ELECTRON TRANSFER THROUGH DONOR - BRIDGE - ACCEPTOR SYSTEMS

Author name: بهاء علي طالب
Supervisor name: شاكر ابراهيم عيسى
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Electronics Physics
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: موضوع الرسالة هو دراسة تاثير اهتزاز الجسر وتكوين البولارون الصغير على عملية انتقال الشحنة بين المانح والقابل في الانظمة الجسرية الجزيئية. ولهذا الغرض تعاملنا مع اقتران الكترون - فونون قوي. واستخدمنا لهذا الغرض معادلات الحركة لسعات الدوال الكمية للنظام الجسري مع معادلة نمط الاهتزاز الديناميكي الكلاسيكي للجسر. بخصوص التعامل مع تقريب الحالة المستقرة والتقريب الساكن تم اعطاء صيغة لحساب طاقة البولارون وتقدير تاثيرها على عملية انتقال الشحنة الديناميكية بين المانح والقابل وبارامترات النظام التي تؤثر فيها. اذ لاحظنا ان الصفة العامة في منحنيات احتماليات الملء يكون اعتمادها على طاقة الجسر المؤثرة |∆(u)| اذ بزيادتها تقل احتمالية ملء مستوى الجسر ويقل عدد التذبذبات. ان وصفنا عملية منح البولارون بواسطة نظرية البولارون الصغير طورت لوصف الترابط القوي بين الالكترون والاهتزاز ضمن مفهوم البولارون الصغير، اي ان كل جسر يمكن ان يتذبذب (شبه) غير معتمد على تذبذب جيرانه من الجسور، او كل موقع جزيئي يتذبذب غير معتمد على تذبذب موقع جزيئي اخر. فضلنا المعالجة العددية في حل المعادلات والابتعاد عن الحل المستقر وتم حل معادلة النمط الاهتزاز الكلاسيكي حلا تحليليا بحيث يكون تاثير ترابط الكترون - فونون واضحا من خلال جعل مستوى طاقة الجسر معتمد على الزمن ويكون مسيطرا على احتمالية ملء مستوى الجسر. كما ان تاثير مستويات الطاقة المستمرة للقطبين المعدنيين على كل من مستويي المانح والقابل قد اخذ بنظر الاعتبار. وكان واضحا ان احتماليات ملء المستويات تضمحل بمرور الزمن وتتضاءل سعات التذبذب في المنحنيات، وان احتمالية ملء مستوى القابل هي الاكثر تاثرا بزيادة التعريض في المستويات. وايضا لاحظنا ارتباط تصرف احتمالية ملء مستوي الجسر مع تصرف احتمالية ملء مستوى المانح وذلك لان مستوى المانح هو مصدر الالكترون لتكوين البولارون مع الجسر.V وطبقت الصيغ الرياضية على عملية انتقال الشحنة خلال جزيئة الـ DNA. اذ تعاملنا مع نظام جسري ذي جزيئة اساس واحدة ونظام جسري ذي جزيئتين من الجزيئات المتسلسلة خطيا من جزيئات الحامض النووي الـDNA. اذ لاحظنا وجود اختلاف بسيط في احتماليات ملء المستويات بوجود القاعدة G/C او القاعدة T/A، او بوجود قاعدتين جزيئيتين، اذ لاحظنا ان التصرف الهام في منحنى احتماليات الملء هو عند زيادة ترابط الكترون - فونون نلاحظ تاثير تصرف منحنى احتمالية ملء مستوى مصدر الالكترون (المانح) على تصرف منحنى احتمالية ملء مستوى الجسر الاول (القاعدة الجزيئية الاولى) التي تكون على ترابط مع المانح وذلك لحدوث تشكيل البولارون الاول. بينما يكون تصرف منحنى احتمالية ملء مستوى الجسر الثاني مع تلك للجسر الاول غير متطابق بالتصرف وذلك بسبب ضعف اصرة الترابط بينهما. ويكون تصرف احتمالية ملء القاعدة الجزيئية الثانية مترابطا مع تصرف منحنى احتمالية ملء مستوي القابل وذلك لشدة الاصرة بين مستوياتهما. | The subject of thesis is the effect of bridge vibration and small polaron formation on the electron transfer (ET) in D - B - A system. For this purpose, we dealt with strong electron - phonon coupling. And we used for this purpose the equations of motion for quantum amplitudes and the equation of classical - dynamical vibration mode of the bridge system. For the case of steady state approximation and static approximation we gave a formula to calculate the polaron energy and estimate its effect on the dynamical ET between the donor and accepter and the parameters involved. where we note that the general feature of the occupation probability curves are depend on the bridge effective energy |∆(u)|, when it increases, the occupation probability and the number of vibration decreases. The description of polaron hopping by the theory of small polaron was developed to describe the strong coupling between the electron and vibration within the concept of small polaron, i.e. every bridge vibrates (semi) independently from neighboring bridges. we preferred the numerical treatment in solving the equations and get away from the static solution, we solved the equation of classical - vibrational mode analytically such that the effect of electron - phonon coupling became obvious by putting the bridge state in a time - dependent form, and controlling the occupation probabilities of the bridge. The effects of the continuous energy levels of the metlic electrodes on the donor and acceptor states is taken into account. And it was obvious that the occupation probabilities of levels vanish in time and so as the amplitudes of vibration, and the most obvious effect of continuous levels of electrodes is on acceptor state, also we note that the behavior of the bridge state occupation probability is related with the occupation probability behavior of the donor state, since the donor state is the source of electron for polaron formation in bridge site.We applied the mathematical formulae on charge transfer through DNA molecule. Where we dealt with bridge system as a single base molecule or two liner consecutive molecules bases of DNA molecules. Where we note there is a small difference in occupation probabilities of G/C base or T/A base or between that of two bases. The important feature in occupation probabilities curves is that when electron - phonon coupling increases, we note that the effect of the occupation probability behavior curve for donor state on the occupation probability behavior curve of the first bridge which is connected with the donor because of the formation of the first polaron, while the behavior of the occupation probability of the second bridge and that of the first bridge is not coincide because of the weak interaction between them, but the occupation probability behavior of the second bridge state is related with that of the acceptor because of the strong interaction between them

دراسة نظرية لبعض العوامل المؤثرة في سلوك دالة الموجة المستخدمة في تكثيف بوز اينشتاين

Author name: ايمان عبد الرضا موحي المالكي
Supervisor name: نوري حسين نور الهاشمي
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study entails some of the theoretical characteristics of Bose - Einstein intensification of the ideal gas properties, since the wave function behavior has been studied and analysed according to the effect three types of external potentials trapping that are used in the production Bose - Einstein condensation which are (harmonic potential, optical lattice potential , and double well potential) that have been used as individual or overlapping potentials, and the value of the non - linear has been confirmed according to fixed values in the whole study in order to the study the effect of the other elements. The effect anisotropy AL has been studied according to the behavior of the wave function and the distribution potential where the harmonic potential has individually at first, than it has been overlapped with the optical lattice potential in order to study this factor. Furthermore,the effect of this factor has been explained due to the distribution potential, function wave and relation type between the factor itself, chemical potential and energy. Additionally, we have used the intertwined harmonic potential with the optical lattice to study the effect of optical lattice potential factor q after confirming the harmonic potential AL at certain values, with exposition of it's effect the wave function behavior and distribution of potential with explanation to the nature of the relation between the chemical potential and energy with this factor. In addition to that, we have studied the influence of the center of double well potential coefficient A on the nature and behavior of the wave function and potential, and the nature of the relationship between this factor and chemical potential and energy. Noting the effect of these factors on the behavior of the wave function and the distribution of potential, therefore it has effect in Bose - Einstein condensation production.

