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المسالة البلغارية في الدولة العثمانية 1878 - 1914 == Bulgarian Issue In The Ottoman Empire 1878 - 1914

Author name: ساهرة حسين محمود الصامري

Supervisor name: حميد احمد حمدان التميمي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The issue of the fate of the Ottoman State and its properties, which is known in the political history as the Eastern Issue, occupies an outstanding place in the European diplomacy during the Eighteenth and the Nineteenth centuries. In short, the Eastern Issue includes all the problems associated with the domestic fall of the Ottoman State, the revolutions of the peoples ruled by the Ottomans, and finally the tangled and conflicting interests of the European Countries in the Ottoman Empire. These countries also interfere in the process of the Ottoman fall. This study aims at analyzing the events that took place in Balkan Peninsula, following the results of the Russian - Ottoman War during the years 1877 - 1878. That war gave rise to the birth of the Bulgaria Principality; and then the resolutions of Berlin Conference, held in the last year, enhanced the existence of this Principality which gained its full independence from the Ottoman State in 1908. Having known the international circumstances involving this issue is not easy, especially that concerning Bulgaria, for most of the historical sources which dealt with the issues of the Balkan Peninsula or the Eastern Issue introduced a general view about what had happened to all the Balkan Countries. These sources do not profoundly study the issue of Bulgaria; and this why the researcher has done her best to come out with a comprehensive study for this issue depending upon genuine recent sources including correspondences, presenting attitudes and suggestions.Scope of the study and analysis of sources This study is divided into an introduction, five chapters, a conclusion, a set of selected appendixes, and a list of sources and references. Chapter One : It is a summarized introductory chapter intended to be as an introduction defining Bulgaria in particular to enable the reader to have a general idea about the historical and social components that help understanding the national awareness and the religious influences on it, and then the development of the political events.This chapter also studies the historical extension of the relations of the Ottoman State with Bulgaria right from the beginning in 1393 till 1878, when the Bulgarian Principality was used after the Russian - Ottoman War (1877 - 1878). Chapter Two : This chapter handles the development of the events in the Balkan Peninsula in the years preceded Berlin Conference 1878 - 1878. Though the period was more than four years, it was full of new events. During that period, several revolutions broke out in the Balkan Countries such as Bosnia and Herzegovina Revolution 1875 - 1878, the Bulgarian Independence Revolution 1876 - 1878, the Serbia and Montenegro Revolution 1876 - 1878. In addition, the independence of Greece and Romania took place in 1877 - 1878. Therefore, this historical change is worthy of studying as it has got an effect on the following Bulgarian events. Chapter Three : It deals with the Eastern Issue and Berlin Conference in 1878; it also includes the five topics handling the Major Eastern Issue, the outbreak of the Russian - Ottoman War in 1877, holding of San Stefano and Berlin Treaties, and the important results brought forth. As the five topics form the starting point for the Bulgarian issue and its causes, this chapter is made up of more researching pages than the other chapters that the researcher is unable to avoid them. Chapter Four : It studies the attitude of the Ottoman State towards the developments of the Bulgarian issue from 1879 to 1908. When the Ottoman coup d'état occurred, a period of Russian endeavor, especially in the years 1879 - 1880 to complete the mission of building the Bulgarian Principality such the issuing of the institution and the election of the prince. However, the events in Bulgaria had an effect on the problem of the increase of the general Ottoman debt to the European Banks, especially in the years 1881 - 1884. The problem of this irremediable debt was one of the reasons that exhausted the overburdening of the Ottoman State; and what made things even worse was that during the following years 1885 - 1888 the Serbian - Bulgarian War broke out. The result of that war led to join Eastern Romello to Bulgaria. The progress of the circumstances in the Balkan countries had an effect on the Bulgarian issue, the most important of which were the Greek - Ottoman War 1896 - 1897, and the role of the European countries which were not neutral in their attitudes. The European countries had their own avarice as well as their religious bias accompanying the events supported by the popular support. Chapter Five : This chapter is the conclusion in which the researcher states the interior political changes in the Ottoman Empire and in the Balkan Peninsula during the years 1908 - 1914. During that period, there were important Ottoman and European attitudes towards the issue of the Bulgarian independence in 1908. It was an important year which witnessed great changes in the Ottoman State along the subsequent years, as mentioned above. Also, there were important events during the subsequent years such as the Bulgarian attitudes towards the Macedonian issue 1908 - 1912, and then Bulgaria signed a treaty with Serbia in the last year, as well as the former's attitude towards the war which broke out in the Balkan countries during 1912 - 1913. Finally, the researcher stated the treaty of Bucharest and the Ottoman fluctuating attitude towards Bulgaria 1913 - 1914. The Ottomans did not have any clear attitude for various reasons despite the general circumstances surrounding them.

