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تحليل الخطاب النقدي في الاساءة للنساء في امثال اميركية وبريطانية مختارة == A Critical Discourse Analysis of Women’s Degradation in Selected American and British Proverbs

Author name: علي شمال كزار
Supervisor name: بشرى نعمة راشد
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Language
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of English Language
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • Text Linguistics
  • Critical Discourse Analysis
  • Discourse Analysis
  • proverbs
Abstract: This study sets out to examine women’s degradation in terms of gender inequality in American and British proverbs. The connection between gender relations, language, and the culture of the American and the British community is the aim of this study. The ideology is the reason why this study has set out to investigate women’s degradation in English proverbs; by analyzing English women's proverbial discourse. Additionally, another vital reason is the lack of conducting a critical discourse analysis in the field of proverbs related to women. Moreover, in recent years, feminist critical discourse analysis tries to challenge and change the way women are degraded and subordinated across cultures in general and in the American and British cultures in particular. These negative stereotypes are considered as negative prejudices with regard to ambivalent sexism. Women’s inferiority can be seen in the English proverbs that see women as a burden to the man’s responsibilities in life. These ideas and meanings are seen as social practices which are extremely tied to the social and cultural context in which the type of discourse may occur. Therefore, this study aims at identifying women’s degradation in American and British proverbs by using a thematic classification of the proverbs relating to women. Furthermore, this study hypothesizes that English proverbs present women as a controlled group because of men’s dominance over them, which is highly reflected in all themes of the proverbs. Forty proverbs have been selected from multiple printed texts to be the data of the study: Twenty proverbs are selected for each culture. A mixed-method research is utilized to reach the best understanding of the results of the study. This study includes an eclectic model: Kerschen’s (1998) English women’s proverbial discourse, Fairclough’s (1995) power and dominance, Lazar’s (2014) FCDA, and Glick and Fisk’s (1996) ambivalent sexism. The overall results of the study show that women receive misogynistic treatment in both cultures. Text and discourse practice are equal since they are concerned with the text and context of every proverb. Gender as ideological structure is shown as the higher item because both cultures degrade women due to the natural distribution of social roles between males and females. Competitive gender differentiation is the higher component in ambivalent sexism that shows women as not full competent as men, which justifies males’ structural control over women. Finally, women are negatively perceived in the entire discourse of the data, though critical discourse analysis and feminist movement have offered women an emancipatory perspective.
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ادوات التحوط في المقالات الافتتاحية السياسية في الصحف الامريكية والبريطانية : دراسة تداولية == HEDGES IN POLITICAL EDITORIALS IN AMERICAN AND BRITISH NEWSPAPERS : A PRAGMATIC STUDY

Author name: علي صباح حسن
Supervisor name: نادية خيري محمد سعيد
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Language
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of English Language
Language: English
University location: Baghdad

اثر استراتيجية FIVES في الاستيعاب القرائي والاداء الكتابي لطلبة الجامعة العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية == The Effect of FIVES Strategy on Iraqi EFL University Students' Reading Comprehension and Writing Performance

Author name: هبة حميد علي
Supervisor name: سلام حامد عباس
General topic: Educational Sciences
Specific topic: Methods of Teaching English Language
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences
Language: English
University location: Baghdad

اثر برنامج تدريبي مرتكز على عصر ما بعد الطرائق في اداء مدرسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية في المرحلة الثانوية == The Effect of A Post-Method-Era-Based-Training Program on EFL Secondary School Teachers’ Performance

Author name: شيماء صيهود عباس
Supervisor name: شيماء عبد الباقي البكري
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Language
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of English Language
Language: English
University location: Baghdad

دراسة لغوية للقسم في نصوص قرانية مترجمة == A LINGUISTIC STUDY OF OATH IN QURANIC TRANSLATED TEXTS

Author name: رؤيا لطيف طالب
Supervisor name: منال جاسم محمد
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Language
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of English Language
Language: English
University location: Baghdad

العلم والمسؤلية الاخلاقية في روايات هيربرت جورج ويلز الرئيسية == Science Versus Moral Responsibility in H. G. Wellss Major Fictions

Author name: Nahidh Falih Sulayman Al - Abbasy
Supervisor name: Aziz Hamza Majan
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Literature
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
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تحليل تحاوري لمفهوم الازواج المتجاورة في روايات مختارة لاجاثا كرستي == A Conversational Analysis of Adjacency Pairs in Agatha Christie’s Selected Novels

Author name: هديل مؤيد عبد القادر محمود
Supervisor name: بيداء عباس غبن الزبيدي
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Language
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of English Language
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • adjacency pairs
  • second pair part
  • first pair part
  • conversational analysis
Abstract: This study examines how adjacency pairs (APs) are key in conversation analysis, especially in Agatha Christie's detective novels. APs, comprised of a first pair part (FPP) and a second pair part (SPP), help us understand dialogue structures and meanings. The study aims to identify and categorize common AP patterns in Christie's works, determine the most dominant pattern, and investigate how she uses a specific AP pattern to impart a unique touch to her novels. It also identifies which second pair parts are preferred or dispreferred, and which one is more common in her novels. Based on these aims, the study proposes these hypotheses: First, common types of adjacency pairs in Agatha Christie's novels are (Questions - Answers), (Announcements - Acknowledgments), and (Requests - Acceptance). Second, the (Question – Answer /Clarification) pattern is the most dominant. Third, the (Announcement - Acknowledgment/Denial) pattern is used in unexpected ways to identify the criminal. Finally, preferred second parts are more common than dispreferred ones in these novels. To test these hypotheses, two of Christie's detective novels, “The Murder of Roger Ackroyd” and “The Clocks”, are analyzed using models from Coulthard (1985), Clark (1996), Schegloff (2007), and Paltridge (2012). The analysis uses both quantitative and qualitative methods. The study concludes that the adjacency pair (Announcement – Acknowledgement) serves a crucial function, particularly when the inspector confronts the criminal. It is used the opposite of what it is. The inspector strategically collects information, announces it to the suspect, and seeks acceptance. Moreover, (Question-Answer) interactions VII underscore the significance of inquiry and response in driving the plot forward, showcasing Christie's adept use of dialogue to unravel mysteries. Writers can enhance their narratives by using adjacency pairs effectively, as Agatha Christie does with (Question-Answer), (Announcement – Acknowledgement/Decline), and (Request-Acceptance/Refusal). Screenwriters can improve adaptations of Christie's works by understanding the importance of adjacency pairs in dialogue. These insights can be used as case studies in literature or linguistics courses to illustrate effective linguistic devices. Aspiring authors can use these pairs to enhance storytelling, build tension, reveal plot points, and shape characters. Editors in mystery genres should consider these pairs to improve narrative coherence. Police officers can use specific adjacency pairs to get confessions from criminals. Finally, the study offers recommendations for further research.
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دراسة تداولية لدلالات المعنى الموقفية في خطابات سياسية امريكية وبريطانية مختارة == A Pragmatic Study of Modality Markers in Selected American and British Political Speeches