خصائص نقل الالكترون لكيوبت مقترن بترانزستور الالكترون المفرد == The Electron Transport Properties of Qubit Coupled with SET

Author name: ايات طاهر ابراهيم
Supervisor name: جنان مجيد المخ
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Electronics Physics
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In this work, the dynamics of electron transport through a system consists of qubit (two coupled quantum dots) electrostatically coupled with single - electron transistor (quantum dot coupled to leads). The time - dependent Hamiltonian, that is used to describe the system energy, includes the electrostatic coupling between the qubit and the single - electron transistor. The time - dependent equations of motion for all the creation and annihilation operators are expressed in Heisenberg representation to derive the differential equations of motion for the quantum dots occupation numbers of the qubit and the single electron transistor, the related equations of motion for the correlation functions and also the formula that calculates the current which tunnels from the left lead to the single - electron transistor quantum dot. The system of equations of motion are treated by using the wide band approximation, and are solved numerically by using six order Runge - Kutta method, where the error is calculated at each step of time. By getting use of the system of differential equations solutions, the qubit and the single - electron transistor quantum dots occupation numbers are calculated as a function of time, in addition to the current that tunnels from the left lead to the single electron transistor quantum dot as a function of time.The main goal of this study in to investigate the effect of the parameters that related to the qubit and the single - electron transistor and their role in determing the electron transport process features through the whole system. These parameters, that are related to the initialization, manipulation and measurement processes, are the qubit and the single electron transistor quantum dots energy levels, the coupling strength between the qubit quantum dots, the electrostatic coupling between thequbit and the single electron transistor in addition to the coupling strength between the single - electron transistor quantum dot and the leads as well as the leads properties such as tempreture and band width. The effects of quantum dots energy levels tuning and the symmetry of the coupling with leads on the electron transport through the system are also investigated.Our study highlights four important physical features that related to the initialization, manipulation and measurement processes, these are : 1. The occupation numbers of the quantum dots of the qubit and the single electron transistor and the current of SET at the final time of measurement.2. The charge accumulation on the qubit quantum dots, at the final time of measurement, on the far - removed quantum dot and the nearest one to the single - electron transistor, that can be controlled by appling bias voltage and gate voltage.3. The determination of the time - current dependence if it follows the dependence of the far - removed or the nearest qubit quantum dot occupation number on time.4. The role of qubit energy levels tunning and the asymmetric coupling with the leads in determining the suitable initialization and manipulation processes get the quantum measurement with high quantum efficiency.

قياس تراكيز الرادون للمستشفيات ,المراكز الصحية والمنازل وقياس البورون في مياه محافظة ذي قار - العراق == Measurements of Radon in Hospitals, Health Centers and Dwelling as well as Boron Measurements in Water of Thiqar Governorate(Iraq)

Author name: احمد عباس محمد
Supervisor name: عيسى جاسم محمد الخليفة
General topic: Physics
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: العمل الحالي يتضمن ثلاث دراسات اجريت جميعها في محافظة ذي قار جنوب العراق, حيث استخدم 976 نموذج فيها.الدراسة الاولى استخدمت 625 نموذج من كاشف الاثر LR 115 Type II جمعت من 40 منزل في كل قضاء , حيث تم قياس مستويات الرادون وخطر الاصابة بسرطان الرئة من خلال الطريقة السلبية . النتائج اظهرة مستويات مرتفعه وخصوصا في المطبخ مقارنتا مع الاماكن الاخرى وذلك بسبب غاز الطبخ والمياه المستعملة. ان المعدل للجرعة المكافئة السنوية للمطبخ تتغير من 2.316±0.172 في الناصرية الى0.759±0.0348 في سوق الشيوخ .اما الدراسة الثانية فقد استخدمت 186 نموذج من كاشف الاثر LR 115 Type IIجمعت من 57 مستشفى ومركز صحي , حيث استعملت الطريقة اعلاه لقياس مستويات الرادون وخطر الاصابة بسرطان الرئة هناك.لقد اظهرت النتائج ان مستويات الرادون في المستشفيات اعلى من نظيرتها في المراكز الصحية. ان اعلى معدل للجرعة المكافئة السنوية للمراكز الصحية 2.504±0.114 mSv/y بينما للمستشفيات3.150±0.091 mSv/y. في كلى الدراستين اعلاه وجد ان اغلب الجرعات الاشعاعية , ليست اعلى من المعدل العالمي 2.4 mSv/y , ولذلك فانها لا تشكل خطرا جديا على المتواجدين.ان الدراسة الثالثة هدفها قياس تراكيز البورون في مياه محافظة ذي قار , حيث ان امدادات المياه تاتي من مصدرين رئيسين وهما نهري دجلة والفرات, حيث جمع 165 نموذج من 55 موقع لثلاثة انواع من المياه (مياه نهر, مياه اسالة , مياه شرب) واستخدمت الطريقة اللونية لقياس تركيز البورون في عينات الماء. ان اعلى التراكيز سجلت لمياه الانهر في قضاء الناصرية 1.729 mg/l , ولمياه الاسالة سجلت في قضاء الجبايش 0.3 mg/l , اما مياه الشرب فسجلت في قضاء الجبايش 0.286mg/l ,حيث النتائج اظهرت كذلك ان نهر الفرات اكثر تلوثا بعنصر البورون وذلك بسبب ان المناطق ذات الكثافة السكانية العالية ,المصانع والمنشات الكبيرة تقع على ضفافه , حيث ان معدل لتراكيز البورون لنهر دجلة 0.244 mg/l , بينما لنهر الفرات 0.794 mg/l . الدراسة الحالية اظهرت ان تراكيز البورون لنهر دجلة ليست اعلى من المعدل العالمي (اقل من 0.5 mg/l) . بشكل عام نتائج نهر الفرات اعلى من المعدل العالمي 0.5 mg/l , ولكنها تبقى ضمن المستويات المنخفضة لتراكيز البورون , حيث حدد الاتحاد الاوربي المستويات المقبولة ب 1.0 mg/L عام 1998 , اما نيوزيلندا فحددته ب 1.4 mg/L. | The present work included three studies carried out in Thiqar Governorate southern of Iraq, where 976 samples has been used .The first study used 625 samples of LR 115 Type II dosimeters where collected from 40 dwelling in each distract, Passive method is used to measure the radon indoor levels and lung cancer risk. The results show higher indoor radon levels and radon effective dose especially in kitchen as compared to other locations. High values of radon activity may be due to use of water and cooking gas in kitchen.The average annual effective dose for kitchen varying from 2.316±0.172 mSv/y recorded in Al Nasiriya district to 0.759±0.0348 mSv/y recorded in Suq AlShyouk district.The second study used 186 samples of LR 115 Type II dosimeters collected from 57 Hospitals and Health centers, also Passive method is used to measure the radon indoor levels and lung cancer risk. The results show that the calculated indoor radon levels and radon effective dose in Hospitals are higher than that in Health Centers.The maximum average annual effective dose in Health Centers is 2.504±0.114 mSv/y , while for Hospitals is 3.150±0.091 mSv/y.In the two studies most of the radiation dose are not higher than the world wide average back ground dose of 2.4 mSv/y and hence they does not pose any serious threat to the occupants.The third study aims is to measure the concentration of boron in waters of Thiqar Governorate (southern of Iraq), the water is supplied from two major sources (Tigris and Euphrates Rivers). 165 samples collected from 55 location for three types of water (rivers water, Tab water, drink water). Colorimetric curcumin method is used to measure the boron concentration in the water samples. The maximum Boron concentrations in Thiqar Governorate for River water (surface water) (1.729 mg/l) in Nasiriya district, Tab water(0.3 mg/l) in Chibiesh district and Drink water (0.286mg/l) in Chibiesh district. The results shown that Euphrates river is more polluted with boron element, because its pass in highly occupied region and meager factories ,facilities lay on it, where Tigris average value 0.244 mg/l,while Euphrates average value 0.794 mg/l.The present work shows most of the boron concentration in Tigris river aren't higher than the world wide back ground <0.5 mg/l. In general Euphrates river results are higher than the world wide back ground, but it's still in the low concentration levels for boron, where the European Union established a value of 1.0 mg/L for boron in 1998 for the quality of water intended for human consumption, also New Zealand has established a drinking water standard for boron of 1.4 mg/L

اللااستقراريات والفوضى في الدوائر الالكترونية

Author name: ابو طالب يوسف عباس عبد الكريم الشامي
Supervisor name: نوري حسين نور الهاشمي | فرات احمد مهدي السيمري
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Electronics Physics
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

دراسة حيوية وتشخيص جزيئي لداء الاكياس العدرية في المضائف الوسطية اعتمادا على تحليل تتابع جينات rDNA - ITS1 وmtCOX1 في محافظة ذي قار == Biological Study and Molecular Identification on Hydatidosis in Intermediate Hosts Depending on Sequence Analysis for rDNA - ITS1 and mtCOX1 Genes in Thi - Qar Province