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عبد القادر باش عيان الدور الاجتماعي والسياسي والثقافي في العراق 1894 - 1971 == Abdul Qadir Bash Aian Social, Political And Cultural Role In Iraq (1894 - 1971)

Author name: عبد القادر عبد الرحيم عطــوي الحسانــي

Supervisor name: انور جاسب شنته الطريف

General topic: History

Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The personal study, and CV of the difficult things, that have the researchers, because the researcher must take all aspects of this character, both private and public.It has been seen walking through the research, said Abdul Qader bash elders determined from an old family with a religious place And social, cultural, prestigious Alli Basra scale, and even categorize the scope of Iraq in general.Great role not his secret bash elders has been featured, among the well - known visual, and its impact in the community Basri, of the coming of this family, and stability in Basra as well as the emergence of the big guns Family, in many areas, including religious, social, political, and bringing these characters Elly positions of political and administrative largest in the state, and Vdilan literary side has reached Family through the emergence of figures including in this area, has emerged a lot of literature special , Especially in the historic area, particularly empty Basra ancient and modern, and this was the most prominent Almttootat (butter dates) of Sheikh Abdul Wahid bash elders, as well as (detailed history Basra Alazmi ancient and modern) of Sheikh Yassin bash elders, and Nri through it, and through the completion of Family and cultural presence library Abbasid big, old house in the family, and of the tobacco industry's own Great cultural legacy through Mathtwe of manuscripts and rare books lend categorize Basra and that cultural ascetic face and Shining. And here comes the personal Abdul Qadir bash elders, and to family affected by the document dramatically, which appeared Role through his family in a lot of fields and fundamental social, cultural, and categorize a personal which I added a lot of prestige and self - confidence. In light of the foregoing and in the display of search events that have passed by, we Pearls Mayati : - alldor Social, religious, cultural and political to the family of the bash elders, religious and cultural heritage of the family in Basra, and the emergence of personalities visual prominent family in the fields. Shall Find Personal Personal were not unusual, but the Senate was personal and not only that, But senior Senate (Bash elders), as well as the decline of a family Abbasseya, have been affected by all Internatioanl respects religious and political. - tmana Abdul Qadir bash elders features and different talents, collected between business and politics and literature And writing, which made him a dynamic personality in the work and responsibility. - tefi Categorize personality, the practical side and that receipt family business after the death of his father at the age of his youth, as well as the emergence of the literary side, the spectrum of his book, a diary in a small age. - anhaddarh In social work in Basra, both in the Pearls for joining the municipal council, Uwe Iraqi Council of Representatives or the Senate, and the emergence of the piece in his participation in the relief committees Exposure of Basra Pearls worst flood in 1946.kzlk a prominent role in the Tigers Association, and its role Prominent in the work of the Assembly and try to strengthen the work of the Assembly in favor of the optical community.The emergence of a characteristically political role at the age of forty, and through his election to the House of Representatives and then Appointed in the Iraqi Senate, Ani.vdila in 1958 for his participation, even in a little while Political parties (to insist - Union and Progress) and then the departure of then Pearls literary work.The emergence of his role in the May revolution in 1941, through the great role of the family of Al Bash elders and glory Especially in the embarrassing period in which they passed by Basra during the term of the security vacuum and the formation of the Commission on Security Procedure, and the transit of Basra those embarrassing period and the return of security and stability. Abdel Kader was bash elders, bold and frank in expressing their opinions and ideas often, Especially in the Senate, did not know the oil, it has Dahr during his speech in the House in 1947 Senate and his criticism of the government and put to a lot of questions Pearls Chief Minister and how to find solutions Her.His posts were outsourced through his membership in the Senate is the most prominent participation in participating in the Inter - Parliamentary Union conference in Cairo delegation, and to participate in its meetings, and thusAt the end of the conference the submission of the report on the Pearls of the Iraqi Senate conference.