Author name: ندى حمزة عباس
Supervisor name: بيداء عباس غبن
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Language
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of English Language
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • دلالات المعنى الموقفية
  • دراسة تداولية
  • خطابات سياسية
Abstract: تعد دلالات المعنى الموقفية تعبيرات لغوية تلعب دورا حيويا في تشكيل المعنى والتفاعل من خلال نقل درجات من اليقين، والالتزام، والاحتمالية. تحلل هذه الدراسة دلالات المعنى الموقفية في الخطب السياسية الامريكية والبريطانية، مع التركيز على معانيها بدلا من اشكالها، وتستكشف تاثير السياق والثقافة على استخدام دلالات المعنى الموقفية من قبل اعضاء البرلمان والكونغرس. تتكون العينة المختارة من ثلاث خطب لاعضاء الكونغرس الامريكي وثلاث خطب لاعضاء البرلمان البريطاني، تم القاؤها في عامي ٢٠٢٢ و ٢٠٢٣ التي تم تحليلها بواسطة نماذج منتقاة من Acheoah (2015), Palmer (2001) و Bybee et al. (1994). قد تم افتراض ان دلالات المعنى الموقفية تعزز الصورة المجتمعية للسياسيين من خلال التعبير عن مستويات متفاوتة من اليقين وتستخدم بحذر لتجنب المخاطر التي قد تضر بسمعتهم. علاوة على ذلك، فان اختيارات معينة من دلالات المعنى الموقفية تعبر عن التضامن، والاستعداد للتفاوض، او الابتعاد الاستراتيجي عن قيمة الصدق للتصريحات، مع التزام المتحدثين البريطانيين بالقواعد اللغوية اكثر من نظرائهم الامريكيين. تعتمد الدراسة على منهج مختلط يجمع بين التحليل الكمي لقياس التكرار والتحليل النوعي لفحص المتغيرات السياقية. تكشف النتائج ان كلا من المجموعتين تستخدم دلالات معنى الالتزام بشكل متكرر للتعبير عن الالتزام وبناء الثقة. ومع ذلك، فان المتحدثين البريطانيين يركزون على دلالات معنى الاحتمالية للاشارة الى الالتزام بالحقيقة، في حين يعتمد المتحدثون الامريكيون على اليقين المستنتج لاظهار الثقة والمنطق. كما بينت الدراسة تحولات في دلالات المعنى الموقفية في السياقات الغامضة، مما يبرز الفروق الثقافية: من المتوقع ان يضيف المستمعون البريطانيون معنى الى الاقوال، في حين يستنتج المستمعون الامريكيون نوايا المتحدث. توضح هذه النتائج ان دلالات المعنى الموقفية تتاثر ثقافيا ويتم اختيارها بعناية من قبل السياسيين لاظهار الثقة والالتزام والصورة المجتمعية الايجابية.
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تحليل الخطاب النقدي للعقيدة الامريكية تجاه عزلة قطر في مقالات افتتاحية امريكية مختارة == Critical Discourse Analysis of American Ideology towards Qatar Isolation in Selected USA Editorials

Author name: هاشم كربت عبد
Supervisor name: منال جاسم محمد
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Language
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of English Language
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • idology
  • CDA
  • modality
  • presupposition
  • hyporble
First pages:
Abstract: منذ قديم الزمان، تعتبر اللغة (الخطاب) كوسيلة مهمة التي من خلالها تمرر العقيدة. يستخدم الخطاب من قبل النخب الاجتماعية والقادة لنشر الافكار والعقائد في فكر العامة بالطريقة التي تخدم مصالحهم وتحافظ على هيمنتهم. تتناول هذه الدراسة تحليل الخطاب النقدي للعقيدة الامريكية تجاه عزلة قطر في مقالات افتتاحيات في صحف نيويورك تايمز، الواشنطن بوست و وول ستريت جرنال . تهدف الدراسة الى كشف العقائد المضمرة في ثنايا الخطاب والتي من خلالها يتبين التمثيل الحقيقي لعزلة قطر في هذه الافتتاحيات، حيث يكون اما تمثيلا ايجابيا او سلبيا. بمعنى اخر، هل المحررون لهذة الافتتاحيات يعتبرون قطر والولايات المتحدة الامريكية كعقيدة جماعة واحدة لتحالف متين والرباعية العربية المتمثلة بالسعودية، الامارات، البحرين و مصر هي العقيدة الخصم او العكس. استخدمت الدراسة طريقة شاملة لتحليل الخطاب النقدي والتي تعالج الروابط الرصينة بين الخطاب السياسي والعقيدة والسلطة والهيمنة. حيث انها اتبعت الخطوات الاتية في اجراء هذه الدراسة :- ا- اعطاء نبذة تاريخية عن مجال تحليل الخطاب النقدي بستليط الضوء على جذورة و الطرق الرئيسية المستخدمة في هذا المجال و مبادئه والمعنى الحقيقي للنقد. تسليط الضوء على نظرية العقيدة وتعريفها و تركيبها وتمثيلاتها الاجتماعية واليات عملها. ب- اعداد نموذج التحليل بشكل انتقائي من عالمين اثنين هما فان دايك (1991) و فيركلوو (1989) والذي يتضمن ادوات اعرابية ودلالية واسلوبية لاستخدامها في التحليل، مسبوقا بايضاح لطريقة عمل الافتتاحيات و التعريف بعزلة قطر. ج- اختيار عينه من افتتاحيات صحف نيويورك تايمز، الواشنطن بوست والوول ستريت جورنال والتي غطت ازمة قطر مع الرباعية العربية بعد قرار العزلة مع قطر عام 2017. ج-تحليل عينة الافتتاحيات وفق نموذج التحليل متبوعا باعطاء نسب و احصائيات النتائج، فهي تتبنى طريقة التحليل الكمي والنوعي والتي تحافظ على المعيارية والموثوقية لهذه الدراسة. وقد اظهر التحليل ان هذه الافتتاحيات تتصف بما يلي :- ا-انها استخدمت التمثيل السلبي لعزلة قطر اكبر بكثير من نظيرها الايجابي، حيث وظف المحررون وسائل لغوية لزرع التمثيلات العقائدية في عقول القراء. ب- اعتبرت قطر والولايات المتحدة كحلف واحد بعقيدة واحدة وان الرباعية العربية هي عقيدة الضد، وهذا انعكاس لتمثيلات عقيدة الهيمنة والسيطرة و الافضلية. ج- برهنت الدراسة امكانية اظهار العقائد المضمرة من خلال التحليل النقدي للخطاب باستخدام النموذج الانتقائي المذكور انفا. د- استخدم المحررون في نظام المشروطية معاني معرفية واجبارية كالامكانية و الاحتمالية والتاكيد، والضرورة و الرخصة من اجل التمثيل السلبي للازمة، كما استخدمو انظمة الافتراض و المغالاة في التعبير لدعم هذا التمثيل ووصف الرباعية العربية بالفاظ يفهمها الشارع الامريكي.
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تحليل خطابي نقدي للعنف الاسري في التقارير الصحفية : دراسة تقابلية == A Critical Discourse Analysis of Domestic Violence in Press Reports: Contrastive Study

Author name: سجى فالح حسن ذياب
Supervisor name: منال جاسم محمد
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Language
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of English Language
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • Critical Discourse Analysis
  • Contrastive Study
  • Domestic Violence
First pages:
Abstract: This study explores domestic violence as a significant factor contributing to family instability, analyzing how it is represented in the media discourse of two distinct cultural contexts: English-speaking and Arabic-speaking societies. Specifically, the study examines press reports from the BBC (English) and Al-Arabiya (Arabic), offering a critical discourse analysis of their coverage. The primary focus lies in investigating the linguistic strategies each media outlet employs and how these strategies both reflect and shape societal perceptions of domestic violence. Additionally, the study examines the role of social and ideological beliefs in influencing the media's portrayal of domestic violence, particularly in relation to power dynamics and the potential justification or condemnation of abusive behavior. A further objective is to assess how the media's ideological positioning impacts the construction and dissemination of information regarding domestic violence to the audience. The study hypothesizes that English and Arabic media utilize distinct linguistic techniques, such as variations in lexicon and transitivity structures, which in turn influence public opinion differently. These linguistic choices are believed to be shaped by each society’s cultural and ideological framework. It is also hypothesized that English media tends to address domestic violence more assertively than Arabic media, given differences in societal openness and gender-related discourses. To test these hypotheses, an eclectic analytical model is adopted, combining Fairclough’s three-dimensional framework (1989, 1995), Fowler’s concept of language use and cultural imprint (1991), and Halliday’s transitivity and modality systems (2004). This model allows for a comprehensive analysis of selected press reports from both languages. A mixed-method approach is applied, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative techniques to ensure a nuanced understanding of the data. The findings reveal that in both cultural contexts, women are depicted as victims of oppression, but the underlying causes differ. In Arabic media, the oppression is predominantly linked to entrenched customs and traditions, while in English media, it is attributed more to historical gender inequalities and social dynamics. Furthermore, the analysis identifies clear differences in the linguistic strategies used. English reports tend to emphasize verbs and adjectives, constructing a dynamic and emotive narrative. In contrast, Arabic reports focus more on nouns and personal pronouns, contributing to a more static and culturally anchored portrayal. Both media types highlight physical abuse; however, Arabic reports give particular attention to verbal processes and cultural norms. Differences in modality usage are also significant: English reports frequently employ epistemic modality to express certainty and probability, whereas Arabic reports rely more on evidential and deontic modalities, reflecting differing cultural approaches to expressing authority, obligation, and judgment. Interestingly, the study finds that Arabic media offers more extensive coverage of domestic violence than English media. This is linked to specific cultural and legal factors, including concerns about privacy, family reputation, and community image. Despite these challenges, Arabic media appears more engaged with the topic, possibly due to heightened societal awareness. The study concludes with pedagogical implications, recommendations for media practitioners, and suggestions for further research into cross-cultural representations of domestic violence.
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زلزال سوريا وتركيا في الخطاب الاخباري الانكليزي : تحليل تقييمي نقدي == Syria and Turkey Earthquake in English News Discourse A Critical Appraisal Analysis

Author name: سميره عبود زغير
Supervisor name: ماجد رسم يونس
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Language
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of English Language
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: ABSTRACT Syria and Turkey Earthquake that happened in 2023 was one the most devastating natural disasters that happened in the recent past and led to a great amount of suffering and destruction. Media news has a significant role in shaping the audience's attitude towards those affected by the crisis and those responsible for overcoming it. In addition to, the discourse of the news realizes the ideology of the news channels towards the governments and international institutions engaged through discourse. The current study analyses the English news discourse in well-known channel coverage displaying attitudes, dialogic positions, and ideologies constituting the discourses. It aims to identify the evaluative language strategies used in news discourse to portray the earthquake’s consequences and response efforts, as well as to examine the attitudes and stances presented toward governmental and organizational disaster management. Additionally, the study investigates the ideological positioning of news agencies regarding accountability and responsibility in crisis response, while also exploring the linguistic mechanisms, such as intensifiers, quantifiers, and emotionally charged lexis, that shape the audience's perception of the disaster. The hypotheses formulated for this study state that the articles show a negative attitude toward the consequences of earthquakes, expressing dissatisfaction with the government’s response speed and identifying what is seen as inefficiency in disaster response. Furthermore, it is postulated that the language within the articles amplifies the extent of the loss using intensifiers, quantifiers, and strong lexis with a view of passing on the emotions that are generated from the loss. It is moreover hypothesized that the dominant ideology is that governments are primarily responsible for the earthquake's failure. To conduct the analysis, the researcher adopts Martin and White’s (2005) Appraisal System in nine news articles from three major international news providers: BBC, CNN, and Reuters. Conclusions drawn indicate that the data analyzed convey a largely negative perspective on governmental and organizational responses to earthquakes, emphasizing grief over the loss of life and property. The language used criticizes authorities for delayed and inadequate actions. The results highlight a tendency for news agencies to assert their objectivity through the frequent use of expand dialogic position and engaging readers using the disclaim dialogic position. This ideological appraisal places significant condemnation on governments for their inaction, with news media acting as public advocates that highlight negligence in disaster management. Ultimately, the study reveals how language and media representation shape societal perceptions of humanitarian crises and accountability.
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الهجوم والدفاع في المناظرات الرئاسية الامريكية : دراسة تداولية == Attack and Defense in American Presidential Debates:A pragmatic study

Author name: اميمه عبد الرزاق ابراهيم
Supervisor name: منال جاسم محمد
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Language
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of English Language
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • Attack
  • defense
  • presidential debates
  • Biden
  • Trump
First pages:
Abstract: ABSTRACT The current study is concerned with a pragmatic study of attack and defense acts that are used by Presidents Donald Trump and Joe Biden in the American Presidential Debate in 2020. The attack is an attempt to harm or defeat someone, and it means that the speaker or attacker does not like or disagree with the other opponent. On the contrary, defense means a person responds to an attack of his or her opponent. After an attack, the president either negates or fact-checks claims made by his opponents or tries to set the record straight. Such reactions of presidents to attacks are sometimes referred to as defending, and they are designed to refute accusations made by rivals. The debate is being watched and heard by the audience so that presidents employ their attacks to persuade both the audience and the opponent of their beliefs, opinions, and attitudes. Presidents also use defense to know the reaction of the audience, whether they are satisfied with their words and policies or not. This study aims to fill the gap and reduce its negative consequences. Attack and defense acts are important phenomena and they have negative effects as well as positive effects. The study is expected to answer the following questions: What are the pragmatic aspects of attack and defense used in the political debates of American presidents Joe Biden and Donald Trump? What are the reasons behind attack in the political debates? How do attack and defense acts of both presidents convey, directly or indirectly? What are the most frequent strategies of attack and defense utilized by the two presidents to formulate their speeches? The study aims to identify the usage of attack and defense acts in the American Presidential Debate in 2020 and focuses on the pragmatic analysis of attack and defense concerning illocutionary acts and impoliteness strategies. It also aims to identify the negative impact of an attack and the positive impact of defense and whether the presidents are succeeded in their defense against the attacker or not. In light of the above mentioned aims, the study hypothesizes that: first, both presidents utilize attack and defense acts as helpful tools to achieve specific purposes. Second, direct speech acts are more frequently used in the acts of both presidents than indirect speech ones. Third, President Trump uses attack and defense acts more than Biden. Fourth, the strategies of impoliteness used more frequently by Donald Trump than Joe Biden. Lastly, Trump is more prepared and disciplined than Biden during the debate. To achieve the aims of the study and verify the validity of the hypotheses, an eclectic model is adopted based on two models consisting of Searle’s (1975) "speech acts" and Culpeper’s (2005-2011) "impoliteness strategies". Before analyzing the data, the difference between attack-defense acts, the debates, and previous studies presented under the title theoretical framework. Then, a quantitative and qualitative research analysis with an overview of the collected data and biography of Trump and Biden are presented under the title methodology. The results of the study reveal that there are pragmatic aspects of language that can affect the usage of attack and defense acts in political debates of Trump and Biden like eye contact, facial expressions, and body language. The analysis also shows the acts of attack and defense which are identified to express the function of acts performed by both presidents. It has been noticed that both presidents Trump and Biden perform their acts directly to convey their beliefs, attitudes, and opinions towards each other's policy. Also, they use direct language to represent the factual, supportive and informative nature of the attacker or defender. Furthermore, the results of the analysis reveal that Donald Trump is the real master of impoliteness, but Biden, even when challenged with Trump's attacks directed at his family, frequently smiles, laughs, and shakes his head while closing his eyes. Both of them impose their presence and influence on the audience who watch them and attract their attention to the issues that they discuss during the debate.
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دراسة تحليل الخطاب النقدي لسوء تمثيل كاس العالم قطر 2022 في صحف امريكية وبريطانية مختارة == A Critical Discourse Analysis Study of Misrepresentation of Qatar World Cup 2022 in Selected American and British Newspapers

Author name: زينب غانم خليف
Supervisor name: منال جاسم محمد
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Language
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of English Language
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • Critical Discourse Analysis
  • Qatar World Cup 2022
  • Misrepresentation
First pages:
Abstract: تستخدم هذه الدراسة تحليل الخطاب النقدي للكشف عن التمثيل الخاطئ لكاس العالم 2022 في قطر كما هو موضح في بعض الصحف الامريكية والبريطانية المختارة. غالبا ما يقوم الخطاب الاعلامي بتشويه الحقائق لخلق تصوير منحاز، مما يعزز الصور النمطية ويشكل التصورات العامة. في هذا السياق، عكست تغطية الاعلام الغربي انحيازات ايديولوجية، مما اثر على وجهات النظر العالمية تجاه قطر. تبحث الدراسة في كيفية مساهمة الاستراتيجيات اللغوية والخطابية في كل من صحيفة نيويورك تايمز وصحيفة الغارديان في هذا التمثيل الخاطئ. تهدف الدراسة الى: (1) تحديد البنى المتعدية المستخدمة لبناء تصوير قطر، (2) تحليل الخيارات المعجمية والاستراتيجيات البلاغية التي تبرز قطر كـ "الاخر"، (3) فحص الفروقات الايديولوجية في الصحف الامريكية والبريطانية، (4) مقارنة استراتيجيات التمثيل الخاطئ المستخدمة، و (5) تقييم تاثير هذه الاستراتيجيات على الصورة العالمية لقطر. تفترض الدراسة ان: (1) البنى المتعدية، والاختيارات المعجمية، والهياكل النحوية تعزز الصور النمطية حول الدول غير الغربية، (2) تبرز وسائل الاعلام الغربية انتقائيا الجوانب السلبية لقطر بينما تقلل من الجوانب الايجابية، (3) تعكس التغطية معيارا مزدوجا حيث يتم تاطير القضايا المماثلة في الدول الغربية بشكل اكثر حيادية، (4) تستمر اللغة المثيرة للجدل والرموز في تعزيز التصورات السلبية عن الدول العربية، و(5) تؤثر هذه التمثيلات الخاطئة على العلاقات الدولية والراي العام. لتحقيق اهداف الدراسة، تعتمد الدراسة نموذجا تحليليا انتقائيا يجمع بين اطار فيركلاف الثلاثي الابعاد (2001)، والمربع الايديولوجي لفان دايك (1998)، واللغويات الوظيفية النظامية لهاليداي (1973). يتم تطبيق هذا النموذج على عشرين مقالا من صحيفة نيويورك تايمز وصحيفة ذا غارديان. يدرس اطار النقل لهاليداي للبنى المتعدية، بينما يستكشف نموذج فيركلاف العناصر الدلالية، ويكشف المربع الايديولوجي لفان دايك عن التحيزات الكامنة. تشير النتائج الى ان كلا من الصحف الامريكية والبريطانية تساهم في تمثيل قطر بصورة غير صحيحة. ومع ذلك، تستخدم الصحف البريطانية تعبيرات اكثر قوة تسيء الى الصورة وتعتمد على التصنيف والصفات التنبؤية، مما يعزز الصورة السلبية عن قطر. بينما تشارك الصحف الامريكية ايضا في التمثيل الخاطئ، فانها تتبنى نهجا متوازنا نسبيا، حيث تستخدم التهويل الى جانب التصنيف. تعزز هذه الاستراتيجيات اللغوية الايديولوجيات المركزة على الغرب، مما يشكل تصورات الجمهور حول قطر والديناميكيات العالمية الاوسع.
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دراسة لغوية للافعال الادائية في مختارات من برامج حوارية == A Linguistic Study of Performative Verbs in Selected Talk Shows

Author name: ميرا عماد محمد علي ياسين
Supervisor name: بيداء عباس غبن الزبيدي
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Language
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of English Language
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • Performative Verbs
  • Talk Shows
  • Speech Acts
First pages:
Abstract: ABSTRACT The current study employs a linguistic comparative approach to explore the interplay between performative verbs, pragmatic features, and syntactic structure in American and British talk shows. As John Langshaw Austin theorized (1962), performative verbs are linguistic expressions that describe an action and perform the action they describe. The problem of the study is that Both American and British cultures share English as a medium of communication, but there are still cultural differences. The study aims to determine how cultural differences in the use of performative verbs influence the dynamics and effectiveness of American and British talk show interviews. By examining the types and functions of performative verbs across cultural contexts, the study will explore how language choices shape the interaction between interviewer and interviewee. The present study aims to identify performative verbs and their types and functions, how the interviewer and interviewee use them to interact with power and culture relations, how to manipulate these verbs to gain and set power during the interview, determine the types of sentence structures, investigate the co-occurrence adverbs with performative verbs. The study proposes hypotheses based on previous aims: 1) Interviewers and interviewees will prioritize performative verbs that drive persuasion and construct power dynamics. 2) Interviewers use authoritative verbs more during introductions, and interviewees utilize justification during self-presentation. 3) Interviewers utilize more emotional verbs to connect with the audience. 4) These verbs will be used in specific sentence structures. 5) Specific adverbs will co-occur with performative verbs. Based on the analysis results, the validity is verified by hypotheses (1-2-3-4-5). Two talk shows have been selected as data for studying American and British talk shows: “The Late Show with Stephen Colbert,” and "The Graham Norton Show.” The study includes an eclectic model: Searle's (1976) speech act and Quirk et al.'s (1985) model of sentence types and adverbs functions. Mixed methods approach will be employed to achieve the aims and hypotheses of the thesis. The study concludes that American talk shows use reporting and describing performative verbs more than other types as they provide factual data and develop an objective point of view. While British talk shows convey information by reporting performative verbs, they are less concerned with personal opinions or assertiveness. The study reveals that culture determines the type of performative verbs preferred and how the options are conveyed. American talk shows are agreeable and persuasion-focused, while British talk shows are forceful and informative-looking. Adverbs co-occur with these verbs to strengthen or weaken their power. Finally, recommendations and suggestions for further studies have been proposed.
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استخدام الخداع في نصوص ادبية مختارة : دراسة تداولية مقارنة == The use of Deception in Selected Literary Texts: A Comparative Pragmatic Study

Author name: زينب كاظم ماضي
Supervisor name: بيداء عباس الزبيدي
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Language
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of English Language
Language: English
Full text from the source: .
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • Deception
  • Speech Act
  • Cooperative Principle
  • Pragmatics
  • Literary
Abstract: Language plays a vital role in communicating and transmitting information between people, as well as in performing several other important functions, deception being one of them from a biological point of view. The importance of this study in linguistics is related to the wide social use of deception, and to the fact that it is one of the very important themes in literature. However, this field of research did not get what it deserved in research and study. This Pragmatic study aims to explore the theatrical texts of the two historical periods (15thand 20th centuries) in English literature by comparing them to highlight how the authors of poetic theatrical texts use the pragmatic aspects of language such as speech act theory and how to override the Grice principle in order to achieve certain social goals. This study is designed to explore the linguistic features of deception in the Elizabethan era (Shakespeare’s Hamlet) and the twentieth century (Elliot’s Murder in the Cathedral) by comparing the deception methods used in both of them from the standpoint of the theory of pragmatics. The researcher hypothesized that the text of Hamlet uses deceptive language more than the text of Murder in the Cathedral. The second hypothesis is that Grices cooperative principle is overridden in terms of the quality and the manner maxims more than the quantity and the relevance maxims in both plays. The research method adopted in this study is qualitative and quantitative, as it is done by analyzing the selected literary theatrical texts according to the Grice’s cooperative principle and the speech act theory. Then the extracted results are compared quantitatively and qualitatively. This thesis is organized into five chapters. The first chapter reviews the research problem, its objectives, limitations, and significance. The second chapter deals with the theoretical side of the topic and introduces the concept of deception, its types, and its relation to the theory of speech acts and Grice’s cooperative principle. It also sheds light on the most important aspects of linguistic studies developed for the investigation of deceptive methods. The third chapter sets forth a general overview of the selected data. It also presents the model of analysis adopted in this study. The fourth chapter provides data analysis via the model adopted for the poetic theatrical texts that were offered in the previous chapter. The comparative discussion of the results obtained validate that plays in the Elizabethan era employ more deceptive strategies than the plays in the Twentieth Century era. Moreover, the discussion of the results validates that the quality and the manner maxims are more flouted than other Grice’s maxims in both eras. The fifth chapter outlines a summary of the findings obtained in the previous chapter. It also offers pedagogical implications and provides proposals for future research. Finally, a review of the sources used in the study is provided.
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علاقات التمييز العنصري بين البيض والسود في الرواية الامريكية الحديثة : دراسة في الروايات الرئيسية لريتشارد رايت، رالف اليسون ووليام فوكنر == The White - Black Racial Relationship in Modern American Fiction : A Study in the Major Novels of Richard Wright, Ralph Ellison and William Faulkner

Author name: جنان عبد الله شفيق
Supervisor name: منذر عبد الرزاق سبع
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Literature
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • social rights
  • Black American
  • William Faulkner
  • Ku Klux Klan
  • Richard Wright
  • Ralph Ellison
  • slaves
Abstract: One of the most important themes in twentieth century American literature is the struggle of black Americans for their human and social rights. In 1863, during the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln ended the slavery of blacks. But their position in American society remained very bad. In the south, especially, governmental laws were used to keep black Americans in a low social position. There was also a powerful organization called the Ku Klux Klan which often used violence against blacks. Around the turn of the century, large numbers of blacks began moving from the south to the cities of the north where the blacks’ artists and writers began their long struggle for social justice for their people.
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اثر تحليل البيانات بالحاسوب والترجمة في استيعاب الطلبة للغة الانكليزية السياسية المنشورة في الصحافة الالكترونية == The Impact of Computer Data Analysis and Translation on Students Comprehending The Political Language Published in The Elecronic Journalism

Author name: جلال صفاء الدين عبد الوهاب
Supervisor name: عايف حبيب العاني
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Language
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

تقييم الاخطاء التي يرتكبها طلبة الجامعة في استخدامهم لحروف الجر في عبارات المكان والزمان == Assessment of Errors Made by University Students in The Use of Prepositions of Place and Time

Author name: ميثم غازي عبد الجميل
Supervisor name: Abdul-Latif Al-Jumaily
General topic: Educational Sciences
Specific topic: Methods of Teaching English Language
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

تحليل نصي للمستحدثات اللغوية في صحف بريطانية مختارة == TEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF NEOLOGISMS IN SELECTED BRITISH PAPERS

Author name: جنان عبد الرزاق عبد العزيز الهيتي
Supervisor name: رافع محمود حسين المهداوي
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Language
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of English Language
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

الارتباط بين ادراك طلبة المدارس الاعدادية العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانجليزية لغة اجنبية للتعلم الاستنتاجي - الاستقرائي والاستقلالي وادائهم في مهارات الاستقبال == The Correlation Between Iraqi EFL Preparatory School Students’ Perception of Deductive / Inductive Learning and Autonomy With Their Performance in Receptive Skills

Author name: عمار حسين ياسر
Supervisor name: سلام حامد عباس
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of English Language
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

دراسة تداولية لافعال الكلام الخاصة بالنصيحة في قصص اطفال انكليزية وعربية مختارة == A PRAGMATIC STUDY OF SPEECH ACT OF ADVICE IN SELECTED ENGLISH AND ARABIC CHILDREN’S STORIES

Author name: اية حسين عباس
Supervisor name: عبد الكريم فاضل جميل
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Language
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

تخليق وتشخيص انواع جديدة من مزائج معقدات بولي اسيتال مع الكيتوسان ودراسة النشاط البيولوجي == Synthesis and characterization of new blends poly acetal complexes with chitosan and study the biological activity

Author name: محمد كاظم حسن الدراجي
Supervisor name: مها عبد الوهاب الدباغ
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Industrial Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

تنظيم و ديناميكية النساء القاتلات : دراسة تحليلية نفسية في روايات مختارة لجيليان فلين == The Organization and Dynamics of Homicidal Women: A Psychoanalytic Study in Selected Novels

Author name: ايه سعدي عبد الرضا رحيم
Supervisor name: ازهار نوري فجر
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Literature
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of English Language
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

العلاقة بين سعة الذاكرة العاملة والكفاءة اللغوية لطلبة الجامعة العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية == The Correlation between Iraqi EFL University Students' Working Memory Capacity and their Language Proficiency

Author name: شيماء عبد الحسين يوسف المطلبي
Supervisor name: ضياء مزهر خريبط
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Language
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of English Language
Language: English
University location: Baghdad

ادوات التلاحم في قصائد الحب العربية والانكليزية : دراسة في تحليل الخطاب == Cohesive Devices in Arabic and English Love Poems: A Discourse Analysis Study

Author name: نبا باسم عاشور عبد الله
Supervisor name: بيداء عباس غبن
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Language
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of English Language
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • Cohesive
  • Discourse
  • lexical
  • Grammatical
  • devices
First pages:
Abstract: The current study is concerned with discourse analysis of cohesive devices in English and Arabic love poems. Cohesive devices are markers that indicate grammatical and semantic relations between texts’ parts. Hence, a unified text is achieved through using various types of cohesive devices. Thus, the present study aims to investigate different types of cohesive devices in Arabic and English love poems to discover the semantic functions behind using these devices, with an eye of identifying the similarities and differences in the densities of these devices.
Based on these aims, the following hypotheses are proposed: Firstly, cohesive devices used in English and Arabic love poems are similar in types. Secondly, frequencies of cohesive devices are higher in Arabic love poems than in English ones. In order to test the validity of these hypotheses, two English and Arabic love poems are analyzed by adopting Halliday and Hasan's (1976;1985) model of cohesion. And the result of the analysis is set following a mixed methods approach using quantitative and qualitative methods.
To reach the aims and to verify the hypotheses of this study some procedures are followed as offering an account of all types of cohesive devices and providing an overview about the model of the analysis and
presenting the adopted model and specifying the data to be analyzed, contrasting all types of cohesive devices of the English and Arabic poems, pointing out features of similarity and difference. And discussing the results obtained from the analysis of the data .Finally, drawing conclusions, stating recommendations and suggestion for further studies.

Based on the results of the analysis, hypotheses No.1 and No.2 were validated. According to hypothesis No.1, it has been discovered that cohesive devices are similar in types in English and Arabic love poems. As to hypothesis No.2, the statistical analysis has revealed that the frequencies of cohesive devices are seven hundred times (i.e. 700%) higher in Arabic poems than the English ones.
The present study concludes that only reference and conjunction have semantic functions among other types of cohesive devices. The semantic functions of reference is to avoid repetition of previously mentioned items and also there are certain elements in the text that cannot be read semantically on their own unless they are linked to other elements in the text. This semantic relation can either be endophoric or exophoric. In contrast, the semantic functions of conjunction is to connect ideas of the text and to indicate the systematic relationships among sentences. Also, this study reveals that parallelism of various types is the dominant cohesive devices in all the data, Arabic and English alike. Finally, the present study ends with some recommendations and suggestions for further studies.


The current study is concerned with discourse analysis of cohesive devices in English and Arabic love poems. Cohesive devices are markers that indicate grammatical and semantic relations between texts’ parts. Hence, a unified text is achieved through using various types of cohesive devices. Thus, the present study aims to investigate different types of cohesive devices in Arabic and English love poems to discover the semantic functions behind using these devices, with an eye of identifying the similarities and differences in the densities of these devices.
Based on these aims, the following hypotheses are proposed: Firstly, cohesive devices used in English and Arabic love poems are similar in types. Secondly, frequencies of cohesive devices are higher in Arabic love poems than in English ones. In order to test the validity of these hypotheses, two English and Arabic love poems are analyzed by adopting Halliday and Hasan's (1976;1985) model of cohesion. And the result of the analysis is set following a mixed methods approach using quantitative and qualitative methods.
To reach the aims and to verify the hypotheses of this study some procedures are followed as offering an account of all types of cohesive devices and providing an overview about the model of the analysis and
presenting the adopted model and specifying the data to be analyzed, contrasting all types of cohesive devices of the English and Arabic poems, pointing out features of similarity and difference. And discussing the results obtained from the analysis of the data .Finally, drawing conclusions, stating recommendations and suggestion for further studies.

Based on the results of the analysis, hypotheses No.1 and No.2 were validated. According to hypothesis No.1, it has been discovered that cohesive devices are similar in types in English and Arabic love poems. As to hypothesis No.2, the statistical analysis has revealed that the frequencies of cohesive devices are seven hundred times (i.e. 700%) higher in Arabic poems than the English ones.
The present study concludes that only reference and conjunction have semantic functions among other types of cohesive devices. The semantic functions of reference is to avoid repetition of previously mentioned items and also there are certain elements in the text that cannot be read semantically on their own unless they are linked to other elements in the text. This semantic relation can either be endophoric or exophoric. In contrast, the semantic functions of conjunction is to connect ideas of the text and to indicate the systematic relationships among sentences. Also, this study reveals that parallelism of various types is the dominant cohesive devices in all the data, Arabic and English alike. Finally, the present study ends with some recommendations and suggestions for further studies.







The current study is concerned with discourse analysis of cohesive devices in English and Arabic love poems. Cohesive devices are markers that indicate grammatical and semantic relations between texts’ parts. Hence, a unified text is achieved through using various types of cohesive devices. Thus, the present study aims to investigate different types of cohesive devices in Arabic and English love poems to discover the semantic functions behind using these devices, with an eye of identifying the similarities and differences in the densities of these devices.
Based on these aims, the following hypotheses are proposed: Firstly, cohesive devices used in English and Arabic love poems are similar in types. Secondly, frequencies of cohesive devices are higher in Arabic love poems than in English ones. In order to test the validity of these hypotheses, two English and Arabic love poems are analyzed by adopting Halliday and Hasan's (1976;1985) model of cohesion. And the result of the analysis is set following a mixed methods approach using quantitative and qualitative methods.
To reach the aims and to verify the hypotheses of this study some procedures are followed as offering an account of all types of cohesive devices and providing an overview about the model of the analysis and
presenting the adopted model and specifying the data to be analyzed, contrasting all types of cohesive devices of the English and Arabic poems, pointing out features of similarity and difference. And discussing the results obtained from the analysis of the data .Finally, drawing conclusions, stating recommendations and suggestion for further studies.

Based on the results of the analysis, hypotheses No.1 and No.2 were validated. According to hypothesis No.1, it has been discovered that cohesive devices are similar in types in English and Arabic love poems. As to hypothesis No.2, the statistical analysis has revealed that the frequencies of cohesive devices are seven hundred times (i.e. 700%) higher in Arabic poems than the English ones.
The present study concludes that only reference and conjunction have semantic functions among other types of cohesive devices. The semantic functions of reference is to avoid repetition of previously mentioned items and also there are certain elements in the text that cannot be read semantically on their own unless they are linked to other elements in the text. This semantic relation can either be endophoric or exophoric. In contrast, the semantic functions of conjunction is to connect ideas of the text and to indicate the systematic relationships among sentences. Also, this study reveals that parallelism of various types is the dominant cohesive devices in all the data, Arabic and English alike. Finally, the present study ends with some recommendations and suggestions for further studies.







The current study is concerned with discourse analysis of cohesive devices in English and Arabic love poems. Cohesive devices are markers that indicate grammatical and semantic relations between texts’ parts. Hence, a unified text is achieved through using various types of cohesive devices. Thus, the present study aims to investigate different types of cohesive devices in Arabic and English love poems to discover the semantic functions behind using these devices, with an eye of identifying the similarities and differences in the densities of these devices.
Based on these aims, the following hypotheses are proposed: Firstly, cohesive devices used in English and Arabic love poems are similar in types. Secondly, frequencies of cohesive devices are higher in Arabic love poems than in English ones. In order to test the validity of these hypotheses, two English and Arabic love poems are analyzed by adopting Halliday and Hasan's (1976;1985) model of cohesion. And the result of the analysis is set following a mixed methods approach using quantitative and qualitative methods.
To reach the aims and to verify the hypotheses of this study some procedures are followed as offering an account of all types of cohesive devices and providing an overview about the model of the analysis and
presenting the adopted model and specifying the data to be analyzed, contrasting all types of cohesive devices of the English and Arabic poems, pointing out features of similarity and difference. And discussing the results obtained from the analysis of the data .Finally, drawing conclusions, stating recommendations and suggestion for further studies.

Based on the results of the analysis, hypotheses No.1 and No.2 were validated. According to hypothesis No.1, it has been discovered that cohesive devices are similar in types in English and Arabic love poems. As to hypothesis No.2, the statistical analysis has revealed that the frequencies of cohesive devices are seven hundred times (i.e. 700%) higher in Arabic poems than the English ones.
The present study concludes that only reference and conjunction have semantic functions among other types of cohesive devices. The semantic functions of reference is to avoid repetition of previously mentioned items and also there are certain elements in the text that cannot be read semantically on their own unless they are linked to other elements in the text. This semantic relation can either be endophoric or exophoric. In contrast, the semantic functions of conjunction is to connect ideas of the text and to indicate the systematic relationships among sentences. Also, this study reveals that parallelism of various types is the dominant cohesive devices in all the data, Arabic and English alike. Finally, the present study ends with some recommendations and suggestions for further studies.






The current study is concerned with discourse analysis of cohesive devices in English and Arabic love poems. Cohesive devices are markers that indicate grammatical and semantic relations between texts’ parts. Hence, a unified text is achieved through using various types of cohesive devices. Thus, the present study aims to investigate different types of cohesive devices in Arabic and English love poems to discover the semantic functions behind using these devices, with an eye of identifying the similarities and differences in the densities of these devices.
Based on these aims, the following hypotheses are proposed: Firstly, cohesive devices used in English and Arabic love poems are similar in types. Secondly, frequencies of cohesive devices are higher in Arabic love poems than in English ones. In order to test the validity of these hypotheses, two English and Arabic love poems are analyzed by adopting Halliday and Hasan's (1976;1985) model of cohesion. And the result of the analysis is set following a mixed methods approach using quantitative and qualitative methods.
To reach the aims and to verify the hypotheses of this study some procedures are followed as offering an account of all types of cohesive devices and providing an overview about the model of the analysis and
presenting the adopted model and specifying the data to be analyzed, contrasting all types of cohesive devices of the English and Arabic poems, pointing out features of similarity and difference. And discussing the results obtained from the analysis of the data .Finally, drawing conclusions, stating recommendations and suggestion for further studies.

Based on the results of the analysis, hypotheses No.1 and No.2 were validated. According to hypothesis No.1, it has been discovered that cohesive devices are similar in types in English and Arabic love poems. As to hypothesis No.2, the statistical analysis has revealed that the frequencies of cohesive devices are seven hundred times (i.e. 700%) higher in Arabic poems than the English ones.
The present study concludes that only reference and conjunction have semantic functions among other types of cohesive devices. The semantic functions of reference is to avoid repetition of previously mentioned items and also there are certain elements in the text that cannot be read semantically on their own unless they are linked to other elements in the text. This semantic relation can either be endophoric or exophoric. In contrast, the semantic functions of conjunction is to connect ideas of the text and to indicate the systematic relationships among sentences. Also, this study reveals that parallelism of various types is the dominant cohesive devices in all the data, Arabic and English alike. Finally, the present study ends with some recommendations and suggestions for further studies.
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