Author name: وسام جاسم حنش
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Parasites
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study was carried out in Thi - Qar province during the period from beginning of January until the end of December 2015 to investigate the prevalence of infection with hydatidosis in human and other intermediate hosts. The molecular techniques was used to detect the strain of Echinococcus granulosus. The present study diagnosed 58 infection with hydatidosis in different organs such as liver, lungs, kidney and spleen of surgically treated patients in AL - Hussein Imam Teaching Hospital inNassiriyah city, centre of Thi - Qar province. The total number of hydatid cysts was 72 cyst in different organs with total intensity of infection 1.24. The females recorded highest percentage of infection 67.24% than males 32.76 %, and the age group 21 - 30 year showed highest percentage of infection 24.14 % . The lowest percentage recorded in age group more than 60 year 5.17 %.The results of study showed that right lobe of liver was more affected 58.62 % than left lobe 13.79 %. The percentage of left lung infection was 10.34 % while right lung 8.62 %. The total average of fertile cysts in infected organs was 81.82 % and sterile cysts 18.18 %. The highest percentage of infection was recorded in house women 87.18 %. The number of recorded cases in Nassiriyah district was 21 case with percentage of infection 36.21 %.During the same period a total of 1303, 1287, 405, 90, and 294 head from sheep, cattle, buffaloes, camels and goats were examined respectively.The percentage of infection was 7.83 %, 7.69 %, 3.46 % and 2.22 % in sheep, cattle, buffaloes and camels respectively, and no infection was recorded in goats. The intensity of infection was 4.07, 3.27, 1.64 and 2 in sheep, cattle, buffaloes and camels respectively. The results of statistical analysis showed no significant differences (P????0.05) in percentage and intensity of infection.The percentage infection of liver, lungs and both together in sheep was 5.45 %, 1.23 % and 1.15 % respectively, and there was no significant differences in percentage of infection but intensity of infection differed significantly(P????0.05). The percentage of liver, lungs, both together and spleen infection in cattle were 3.11 %, 2.95 % , 1.55 % and 0.08 % respectively while intensity of infection in liver, lungs, both together and spleen was 2.5, 2.18, 7 and 1 respectively. The percentage of liver, lungs and both together infection in buffaloes were 2.22 %, 0.99 % and 0.25 % respectively while intensity of infection in liver, lungs and both together was 1.89, 1 and 2 respectively. No significant differences in percentage and intensity of infection in camels andboth percentage and intensity of infection in liver and lungs were 1.11% and 2 respectively.High significant differences was recorded between percentage infection in males and females of animals. The percentage of infection in females were 15.87 %, 13.42 %, 6.99 % and 3.45 % in sheep, cattle, buffaloes and camels respectively. Highest percentage of infection were 0.72 %, 0.18 % and 0.46 % in males of sheep, cattle and buffaloes respectively. No infection were recorded in males of camels.T he age was effect on percentage of infection and big aging groups recorded in sheep, cattle, buffaloes and camels. The present study recorded significant differences in percentage of fertile hydatid cysts in liver and lungs of animals and highest of percentage of fertility recorded in liver and lungs of sheep 84.21 % and 79.24 % respectively and lower percentage of fertility was in liver of buffaloes 11.11% and liver of cattle 14.70 %. The lower percentage of sterile hydatid cysts was in liver and lungs of sheep 15.79 % and 20.75 % respectively and highest percentage recorded in liver of buffaloes 88.88 % and spleen of cattle 100 %.S t a tistical analysis using of ANOVAs test showed no significant differences in total length, length of blade and width for large and small protoscolices hooks of hydatid cysts isolated from liver and lungs of sheep, human, cattle buffaloes, camels and hooks of sheep which is showed genetic variations (new strain).The PCR - RFLP technique was used in identification of E.granulosus strains infecting human and intermediate hosts in Thi - Qar province. The molecular study is carried out on 75 hydatid cysts collected from human, sheep, cattle, buffaloes and camels. The DNA is extracted from protoscolices of hydatid cysts isolated from infected organs. PCR - RFLP technique showed that sheep strain G1 of E.granulosus is predominant in Thi - Qar province depending on amplification of rDNA - ITS1 gene. The PCR products in all DNA samples showed 1000 bp approximately. Alu1 endonuclease with rDNA - ITS1 demonstrated two bands 800 bp and 200 bp approximately, while Rsa1 endonuclease showed two bands 655 bp and 345 bp approximately which is similar to sheep strain genotype 1.Sequence analysis for rDNA - ITS1 gene showed the presence of sheepstrain genotype 1 which is similar 100 % to sheep strain in gene bank exceptone isolate (sheep liver) was differs from other strains in position ofnucleotide sequence. It was similar 99 % for sequence of sheep strain. Thedata base of this new strain was recorded in gene bank for DNA sequence National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) for the first time globally under the name Echinococcus granulosus strain WH1AW2 (GenBank : LT547814). Polymerase chain reaction technique and sequence analysis of mtCOX1 gene showed the presence of sheep strain G1 of human, sheep, cattle, buffaloes and camels. The sequence analysis showed the genetic variation in mtCOX1 gene for hydatid cyst in infected sheep represented by point mutation type transition which caused change Adenine to Guanine, and sequence data base of the sample recorded for first time in NCBI and ENA (GenBank : LC203589). Buffaloes strain G3 isolated from human lung recorded for first time in Thi - Qar province depending on comparison of samples sequences with source strains recorded in gene bank (NCBI) using "BLAST". The size of bands for mtCOX1 gene was 450 bp in all samples

دراسة فعالية بعض مستخلصات الطحلب الاخضر Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.,1820 على الاكياس العذرية للمشوكة الحبيبية Echinococcus granulosus (Batsch,1786 وكمضادات لخط الخلايا السرطانية نوع HeLa == Study of the activity of some of the green alga Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.,1820) extracts on Hydatid cysts of Echinococcus granulosus (Batsch,1786) and as anticancer cells type HeLa

Author name: غزوان طالب نوري الجابر
Supervisor name: صبيح هليل المياح | احمد محسن عذبي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study was conducted in order to evaluate the activity of green alga Enteromorpha intestinalis extracts (methanol and hexane extracts) on growth and development of hydatid cysts of Echinococcus granulosus in vitro and in vivo by using mice type Mus musculus Balb\c that in comparing with albendazole drug. Anti - cancer activity was also evaluated in vitro for both algal extracts by using HeLa cells. Chemical compositions of algal extracts were analyzed by using Gas chromatography - mass spectroscopy (Gc - mass)technique . The hydatid cysts were collected from livers and lungs of infected sheep which slaughtered in Basrah abattoir. While, The algae specimens were collected from Abu Sokhir marshland area /north of Basra. The results revealed that E.intestinalis chemical compounds are carbohydrate , alkaloids, phenols , saponins , triterpenes and sterols compounds. In vitro study showed that the 1 mg / mouse weight of albendazole drug was able to reduce the percentage of protoscolices activity to zero after the third day of treatment. While, the dose 6 98 mg / kg of methanol extract inhibited all protoscolices after five days of treatment, followed by the dose 804 mg / kg of hexan extract that inhibited all protoscolices after six days of treatment.In vivo study revealed that the methanol extract (698 mg / kg) treatment was the best in reducing the weights of organs significantly in comparison with the positive control group it was 2.192 , 0.192 , 0.434 and 0.282 g of liver, spleen, lung and kidney respectively. The methanol extract (698 mg / kg) treatment lowered the average number of hydatid cysts (2.6) more than other extracts treatments , then followed by hexane extract (804 mg / kg) treatment it was 2.8 cyst .This study has identified that the liver enzymes Aspartate transaminase (ALT) and Alanine transaminase (AST) values in the serum of positive control group were higher significantly than negative control group the value of the enzyme ALT was 79 IU / l and the value of the enzyme AST was 118.4 IU / l.All methanolic extracts groups showed a preference in enzyme's values compared with other treatments groups , the value of ALT enzyme of 698 , 688 and 678 mg / kg of methanol extract groups were 46.8 , 45.8 and 44.6 IU / l respectively, while all hexane extracts groups showed a preference in AST enzyme values compared to the other treatments groups, the value of AST enzyme of 804 , 794 and 784 mg / kg of hexane extract groups were 73.6 , 70.2 and 70.4 IU / l respectively. Found a significant increase in the number of white blood cells WBCs in a positive control group ( 4.6 × 013μ), compared with a negative control group and the other groups, While it has been found significant decrease in the Hb (5..8deciliter) and Packed cell volume (PCV) (31..%) values in positive control group as compared with control negative group. The study found that the number of white blood cells WBCs n the methanolic extract group (678 mg / kg) was 4.06 × 103 microliter was as same as in the negative control group, In contrast, hexane extract group (804 mg/ kg) has did not significant difference with negative control group in the Hb and PCV were 11.5 g / dl and 36.8% respectively .Histological study confirmed that there are the histological changes in positive control group included congestion , bleeding , degeneration , infiltration of inflammatory cells and hyperplasia. Whereas the histological changes in group treated with albendazole were bleeding, infiltration of inflammatory cells , atrophy of the glomerulus and fibrosis in some areas . In algal extracts groups the histological changes were infiltration of inflammatory cells, bleeding and congestion.The Gc mass results revealed that the ethanol extract contains loliolide , ethyl stearate , palmitic Acid , ethyl palmitate , phytol , ethyl oleate , ethylhexyladipate and squalene compounds. While, hexane extract has N, Ndimethyltetradecylamine , diisobutyl phthalate , palmitic Acid , ethyl palmitate and ethylhexyladipate compounds.Anti - cancer study showed the algal extracts have an inhibition activity against cancer cells, The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of the methanol extract was 79.08 μ/ ml, While, the IC50 for hexane extract was 156.3 μ/ ml.