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العلاقات الدومنيكانية - الاميركية 1968 - 1900 == The Dominicans - American Relationships 1900 - 1968

Author name: لطفي جميل محمد

Supervisor name: طيبة خلف عبد الله

General topic: History

Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: Dominican Republic had a cardinal importance in the Caribbean area because of its strategic location. Since the nineteenth century, and after the (Monroe) declaration, the United States of America became a strong competent to the European powers in the Caribbean area in specific, and the western hemisphere in general.After the World War I, accompanied with the complicated international relations, the Dominican Republic was still the main focus of the USA, not because of the Dominican economics, but because of the USA anxiety that a certain European power might become itsneighbor, in more than two thousand kilometers away from USA. However, due to the dramatic changes, after World War II, and the apparition of new international powers like the Soviet Union, in addition to the communist ideology and its quest for spreading socialist principles all over the world, the competition turned into an international struggle between the two camps : the Eastern led by the USA, that competition had come be called (The Cold War).Henceforth, the Dominicans Republic a gained more American interest. The Americans feared that the Dominicans become a new (Cuba). For that fear, the USA invaded the Dominicans twice, the first was in 1916, while the second in 1965. The goals of the two invasions are not entirely different - the goal of the first invasion was to the Soviet power.The reason behind the researcher's choice of the American - Dominicans relation (1900 - 1968) is because of the assumption that the historical relationships have not been investigated in the Arab Homeland, in general, and Iraq in specific. The researches have beeninterested mostly countries like Cuba, Panama, Guatemala, and other Latin countries, as well.The dissertation consists of three chapters and a conclusion. Chapter one deals with a historical and geographical introduction to the Dominican Republic. There are hints to early relationships between the Dominicans and the United States. Moreover, the Chapter has demonstrated the serious developments encountered by the Dominican while founding the liberal independent and safe state. Chapter two has studied the beginning of the formal relationships between the two states since 1900, up to the deterioration of the relationships. Such deterioration led to the USA invasion to the Dominican Republic in 1916. It was flowed by the rise of (Trujillo)Republic and the relations with that dictator for three decades. Chapter Three has been devoted to the international developments after the Second World War, the Cold War and the influence of such developments on the relations between the two states. The relations witnessed a sort of retreat because of Trujillo's policies, interior and external, and the scheme for his assassinate Chapter also tackles the serious developments after Trujillo, which led to the second USA invasion in 1965, and the USA retreat from Dominican Republic. The study is rounded up with conclusion deduced from the research with has sources to various documents and foreign sources.

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موقف الاتحاد السوفيتي من الحرب الاهلية الصينية 1944 - 1950 == The Soviet Unions Stance On Chinese Civil War 1944 - 1950

Author name: عائدة سامي محمد الهاشم

Supervisor name: حيدر عبد الرضا حسن التميمي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: In the aft ermath of the second world war ( 1939 - 1945 - , the wolrd witnessed , particularly in south East Asia , a competition between the Soviet Union and the United states of exercise domination in that area. the government of Moscow however , played an important role on the international area in the aftermath the cold war ( 1945 - 1991 ). This has resulted in changing the maps of so. many superpowers mainly the Republic of China the Soviet Union showed a special concern and due to do many reasons , To embrace this concern , the thesis has come under the title : The Soviet Union's Stance or Chinese Civil War 1944 - 1950.The plan of the thesis dictates that the division is made on the historical sequence of the events of the civic War. The thesis consists of an introduction , tower chapters and a conclusion.Chapter One offers a historical background about the internal political developments in China and their impact on the relations with the Soviet Union. Events in China were traced eversince the 1911 Revolution , and the rise of the revolutionary tendency among the Chinese youths. The most significant results in this respect was the launching of the Chine's Communist party.Moscow , as a result established strong relations with the powerful parnties in Chine. After the death of the founder of the party , aspects of the civil war between the two parties. Significantly , the Soviet policy witnessed a clear change , in the Soviet policy.Chapter Two addresses itself to the task of dealing the Soviet diplomacy and the Chines Civil War 1944 - 1946. The chapter isdivided into two sections , the first tackles the position of the Soviet union on the American attempts to prevent the outbreak of the Chinese civil War , while the second deals with the policy the Soviet union towards the conflict or the rift between the Chinese National and the Communist parties 1945 - 1946.The Soviet union's position on the balance of powers in the interests of the Communists is the topic of Chapter Three , from December 1947 to February 1949. The Chapter includes three sections ranging from the Soviet attitude towards the Chinese Communist Party to the resut of the discussions between those concerned.Chapter Four deals with Moscow's position on victories achieved by the Chinese communists party at the final stages of the Chinese Civil War , and the declaration that the Republic of China was established.The chapter , correspond fly , includes three sections ; the last of which is concerned with the Soviet recognition of the people's Republic of China along with the Soviet China alliance in 1950.

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التطورات السياسية الداخلية للولايات المتحدة الامريكية في عهد الرئيس توماس جيفرسون (1801 ـ 1809) == The Internal Political Developments Of The United States Of America In The Period Of Thomas Jefferson (1801 - 1809)

Author name: محمود عبد المحسن ناصر العلي

Supervisor name: خولة طالب لفتة الحميداوي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: first decade of the nineteenth century holds with it an important stage from the date of the United States of the internal political, During that period had not been passed on the establishment of the U.S. government as the Government of the Constitution ofـ legislative, executive and judicial ـ more than eleven years announcement of the U.S. Constitution 1789 until the beginning of the nineteenth century, but had not on the nation U.S. an independent state of a sovereign their mandates of the three ten more than seventeen. of Day announcement of Independence U.S. from Britain in 1783 until the beginning of the following century. The present study to shed light on an important stage of the life of Thomas Jefferson political and at the level of domestic politics represented in the duration of his position as the third U.S. president in 1801 and even the end of the second term in 1809 after that took consecutive, lies the importance of this period in it is the first time dominated in which the Republican Party Democratic on the legislative and of Congress and executive of the presidency, after that was However, Unionist Party, while the judicial authority has remained in the possession of the party last. It is obvious is also known to all that the different views of the parties opposing reflected on the nature of the work of those parties, so felt researcher that addresses in his reasons for that the dispute from the beginning through the included within the introductory chapter. It is during that details emerge last, what are the measures to the new government of Republican Party Democratic and President Thomas Jefferson, through all this period? This question will be the entire cited study of the details, it has sought to the new president to several measures to mention of them First : to reconcile the parties as much as possible, Second : to achieve his dreams to expand towards the territory Bank by buying new territory, Third : to reconcile the legislative and executive and the one hand and the judicial authority of the other hand. Is it will succeed President Thomas Jefferson in his quest? in spite of that the United States U.S. has become a country with the Constitution of the Government of return to the year 1781, the internal political developments witnessed by the through eight years the first of the nineteenth century( 1801 1809), can be by the concept of( evolution' s New to the United States U.S.), in order to the outcome of him the state of many changes, including its powers of the three( legislative, the Executive, the judicial). On the other hand U.S. President Thomas Jefferson, who took the state presidency during this period, score was the most prominent in the nature of these developments, although he a series of government positions internal and external, its role as had a big impact to change the many of the internal policies

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تاريخ الرسل والملوك لمحمد بن جرير الطبري مصدرا لدراسة سيرة الامام علي عليه السلام : دراسة نقدية تحليلية == History Of The Apostles And The Kings By Muhammad Ibn Jarir Al - Tabari A Source To The Study Of The Biography Of Imam Ali (PBUH)