دراسة تشريحية تصنيفية لبعض من نباتات العائلة السوسبية Euphorbiaceae في العراق == Anatomical and Taxomanical study for some plant of Euphorbiaceae family in IRAQ

Author name: امل علي ياسين الحسن
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Plant
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The study was conducted to investigate several taxonomic aspects which comprised the micro - morphological studies of epidermal layer of leaves, pollen grains, fruits and seeds.In addition to that, the anatomical and molecular studies for 12 species of Euphorbiaceae family which belonged to five genera AndrachneL. , Chrozophora L., Euphorbia L, Mercurialis L. and RicinusL., were performed. One representative species for each genuswas selected; in exception 8 species were chosen for the genus Euphorbia..The current results confirmed that the anatomical characters showed valuable taxonomic traits which can evidently be used to distinguish between species. The most prominent trait was mesophylla tissue in leaves which were observed in three categories;1 - Bifacial leaves : - which found in C.tinctoria, Euphorbia sp ., E. milii, E.annua and R.comminus 2 - Uni - facial (heterogenus) leaves : - this category of the mesophyll was detected in two species only A.telephioides and E.prostrata3 - Uni - facial (homogenus) leaves : - this category were noticed in five species; E.denticulata ,E.helioscopia ,E,macrocarpa , E.microsphaeia and E.peplus The second important comparative anatomical character was the Mid rib, which are in four types with several shapes from which discrimination between the species can be made : - 1. Convex - concave mid rib : - that was showed in E.helioscopia, E.macrocarpa, E.milii and M.annua.2. Convex - convex : - This type was found in three species C.tinctoria , Euphorbia sp.and R. comminus3. Flat - Convex : - This type of mid rib was observed in A.telephioides E.microsphaera, E.peplus and E.prostrata4. Flat - Flat : - This type was observed in only one species E.denticulata In stem, the most prominent parts of taxonomic evidence were pith and vascular bundles.In according to the pith, species can be divided into hollow stem (without pith) and solid stem (containing medulla good configuration). Hollow stem was clear in the stems of A.telephioides , E.microsphaera , E.prostrata and M.annua. While, the solid stem wasseen in the remaining species. Vascular bundles were existed in two types; that's connected vascular bundles that's characterized the hollow stems, and separate vascular bundles. In most of the species with the exception of M. annua, stem with scatteredvascular bundles were in cortex As well as, petiole which have features that a clear taxonomy values .either by outline of petiole or its vascular arc.Micro - morphological studies of epidermal layer of leaves showed very important taxonomical value. This layer of leaves reveals variation in shape of ordinary epidermal cell and nature of anticline cell wall, stomata complexes and Epicuticlular wax crystals.Micro - morphological of pollen was taxonomic evidence as well. It can be considered to divide the species of Euphorbiaceae family into two groups based on the number of germination apertures 1 - Hexocorporate : - this type was confined to C.tinctoria2 - Tricolporate all species studied remainingThe sculpture of pollen wall provided beneficial information invested in the species identification.Both seeds and fruits showed a distinctive role in species identification. Micromorophological study of seeds for species which belong to six genera Andrachne , Chrozophora, Euphorbia, Mercurialis , Phyllanthus and Ricinus were achieved by using Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM). The study concentrated on micro - morphological aspect of Caruncle, seed surface ornamentation and the shape of epidermial cell wall. The result revealed that most studied species were with carunclated seeds ,but some specieswere with ecarunclated seeds as in A.telephioides L. ,C. tinctoria( L) Raf , E.prostrata Atin and P. maderaspatensis L Seed surface ornamentation characteristics showed a significant taxonomical value.Furthermore, current result showed that there are a highly variation in shape, size and color of the seeds walls. With respect to the fruits characteristics, which showed variations in number of mercarpi, shape, size, color and surface ornamentation that can be adopted in the separation of the species studied Molecular study provided significant support for phenotypic and anatomical classification and support genetic convergence between the species in Euphorbiacea family. The genus Euphorbia species showed a significant genetically convergence and participated in predecessors monophyletic. However, the genera in Euphorbiacea family under study probably originated and evolved from different ancestors’ polyphyletic.

دراسة تصنيفية وحياتية للديدان الخيطية عائلة Tetrameridae Travassos, 1914 المتطفلة على بعض انواع الطيور في هور السناف محافظة ذي قار == Taxonomic and Biological Studies of Nematodes of the Family Tetrameridae Travassos, 1914 in the Some Birds in Sinaph marsh Thi - Qar province

Author name: نهى جبار عبد الركابي
Supervisor name: باسم ھاشم عبد الله
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Parasites
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A total of 401 represented by 128 birds of Himantopus himantopus which belong to the family Recurvirostridae , 93 birds of Chettusia leucura which belong to the family charadriidae and 180 birds of Sturnus vulgaris which belong to the family sturnidae at the period from April 2014 to march 2015 in Al - Sanaf marsh , Suq - Al - Shuyukh city southern of the Thi - Qar province,for searching the nematodes which belong to the family Tetrameridae. Four species of nematodes, which belong to the family Tetrameridae, were isolated in the current study. They were T.nouveli, T.dubia, T.spinosa and Microtetrameres inermis. The H. himantopus was infected with the nematode T.nouveli and the prevalence of infection was 25.8% , bird.Furthermore, the Chettusia leucura was infected, the mean intensity was 3.3 worm in each infected birds. The nematode T.dubia was isolated from H. himantopus with the isolated from the Ch. Leucura mean intensity was 1.7.The nematode T.spinosa was isolated from H. himantopus the the mean intensity of infection was 2.3 and it was isolated from the Ch. leucura , the prevalence of infection 4.3% and the mean intensity was 1.8 worm in each infected worm.The record of these three nematode is considering the first record in Iraq.Microtetrameres inermis was isolated from the Sturnus vulgaris, the each infected birds.Himantopus himantopus from April 2014 to March of 2015.This bird was infected with three species from family Tetrameridae, The seasonal variation study of infection prevalence of Tetrameres spp.in, H. himantopus that there was II Summarycomplete seasonal cycle for nematodes T.nouveli, T.dubia , and T.spinosa .The nematode T.nouveli had hightest infection prevalence in summer the decrease in autumn, winter and spring while the infection prevalence of nematode T.dubia was hight in summer and autumn then decrease in winter and spring. The infection prevalence of nematode T.spinosa was generally low with little increase in autumn .The results of the current of the Ch. leucura indicated that this bird was infected with three species which nematodes T.nouveli, T.dubia and T.spinosa and they had seasonal appearance . There was not any significant effect of host sex on prevalence of infection, and it showed decreased in prevalence of infection when the bird's weight was increased.The study of lifecycle of nematodes : T.nouveli ,T.dubia and M. inermis revealed obtainment the larval stages after success the infection experimental of the grasshopper Schistocerca gregaria for the first time the three isolated nematodes from family Tetrameridae in this study which it was T.nouveli , T. dubia and M.inermis and was included the lifecycle of the three species . The differences were including the period of time to produce and developing the larval stages in addition to the differences in their shapes, it was revealed that were clear differences in the structure and their shape of the tip the posterior end of the third larval stage. The end of the third larval stage of the nematode T. nouveli had three caudal papilla and the posterior end of nematode T.dubia had five caudal papilla while the end of the third larval stage of M.inermis did not have any caudal papilla , so we can distinguish these nematode larval stage depended on the prevalence this character in their third larval stage.The experimental infection of the Columba livia domestica with nematode M.inermis was successful.While the experimental infection to the Columba livia domestica with nematode T.nouveli ,T.dubia .was failed The experimental infection of the Gallus domestica with nematodes of Tetrameridae T.nouveli, T.dubia and M.inermis was failed too.