Author name: ياسمين سالم مطرود سند

Supervisor name: شاكر مجيد كاظم الحواني

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: Imam Ali (peace be upon him) is an endless sea that no one find its coasts. His followers and supporters wrote about him but did not give him what he really deserved. His enemies also recognized his unable to describe him. for he was as described by prophet Mohammad (PPBOH) where he addressed him " Ali , no one knows me except Allah and you , and no one knows Allah except me and you " There for , nothing is left to add to the importance of this great figure after all the many studies about it not only in history but also in politics , literature , philosophy , philology … etc.Biographies of many important Islamic figures were not correctly and realistically introduced because that information provided in the primary sources of history was not correct due to the deviation and change that the recording of history witnessed as is was directed by the wants and inclinations. Thus that recording changed and mentioned events that did not really exist. The result was a fake history.Imam Ali , the soul of immortal Islam , was main target of such intrigues and forgery. since the application of Islam did all their best to insert and distort the old and the new in this history As a result the error became the standard and the correct disappeared and for some people the correct accounts became something odd. So, there is an insisting need to purify our history of these baseless and incorrect accounts. This study is an attempt to treat such cases and a kind of contribution to this great project. The researcher chose to study Date of the Apostles and the Kings by Muhammad ibn Jarir al - Tabari source to study the biography of Imam Ali (PBUH) had a high statue and his Book was considered as the real Islamic history. we would not exaggerate to say that all who studied and are studying any topic in the Arabic Islamic history till the beginning of the 4th hijri century should behind success and fame of this book were that he collected before him in this single book whereas the other scholars distributed their efforts and materials in different books. consequently , his book remained and theirs were lost or their value was reduced. Besides , his students copied and saved his books because of his high scientific statue. A research should be conducted about this book to answer questions about its significance and how much the historical information mentioned in it is trustworthy. generally , the book contained interesting and serious religious and political historical events.this study attempts to criticize and analyze the texts that were stated in Al Tabaris book about Imam Ali and comparing them with the real history as stated in other sources. The accounts are also criticized and analyzed to falsify all that cannot be accepted in them. Them , the study sheds light on that book to see what history it has introduced as true and as untrue.The study is dividing in to an introduction three chapters and conclusion.the first chapter " imam Ali and his role in life of the prophet Mohammad (PPBUH) " in clouds two sections. The first section emphasizes some important events in the life of the Imam in mecca. section two deals with what the imam witnessed during his life after the death of the prophet till his rule as a khalifa the first section of the chapter discusses the events that the imam witnessed during the era of Abu Baker whereas the second one dealswith the most important questions that the imam witnessed during the era of Omar Bin Al - khattab The third section is a study of the events that the imam witnessed during the era of Othman Bin Aafan. Chapter three studies the events during the rule of imam Ali Bin Abi Talib (POBUH). In the First section of this chapter , the researcher studies the life of the imam from his homage till the Battle of Al - Gamal.section two is about the battle of saffeen. section three tackles the events that Al - Tabari mentioned in his book from Al nahrawan battle till the death of the imam. The most impotant can clusions that the study has arrived at are : Al - Tabari was not honest as a convegor of the historical material. He took from kooks of some authors and he mentioned their names but what he took was not the real product of those authors and manipulated the matirol to show what he wanted to show in his book. We found out in this study that Al - Tabari wrote a special book about the speech of Ghadeer khum in two big volumes , but unfortunately this book was lost. Al - Tabari was not neutral in conveying all the news that were related to a single event as it was expected. Rather , he was selective and chose some news and not the others though those others were agreed a pon.* Al - Tabari neglected the details of the correspondence between Mu, awia and mohammad Bin Abi Bakr when the latter was the ruler of Egypt. Those correspondences shed light on many historical events including aspects in the life of imam Ali.* Al - Tabari was submitted to the pressure of the public opinion in mere then one situation which reflected that he was influenced by a certain political trend or a certain wish or flattery or fear.As an example of this , he confessed that he neglected much of the news that were mentioned in many references about the conflict between Abu Dharr Al - Ghefari and Othman bin Aaffan and Mu,awia and his dependence or the tale of the so - called excusors only as represent by Saif bin Omar. But when he referred to the news that were against the enemies of Abu Dharr Al - Ghefari , he said that they were very news and he hated to mention them. this selectivity had great negative effect on his book " History of prophets and Kings ".*The book " History of prophets and kings " was considered as a reliable source for many of the historians after the time of Al - tabari. Most of them found it enough to depend on this book and very rarely they added to it like Ibn Al - Atheer , Ibn Katheer, Ibn haldun and others who limited them selves to what Al - Tabari selected of the cirtical and important situation that need more research and investing including the life of Imam Ali It is book was considered as the only outlet though which the lies of Siaf Bin Omar passed to the books of Islamic history. Further more , Al - Tabari adopted trans ferring some narratives and not the others. He claimed that the narrators were responsible f what they mentioned and not him. However , the researcher believes that he also should be taken as responsible. * The study also found out that homage of Imam Ali was not forced on people. Rather , they were convinced and satisfied. Besides , the Imam sent his rules to the regions before and after the Battle of Al - Gamal and not only before that battle as it was mistakingly proved.