دراسة تشخيصية وحياتية لعلقة المياه العذبة Dina punctata Johansson, 1927 (Erpobdellidae : Hirudinea في اهوار السويب من محافظة البصرة جنوب العراق == Identification and Biological study of the Freshwater Leech Dina punctata Johansson, 1927 (Erpobdellidae : Hirudinea) in AL - Swaib Marshes From Basrah province south of Iraq

Author name: ازهر محمد غالي الخزعلي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology - Invertebrates
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The species Dina punctata is recorded for the first time in Iraq (from Al - Swaib marshes). The identification was conducted morphologicaly and molecularly characteristics. The morphological features summarized as : - - The species D. punctata has vermiform body compressed ventrally, ranging in length from 55 - 60 mm and in diameter from 0.5 - 2 mm. The individuals have a large ability for extening. The pointed anterior end carries small anterior sucker which resembles lips surrounding the mouth opining, while the rounded posterior end carries large rounded posterior sucker. - This species is characterized by heterogeneous features such as the color of the body which changes from blackish gray for Adults to dark brown for Juveniles, as well as the number and arrangement of eyes which is in general four pairs arranged as reverse U shape located on the dorsal anterior edge. The first two pairs of eyes are located on the middle line of the body while the third and the fourth pairs are each located on one side of the body behind the anterior pairs. - The body consists of 34 segments, each of them is divided to five secondary annuli. The fifth annuli of each segment is divided into two subsections, thus the main segment becomes consist of six annuli. - The male and female gonopores are open on the ventral surface of the 12th segment, separated from each other by two annuli, the male gonopore is usually larger and clearer and located forward in the middle of the groove which is separate the annuli b2 and a2 respectively. The female gonopore is smaller and located in the back of the male gonopore in the middle of the groove which is separate the b5 and b6 annuli respectively.Because of the instability in some morphological features, the species D.punctata also identified in the present study according to genetic features.During the genetic study, the region of internal transcription space (ITS2) in DNA was isolated from leech specimens by using special primers for region internal transcription space (ITS2), after isolation, the ITS2 genes are amplified.The results of polymerase chain reaction of DNA were obtained of single bands of 580 base pairs molecular weight for all degrees of hybridization. The sequence of each sample after detecting was entered in the database of National Center Biological Information (NCBI) and the result showed that the sequences of all samples are belonging to the species D. punctata. In the field study, monthly samples of leeches D. punctata was collected from the marshes of Al - Swaib on the eastern side of Shatt Al - Arab river inQurna northern Basrah Province during the period from January 2015 to December 2015. A total of 235 individuals and 623 Cocoon were collected during the study period. The highest number was 58 recorded for individuals during May 2015, while being 335 recorded for cocoons during February 2015. On the other hand there is no occurrence recorded during July - August for individuals, and June - November for cocoons.The study investigates the water temperature, salinity and abundance of individuals and cocoons. The statistical analysis showed negative correlation between temperature and abundance of both individuals and cocoons, while the correlation of salinity was slightly positive with abundance of individuals and cocoons.The study of population sizes structure showed that the size class 40 - 50 mm has the highest frequency during the study period compared with the other size classes. On the other hand, the highest percentage of frequency was 66.7%, which also recorded for the size class 40 - 50 mm.Laboratory experiments showed that the members of a species D.punctata able to tolerate saline concentrations between 2 - 6 psu the survival rate 100%, Also, these worms (D. punctata) feed by different ways, it can be considered Predatory Macrophagous and Scavengers, its food materials consist of invertebrate animals such as Oligochaetes, Lumbriculids, Chironomid larvae; fleshy body of some aquatic snails; and on dead fishes. In the laboratory, the leeches fed well on flesh and livers of chicken, sheeps and caws, The laboratory also studied, Three different types of food effect (chicken liver, zooplankton, and animal feed) on the growth of young leech for a period of six weeks.From the field and laboratory observations, the specie D. punctata reproduces sexually by cross fertilization. The male and female gonopores are easily observed in adults which ranging in length from 45 - 60 mm. as well as the sperm sacs on the mid ventral surface of the body during the reproduction season, which extend in our study during two periods : January - May and December 2015. The sexual reproduction processes were studded in detail and the embryonic development in cocoons was divided into five hypothetical stages according to morphological and anatomical changes and these stages are : - 1 - Depositing Cocoon Stage.2 - Primary Cleavage stage.3 - Development and extension.4 - Differentiation of regions stage.5 - Complement and release stage. The histological structure of the body wall, suckers, reproductive organs and digestive tract of adult leeches were investigated. The body wall consists of thick layers of circular, longitudinal and oblique muscles.The structures of the male reproductive system such as genital atrium, sperm sacs and testis were observed. There are two lateral blood sinuses around the mouth cavity in addition to many nerve cells. The posterior sucker is muscular, and the muscle cells are as a dense net in the peripheral part, while are as a loose cells in the middle what give it a sponge appearance, in addition to primitive glomerular cells, nerve cells and mucus cells

دور مستارجات حشرتي الصرصر الامريكي Periplaneta mericana والبعوض Culex pipiens على فرط التحسس من النوع الاول وعلاقتها مع بعض الائل مستضدات معقد التوافق النسيجي من الصنف الثاني

Author name: هدى كاظم كريم الموسوي
Supervisor name: فوزية علي عبد الله | ضياء خليف كريم
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Life Science
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study aimed to verify the distribution of Periplaneta americana and Culex pipiens allergy and its association with some HLA class II alleles in asthmatic and allergic patients. 96 healthy (control ) and 96 suspected allergic individuals from the same geographical region ,paired by sex and age were included in this study. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay test (ELISA) was used to estimate the total and specific IgE antibodies in the sera of studied individuals. The detection of the HLA - DQB1*0602, HLADQB1* 0604 and HLA - DRB1*12 was performed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).The results of total IgE based ELISA which was conducted on 96 suspected allergic and24 healthy (control ) individuals revealed that there was extremely significant statistical association (P<0.0001) for total IgE concentration with being allergic or non allergic status of individuals. The overall frequency of higher total IgE antibody concentration ( IgE>200IU/ml) was observed in 72.9% of allergic patients and lower serum total IgE levels (IgE<200IU/ml) were associated with 87.5% of healthy individuals. According to the specific IgE based ELISA results the effect of allergic patients age on the IgE seropositivity against cockroach allergens was not considered to be significant(p>0.05),but the effect of sex was statistically significant)P<0.05(.There was no significant effect( p>0.05)for patients age and sex on the distribution of IgE antibodies against mosquito allergens. Out of 96 allergic patients, 59 (61.5%)and 62(64.6%)showed positive IgE antibody response against cockroach and mosquito allergens respectively. Concerning the PCR results the overall frequency of HLA - DQB1*0602 and HLA - DQB1*0604 alleles was %35.6 and %15.3 of cockroach allergic patients respectively and the HLA - DRB1*12 allele was not observed in these patients..Out of 62 mosquito allergic patients, 8(%12.9)showed HLA - DQB1 * 0602 positive results while HLA - DQB1*0604 allele was observed in 4(%6.5)patients and the HLA - DRB1*12 allele was not observed in these patients.The difference in the genotypig results was extremely highly significant(χ2 : 0.030;17.486; degrees of freedom(DF) : 3;p - value=0.00056136) between cockroach and mosquito allergic patients .The association between the presence HLA - DQB1 *0602 , HLA - DQB1 * 0604 and HLA - DRB1*12 and total IgE based ELISA results in allergic patients and healthy individuals revealed that the percentage of HLA - DQB1 * 0602, HLA - DQB1 * 0604 and HLA - DRB1*12 alleles presence in patients having total IgE lower total IgE )IgE<200 IU/ml) was higher than that of high )IgE>200 IU/ml) total IgE patients where HLA - DQB1*0602 appeared in high percentage(69.2%) followed by percentage (15.4 %( of HLA - DQB1* 0604 presence. . The relationship of HLA - DQB1and HLADRB1 alleles with the results of total IgE based ELISA was statistically significant in the least(χ2 : 60.756 and the degree of freedom (DF) : 5;p= P<0.00001) and greatest(χ2 : 11.806 ; the degree of freedom (DF) : 5 ; p = 0.037544) than 200 IU / ml, values .Depending on the association between the presence of HLADQB1* 0602 ,HLA - DQB1*0604 and HLA - DRB1*12 and positive or negative specific results of cockroach or mosquito allergens specific IgE based ELISA results in allergic patients revealed that the percentage of HLA - DQB*0602,HLA - DQB1*0604 and HLA - DRB1*12 alleles presence in cockroach allergic patients having positive results were higher than those ratios that have been observed in patients with negative ELISA results where HLA - DQB1*0602 appeared in high percentage)35.6%( followed by percentage( 15.3% )of HLA - DQB1*0604 . The relationship of HLADQB1and HLA - DRB1 alleles with the results of specific IgE based ELISA was statistically significant (χ2 : 10.412; DF : 3; p - value =0.01536989).Incontrast the percentage of HLA - DQB1*0602,HLADQB1*0604 and HLA - DRB1*12 alleles presence in mosquito allergic patients was found to be higher in negative ELISA results patients also the relationship of these HLA - DQB1 alleles with mosquito allergen specific IgE based ELISA results was not considared statistically significant (χ2 : 3.115 ;DF : 3 and p= 0.37423205).However HLA - DQB1 * 0602 allele was found in the highest percentage (20.6%), followed by allele HLA - DQB1 * 0604 (8.8%).Concerning the presence of HLA - DQB1*0602 ,HLA - DQB1*0604 andHLA - DRB1*12 in cockroach or mosquito allergic patients and healthy individuals,the HLA - DRB1*12 and HLA - DQB1*0602 allels were not found in healthy individuals.The genotyping results difference between cockroach allergic patients and healthy individuals was considered statistically extremely significant (χ2 : 74.485 ;DF : 5 and p =0) as well as the difference in the results of the genotyping of mosquitoes allergic patients and healthy people was statistically with very high significant (χ2 : 23.342 ; DF : 5 and p = 0.00029035).

دراسة تاثيرالتعرض السابق لمادة الايثيلين وايضه في بعض المعاييرالفسيولوجية : دراسة تاثيرالتعرض السابق لمادة الايثيلين وايضه في بعض المعاييرالفسيولوجية والوراثية عند العاملين في معمل البتروكيمياويات في محافظة البصرة والوراثية عند العاملين في معمل البتروكيمي == The Study of the effects of previous Ethylene Exposure on Some Physiological and Genetic Parameters in Workers of Petrochemical Plant In Basrah province

Author name: هبة ثاقب يسر
Supervisor name: سامي جبر المالكي | فائزة عبد الوهاب احمد
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Life Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The current study was conducted to investigate the genetic and physiological effects of some industrial chemicals on workers of the Petrochemicals Industrial Factory, in Basra Province , as it has been collecting 100 blood samples during the month of January and February of 2011 from each of the exposure in (ethylene section) and the control group of (employees of the University of Basra). and then the samples were divided on the basis of each of the years of occupational exposure to more and less than 15 years , age group to the larger and smaller than 50 years, smoking habits.The results showed that there was a significant decrease in the haemoglobin concentration HB, PCV, RDW and MCV in the more than15 years exposure group in comparison with the control group, while, no significance was detected in the RBC, MCH, MCV ,RDW,MCH and MCHC in less than15 years exposure group . Whereas, a significant decrease in the PCV for the same group was observed.White blood cells parameters’ results showed also variations in their values. In general, WBC did not change significantly in both groups of workers, while, the proportion of the lymphocyte and the of monocyte declined significantly in the more than 15 year of occupational exposure group, in contrast, the proportion of granulated cells increased markedly in the same group. The results of group of less than 15 years exposure revealed that the proportion of monocyte dropped significantly. Conversely, there was a significant increase in the proportion of granulated cells while the proportion of the lymphocyte was not significant . Platelets’ number and average of platelets’ volume decreased significantly in both occupational groupsTurning to the biochemical tests, the results showed significant increase in both liver enzymes ALT ,ASTand bili as well as this increase was found in urea, uric acid and glucose values in both occupational exposure groups. Contrariwise, the ALP creatinine and cholesterol did not reveal significant changes in both groups that in comparison with control group. The total protein decreased significantly in the group of more than 15 year of occupational exposure.Testosterone level revealed a significant decline in both occupational groups, while the Follicle stimulating hormone showed a significant increase in the occupational group of less than 15 year and no difference was observed in another occupational group while LH hormone level was not significant.In case of the genetic effects of the ethylene compounds, DNA was extracted for control and occupational groups and amplification was performed for GSTM1, GSTT1 and Albumin by using PCR technique. The results showed that there was no significant effect of both occupational periods on the GSTM1 gene, while GSTT1 gene was significantly in the workers samples in group more than 15 year of exposure, which was 2.43 times more than the group of less than 15 year of exposure.As regards the impact of exposure to ethylene and loss of genes GSTM1 and GSTT1 showed the results of our study, significant increase in the loss of gene GSTM1 amounted to more than five - fold (5.1) among workers exposed compared to a set of control while the proportion of loss of gene GSTT1 by more than three - fold (3. 1) compared to the group control has been a loss ratio of the two genes together more than eight - fold (8.5) for workers exposed group compared to the control.The light smoke did not reveal a significant effect on the null of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes that in comparison with the control group, while the study found a significant effect of smoking on gene GSTM1, causing the null of much more than doubled (2.2) times compared with the control group (non - smokers) and the significant effect of smoking on null GSTT1 gene loss as increased visits by the text (1.5) compared with non - smokers also appeared that excessive smoking has an effect on the GSTT1 gene causing loss by seven - fold (7.08) once compared to non - smokers.The effect of the age group (less and more than 50 years old) of the workers on the null of both GSTM1 and GSTT1 was also examined. GSTM1 gene was null six times in both age groups of workers more than the control samples. While the GSTT1 was null in age group less than 50 years old three times more than the control group. As well as this absence was two times in the age group more than 50 years old in comparison with control group.It could be concluded from the present study that the exposure of workers to ethylene and its metabolic impact and clearly on blood standards as well as caused a high level of enzymes AST, ALT and bilirubin and high blood sugar levels and lower total protein and high level of urea and uric acid level as well as the low level of the hormone testosterone as it turns out that occupational exposure to ethylene and metabolic outcomes and length of exposure and smoking for workers exposed role in influencing the genes of detoxification, causing null in each of the gene GSTT1 and GSTM1.

دراسة مظهرية وجزيئية وبيئية للدور اليرقي بعد المذنبة لمثقوبة العين Diplostomum على ثلاثة انواع من اسماك نهر كرمة علي في محافظة البصرة == Morphological, Molecular and Ecological Studies of the larval stage (metacercaria) of eye trematode Diplostomum on three fish species from Garmat Ali River, Basrah Province

Author name: هاجر رزاق منهل
Supervisor name: عبد الحسين حبش
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Life Science
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

الحساسية الغذائية للروبيان : دراسة وبائية ومناعية وجزيئية في محافظة البصرة جنوب العراق == Food allergy of shrimp : Epidemiological,Immunological and Molecular Study inBasra Province, Southern of Iraq

Author name: نور جاسم علي جودة
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Life Science
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A total of 210 human venous blood samples were collected from Basrah province ( 190 randomly collected from people living in different regions of Basrah province , 10 blood samples from people who did not have a history of shrimp consumption or dealing with it used as negative control group, anther 10 samples of people who are sensitive to shrimp used as a positive control group). The samples were serologically tested by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) to estimate the distribution of total and specificIgE in the sera of studied individuals . Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed to detect the HLA - DQB1*02 , *0302 , *0305 allels. The immunological study included the preparation of two types of Metapenaeus affinis allergens which are the raw allergens and the boiled allergens used in Indirect ELISA test to determin shrimp food allergies by serodiagnosis , while Direct ELISA test was used to estimate the distribution of total IgE by quantitative serological methods in the sera of studied samples. the concentration of protein in antigens extracts was estimated, the protein concentration in the boiled shrimp extract was less than its concentration in the raw extract.The results of direct ELISA test demonstrated a decrease in the level of total IgE antibodies in most of the studied samples , the level of IgE <100 recorded a significant high rate 98.4% which is more than the level of IgE > 100 which recorded apercentage of 1.6% and there was a significant difference between them. The Indirect ELISA test results revealed that the total percentage of IgE distribution of the raw and boiled shrimp antigens were 57.8% and 74.2% respectively and there was a significant difference between males and females .However , the difference was not significant between the age groups P>0.05.The molecular study was conducted to detect the presence of some alleles HLADQB1* 02, *0302, *0305 gene in the blood samples by using PCR . The current study showed that the association of the presence of these alleles and the level of total immunoglobulin is highly significant.Also the current study showed that a high significant difference was found between the positive samples to the studied alleles and the seropositive and seronegative results of raw and boild shrimp allergen specific IgE based on Indirect ELISA (P≤0.01).The results of PCR showed a high frequency ratio of HLADQB1 * 0302 97.2% in allergic patients of shrimp boild allergen and 56.9% in allergic patients of shrimp raw allergen .Also the current study showed a very high frequency ratio of HLADQB1 *0305 98.2% in the individuals who showed positive results for the raw allergen and recorded 65.2%. in the individuals who showed positive results for the boild allergen ,while HLADQB1*02 showed in one sample of studied samples which recorded positive results to raw and boild allergens of shrimp .The current study demonstrated also that the alleles frequency in some of studied samples which are seronegative by Indirect ELISA test , HLADQB1*0302 was 30.9% in raw antigens, while in the negative boild sample was not observed . HLADQB1*0305 was 1.23% in serongative of raw allergen and 16.32% in boild allergen. However, HLADQB1*02 was notobserved in seronagative to raw and boild shrimp allergen.

دراسة انتشار الديدان الحلقية وبعض الاحياء القاعية المتواجدة معها في منطقة القرنة / شمال محافظة البصرة

Author name: نور الهدى وليد عبد الرضا
Supervisor name: صبيح هليل المياح | مرتضى يوسف
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology - Invertebrates
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: درست اللافقريات القاعية المائية الكبيرة لنهر الفرات وشط العرب واختيرت ثلاث محطات للدراسة تقع المحطة الاولى تقع على نهر الفرات بينما تقع المحطة الثانية بعد نقطة التقاء نهري دجلة والفرات بحوالي 2 كيلو متر في حين تقع المحطة الثالثة بعد التقاء شط العرب ونهر الغميج. جمعت العينات شهريا ابتداء من تموز2013 - ولغاية حزيران2014 - بواقع ثلاث مكررات من كل محطة. تم خلال الدراسة الحالية قياس بعض العوامل للبيئة المائية (درجة حرارة الماء والملوحة والاس الهيدروجيني والاوكسجين المذاب) اذ تراوحت درجة الحرارة بين 32 ̊م و18.4 ̊م وتراوحت الملوحة بين 3.8 - 1.9 جزء بالالف والاس الهيدروجيني بين 8.13 - 6.96 والاوكسجين المذاب بين 16 - 7.6 ملغرام/لتر. درست ايضا بعض العوامل الخاصة بالقاع (نسجة القاع والاس الهيدروجني والملوحة والكالسيوم والفسفور والنتروجين والبوتاسيوم والمادة العضوية) وجد ان نسجة القاع كانت غرينية طينية مزيجية في المحطة الاولى بينما كانت غرينية في المحطة الثانية وغرينية مزيجية في المحطة الثالثة, وتباينت عوامل القاع الاخرى بين محطات الدراسة الثلاثة اذ تراوحت معدلات قيم الاس الهيدروجيني بين 7.55 و7.24 والملوحة بين 5.3 3.2 جزء بالالف والنتروجين 150 - 42 جزء بالمليون (ppm) والفسفور 53.3 - 29.8 جزء بالمليون والبوتاسيوم بين 346 - 226 جزء بالمليون والكالسيوم 986.6 - 480 جزء بالمليون والمادة العضوية 48 - 10 % . سجلت خلال الدراسة ثلاث مجاميع من اللافقريات القاعية ظهرت في محطات الدراسة جميعها وهي النواعم بطنية القدم Gastropoda والديدان الحلقيةAnnelida والحشراتInsecta , اذ سجلت 25 و16 و20 من المراتب التصنيفية في المحطات الثلاثة على التوالي, وسجلت 4 انواع من النواعم ومرتبة واحدة من الحشرات في كل من المحطات الثلاثة اما الديدان الحلقية فسجل منها 20 و11 و15 نوعا في المحطات الثلاثة على التوالي. وسجلت خلال الدراسة الانواع Potamothrix hammoniensis ( Michaelsen,1901) وPotamothrix bavaricus (Öschmann,1913) وPsammoryctides moravicus (Hrabe, 1934) من مجموعة ديدان النايدد الانبوبية وNais stolci (Hrabe,1981) وParainais frici Hrabe, 1941 من مجموعة النايدد لاول مره في جنوب العراق عموما بينما يسجل النوعين Nais raviensis Stephenson,1941 وHomochaeta lactea (Cernosvitov,1937) من مجموعة النايدد لاول مره في العراق. جمعت خلال فترة الدراسة 4497 عينة من اللافقريات القاعية (1692 و1169 و1636من محطات الدراسة الثلاثة على التوالي) مثلت الديدان قليلة الاهلاب نسبا كلية عالية في المحطات جميعها 90.6) % و85.2 % و87% على التوالي) اما ادنى النسب فكانت لعديدة الاهلاب وبلغت 0.15 % و0.2 % سجلت في المحطتين الاولى والثالثة على التوالي. ضمن مجموعة بطنية القدم اخذ النوع Melanoides tuberculata اعلى النسب (55.2 % و43.7 % و30.4 % سجلت في محطات الدراسة الثلاثة على التوالي) اما النسبة الاقل فبلغت 9.7 % وسجلت للقوقع Physa acuta في المحطة الثانية. فيما يتعلق بمجموعة الديدان الانبوبية وجد النوع Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri بنسب كلية بلغت 96.9 % في المحطة الاولى و98.6 % في كل من المحطتين الثانية والثالثة اما النسبة الاقل فبلغت 0.1 % وسجلت للنوع Tubifex tubifex في المحطة الاولى و0.2 % و0.5 % وسجلت للنوع P. moravicus في المحطتين الثانية والثالثة على التوالي. اما اعلى النسب بالنسبة للانواع العائده لمجموعة النايدد فبلغت 34 % و78.3 % وسجلت للنوع N. stolci في المحطة الاولى والثالثة على التوالي واما في المحطة الثانية فوجدت الدودة Pristinella sima بنسبة 30 % , اما النسبة الاقل من بين جميع المحطات فسجلت لكل من النوعين Pristina aequiseta وDero nivea وبلغت 0.8 % . درست الكثافة الشهرية للانواع المسجلة خلال الدراسة وبلغت اعلى القيم 5082 و2058 و5430 فرد/م2 في محطات الدراسة الثلاثة على التوالي وجميعها سجلت للنوع L. hoffmeisteri , اما ادنى القيم فبلغت 11فرد/م2 وسجلت في جميع المحطات لعدد من الانواع. درست ايضا النسبة المئوية لتكرار لظهور الانواع ووجد ان النوع L. hoffmesteria هو النوع الوحيد الذي ظهر خلال جميع الاشهر وفي جميع محطات الدراسة, كما ظهر باعلى نسبة تكرار (%100) في جميع اشهر الدراسة في المحطتين الثانية والثالثة ولثمانية اشهر في المحطة الاولى اما نسبة التكرار الاقل فبلغت 33 % وسجلت لجميع المحطات ولعدد من الانواع. قورنت المحطات احصائيا من حيث عوامل الحرارة والملوحة وpH والاوكسجين المذاب وكذلك كثافات النواعم وقليلة الاهلاب وعدد الانواع, ولم تسجل فروق معنوية سوى الاوكسجين المذاب الذي اختلف معنويا بين المحطتين الاولى والثانية من جهة والثالثة من جهة اخرى. اما فيما يتعلق بتحليل الارتباط فقد وجد ان معدل الحرارة ارتبط ايجابا مع كل من معدل الاس الهيدروجيني (r = 0.679) ومعدل الملوحة (r = 0.350 ). من جهة اخرى ارتبط معدل الملوحة ايجابا مع معدل كثافة النواعم (r = 0.331) وارتبطت الحرارة سلبا مع كل من عدد الانواع الكلية المسجلة (r = - 0.361) وكثافة قليلة الاهلاب الكلية. وارتبط عدد الانواع الكلية بشكل موجب مع كثافة قليلة الاهلاب الكلية (0.395 r=). | Aquatic macro - benthic invertebrate of the Euphrates and the Shatt al - Arab Rivers were investigated for the period from July 2013 until June 2014. Three stations were selected to execute the study the former is located in the Euphrates River, while the second is situated about two kilometers apart from the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates. The third station, however, is located after the confluence of the Shatt al - Arab River with Ghamaj canal. Three replicate samples were collected from each station. some environmental factors were measured ( i.e. water temperature , salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen ) water temperature ranged between 18.4ºC to 32º C during January and May respectively, salinity ranged from (1.9 - 3.8) ppt. during October and May respectively, pH between 6.96 - 8.13 during December, March and April respectively, dissolved oxygen between (7.6 - 16) mg/L during July and September respectively Some other factors concerning the bottom and substrate were also studied namely, bottom texture, pH, salinity, calcium, phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium and organic matter. The study found that the bottom texture was silty clay in station1 while silty in the second and silty mixture in the third station. Other bottom components varied between the three stations. However, pH ranged between 7.24 and 7.55, salinity between (3.2 - 5.3) ppt. Nitrogen from 42 - 150 ppm, PO4 (29.8 - 53.3) ppm, potassium (226 - 346) ppm and Ca+2 from 480 - 986.6 ppm., and organic matter from (10 - 21)%. Three categories of benthic invertebrates were encountered in the studied stations i.e. Gastropoda, Annelida and Insecta, as 25, 16 and 20 taxonomical orders of each respectively. four molluscan species and one order of insects in each of the three stations, while annelida a total of 20 , 11 and 15 species were found in the three stations respectively . the following species were collected during the study Potamothrix hammoniensis (Michaelsen, 1901), Potamothrix bavaricus (Öschmann, 1913) and Psammoryctides moravicus (Hrabe, 1934) of a group of worms Naadd tube and Nais stolci (Hrabe, 1981) and Parainais frici Hrabe, 1941 from Naadd group for the first once in southern Iraq, while generally registers types Nais raviensis Stephenson, 1941 and Homochaeta lactea (Cernosvitov, 1937) of Naadd group for the first time in Iraq. a total of 4497 specimens of benthic invertebrates were collected during the study period (i.e. 1692, 1169 and 1636 from three stations respectively) oligochaetes formed a high proportions in all stations (90.6, 85.2 and 87 %, respectively) and the lowest percentage was for polychaetes amounted to 0.15% and 0.2 % recorded in the first and third stations respectively . out of gastropods Melanoides tuberculata formed the highest proportions ( 55.2 % and 43.7 % and 30.4 % recorded in the three study stations respectively ), but the lowest ratio was 9.7% recorded for the snail Physa acuta in station 2. With respect to tube worm’s group Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri was dominant proportions accounted for 96.9 % in station 1 and 98.6 % in other stations. However, the lowest proportion (0.1 %) was recorded for Tubifex tubifex in station1 and 0.2 % and 0.5% recorded for the species P. moravicus in the stations 2 and 3 respectively. The highest species proportions belong to the group Naididae amounted to 34% and 78.3 % recorded for the species N. stolci in stations 1 and 3 respectively, while in the station2 the worm Pristinella sima was found by 30%. The lowest proportion among all stations was recorded for Pristina aequiseta and Dero nivea amounted to 0.8%. Monthly density of the species recorded during the study was calculated and reached the highest values of 5082, 2058 and 5430 individual / m 2 in the three investigated stations respectively , all recorded for the species L. hoffmeisteri, the lowest value, however, was 11 individual / m 2 were recorded in all the stations for a number of species. Percentage frequency for the species was also studied and found that the species L. hoffmesteria is the only one that occurred during all months in all study stations, as shown by the highest percentage of recurrence (100%) in all months in the stations 2 and 3 , and just eight months in stations1. the lowest frequency (33%) recorded for all stations for a number of species. Stations statistically compared concerning temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen, as well as densities of molluscs, oligochaetes and the number of species. Significant differences were not found except with dissolved oxygen, which differed significantly between the first and second stations on the one hand and the third on the other hand. Regarding correlation it has been found that mean temperature was positively associated with both pH (r = 0.679) and the mean of salinity (r = 0.350). On the other hand, mean salinity was positively associated with molluscs density (r = 0.331) and temperature was negatively associated(r = - 0.361) with both the number of total species recorded and density of oligochaetes . The total number of species was positively associated with oligochaetes density (r=0.395).

دراسات تصنيفية وحياتية ووبائية للمثقوبات المتطفلة في الجهاز التنفسي للطيور المائية في اهوار محافظة ذي قار == Taxonomic,Biological and Epidemiological Studies of Trematodes Parasitic in the Respiratory System of Some Aquatic Birds in Marshes of Thi - Qar province/Iraq

Author name: نثيلة رشيد حميد الكسار
Supervisor name: صبيح هليل المياح | باسم هاشم عبد الله
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Parasites
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A total of 420 aquatic birds belonging to four species( Chettusia leucura , Himantopus himantopus, Gallinula chloropus and Fulica atrawere collected in the current study during the period between December 2012 to November 2013 fisolated from Al - Chibayish marshes , eastern of Thi Qar province. Digenetic trematode, Haematotrephus nittanyense was isolated from H. himantopus and C. leucura. Prevalence in those birds were 20.7% , 2.2% respectively. Mean intensity of infection 1.7 , 1.2 respectively. Digenetic trematode , Haematotrephus chengi was found in C.leucura, the Prevalence of infection was 20.7% . These two trematodes were recorded for the first time in Iraqi birds . 2.6% of Ch. leucura were infected with Digenetic trematode , Uvitellina iraquensi , mean intensity of infection was 2.7 . Digenetic trematode , Cyclocoelum mutabile Cyclocoelum mutabile was isolated from F. atra and G. chloropus birds . Prevalence in those birds were 21.2% ,10% respectively. Mean intensity of infection 3 , 3 . Digenetic trematode , Cyclocoelum microstomum was found in 20% of G. chloropus birds and in 15% of F. atra , mean intensity of infection 2.8 , 1.8 respectively.The current study revealed that , most eggs of H. nittanyense , H. chengi and U. iraquensis hatch within the uteri of worms while embryonated eggs of C. mutabile and C. microstomum shed from mature worms hatch within few hours after being placed in water. The mean number of eggs differed between species. Hatching of C. mutabile and C. microstomum eggs did not occur at 12°C . Egg hatching rate of C. mutabile differed from eggs hatching rate of C. microstomum at all temperatures . Temperatures, salinity and acidification of water affectedthe rate of hatching of C. mutabile and C. microstomum eggs , and the results varied between two different species . Storing eggs of C. mutabile and C. microstomum at (0,4)°C for ( 1 - 8) weeks failed to hatch . Storing eggs of C. mutabile and C. microstomum at (7,10,12)°C for (1 - 8) weeks had no effect on hatching success or on eggs hatching rate.A biological study of the miracidia of trematodes which were isolated in the current study showed that , the survivorship and longevity of miracidia were differed among the different species . Temperature, salinity and acidification of water affected the survivorship and longevity of miracidia . Storing eggs of all species at (7,10,12)°C for eight weeks had no effect on survivorship and longevity of their miracidia. The study revealed that , the miracidia of all species were infective to Radix auricularia and Physa acuta snails , but R. auricularia snails more sensitive to infection . The infectivity of the miracidia of all species to R. auricularia and P. acuta snails varied according to the species of these trematodes . Infection rate of R. auricularia snails with the miracidia of all species , mean intensity of infection and the metacercariae output varied according to species of these trematodes, temperature , miracidial density as well as size of snails. Miracidia hatching from eggs stored for 1 - 8 weeks at 7°C not differed in their infectivity to snail. The miracidia of all species hatching from eggs stored for (0 - 8) weeks at 7°C differed in their infectivity to snail according to the species of these trematodes. Age and density of H. chengi miracidia affected the infection rate of R. auricularia snails as well as affected the mean intensity of infection . H. chengi infection had no effect on mortality rate of R. auricularia and P. acuta snails.The results showed that there were differences between the various stages included in the life cycle of the five species of Cyclocoelidae family isolated in the current study . The time required for production and development of these stages varied according to their species, as well as these larval stages were differed among the species in their shapes , sizes and in the product number of them .The current study revealed that , metacercariae of the trematodes which were isolated in the current study fed separately to Gallus domesticus and Anas platyrhynchos failed to produce an infection , although the influence of C. leucura bile on metacercariae of H. nittanyense , H. chengi and U. iraquensis varied according to the species of these trematodes but bile of C. leucura plays a role in increasing excysted juveniles ratios , reduction the time required for excysting and increasing the time of juveniles activity compared with a bile of G. domesticus .In the current study. H. nittanyense showed a clear seasonal cycle of infection in local aquatic birds , H. himantopus ,while the study exposed a clear seasonal cycle of H. chengi infection in local aquatic birds C. leucura . Isolation of U. iraquensis in different periods during the current study from local aquatic birds, C. leucura may refer to its ability to complete its life cycle in a study area. Isolation of C. mutabile from migratory bird at arrival time to the study area may refer to new infections that carried by these migratory birds from their breeding grounds . Abundance of sensitive snails and suitable temperatures in a study area at arrival time of these birds may help this trematode to complete its life cycle in this area thus new infections emerged later and these infections may carry by microstomum isolated from migratory birds only at the arrival time to the study area may refer to new infections that carried by these migratory birds from their breeding grounds as well as this may indicate an inability to complete the life cycle of this trematode in this area.
1 ... 21 22 23 24 25 ... 29