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معجم البلدان لياقوت الحموي مصدرا عن خطط البصرة واحوالها السياسية والاقتصادية من 14 - 132هـ / 635 - 749م == Yaqut Al - Hamawis Dictionary Of Countries : A Source On Basrah'S Plans And Its Political And Economic Conditions 14 - 621 AH / 635 - 1224 AD)

Author name: احمد وادي صالح الموسوي

Supervisor name: مجيد ماجد محمد الزامل

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: To study the conditions of Basra civilization through books geographical and Albuldaniet in general, and through the book Dictionary of the countries of Yaqut alHamwi (d. 626 AH / 1229 AD) in particular, is the subject of study is of great importance because the book and its author well - known and known a lot among geographers and historians, as is obvious to a fame it enjoyed in medieval Islamic Basra, which still remain to this day. Adding to the importance of the subject use a lot of researchers of the book Dictionary of countries in defining and identifying the names of geographical places in the various university studies. It is during the course of the letter shows us that the article mentioned by Sapphire in his translations of the cities major Islamic is a substance variedand comprehensive study of the conditions of different conditions of these cities, and the most prominent cities of Basra, which occur Sapphire for their conditions of civilization the various centers in more often on the study of geography Basra and other cases their own, such as political, economic and other, and the source of his information on the visit comes through Mainath personal as it relied too much on the book Fattouh countries to Bladhira and others from other sources, and despite these advantages in the study of the conditions of Basra civilization, but I find some of the shortcomings encountered in substance Sapphire Basra on the conditions of civilization, and those issues that Sapphire is talking about the conditions of his time away from the historic era to see who wrote the Dictionary of countries and is the seventh century AH (615 - 621 AH), then it does not work on documenting his information through a series of this bond in the novel the necessary range historic run, but the remaining news for Sapphire Basra cultural conditions are important and valuable and precious, especially those which speak about the geography of Basra.We discussed the letter and chapters to talk about the geography of Basra to its importance for the study first and then we talked about the political conditions of Basra and then there was talk about the conditions of Basra Economic and physical, and dwell in her talk about the site of Basra and names, rivers and what was said in Basra of speeches, poetry and others, and the political situation we have studied the beginnings of the establishment of Basra, up to the end of the late Abbasid era, and As for the economicconditions and physical and we spoke about trade and markets and palaces in Basra and other attractions and other activities.For the sources approved by the message in the course we have here two books are important, benefiting Find a lot the first is a book study, (Dictionary of countries) of sapphire - Hamwi and the second is a book (Fattouh countries) for Bladhira, included the first book to talk about the conditions of Basra, cultural diversity and of the administrative, social and intellectual of Basra a truth information advantage by focusing on the geography of Basra from the terrain and climate and features of natural, such as mosques and thePalace is inclined, rivers, mountains, etc., as it dealt with the talk about the people of Basra and assets, as well as talk about the foreign elements that have provided Basra later, and also touched on the book to talk about the scientists and writers of visitors to Basra for the purpose of study and learning, which shows us the cultural development of Basra in Islamic times of successive, and the book (Fattouh countries) for Bladhira (d. 279 AH) is a valuable book talks about the news Fattouh, Basra and the geography and landmarks Urban, The significance of this book in the transfer of Sapphire for many of the stories and news from Basra about this book, as it is unique to the remembrance of news and stories, may not exist in other sources. The study found significant results on the conditions of Basra civilization of the most important that the accounts of the sapphire in this area minutes, especially those related to adjust the locations of places and places of geographical, as the Sapphire alHamwi was based in some of his novels on the book (the date of Basra) to Abu Yahya Zakaria Alsagii visual Shafei , which is one of the lost books that have not responded to us, as we came to an error to say that the Sapphire fanatic or sectarian in writing about cities andcountries, and finally say that the Basra study the conditions of civilization through the book Dictionary of countries is the study of simple and modest in the matter.

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مدينة ريدان : دراسة تاريخية في احوالها العامة == A Historical Study of The Public Affairs In The City of Raydan

Author name: سلامة عبد الرضا حسين

Supervisor name: ايمان شمخي جابر المرعي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Arab History Before Islam

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: Kings , nobles and tribes of old Yemen looked upon the famous city of Raydan as very important and they struggled for a long time to be kings of Saba and owners of Raydan. Accordingly , who could control that land and had the two titles would have very great power. Yemeni researchers who tackled the subject of Raydan were not so specializedand they did not talk about the ancient Raydan because it was originaly part of the old strong kingdom of Saba and had alliance and treaties with the Sabaeen. It was also noticed that this city had tow names : Raydan and Dhafar like , for example , Sanaa ( another Yemeni city ) which was also called Azal.Raydan had an important strategic and economic location because it controlled the most important trade routes and ports ; the most active among which were those on the eastern coast of the Red Sea.Consequently , it was the focus of greed and struggle among internal and external powers to control its territories and get its economic resources. Raydan was also agriculturally distinguished by its gradated plains like hanging gardens.The researcher chose this subject because of the importance of the city in the past and the little study about it and to show its role among other ancient cities , to highlight the stages through which it changed its boarders according to its changing political power , and finally to identify the origin of the name Raydan.The study is made up of four chapters with two sections for each one ( except the third chapter which contains three sections ). In chapter one ( Geographical - Historical Approach ) , the first section deals with the geography of Raydan as far as its name , location and neighbouring cities are concerned. It also describes the nature and location of Raydan in relation to Yemen. Its geographical relief was made of mountains , and valleys. Its climate was that of the whole region. Section tow deals with the history of political history and role in the Sabaa - Hemyar struggle that started at the beginning of the first century when Raydan was weak and divided.Chapter two is devoted to the social affairs in Raydan. The first section ( Social and Administrative Affairs ) is about the population in the old Yemeni society which consisted of the tribes that constituted the people. Besides , the society was divided into two classes : The higher and the lower and the other categories were all between those two.The section also discussed Al - Athwa' and Al - Aqyal within the administrative system of the Yemeni society because it was a social status as well. Section tow sheds light on the structure of the family in old Yemen concerning issues of marriage , divorce , children , the house , furniture , ornamentation , habits and customs including greeting ,hospitality , names , circumcision , medication by plants , crying and lamentation and interest in sorcery and tomb building.Chapter three ( Economic Affairs ) consists of three sections. Section one ( Trade ) discusses land and sea trade routes , the most important old ports , exports and imports , and taxes in Raydan. Section two ( Agriculture ) talks about crops and animals. Section three (Industry ) talks about industries of minerals , textile and some other ones.In chapter four ( Religion ) , section one ( Paganism ) talks bout worship of natural phenomena and of idols.Section two ( Monotheism ) talks about doctrine of monotheism , Judaism and Christianity.The most important conclusions of the study are : 1. Raydan ( Dhafar ) witnessed a struggle between the Raydanian and Al - Ahbash. That struggle was not religious as some tried to show. Rather , it was economic and political in the first place.It was provocated by Bezentia that supported Al - Ahbash to save its economic interests in the area and to maintain its influence and control over the trade route that led to India through the Red Sea (Galzam ).2. Raydan was the first Yemeni city that witnessed massacre of the Christians because it was the centre of Christianity. Christians of Yemen were not the only who were killed and tortured in Yemen.All foreign Christians were also killed and tortured. Due to that , the Christians stood beside Thi Nawas and supported him in his position as a sign to express their nationality.3. All those events led to the fall of state of Hemyar and destruction of Raydan by Al - Ahbash who made use of the weakness and conflicts in the country of the independence of every prince in his area to gain his personal interests , and of the weakness of the central power and the economic detorieration that inflicted the state at the end of the fifth century because of the political disputes and the foreign intervention by Al - hbash and the Bezentians in all affairs of the country.

Summary:

Author name: محسن مشكل فهد الحجاج

Supervisor name: عبد الفتاح عبد الله محمود

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Summary: