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تكامل جرعة منخفضة من مبيد الترفلان مع مخلفات زهرة الشمس في مكافحة الادغال وتحسين نمو محصول الماش لتقليل الاعتماد على المبيدات والحد من مخاطرها == Integration of Reduced Dose of Trifluralin Herbicide With Sunflower Residues For Weed Control In Mungbean Field

Author name: اﺭﻭﻯ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ
Supervisor name: اﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺷﻌﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺪﺍﻭﻱ
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Plant - Physiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Two field experiments, several greenhouse and laboratory experiments were conducted during the course of study to evaluate the allelopathic potential of two sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars on companion weeds and weeds grown in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. R. Wilczek) field alone and in combination with reduced rate herbicide, and to determine the chemical and genetical bases of allelopathic traits in the test cultivars. The aim of the first experiment was to test whether the variation in weed growth between the sunflower cultivars (Shumoose and Sin Altheeb), which was observed in the field, was due to differences in their allelopathic potential. Results showed the ability of both cultivars to reduce weed population and biomass with the superiority of Shumoose cultivar in suppression of weed density at 60 and 120 days after sowing compared to Sin Altheeb. Weed biomass was significantly reduced up to 90 and 71% by Shumoose and Sin Altheeb cultivars, respectively. Stair case experiment indicated that root exudates of Shumoose cultivar showed more suppression to weeds than Sin Altheeb giving additional evidence for the superiority of Shumoose cultivar in its allelopathic weed suppression. Chemical analysis by High performance liquid chromatography indicated the presence of 9 compounds in root exudates of Sin Altheeb and 8 compounds in Shumoose, and all are Phenolic in nature. However, total of the isolated phenolics was doubled in Shumoose than in Sin Altheeb. Most of the isolated chemicals are reported to have inhibiting ability for germination and growth of plants, including weeds. Second field experiment was undertaken to explore the response of weeds and mungbean crop to soil incorporated with sunflower residues in combination with lower rate of a pre - plant herbicide (trifluralin). Sunflower residues of the two cultivars Shumoose and Sin Altheeb at 3.2 and 6.4 t ha - 1 were used either alone or in combination with trifluralin at 1.2 L ha - 1 (50% of label rate). Weedy check (control), trifluralin at full label rate (2.4 L ha - 1), and weed free treatments were also included for comparison. Plots treated with 50% of label rate of herbicide and amended with sunflower residues of cultivar Sin Altheeb recorded least weed density and dry biomass and this suppression was much greater than the residue treatments alone and more than cultivar Shumoose. Application of herbicide at 50% rate in plots amended with Sin Altheeb residue resulted yield 64 % more than with the label rate of herbicide treatment. Chromatographic analysis of sunflower amended field soil revealed the presence of several potent allelopathic compounds in the residues of both cultivars with greater quantity (355.5 µg/ml) in Sin Altheeb than in Shumoose (250.9 µg/ml). Dynamics of release, decomposition and degradation of allelochemicals into the soil showed that different compounds exhibited differential behavior for these processes. Overall quantity of allelochemicals started to increase after 2 weeks of decomposition and peaked at 4 week of decomposition (180.1 ppm) then declined sharply in their quantities thereafter. Periods indicating higher quantities of total phenolics as shown by chromatographic analysis was coincided with the periods in which higher suppressive activity against weeds grown under field conditions. Bioassay of sunflower residues decomposed in soil at different times on Echinochloa colonum L, one of the weeds dominated the mungbean field, revealed that residues of both cultivars suppressed growth of E. colonum weed. The phytotoxicity started after 2 weeks and persisted for 8 weeks. However, Sin Altheeb residues showed greater inhibition than Shumoose cultivar at the last three decomposition periods. Shumoose residues recorded appreciable reduction to the growth of test weed compared to Sin Altheeb. The effect of residues of both cultivars on chlorophyll content and ions uptake in Amaranthus retroflexus L. weed revealed that residues of both species reduced chlorophyll content of leaves and the reduction increased with the increased residue rate. Sin Altheeb cultivar residues were more inhibitory than Shumoose at the lower residue rate. In the same weed, ions uptake was significantly averted by the residues of both cultivars. P and K was significantly increased over control, while Ca, Mg an Fe were found to be decreased over control due to application of sunflower residues in soil at 8 g per kg soil. N was the only test element that did not significantly influence by the residue treatments. No significant differences were found in the test ion uptake between the test sunflower cultivars. Results of using RAPD technique on the sunflower genomic DNA revealed that all the 19 primers used in this study scored different amplification monomorphic and polymorphic bands in the tested genotypes with 12 primers generated polymorphic bands. These bands present in one cultivar and absent in another. They could be responsible for allelopathic trait or secondary compounds associated with this phenomenon. Further work is recommended to analyze the sequence of this band to find out whether it is related to allelopathic trait or not.

التنميط الجيني لفايروس التهاب الكبد نوع اي لمرضى الاصابة الحادة في محافظة المثنى - العراق == Genotyping of Hepatitis E Virus Among Patients With Acute Infection In Al - Muthanna Province / Iraq

Author name: ازهار صبري مسلم الذهبي
Supervisor name: رغد حربي مهدي العزاوي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Viruses
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) infection is found worldwide. It is responsible for large outbreaks in East and South Asia. This study was carried out to identify the distribution of acute HEV infection in AlMuthanna province and then determine the genotypes responsible for the disease spreading. This is the first investigation about the occurrence of hepatitis E genotypes in Al - Muthanna province patients. The study included 270 jaundiced patients of both sexes From AlMuthanna province which included out patients in public health laboratory in Samawah city, for the period from October 2013 to June 2014. All these patients were tested for anti - HEV IgM antibodies by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In Al - Muthanna province, 72 patients (26.66 %) out of 270 patients showed positive results for anti - HEV IgM antibodies, and all those patients were tested for confirmatory test at central public health laboratories (CPHL) in Baghdad province. Those patients consist of 45 females and 27 males with age ranged between (4 - 74) years old, were all negative for routinely screened markers of Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C, Ten normal healthy individuals, used as normal control in this study. This study showed that the HEV IgM is more common among younger age group (15 - 24), with a percentage of) 41.67%(, and it was higher in females (63%) than in males (37%). Highly significant differences (p ? 0.01) appeared among age groups. The levels of liver function enzymes demonstrated significant differences (p ? 0.05) in HEV patients as compared with healthy controls. The levels of Total Serum Bilirubin (TSB) were (23.41 ± 12.38) mg/dl, Serum Aspartate transaminase (SAST) were (887.17 ± 9.87) U/l, Serum Alanine transaminase (SALT) were (859.91 ± 13.28) U/l, and the levels of Serum Alkaline phosphatase (SALP) were (206.56 ± 5.04) U/l higher than healthy controls (0.884 ± 0.05) mg/dl, (37.27 ± 4.58) U/l, (34.14 ± 7.63) U/l, (48.09 ± 15.42) U/l respectively. RNA was extracted from sera of positive anti - HEV IgM antibodies by using a QIAamp® Viral RNA Mini Kit. Nanodrop and Quantus™ Fluorometer instruments were used to determine the RNA yield and purity according to the standard kit protocol. High levels of RNA concentration were measured by Nanodrop and Quantus™ Fluorometer. Forty - six samples have high RNA concentration out of 72 samples were detected for genotypes I, III & IV by using Applied Biosystems Real time PCR 7500 machine. In this study, HEV type I and III were detected in 23 samples out of 46 samples by using Real Time PCR systems. Ten samples were positive for this test. Thirteen samples (56.52%) were negative for this test. The distribution percentage of genotypes I and III was (43.48%). The results appeared significant difference (P ? 0.05). Also by using the same technique (Real time PCR systems) the HEV type IV was detected in 23 samples out of 46 samples. Which included, 13 samples that recorded negative results by I & III genotypes kit and only 2 samples from it recorded positive results and 11 samples recorded negative result for HEV genotype IV. From other 10 samples, only 3 samples recorded positive result and 7 samples recorded negative result for HEV genotype IV. In a total, 5 samples were positive for HEV genotype IV and 18 samples (78.26%) were negative. So that the distribution percentage of genotype IV was (21.74%). In this study, the samples that showed negative results in both kits have not been tested for other genotypes. This study indicated that the acute HEV infection is highly endemic in Al - Muthanna province in Iraq. Genotypes I & III were the most distribution than genotype IV in patients from Al - Muthanna province in Iraq. These results suggest that the genotypes I & III are the main causative agents of sporadic HEV infection in Al - Muthanna province

التحري الجزيئي عن النمط الثالث لداء السكري البادئ عند النضج (MODY 3) في مرضى السكري العراقيين == Molecular Investigation of Maturity Onset Diabetes of The Young Type 3 (MODY 3) In Iraqi Diabetic Patients

Author name: اسراء عدنان ابراهيم البغدادي
Supervisor name: نورية عبد الحسين علي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - Institute Of Genetic Engineering And Biotechnology - Department Of Biotechnology
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: شملت الدراسة 63 مريضا مصابا بداء السكري غير المناعي المنشا في اعمار مبكرة من ذوي التاريخ العائلي بالاصابة بمرض السكري ممن لايعانون البدانة الذين تم اختيارهم من مرضى السكري من مراجعي المركز التخصصي لامراض الغدد الصم والسكري في الرصافة/ بغداد للفترة من ايار | This study included 63 non obese patients having early onset of non immunogenic diabetes with strong family history of diabetes selected from diabetic patients attended the specialized center of endocrinology and diabetes at Alrusafa/ Baghdad during period from the begging of May 2011 till the end of February 2013. The demographic study revealed that there is no association between the disease incidence with neither the gender nor the blood group. But there is a significant difference in the distribution of the patients according to age of the first diagnosis and gender, as the study showed that majority of male patients (53.846%) were first diagnosed with hyperglycemia below the age of 20 while the majority of females (72.972%) were first diagnosed with hyperglycemia after the age of 20.The distribution of patients according to the type of treatment also reveled association between the gender and both age of diagnosis and type of treatment of the hyperglycemia as the study showed that there is a higher percent of male patients (80.768%) using insulin at the beginning of their diagnosis with hyperglycemia or transferred later to insulin than those of females (67.565%).The present study reported for the first time in Iraq the presence of monogenic diabetes (maturity onset diabetes of the young type 3) as major cause of diabetes within non obese diabetic patients' early onset of non immunogenic diabetes with strong family history of diabetes. The sequence analysis of the hepatocyte nuclear factor 1? gene showed that Iraqis have mutational hot spot at exons 3 and 4 of this gene responsible for maturity onset diabetes of the young type 3, and that mutations in the promoter region or exons 5, 6, 8 and 9 are a rare cause of diabetes.

التحري عن التشوهات الكروموسومية وطفرات المورث FLT3/ITD في مرضى ابيضاض الدم النخاعي الحاد == Screening For Chromosomal Aberrations And Gene Mutations FLT3/ITD In Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Author name: سمارة كاظم محمد
Supervisor name: عبد الحسين مويت الفيصل
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Institute Of Genetic Engineering And Biotechnology - Department Of Biotechnology
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: صممت الدراسة الحالية من اجل تسليط الضوء على تاثيرات مرض ابيضاض الدم ((AMLفي بعض معايير الوراثة الخلوية والجزيئية الحاصلة في كريات الدم البيضاء في ثلاثة حالات للمرضى اشتملت على مرحلة ما قبل العلاج, في اثناء العلاج وبعد العلاج الكيميائي. كما شملت الدراسة ا | The present study was designed to shed light on the cytogenetic and molecular effects caused by acute myeloid leukemia (AML) pathogenesis in three stages before, during and after treatment with chemotherapy (in vitro) in lymphocytes. It was also aimed to investigate chromosomal aberrations, micronucleus formation and FLT3/ITD point mutations in CN - AML region 100 - 300 bp compared with healthy control. The study was comprised of forty - seven AML Iraqi patients their ages ranged between 2.5 - 81 years. It included twenty females and twenty seven males compared with twenty - six healthy control. The following results were obtained : AML is most common leukemia in adults and uncommon in children. It was found that 46.8% patients suffer from AML, who were under 15 years old, while 19.15% patients their age ranged between 16 - 30 years; 19.15% of patients their age were more than 45 years and 14.9% of patients their age ranged between 31 - 45 years of the total AML patients. AML is more common in males than females. The percentages of females and males were 42.5% and 57.5% respectively representing 1.35 : 1.00 male : female ratio. Two AML patients 5.3% have diploid cells when examined under light microscope. The highest mitotic index was 7.498±1.7 occurred in patients before taking treatment while recorded 6.784±4.5 during treatment and 7.000±2.5 after treatment. Nuclear anomalies such as nucleoplasmic bridges and nuclear buds were observed in AML patients, Micronucleus mean values recorded 0.033±0.018, 0.020±0.00015 and 0.036±0.01for AML patients before, during and after treatment respectively when compared with the control which recorded 0.002±0.00002. Nuclear division index (NDI) means before, during and after treatment of AML patients were 1.658±0.2, 1.000±0.022 and 1.424±0.19 respectively. Significant differences occurred among the three groups when compared with the control group (1.282±0.09). Extracted DNA from 30 AML patients was amplified by PCR to obtain FLT3/ITD gene from exon 11 to intron 12 and ten of them sent for sequencing. Two patients showed larger bands (470 and 460) bp when compared with wild type (330) bp. Among six patients, three displayed point mutations of deletion and substitution while others were normal since no mutations were detected. The percentages of mutation types were substitution 57.78% and deletion 22.2%. The effect of mutations was missense mutation (55.54%), deletion (22.22%) and nonsense (22.22%). It has been concluded from the current work that AML is more common in adult males, patients suffer from AML exhibited high MI, NDI, MN and point mutations are present in such patients including deletion and substitution causing missense, nonsense and deletion.

الكشف عن بعض عوامل البيئة الداخلية للخلايا السرطانية للنساء العراقيات المصابات بسرطان الثدي == Detection of Some Microenvironment Factors In Tissue Samples of Iraqi Women With Breast Cancer

Author name: فاطمة سمير عبد الرزاق الزبيدي
Supervisor name: اخلاص مشرف عيدان
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Immunology
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Science For Girls
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cause of cancer - related deaths in women. It continues to rank as one of the top killer of women. This cancer increased in frequency in the last years in Iraq. The aim of this study was to shed light on the immunohistochemical for some factors that could be affect on development of microenvironment in breast cancer of Iraqi patients. And these factors include CD133 as a marker for breast cancer stem cells (BCSs), and also studying tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF - ?) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF - ?). 53 samples Formalin - fixed, paraffin - embedded (FFPE) wax block appeared their ages were range from 29 - 70 year with a mean age of 48.45 years. 32 patients with breast carcinoma and 21 patients with benign breast lesions were included in this study for comparison. The results of this study show that the CD133 positive expression was found in (56.2%) of Iraqi breast cancer cases. Also the result of this study show that (62.5%) positive expression from both (TNF - ? &TGF - ?) of breast cancer cases, compared with sample of benign breast lesion. The results show (52.3%) positive expression of TNF - ? and (28.57%) positive expression of TGF - ? of samples with benign breast lesion, there is a significant different between studied samples, compared with (19.05%) samples positive expression of CD133 of sample with benign breast lesion so there is a significant different between the samples with breast cancer and benign breast lesion. Also the results show there is a positive relationship correlation between (TGF - ?) expression and (TNF - ?) expression, while there were no relationship correlation between (TGF - ?) and CD133 and no relationship correlation between TNF - ? and CD133. The results show there is a positive correlation between the grade and breast cancer with the three different expressions of marker but in different strongest correlations between (TNF - ?) and (TGF - ?) with the graded but this correlation becomes weak with CD133 marker the value of significant. According to the relationship in breast cancer case in this study between the studied markers and stage of case it shows (TNF - ?) has a strong positive correlation while the correlation appear week between the stage of this studies case and end each of TGF - ? and CD133. For this we concluded from the results there high expression of CD133 and TNF - ? indicators and TGF - ?. CD133 could use in diagnosis of the cancer cell and the high expression of TNF - ? & TGF - ? indicate that these factor play important roles in tumor microenvironment metastasis. And the strong correlation between the expression of these markers with grade and stage of breast cancer

دراسة بعض الجوانب المناعية والبكتريولوجية لمرضى ذات الرئة Pneumonia == Study Some Immunological And Bacteriological Aspects of Pneumonia Patients

Author name: كرم رياض حسن الجراح
Supervisor name: رسمية عبد ابو ريشة
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: جمعت 120 عينة قشع من اشخاص مصابين بمرض ذات الرئه للمدة من ايار 2013 الى شباط 2014 من ثلاثة مستشفيات في مدينة بغداد وشملت مستشفى اليرموك التعليمي, مستشفى دار التمريض الخاص, مستشفى بغداد التعليمي. شخصت العينات باستخدام الفحوص البايوكيميائية, نظامApi 20 E و| From May 2013 to Feburey 2014, 120 sputum and Aspiration samples of patients with pneumonia disease were collected from different hospitals in Baghdad included : Al Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, Hospital Nursing Home sector and Baghdad Teaching Hospital. All samples were diagnosed by biochemical tests, Api 20 E and Api20 strep. Systems, The results was found to be 28 isolates (23.3%) belong to K.pneumoniae, 26 isolates (21.7 %) belong to S.pneumonia while 66 isolates(55%) belong to causes : E.coli, Pseudomonas sp., Moraxella catrrhalis, S.pyogens, Monilia and S.aureus. From (55) blood samples of pneumonia patients and 30 blood samples from healthy individuals, number of white blood cell (Neutrophil) counts were measured, percentage of Neutrophil cell count in female (53%) higher than the cell count in male(47%). Some markers of pneumonia disease were studied such as ratio of infection between male and female, chronic and acute cases and smoker and non smoker, the results were showed the ratio of infection in female more than in male, (60%, 40%), respectively. And number of acute cases of pneumonia patients 41(74.55%) more than chronic cases 14(25.45%). While infection ratio in smoker patients more than nonsmoker patients at ratio 24(57.14%)18(42.86%), respectively. The result of interleukin - 8 level through acute and chronic phases in pneumonia patients sera was showed high level in patients compared with healthy persons (86.4403 ± 25.50919 vs. 58.7636 ± 4.73152 pg / ml, respectively) with a non significant difference statistically (P?0.05). Also in the age group (age 15 - 60years), The results showed the results interleukin 8 levels higher than the age groups of (2month - 3years) and (age 60 - 85) (93.63 ± 51.65, 68.88 ± 17.17, 65.68 ± 11.73 pg / ml, respectively) with non significant difference (P?0.05). The result of Leukotriene B4 level through acute and chronic phases in pneumonia patients sera showed high level in patients compared with healthy persons (36.00 ± 3, 82 vs. 25.96 ± 4.44 pg / ml, respectively) with a significant difference (P?0.05). Also in the age group (two months - 3 years) were showed the results interleukin 8 levels higher than the age groups (age 15 - 60) (age (60 - 85)(33.61 ± 11.06, 19.29 ± 4.67, 16.86 ± 4.51 pg / ml respectively) with no siginificant difference (P?0.05), the correlation coeifficient between interleukin - 8 and leukotriene B4 was (0.12) with no siginificant difference. The phagocytic activity was determined in pneumonia patients sera according to measurement C3 protein level through acute and chronic phases, the result were showed the ratio of C3 protein levels in healthy persons more than in patients (135.93 ± 12.74, 133.19 ± 12.01 pg / ml, respectively) with a difference was not significant statistically (P?0.05).

التنميط الوراثي لمستضدات التطابق النسيجي في عينة عراقية من مرضى السكري النوع الثاني == Hla Genotyping In A Sample of Iraqi Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Author name: احمد كاظم محمد
Supervisor name: محمد ابراهيم نادر | بتول حسن الغرابي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - Institute Of Genetic Engineering And Biotechnology - Department Of Biotechnology
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: داء السكري مرض واسع الانتشارعالميا تختلف نسبة الاصابة بين البلدان المتطورة والنامية ويعتبر المسبب الرئيسي للاعاقة والموت في العالم.داء السكري النوع الثاني هو الاكثر حدوثا حيث تبلغ نسبة الاصابة (90 - 95%) من مجموع المصابين بالسكري للانواع الثلاثة الرئيسية. | Sixty of non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients who were diagnosed according to American Diabetes Association criteria (ADA) 2007 were selected from the specialized center of endocrinology and diabetes (Baghdad AL - Russafa Health Directorate) during the period between first of May 2013 to last of October 2013.Their age ranged 35 - 70 years. Fourty apparently healthy individuals their age ranged (35 - 70) years were considered as control. Enzymatic colorimetric methods used for measured FBS (fasting blood sugar) and HbA1c (glycohemoglobin) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for hormones and enzyme markers. Fasting blood sugar revealed high significant in patients with median (11.6 mmol/L vs. 5.9 mmol/L) and (P<0.001) in comparison to control groups.Elevation of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) with mean (9% vs. 5.5%) in comparison to control groups. Another reliable marker are the concentration Adpionectine hormone, Insulin hormone and adenosine deaminase activity the results of those estimated significantly difference between levels mean (20.7 vs. 34 ng /ml) in patients compared to healthy subjects (P<0.001) for adiponectin ; mean (106.6 vs. 59.3 ng/ml) for ADA (adenosine deaminase) with (P<0.001) and the median (12.1 vs. 16 uIU/ml) for insulin hormone with (P 0.001). In order to investigate the accuracy of previously mentioned tests, a statistical analysis [Receiver - Operator Characteristics (ROC)] has been applied to show the accuracy, specificity and sensitivity of the tests under test.This analysis revealed that serum ADA activity is the best marker with highly specificity 100%, sensitivity 100%, and accuracy 100% while; FBS was the best test with highly specificity 100%, sensitivity 100% and 100% accuracy in comparison with other tests. It was denoted that type2 DM was associated with certain HLA class II alleles were analyzed for their genotyping by Polymerase Chain Reaction - Sequences Specific Olegionucleotide (PCR - SSO) technique. The present study revealed that diabetic patients were positively associated with HLA - DQB1*0201 (83% vs. 5.0%) which is the most prevalent in patients followed by DRB1*1137 (46.7% vs. 0.0%); DRB1*0401 (41.7% vs. 2.5%), and DRB1*1306(15% vs.0.0%) while HLA, A*0201;B*3559;Cw*0410 and DQB1*0501 is negatively associated in type 2DM in comparison with healthy control groups.This study has shown that there is no significant association between FBS, HbA1c, serum insulin, HOMA2(Homeostatic Model Assessment2) ? - function, HOMA2 - IR, serum adiponectin, serum ADA and HLA alleles(DQB1*0201, DRB1*1137, DRB1*0401, DQB1*0501, DRB1*1306) in spite the significant associated between FBS and serum ADA and HLA - DRB1*0701 allele with (P 0.021, P 0.008) respectively.The current result concluded that there may be an important role for HLA genotyping in arising the chance for enhancing the susceptibility for either disease development or protection against its initiation.

انشاء وتوصيف لخط سرطان الثدي الخلوي العراقي == Establishment And Characterization of Iraqi Breast Cancer Cell Line

Author name: مرتضى عادل الشامي
Supervisor name: محفوظة عباس عمران | احمد مجيد الشمري
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Science - Department Of Biotechnology
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Several primary cultures were initiated from different samples obtained from Iraqi female patients of breast tumor, one sample was successful, and this sample was histological diagnosed as breast cancer infiltrating ductal carcinoma.The cell suspension was cultured in tissue culture flask and confluent monolayer achieved after 16 days from primary culture. The continuous subculture was done in grown cells in tissue culture flask each 48 - 96 hrs. Between subculture to other until across 50 passages through11months.In our current study different experiments were done to characterize the cultured continuous cells, which are studying the growth curve of the new established cell line and calculating the population doubling time that have been 22 hours.Furthermore, a morphological study was carried out by staining the cells with hematoxilin and eosin dyes. The cells were elongated multi - polar epithelial like cells with nuclear polymorphism and multi - nuclei, in addition to high nuclear to cytoplasm ratio, all these characters of the malignant tumor cells.The Cytogenetic study showed chromosomal aberrations with many numerical changes among the tumor cells and abnormal structure gives chromosomes with unknown origin called marker chromosome. In furthermore the G - band stained of normal 46XX chromosome was done to facilities the comparisons between chromosomes of the new established breast cancer cell line and normal chromosomes aberrationsImmunocytochemistry examination was done for the tumor cells grown in multi well tissue culture slide chamber to detect the presence of some hormonal receptors (ER and PR) gives negative result, and to test Her - neu2 gene that gives week positive result.

التمنيع باضداد الخمل النوع الاول المنتجة من بكتريا الاشريكية القولونية المسببة لالتهاب المجاري البولية ضد استيطان واصابة المثانة == Immunization With Type 1 Fimbriae of Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli Against Colonization And Infection of Bladder

Author name: اروى علي شكر
Supervisor name: رسمية عبد ابو ريشة
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Between September and November 2013 a total of 140 urine specimens obtained from patients in Al - Kadhmiah Teaching Hospital, Ibn - Al Naffees Teaching Hospital, and Educational Laboratories in Medical city. These midstream urine specimens were obtained from patients clinically suspected to have urinary tract infection (UTI) in sterilized containers. All specimens were processed immediately after collection.A total number of 140 specimens of mid - stream urine were collected from patients suffering urinary tract infection symptoms. These isolates were obtained from 41 male and 99 female patients. They were distributed in the age group of 5 - 60 years old. All specimens were identified using biochemical tests and API 20 E system. 60 (42.85%) of urine specimens was Escherichia coli and 15(10.71%) of specimens growth was Klebsiella spp. and 25(17.85%) growth was Proteus spp. and 40 (28.57%) was G+ve bacteria.The adherence ability of E.coli isolates were evaluated by using Congo red agar and detected their ability to produce biofilm by using methylene blue staining technique in polystyrene microtiter plates and then Optical density was determined at 580 nm.All sixty isolates of E.coli were grown on Congo red agar medium to detect their adherence ability. Twenty (33.3%) isolates were given negative result by forming pink colonies on congo red agar, were as, forty (66.6%) isolates were given positive result by forming black colonies with a dry crystalline. Three isolates give strong results E.coli (13, 8, and 40). Consistency indicated biofilm production by microtiter plate. E. coli 40 which isolated produced the thickest biofilm (O.D. : =3.17).Type 1 fimbriae expression by E.coli 40 isolate was detected by mannose - resistant hemagglutination (MRHA) of human blood group (O) IRBCs in the presence of 2% D - mannose. The isolate showed strong MRHA characteristics of type 1 fimbriae under microscope (40x). The E.coli E.40isolate which produced the thickest biofilm and gave strong MRHA was elected to be the source of type 1 fimbriae.Type 1 fimbriae was extracted by heating and mechanical shearing and partially purified by Ultracentrifugation (48, 000xg for 3hrs). SDS - PAGE with a molecular weight 20, 000 Dalton.Anti - type1 fimbriae antisera were prepared in rabbits. The specificity and titration of anti - type1fimbriae antibodies were determined using IgG protein by radial immunodiffusion plate and bacterial agglutination. IgG antibodies to fimbriae type 1 were also detected in rabbit sera from immunized rabbit and non - immunized. Immunized rabbit test 1 had increases in Fim1 - specific IgG antibodies (9.5) mg/dl. Immunized rabbit test 2 had increases in Fim1 - specific IgG antibodies (8.6) mg/dl. The non - immunized rabbit had no increase in absolute IgG antibodies to Fim1.The antisera agglutinated bacterial cells up to 1/80 dilution confirming the presence and titer of specific antibodies against type1 fimbriae.The microtiter plate method was applied to estimate the role of the prepared anti - type1fimbriae antibodies in reducing the biofilim formation by E.coli. Prevention of bacterial adherence and subsequent biofilm formation to polystyrene microtiter plate was studied by employing different dilutions (1/10, 1/20, 1/40, 1/80, 1/160, 1/320, 1/640) of rabbit sera containing anti - type 1 fimbriae antibodies. The maximum inhibition of biofilm formation in terms of optical density (580 nm) was found in lowest dilution (1/10) (highest concentration of Abs). However, the minimum inhibition was observed in highest dilution of rabbit antisera (1/640) (lowest concentration of Abs). Here the inhibition occurs in a dose dependent manner as the biofilm formation increased dramatically with increasing in antisera dilution. The results also showed that there is a significant difference(P<0.05) among data treated with sera and data without sera and among serial dilutions.General urine examination and culture for urine that absorbed from test 2 and control was done (GUE) show that pus cell in urine was (1 - 2/HPF). There was no growth of bacteria in urine culture.The Histological section show that the Control and test 1 rabbit (have been immunized with fimbriae and adjuvant and injected with E.coli intra muscular) and Test 2rabbit (that has been immunized with fimbriae and adjuvant and injected with E.coli directly in bladder has normal epithelial cells and mucosa.

التقييم الجزيئي لنسخ جين المقاومة الدوائية MDR1 في بعض المرضى العراقيين البالغين المصابين بسرطان ابيضاض الدم الحاد == Molecullar Assessment of Multidrug Resistance Gene (MDR1) Transcript In Some Adult Iraqi Patients With Acute Leukemia

Author name: كفاح جبار شاكر اليعقوبي
Supervisor name: عبد الحسين الفيصل
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - Institute Of Genetic Engineering And Biotechnology - Department Of Biotechnology
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The present study aims to shed light on the follow up of acute leukemic (AL) patients at initial diagnosis and after treatment to assess the response and early relapse through evaluating the gene expression level of one of the major multidrug resistance genes which is the multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) to investigate the possible association between level of MDR1 gene expression and the clinical outcomes and this may be considered as a potential marker for response to chemotherapy of acute leukemic patients. Furthermore, the current study correlates between the MDR1 gene phenotype and MDR1 genotype in three important coding regions (C1236T, G2677T/A, and C3435T considering the potential influence of altering MDR1 activity and its effect on therapy outcome as well as susceptibility to develop cancer.White blood cells (WBCs) isolated from 106 blood sample of acute leukemic patients were provided by Iraqi hospitals in Medical City. These samples were distributed as follows : 46 newly diagnosed patients with acute leukemia who had not received chemotherapy and follow - up 25 after 1st induction, 17 after 2nd induction and 8 at consolidation, with 10 blood samples of healthy voluntaries. Two comparative groups were taken included 46 sample of peripheral blood (PB) and 26 sample of bone marrow biopsy (BMB) in paraffin blocks to validate the level of gene expression compare to WBCs. For genotyping analysis, 56 of blood sample were taken to study genetic variation of MDR1 gene polymorphism. The samples preservation with TRIzol was done. Samples subjected to total RNA and DNA extraction, then molecular study by using reverse transcription, Quantitative Real Time - polymerase chain reaction (qRT - PCR) and direct sequencing, at Molecular Oncology Unit in Guy´s Hospital - Kings College / London.The study reached at the following results : 1 - The results showed age groups (20 - 39 years) were associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), while (13 - 19 years) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).2 - The level of MDR1 gene expression showed high significant differences with WBCs compared to PB and BMB.3 - The clinical outcomes indicated that the rate of complete response (CR) of newly diagnosed acute leukemic patients was 19(41%), while 27(58.7%) was non - responder (NR).4 - Statistical analysis showed significant differences with NR at initial diagnosis in acute myeloid leukemia, while appeared after 1st induction in lymphoid type.5 - The results of positivity MDR1 gene expression were 10(21.7%) out of 46 newly diagnosed in acute leukemia, while 36(78.3%) were MDR1 - negative depend on (1.1±0.03) cutoff value.6 - The positivity MDR1 gene expression appeared mainly in non - responders patients at initial diagnosis, and with early relapse patients, after complete remission, in consolidation.7 - The MDR1 mRNA expression showed significant differences with high level in NR compared to CR patients at initial diagnosis. During treatment follow up the increased level of MDR1 gene expression in CR patients and appeared non - significantly with NR.8 - The results of MDR1 C1236T genotype and allele frequency showed that 1236CC wild type genotype and C allele were significantly frequent in healthy control. While CT heterozygous genotype frequency was highly significant in AML and no significant difference in allele frequency. ALL showed non - significant difference in genotype and allele frequency of MDR1 C1236T.9 - Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (ORs and 95%CI) analysis showed no evidence associated with risk factor in MDR1 C1236T ALL carriers. While risk factor observed in AML with MDR1 1236CT carriers.10 - The results of MDR1 phenotype - genotype association indicate that MDR1 1236CC wild type was significantly high expression among healthy and it was aprotective genotype. While the MDR1 1236CT showed significant differences with high level of MDR1 gene expression in AML patients. Whereas ALL revealed significant differences in high level of MDR1 gene expression with MDR1 1236TT genotype. Both CT and TT were affected genotypes.11 - The results of MDR1 G2677T genotype and allele frequency indicated that 2677GA genotype significantly appeared with low frequency in healthy control with no significant difference in allele frequency. Both ALL and AML showed high significant frequency in 2677GT genotype. G allele frequency was showed significant differences in AML while non - significant in with ALL.12 - Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (ORs and 95%CI) analysis showed the MDR1 2677GT genotype was associated with risk factor to developing ALL and AML. Whereas the GG appeared associated with AML only.13 - MDR1 phenotype - genotype association, indicate that MDR1 2677GA genotype was significantly high expression in healthy individual. While AML patients showed significant differences with high level of MDR1gene expression in 2677GT genotype. ALL showed significant differences with high level of MDR1 gene expression in MDR1 2677TT genotype.14 - The results of MDR1 C3435T genotype and allele frequency showed significant difference in genotype and allele frequency with heterozygous CT in both control and AML patients and mutant T allele. Whereas non - significant genotype and allele frequency with ALL.15 - Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (ORs and 95%CI) analysis showed that the MDR1 3435CC genotype carriers associated with risk to developing ALL. While no risk factor associate with MDR1 C3435T variants to develop AML.16 - MDR1 phenotype - genotype association, indicate that the wild type 3435CC genotype was significantly high expression in healthy control. The MDR1 3453CT genotype showed high significance with high level of MDR1 gene expression inAML. While ALL showed significantly high level of MDR1 gene expression in 3435TT genotype.17 - The results of MDR1 genotype - phenotype association showed similar impact of MDR1C1236T, G2677T/A and C3435T genotypes in AML clinical outcomes. The MDR1 CT/GT/TT genotypes were associated in NR AML with high level of expression at presentation, compared to significant low level in CC/GG genotype. In contrast, CR patients were observed non - significant with MDR1 gene expression at presentation and significant with low MDR1CC/GG genotypes in post treatment. In regards to ALL patients the MDR1 TT genotype showed significant differences with high level of MDR1 gene expression in NR and CR ALL at presentation and significant only with NR at post treatment. So there was no clear evidence between MDR1 genotypes and clinical outcome with ALL.18 - The haplotype results showed that the three MDR1 C1236T, G2677T/A and C3435T genotype were linkage disequilibrium significantly with heterozygous haplotype B (CT - GT - CT) compared to A(CGC) and C(TTT). Also B haplotype appeared significantly with high level of MDR1 gene expression compared to A and C. According to the clinical outcome, haplotype B was observed significant differences in NR AML patients while other haplotypes were non - significant

دراسة جزيئية عن جين المقاومة mecA في بكتريا العنقودية الذهبية المقاومة للمشيسلين والمعزولة من بعض مستشفيات بغداد == Molecular Study For Detection of Meca Gene In Methicillin - Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated From Some Hospital In Baghdad City

Author name: لمى ياسين موسى
Supervisor name: محمد ابراهيم نادر
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Institute Of Genetic Engineering And Biotechnology - Department Of Biotechnology
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Two hundred and thirty clinical specimens were collected from two different hospitals in Baghdad during the period (December 2012 to April 2013). These specimens were collected from visitors, hospitalized patients and the health care workers in these hospitals. The specimens included nasal swab, wound swab, burn swab, abscess and pus, sputum, ear swab, urine and blood culture diagnostic results show that 150 out of the (230) specimens gave positive bacterial cultures and (100) isolates are characterized as Staphylococcus aureus depending on the cultural and biochemical examinations.the coagulase test was performed and the results showed that from total 150 isolates of Staphylococci, 100 isolates (61%) were coagulase - positive (COPS), while only 50 isolates (39%) were coagulase negative (CONS). In addition, the distribution of methicillin resistance among Staphylococcus spp. was investigated.The use of the antibiotic susceptibility profile for these isolates was examined against methicillin resistance. Using disk diffusion method revealed that (13) isolates were proved to be methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), While (87) isolates of S. aureus showed sensitivity to methicillin (MSSA) and there was no intermediate resistance among these isolates.The ability of MRSA isolates to produce some virulence factors were investigated and the results showed that MRSA isolates produce many enzymes and toxins that contributed in their virulence such as protease, urease, dnase and gelatinase, and also produce a beta types of haemolysins.The ability to produce slime layer by MRSA isolates was also investigated and the results showed that all isolates of MRSA were produced slime layer when theytested by Congo red agar method and the results showed that all of MRSA isolates produced strong slime layer.One of the aims of this study was to adopted a accurate diagnostic method to detect S.aureus by its genetic material contents through extracting of DNA and gel electrophoresis of the PCR product for the specific gene.Detection of methicilline - resistance gene represented by A confirmatory test was carried out for the selected isolates using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for further characterization up to the species level by the amplification of (mecA) gene.This is Staphylococcus aureus specific gene that encodes the extra Penicillin Binding Protein, which is unique to methicillin - resistant staphylococci. All the (13) positive isolates by disk diffusion test are found to be positive for the presence of (mecA) gene as their agarose gel revealed the presence of DNA band of mecA gene with a molecular size about (200 bp.).Results of the detecting (femB) gene showed that it was positive in all of MRSA isolates as they appear to have a band with a molecular size of about (651 bp). The genetic determinants of methicillin resistance mecA and femB genes were amplified using multiplex PCR technique in order to identify methicillin resistant (mecA+) and susceptible (lacking mecA) staphylococci and to differentiate S. aureus (femB+) from coagulase negative staphylococci (lacking femB). All of the S. aureus isolates (100%) were found to harbor femA gene, it is species specific marker for S. aureus.

العلاقة بين انتاج الانزيم المحلل للكولاجين وتكوين الغشاء الحياتي بوساطة بكتريا Pseudomonas aeruginosae == The Relationship Between Collagenase Production And Biofilm Formation By Pseudomonas Aeuroginosa

Author name: امال عزيز كريم السعدي
Supervisor name: شذى سلمان الطحان
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Bacteria
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: A total of 359 samples divided as 228 clinical and 131 non clinical specimens were collected during 2012 from four hospitals in Baghdad city including : Al - Kadhymia Teaching hospital, Baghdad Teaching hospital, The Burn Specialist Hospital and Al - Imam Ali hospital, for isolation of P.aeruginosa to study the correlation between collagenase production and biofilm formation. Eighty two Pseudomonas isolates were screened for biofilm formation, 28 isolates were classified as strong biofilm formers, 25 as moderate and 27 as weak biofilm former. The 28 isolates were identifid by VITEk - 2 Compact system which confirmed that the isolates were P.aeruginosa. Collagenase production assay was used to screen 28 isolates that were strong biofilm formers inorder to detect the ability of these isolates to produce collagenase, the substrate of collagenase (collagen) was purified localy from bovin tendon and the results showed that just 8 isolates could grow in mineral salt media with collagen after 4 days of incubation. The factors affecting biofilm formation and collagenase production were studied to determine the optimual conditions for their production, those factors included : 1 - Nitrogen sources represented higher influence on collagenase production specialy (yeast extract) in media containing collagen than other media without collagen as a substrate. The specific activity differed between the 8 isolates, biofilm formation also became more pronounced with (yeast extract), while NH4Cl and NaNO3 depressed biofilm formation at the same conditions. The statistical analysis between the two parameters (biofilm and collagenase) according to different nitrogen sources demonstrated highly significance at p?0.01 with yeast extract and casein. 2 - pH, results showed that the best pH for production was 7 for both collagenase and biofilm.The statistical analysis for determination the relationshipe between the two parameters showed highly significance at p ?0.01 for different pH. 3 - The maximum production of the two parameters was at 35?C temperature which gave highly significance at p?0.01 with defferent temperature. 4 - Long incubation periods revealed increasing in collagenase production and biofilm formation which represented highly significance detween them when incubation periods were prolonged at p?0.01. Results of this study showed that collagenase production increases when bacteria switch from a planktonic to biofilm phenotype. This indicates that biofilms and collagenase are more virulent and have a greater ability to cause tissue destruction. The REP - PCR analysis using BOX - primer, showed a clusters genetic relatedness among the isolates. The isolates were grouped according to the REP - PCR in 9 different genotypes, named cluster 1 to 3 which included C1, C2, C3 with relatedness : 8 (80%), 8 (86%), 3 (80%) respectively. A19 and A20 both of them were not included in any cluster, they have 78% similarity.The REP - PCR analysis showed that the genotypic relatedness is consistently high between the 8 producer isolates and non producer isolates (13), showed similarity reached 86

انتاج انزيم السيليلز من عزلة محلية لبكتريا B167 Streptomyces sp. واستخدامه في انتاج الوقود الحيوي == Cellulase Production From Local Isolate of Streptomyces Sp.B167 And Its Application In Biofuel Production

Author name: بنان محمود سليمان
Supervisor name: ناظم حسن حيدر
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Science - Department Of Biotechnology
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: هدفت الدراسة الحالية الى انتاج انزيم السليليز من بكتريا الستربتومايسس ودراسة تاثير بعض الظروف الزرعية على انتاج الانزيم; انتاج الوقود الحيوي من المخلفات السليلوزية من خلال التحلل المائي للمخلفات بالاحماض والانزيمات المايكروبية. تم غربلة 74 عزلة لبكتريا St | The current study was aimed to produce biofuel from cellulosic waste material degraded by local isolate Streptomyces. Seventy four isolates of Streptomyces were screened for cellulase production in solid and liquid media. The results showed higher capability of isolate Streptomyces sp. B 167 for cellulase production and bioconversion of cellulose. Therefore, it was selected for further studies. The results of optimization revealed that the cellulase enzyme productivity by the isolate Streptomyces sp. B 167 reached to 2.1 and 2.28 U/ml after 48 h of incubation time and pH 7 respectively. Cellulase productions in tested isolate improved (2.57 U/ml) by supplementation of cellulose liquid medium with 1 % of yeast extract as nitrogen source. Additives of carbon sources like (manitol, glucose, maltose, sucrose and starch) to the process of saccharification did not improve the cellulase productivity. The bioconversion of cellulosic waste to reducing sugar was maximum with Banana peels (77.78 %) followed by the rice husk (75.56 %), orange peels (71.11 %), corn steep peels (60.0 %) and lowest bioconversions (53.33 %) were recorded with sawdust. The degradation of cellulosic waste increased with increasing substrate concentration. Maximum cellulase productivity (3.18 U/ml) and bioconversion (86.1 %) was obtained at 3 % (w/v) of cellulosic waste (Banana peels). Saccharification of cellulosic waste with different treatment methods was studied. The pretreatment of cellulosic waste with 1 % HCl and H2SO4 produces 21 and 15.8 g of reducing sugar / 100 g of cellulosic waste. In comparison, hydrolysis with Streptomyces sp. B 167 enzymes resulted a significantly higher amount of reducing sugar yield (25 g / 100 g cellulosic waste). Further fermentation of cellulosic hydrolysates was performed using Saccharomyces cerevisiae using stationary fermentation condition. Maximum yield of ethanol were (0.30, 0.19 and 0.10 g ethanol / g glucose) observed with Streptomyces sp. B 167 enzymes, HCl and H2SO4 hydrolysates respectively after 48 h of fermentation

التحري عن عدد من المعادن الثقيلة والتلوث البكتيري في بعض الخضروات المعلبة والطازجة المستوردة في مدينة بغداد == Determination of Several Heavy Metals And Bacterial Contamination In Some Imported Canned And Fresh Vegetables In Baghdad

Author name: حسين خالد نعمان
Supervisor name: ايثار كامل الميالي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Environment - Environmental pollution
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تم اخذ ستة وثلاثين عينة من الخضروات المعلبة وخمس عينات من الخضروات الطازجة, وتجميعها من مناطق واسواق مختلفة من مدينة بغداد بشكل عشوائي خلال الفترة من شهر تشرين الاول 2013 الى شهر نيسان, 2014 حيث تضمنت الدراسة التحري عن تراكير بعض العناصر الثقيلة وهي (الرص | In this study, thirty six samples of canned vegetables and five samples of fresh vegetables were collected randomly from different markets of Baghdad city from October 2013 till April 2014. The study included determining of the concentration of some heavy metals (lead, nickel, zinc and iron) by atomic absorption spectrophotometery and the bacterial contamination in samples, also comparing the canned vegetables with fresh vegetables. It was found that the higher concentrations of heavy metals in canned vegetables as the following : lead 1.179 µg/g in olive, nickel 0.908 µg/g in olive, zinc 10.143 µg/g green pea and iron 90.601µg/g in white asparagus. The lowest concentrations were as the following : lead 0.002 µg/g in green asparagus, nickel 0.019 µg/g in mushroom, zinc 0.528 µg/g in white asparagus and iron 4.061 µg/g in green pea. In fresh vegetables, it was found that the highest concentrations of heavy metals were as follows : lead 0.919 µg/g in green pea, nickel 1.108 µg/g in green pea, zinc 4.304 µg/g in mushroom and iron 43.618 µg/g in tomato. The lowest concentrations were as the following : lead recorded 0.011 µg/g in tomato, nickel recorded 0.022 µg/g in tomato, zinc 0.876 µg/g in green pea and iron recorded 11.081 µg/g in green pea. The identification of the bacteria done by some identification tests for gram negative bacteria, the testes include growth on MacConkey agar, growth on EMB agar, IMViC testes and motility test. The identification tests for Gram positive bacteria included growth on manitol salt agar, growth on staph 110 agar and motility test. The bacterial tests ensured that there is no bacterial growth was detected in the canned vegetables, except some samples (white asparagus, green asparagus and mushroom) of December 2013, while it was detected in fresh vegetables. The bacterial species that isolated in these samples were E.coli, Klebsiela pneumoniae, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus.

التاثير التثبيطي لبعض المستخلصات على فعالية انزيم Angiotensin converting enzyme وبعض المؤشرات الحيوية المساهمة في ارتفاع ضغط الدم == Inhibitory Effect of Some Plant Extracts On Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Activity And Some Biochemical Marker That Associated With Hypertension

Author name: رؤى اياد يوسف
Supervisor name: غازي منعم عزيز | حسن فياض
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Science - Department Of Biotechnology
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The present study was sought to investigate the inhibitory effect of four crude aqueous plant extracts : Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger), Camellia sinensis (Green tea), Olea europaea (Olive) and Hibiscus sabdariffa (Rosella) on key enzyme linked to hypertension, Angiontensin - I Converting enzyme (ACE), and on the oxidant/antioxidants status, lipid profile in vitro and in vivo studies. Study of some biochemical biomarker demonstrated that antioxidant enzyme, oxidant enzyme, liped profile and ACE level for 75 hypertension patients. Antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were shown to have cross relationship with ACE level in hypertension groups, while lipid profile have positive relationship with ACE level in hypertension groups. ACE activity for the four groups G1, G2, G3, G4 were 19.61±3.97, 21.3 ± 1.95, 28.06 ± 5.34 and 32.74±8.19 ng/ml respectively. From these results we concluded that ACE was associated with hypertension and its modulated by drug or herbal extracts. Angiotensin - I Converting enzyme was extracted from sheep lung with specific activity 0.08 U/mg, then the crude ACE extract was concentrated with sucrose by dialysis with specific activity 0.1 U/mg, purification fold was 1.25.The enzyme was purified partly by ion - exchange chromatography using DEAE - cellulose with specific activity 0.5U/mg, yield 30% and purification fold 6.25. ACE activity was determined using N - [3 - (2 - furyl) acryloyl]L - phenylalanyl glycyl glycine (FA - PGG) as a substrate. Results for in vitro ACE inhibitory activity using plant extracts (ginger, green tea, roselle and olive) showed that the all four crude aqueous plant extracts had inhibitory activity in different values when used in the same concentrations about (1 mg/ml), and ginger extract possessed higher inhibitory activity than other three extracts. The ACE inhibitory potency of the ginger extract was found to be significant (P<0.001) when compared with the standard anti - ACE inhibitor drug (Captopril) at the same concentration. The inhibitory activity of ginger extract with different concentration (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) in L - N - ? - nitro - L - arginine methyl ester (L - NAME) induced hypertensive mice was evaluated. Acute oral administration with L - NAME 50mg/kg.b.w causes a rise in blood pressure in normal mice. Administration of aqueous ginger extract (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) for 4 weeks in L - NAME treated mice significantly (P<0.05) reduced the mean arterial blood pressure compared with L - NAME animals without treatment, with decreasing the serum levels of ACE; while the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase(GPx) showed a significant elevation in ginger treated L - NAME induced hypertensive mice. The results suggest that ginger extract could prevent the development of high blood pressure induced by L - NAME probably can be attributed to prevent or reduce the oxidation process and the inhibition of physiological processes of a substance L - NAME and so as it contains ginger compounds of polyphenols, which inhibits the activity of the ACE and prevent oxidation of fats and repair System Antioxident. Our study concluded that ginger might act as a natural alternative to better and safer in the prevention of negative impacts and risk factors such as high blood pressure and lipids.

تاثير انزيم SNase المنقى من العنقودي في الغشاء الحياتي للايشيركية القولونية والكليبسيلا الرئوية == Impact of Snase Purified From Staphylococcus Aureus On Biofilm of Klebsiella Pneumoniae And Escherichia Coli

Author name: هند تحسين ابراهيم
Supervisor name: حارث جبار فهد المذخوري
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: SDS - PAGE showed that a single sharp band with an approximately 16.8 KDa molecular weight has been seen. A matter indicates that the enzyme is consistently pure. PCR technique was applied to approve the existence of nuc gene in S.aureus Nevertheless, only those which depicted positive results on DNase agar harboured nuc gene, as it is specified by single band appearance of nuc at assumed molecular weight (ca. 255 pb) of marker that being used. The current study findings highlighted the participation of SNase purified from S. aureus in significant (P< 0.05) preventing biofilm formation by E. coli and K. pneumoniae compared with untreated controls. Evidently, the inhibitory effect of SNase on biofilm formation is undoubtedly perceived, indicating the degradation of the structural major component of biofilm formation (i.e. extracellular DNA). Results revealed that SNase was able to significantly (P< 0.05) reduce the number of the uropathogens; E. coli and K. pneumoniae attached to the uroepithelial cells. 1 Chapter one : Introduction and literature Review 1. Introduction and Literature Review 1.1. Introduction Staphylococcus aureus is a persistent human pathogen that is responsible for a range of diseases that vary widely in clinical presentation and severity. The pathogenesis of S. aureus infection is a complex process involving a diverse array of secreted and surface - associated virulence determinants that are coordinately expressed at different stages of infection (Loughman et al., 2009). Escherichia coli is a genetically diverse species that causes a variety of infections which fulfill many or all of the proposed criteria for biofilmassociated infections (Kaper et al., 2004). Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for a wide range of nosocomial infections. One important factor associated with virulence in K. pneumoniae is its capacity to adhere to surfaces and form biofilms (Cruz et al., 2012). Bacteria often exist as sessile communities called biofilms which are exquisite structures caused by a genetically programmed developmental process. It is estimated that biofilms are involved in 65% of human bacterial infections, since cells in biofilms are 1000 times more resistant than cells in the planktonic state, making medical treatments fail (Shal? et al., 2011). Extracellular DNA (eDNA) plays a significant role in biofilm formation, as revealed by studies in several bacteria including E. coli (Nakao, 2012) and K. pneumoniae (Whitchurch et al., 2002); however, there is no definite proof on a cause - and - effect relationship between DNA release and biofilm formation (Beenken et al., 2012) or becomes a key component of the macromolecular scaffold in many different biofilms (Jakubovics et al., 2013). In rare cases eDNA has been shown to inhibit bacterial settlement. Therefore, it is possible that nuclease mediated eDNA degradation would therefore promote adhesion. Consequently, it is not clear whether microbial nucleases contribute to the gross biofilm structure in clinically relevant situations (Sheilds et al., 2013). 2 Chapter one : Introduction and literature Review All previous studies used both commercial bovine and recombinant human DNaseI in the disruption of medically important biofilms; whilst, extracellular nuclease of S. aureus (SNase) was used against biofilm of S. aureus themselves (Benenken et al., 2012b ; Kiedrowski et al., 2014). Thus, to date, the role of S. aureus exonucleases in biofilm of other bacteria remains unclear. However, in the present study SNase is used against biofilm of other bacterial species (viz. K. pneumoniae and E. coli). To address this, the following steps were undertaken : 1 - Investigating the negative impact of SNase extracted from S. aureus on K. pneumoniae and E.coli biofilm formation. 2 - Studying the preventive activity of SNase on the adherence of K. pneumoniae and E. coli on uroepithelial cell.

التحري عن بعـض عوامل الفوعة لبكتريا المكورات Enterococci المعوية المقاومة للمضاد الحيوي الفانكومايسين == Detection of Some Virulence Factors of Vancomycin - Resistant Enterococci

Author name: حيدر صباح كاظم الخماسي
Supervisor name: مي طالب فليح
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تم الحصول على (20) عزله لبكتريا المكورات المعوية البرازية من اصل (135) عينة جمعت من مستشفى مدينة الطب ومستشفى الكندي وهي كما ياتي (15 عينة الادرار, 60 عينة دم, 50 عينة من قنوات الجذر للاسنان و10 عينة من الحروق).اختبرت الحساسية لهذه العزلات العشرون لـ 11 | Clinical sampling was carried out between September and December 2013, Twenty Enterococcus faecalis isolates were obtained from 135 clinical specimens. The samples included of patients in Medical City Hospital and Al - kindy Hospital (15 urine, 60 blood, 50 root canal and 10 wound swabs) Antibiotics susceptibility test for 20 isolates was done against 11 antibiotics, it was revealed that the isolates showed multi drug resistance were (18) isolates. The vancomycin susceptibility was determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Resistant and intermediate resistant to vancomycin was distributed among isolates at a ratio of 65% and 20%, respectively. Imipenem was found to be the most bactericidal agent against E. faecalis isolates E. faecalis virulence factors were detected phenotypically, The results showed that all isolates (100%) were hemolysin, protease and aggregation substance producer. 30% of isolates showed an ability to produce gelatinase. While (40.7%) of the isolates were a lipase producer. The results of the tube method showed that all E. faecalis isolates (100%) were slime layer and biofilm producer but the amount of adherent layer were different among the isolates ranged from strong to moderate and weak.The extracted DNA was subjected to Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique in a monoplex pattern to amplify the virulence factor Enterococcal Surface Protein (esp) which is chromosomal, results of this investigation showed that 20 (100%) E. faecalis isolates gave the amplicon size 933 base pair for the esp gene.The genetic determinants of Vancomycin - Resistant vanA and vanB genes were amplified using monoplex and multiplex PCR techniques in order to identify vancomycin resistant (van+) and sensitive (lacking van) among (13) E. faecalis. The vanA, vanB genes were detected in 11 and 4 E. faecalis isolates, respectively. The results of monoplex and multiplex PCR revealed that the molecular weight of vanA and vanB genes were 550 and nearly 600 bp, respectively. The results revealed that the vanA and vanB amplicons have a genetic variation in their molecular weight during the electrophoresis of PCR product.

التحري عن الطفرات في جيني CNTNAP2 وIL1RAPL1 في مرضى التوحد == Mutation Screening of CNTNAP2 And IL1RAPL1 Genes In Autistic Patients

Author name: بشير كاظم خرميط
Supervisor name: عبد الكريم عبد الرزاق القزاز
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Science - Department Of Biotechnology
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: ان اضطرابات طيف التوحد هي مجموعة من الظروف التي تتميز بضعف في التواصل الاجتماعي ونمطية في السلوك. يختلف الاشخاص المتوحدين اختلافا كبيرا في التطور المعرفي والتي يمكن ان تتراوح من فوق المتوسط الى العجز في التفكير. رغم ان اضطرابات طيف التوحد هي تورث بشكل كبي | The autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a group of conditions characterized by impairments in reciprocal social interaction and communication, and the presence of restricted and repetitive behaviors. Individuals with an ASD vary greatly in cognitive development, which can range from above average to intellectual disability (ID). While ASDs are known to be highly heritable (~90%), the underlying genetic determinants are still largely unknown. The research studies correlate between Contactin - associated Protein - Like 2 (CNTNAP2), Interleukin - 1 Receptor Accessory Protein - Like1 (IL1RAPL1) genes and ASDs. This study includes forty autistic patients and forty non autistic children as control groups (twenty unaffected sibling and twenty unrelated children). The age of autistic and non autistic children was ranged from 3 to 10 years. Blood samples of autistic patients were collected from Rahman specialist centre for the care and service autistic children in Baghdad. DNA was extracted from blood samples for molecular detection of CNTNAP2 and IL1RAPL1 mutations associated with ASDs by the use Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique and sequence analysis. PCR reaction was performed to amplify exons (14, 17 and 20) of CNTNAP2 gene that encode to CASPR2, a member of the neurexin family which functions in the nervous system as cell adhesion molecules and receptors. The PCR results revealed that identical bands related to the CNTNAP2 exons were present in all samples. Therefore, five samples (four from autistic patients and one from control sibling) were selected for genotype analysis of CNTNAP2 exons (14, 17 and 20) by direct sequencing. Genotype analysis revealed that there were no any variants in CNTNAP2 exons, but it shows that four different mutations were identified in non coding region (introns) of the CNTNAP2 gene. These mutations were seen only in autistic patients but absent in control sample. Three of these mutations are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs3779031 A/G in 2118282 position, rs3779032 A/C in 2118436 position and T/G in 2117905 position). The other mutations were deletion in one nucleotide (Del A/ - in 2117901 position). SNP rs3779032 A/C are located at intron 21 while other mutations are located at intron 19. The current study showed that two common SNPs (rs3779031 and rs3779032) in CNTNAP2 were strongly associated with ASDs, where the frequencies of these SNPs were relatively high. SNP rs3779031 identified in two autistic patients while rs3779032 identified in three autistic patients from four unrelated families with ASDs. PCR reaction also was performed to amplify exons (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9) of IL1RAPL1, a gene implicated in calcium - regulated vesicle release and dendrite differentiation. The PCR results show a large intrgenic deletion (Deletion of exons 3 and 4) in six autistic patients, two of these patients were twin. This deletion may be incomplete penetrance due to phenotypic heterogeneity of these patients. This study provides evidence of the role of genetic factors in the etiology of ASD and the important CNTNAP2 and IL1RAPL1 genes mutation of pathogencity ASDs.

الازالة الحيوية لليورانيوم والسيزيوم من الترب الملوثة بواسطة نبات الشعير == Phytoextraction of Uranium And Cesium From Contaminated Soil By Hordeum Vulgare Plants

Author name: سيف صبار كامل
Supervisor name: ناظم حسن حيدر
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Science - Department Of Biotechnology
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Phytoremediation is defined as the use of green plants to remove pollutants from the environment or to render them harmless. Phytoremediation process can be classified based on the contaminant fate as; Phytoextraction, Phytotransformation, Phytostabilization, Phytodegradation, Rhizofiltration. In this work, the phytoextraction process was employed. A piece of land in the Botanical Garden at the University of Baghdad with an area of 25 m2 was prepared to plant the barley plant. Then, seeds of barley of type "Samir", which is an Iraqi kind that suitable for cultivation in Iraq, have been seeded. For U and Cs experiments, soil was mixed with a limited quantity of each U isotope for three different concentrations; 152 Bq/kg, 95 Bq/kg and 81 Bq/kg and for Cs106.5 Bq/kg, 79 Bq/kg and51 Bq/kg. For NPK and Urea experiments, different concentrations were tested to establish the requirements of these experiments. The LB4100 - W counting system includes the most complete data analysis software package was used to measure and calculate the alpha and beta concentrations and subsequently the overall activity concentration of any studied sample. Samples were prepared by following the Indian Standard method. For U, the experiment achieved by dividing it into four groups that differ in the spent time of agriculture in contaminated and clean (reference) soils. The results illustrated that the phytoextracted of U with planted period in contaminated soil, which were 31, 50, 63, 34 days, were 36.22, 54.84, 76.24, and 66.30 Bq/kgm, respectively. However, the 4th group differs comparing with other groups in the spent time of cleaned soil, which was 73 days. For Cs experiments, the work grouped similar to U experiment. The results of Cs phytoextraction showed that the absorbed Cs were 54.34, 100.69 and 109.07 for spent times in contaminated soil; 23, 43 and 57 respectively. Furthermore, barley plant has significant ability to phytoextract U and good ability to phytoextract Cs for all the three different concentrations. Besides, the results illustrated that the increase in the planted time in contaminated soils led to increase the quantity of phytoextracted isotopes. The results of adding K fertilizer showed a decrease in the ability of barley to absorb U, while the addition of urea enhanced the ability of barley. Finally, the following conclusion can be drawn from the present study that : barley is a good tool to phytoextract Cs rather than U and the use of urea fertilizer is suitable for enhanced the phytoextraction process.

الكشف الجزيئي عن التغيرات في جين MSX1 المسؤول عن حالة فقدان الاسنان باستخدام سلسة تفاعل البلمرة في عينة من المرضى العراقيين == Molecular Detection of Msx1 Gene Changes Responsible For Causing Hypodontia Using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) In Sample of Iraqi Patients

Author name: اماني احسان الصقر
Supervisor name: اسماعيل حسين عزيز | اكرم فيصل الحويزي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Institute Of Genetic Engineering And Biotechnology - Department Of Biotechnology
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: مصطلح الهايبودونشيا يعني نقص الاسنان الخلقي ويعد من اكثر التشوهات الفموية حدوثا لدى الانسان. مائة وخمسة وسبعون من مرضى نقص الاسنان الخلقي سجلوا في هذه الدراسة لديهم على الاقل سن واحد مفقود ولايزيد عدد الاسنان المفقودة عن ستة، قصدوعلاج الاسنان التقويمي في | Hypodontia means congenitally missing teeth, and considers as one of the most common oral alteration in human. One hundred and seventy five of hypodontia patients were matriculated in this study, having at least one missing tooth and no more than 6 missing teeth, seeking orthodontic treatment, who attended Al - Huwaizi Dental Center at AL - Harethia District - Baghdad, and control group consists of twenty five apparently healthy subjects (15 females, and 10 males). The age of both groups ranged from14 to 65 year. Buccal swabs were collected (for molecular study) from 25 of those patients who attended the clinic in a period between the beginnings of October 2013 to the end of April 2014, and from control group. Information were taken from the subjects under study according to a questionnaire that includes, name, gender, age, family and medical history, and the place of residence. Hypodontia was diagnosed according to the history of patients, clinical examination, orthopantomogram (OPG), and dental casts. The result of demographic study of hypodontia patients revealed that hypodontia was found in 129 of females which were more than that in males(46) with significant difference (p < 0.05). The ratio of females to males was 2.8 : 1. The missing teeth in hypodontia patients were found in right, left or both sides. The number of hypodontia patients, who had missing teeth in the right side were 37, in the left side were 48, while in both sides reached to 90 with non - significant differences and the results clarified that the missing teeth in anterior region found in 81 patients were higher than that in posterior region (63) while the least in both regions which recorded in 31 patient. It was found that hypodontia was more common in the maxilla (73) (upper jaw) than that in mandible (65) (lower jaw), whereas 37 suffering from missing teeth in both jaws, with non - significant differences. Present results showed that the maxillary lateral incisor (LI) was the most frequently missing tooth (124), the second most missing tooth was mandibular second premolar (PM2) (101) followed by lower central incisor (CI) (33), the maxillary second premolar(PM2) (27) whereas the lowest frequently missing teeth were canine (C), and the first premolar (PM1). The molecular part of present study used polymerease chain reaction (PCR) technique for amplification of DNA samples extracted from buccal swabs of twenty five hypodontia patients and control group.Four pairs of primers X1.1F, X1.3R; X1.4F, X1.4R; X2.1F, X2.3R, and X2.3F, X2.4R of the MSX1 gene, obtained from Bioneer Company (Korea), were used to amplify overlapping regions of the 2 exons of the MXS1 gene. The first pair of primers was used to amplify fragment with product size of 421 bp., while the second, third, and forth pairs of primers were used to amplify fragments with product size of 152 bp., 493 bp., and 264 bp., respectively. The outcome of MSX1 gene amplification showed that four patients with the first pair of primers and nineteen patient with the third pair of primers gave negative result (no bands) which differed from the result of the other patients and control. The disappearance of bands may be attributed to MSX1 microdeletion in those patients.The sequencing of MSX1 gene for the PCR product of second, third and fourth pairs of primer showed no genetic mutation, while the PCR product of the first pair of primers reveled nine missense and two silent mutations.It was concluded that hypodontia occurre frequently in Iraqi population and its occurrence in females was higher than that in males, and the gene MSX1 is responsible for many teeth missing in hypodontia patients.

التحري عن طفرة JAK2V617F والمستويات المصلية لانزيمي الفوسفتيز القلوي واللاكتيت ديهايدروجنيز في مرضى ابيضاض الدم النخاعي المزمن == Detection of Jak2V617F Mutation And Serum Levels of Alkaline Phosphatase And Lactate Dehydrogenase In Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

Author name: استبرق اكرم بيرام الحسيني
Supervisor name: عصام فاضل علوان الجمیلي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Institute Of Genetic Engineering And Biotechnology - Department Of Biotechnology
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يعد مرض ابيضاض الدم النخاعي المزمن (CML) من الاورام النخاعية التكاثرية، وينشا نتيجة تكون جين Bcr - Abl (الذي يسمى كروموسوم فيلادلفيا) داخل الخلايا الجذعية المكونة للدم. يؤدي هذا الشذوذ الجيني الى تفعيل متواصل لانزيم التايروسين كاينيز وبالتالي نمو وتكاثر غ | Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm arises from Bcr - Abl gene translocation (called Ph chromosome) in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). This genetic abnormality results in constitutive activation of tyrosine kinase and subsequent uncontrol growth and multiplication of granulocytes. The cornerstone in treatment of CML are tyrosine kinase inhibitors, of which imatinib is the most effectively used. JAK2V617F mutation is an acquired single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) occurs in JAK2 gene and is associated with many hematological malignancy other than CML. It was thought that the two genetic abnormalities (Bcr - Abl and JAK2V617F) occur mutually; however, growing body of evidences suggested the reverse. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of JAK2V617F mutation associated with serum levels of alkaline phophatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in Ph+ CML Iraqi patients treated with imatinib. A total of 43 Ph+ CML patients (25 males and 18 females, age range 16 - 80 years) who attend Iraqi National Center of Hematology for Research and Treatment/Baghdad were enrolled in this study. Each patient has been received at least six month therapy with imatinib. A consent form involving age, gender, height, weight, smoking status, residency and first family relative history of leukemia was obtained from each patient. Besides, blood samples were collected, from which the granulocytes were separated and then DNA was extracted using a ready kit. Two assays were used for detection of JAK2V617F mutation; real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) using specific primers and probe, and allele specific PCR (AS - PCR) using specific primers. Total white blood corpuscles (WBC) as well as serum levels of ALP and LDH were measured. qPCR assay revealed 5 patients out of 43 (11.62%) were heterozygous for the muatant allele of JAK2V617F mutation (genotype GT). The concentration of this allele ranged from 0.01% to 0.12%. None of blood sample gave positive result for AS - PCR assay. From the all risk factors, only gender had significant association with the incidence of JAK2V617F mutation. Average total WBC count, and serum levels of ALP and LDH were higher in JAK2V617F - positive patients (9042±1512.55, 146.05±8.028 IU/L and 204±10.85 IU/L respectively) than that of JAK2V617F - negative patients (6039±1772.239, 64.45±40.15 IU/L and 178.33±13.693 IU/L respectively) with significant differences. These results indicate that JAK2V617F mutation can occur simultaneously with Ph chromosome in CML patients, and qPCR is a highly sensitive method for the detection of this mutation. Furthermore, serum activity of ALP can be used as an indicator for the presence of JAK2V617F mutation in CML patients.

الدور الوقائي لبكتريا البفديس ضد خمج الفئران ببكتريا الاشيريكيا القولونية المنتجة لذيفان الشيكا == The Protective Role of Probiotic Bifidobacterium Against Mice Infection With Shiga Toxin Producing E.Coli O157 : H7

Author name: سمر مصطفى محمد
Supervisor name: شادان عباس الوانداوي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Six Bifidobacterum isolates were isolated from fully breast - fed healthy infant faeces on reduced de Man Rogosa and sharp medium (MRS - C). Isolates identified on the basis of, colonial and microscopical properties, biochemical tests, and fructose - 6 - phosphate phosphoketolase enzyme (F6PPK) activity assay in cellular extracts. Carbohydrates fermentation profile used for identification of isolates to species level. All bacterial isolates diagnosed as Bifidobacterium genus where in this study B. adolescntis was the predominant species (50%), (B4, B5 and B6), followed by B. breve (B3), B. longum (B1) and B. dentium (B2) each one represent 16.67%.Bifidobacterium isolates were screened for their antagonistic effects against test organism, clinical isolate of shiga toxin producing E.coli O157 : H7 (STEC), using agar - well diffusion method. The isolates B3 and B6 showed clear inhibitory actions, 22 mm and 15 mm diameter of inhibitions zones, respectively. The rest of the tested isolates did not pronounce any inhibitory activity.B. breve in vivo antagonistic behavior and the possible protective effects against STEC was evaluated, using streptomycin treated murine model. Murine intestines was stably colonized orally with B. breve for 14 days, in conjunction mice were challenged orally with STEC, 103 CFU / mouse / day on day 8 of experiment. Bacterteriological analysis of mice faeces at time intervals, was indicated high levels of bacterial colonization were achieved in intestine by B. breve and STEC.Colonization of mice intestine by B. Breve did not inhibited STEC cells from proliferation during infection phase. Hence, the excretion level of STEC in faeces reached to 2.4 x 10 6 CFU/ g of faeces.STEC infected mice showed no severe clinical signs, characterized by hairloss, lethargy, paralysis of fore limbs, and shed of loose faeces. In the B. breve - colonized group, the mentioned clinical signs were almost completely inhibited, except the lethargic of some animals.Immunological studies showed an increase in the levels of sIgA by 2.7 - fold from that of blood IgA in B. breve - colonized mice while, reversed values were recorded in mice infected with STEC, blood IgA level was 1.95 - fold higher than that of sIgA.Histological changes in spleen, liver, kidney, and intestine tissues of mice were studied. The histological sections clarified the protective roles of B.breve, where no effective histological disorders were appeared in B.breve and STEC - colonized mice. In the STEC - infected mice, the pathological abnormalities within the kidney was the predominant, diagnozed as ulcers in the lining membranes, glomerular and tubular epithelium necrosis, without evidence of glomerular thrombi, mild damages was appeared in liver and spleen, and characteristic attaching and effacing (A / E) lesions appeared in the large intestine sections

الاصابة ببكتريا Helicobacter pylori وعلاقتها بمرض تصلب الشرايين القلبية == Correlation Between Helicobacter Pylori Infection And Atherosclerotic Heart Disease

Author name: رواء سعدي سلمان
Supervisor name: مي خليل اسماعيل
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Bacteria
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: مرض قصور الشرايين التاجية هو النتيجة النهائية لتراكم اللويحات العصيدية ضمن جدران الشرايين التاجية مسببة نقص الاوكسجين وبالتالي حدوث مرض القلب الاقفاري. ويعتبر من الامراض الشائعة واحد الاسباب الرئيسية لحالات الوفاة في العالم. اضافة الى عوامل الخطورة التقلي | Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the end result of the accumulation of atheromatous plaque within the walls of the coronary arteries resulting in shortage of oxygen supply and ischemic heart disease (IHD). It was consider as one of the most common diseases and major causes of worldwide morbidity and mortality. In addition to traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease, nowadays, accumulating evidence indicates that a variety of infectious agents may contribute to pathogenesis of CAD. The present study evaluated the anti - Helicobacter pylori IgG and IgA and the role of virulence factor of H. pylori cytotoxin associated gene (Cag A) and vacuolating associated cytotoxin (Vac A) as a risk factors for CAD.Eighty patients were divided into 2 groups : first group was 70 patients with CAD, the other group contained 10 patients with another coronary artery disease; they were admitted to Ibn Al - Bitar Specialist Center for Cardiac Surgery in Baghdad between October 2013 and January 2014. Ten individuals used as a healthy control group. All blood samples were tested biochemically such as glucose test, urea test, creatinine test and lipid profile test(cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and HDL) and all of them showed normal results. The present study revealed that males were affected more than females (3 : 1); with no relation between their ages and bacterial infection.Serum IgG and IgA was Estimated by indirect immunofluorescent (IIF) whereas Cag A, Vac A and high sensitive C - reactive protein (hs - CRP) measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and compared to control group results.The incidence of the anti - H.pylori IgG was highly significantly prevalent in CAD patients 78.57% (55/70), than in control group 0% (0/10), also a high significant difference in another CAD patient group 100%(10/10) as compared to control group 0% (0/10) (P? 0.01).Similarly anti - H. pylori IgA in CAD patients and another CAD patient groups showed highly significant increase when compared to control group 37.14% (26/70), 30% (3/10) and 0% (0/10) respectively (P? 0.01).The incidence of the CagA - positivity was significantly prevalent in mean value (2.74±0.19) in patients with CAD and another CAD patient group(2.72±0.31) than in control group (1.64± 0.16) (P? 0.05). Same result was observed with Vac A antigen; mean value of patient group showed significant increase (1.299 ± 0.04) when compared to controls group (1.41±0.13) (P? 0.05). Also significant increase found between another CAD patient group(1.79±0.17) and control group (1.41±0.13) (P? 0.05). Furthermore; the present study revealed significant differences of concentration levels between hs - CRP in CAD patient group (4.95 ± 0.38 µg/ml) as compared to control group (0.77 ± 0.06 µg/ml), as well as a significant differences found between another CAD patient group (3.96 ± 0.96 µg/ml) as compared to control group (0.77 ± 0.06 µg/ml) (P? 0.05).

توصيف العاثيات الحالة للمكورات العنقودية الجلدية (S. epidermidis) == Characterization of Lytic Phage Against Staphylococcus Epidermidis

Author name: ريام سليم هندي الزيادي
Supervisor name: غانم عبود جابر المولى
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Science For Girls
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: لحصول على عزلات Staph. epidermidisتم جمع (160 عينة) من حالات سريرية مختلفة كالتهاب المجاري البولية, التهابات جلدية, البلعوم, الانف, والاذن. تم الحصول على 51 (875¸31?) عزلة للمكورات العنقودية الجلدية Staph. epidermidis خلال فترة امتدت من ايلول 2014 الى كان | In order to isolate Staph. epidermidis, 160 clinical specimens were collected from (urinary tract infection, skin infection, pharynx, nose, and ear). Only 51(31.875 %) Staph. epidermidis isolates were obtained during a period from September 2014 to January 2015, depending on some biochemical tests and VITEK2 system. The Staph. epidermidis was given (gram stain, catalase , urase) positive, (coagulase, manital fermentation, oxidase, motility) negative, non haemolytic to human blood with some exception, most of the strain were able to produce biofilm, and (100%), (64.70%), (74.50%) resistant to penicillin G, ampicillin, and amoxicillin respectively. The Staphylococcus species identified during study were 44 (27.5%) isolates of Staph. aureus, 5 (3.125 %) Staph. haemolyticus, 4 (2.5 %) Staph. saprophyticus, 8 (4%) isolates other Staphylococcus spp. such as Staph. hominis ssp. hominis, Staph. capatis, Staph. xylose, Staph. simulanus, Staph. lentus, and 48 (30 %) from unknown genera. To isolate bacterioghages from sewage water, several sewage water samples were assayed using plaque assay of double agar overlay as a source of Staph. epidermidis phages. The bacteriophages were described depending on plaques size and shapes, phage 1 was the most predominant and frequent in the bacterial lawn and able to infect other S. species such as S. aureus. It has been selected to study it is titer, latent, rise period, and burst size were calculated. The effect of temperature, pH , and NaCl ions on it is original titer were studied.The results revealed a gradual decreasing in the phage titer with increasing dilution number. Latent period extended to (30 minutes) , while rise period was started with (40 minutes) extending to (60 minutes) , burst size was 2.346. Each temperature at several incubation periods , pH , and NaCl ions was significantly varied depending on phage titer. The optimum temperature was 40 ° C, while the 80 ° C was represented the inhibitor temperature. L.S.D. at level (0.05) for interaction was 39.552. The pH 6.5 - 7.5 represented the optimal pH for the best phage activity while the phage titer beginning to declining in above and below this range of optimal pH, L.S.D. at level 0.05 was 17.898 , the optimum NaCl ions concentrations were (0.1 M and 0.25 M), while the titer was significantly decreased with increasing the NaCl ion concentration in the culture solution, the L.S.D. at level 0.05 was (10.696). In conclusion of this study found that Phage1 was considered as predominant phage because of their ability to infect other Staphylococci species such as Staph. aureus.

تقييم التعبير الجيني للجينات CK19, MGB, MUC1 microRNA - 195 and microRNA - let 7a في نساء عراقيات مصابات بسرطان الثدي == Evaluation of MGB1, CK19, MUC1, microRNA - 195 and microRNA - let - 7a Expression In Iraqi Women With Breast Cancer

Author name: جودت نوري غائب
Supervisor name: عبد الحسين مويت الفيصل
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - Institute Of Genetic Engineering And Biotechnology - Department Of Biotechnology
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The present study aimed to shed light on the identification a panel of genes with distinct expression patterns in breast cancer patients as a useful tool for breast cancer early detection and progression. The present study designed to investigate the levels of genes expression of five genes panel (MGB1, CK19, MUC1, miR - let7a, and miR - 195) in circulating free mRNA and miRNA from blood of breast cancer patients versus noncancerous samples (benign tumor and healthy controls) to establish a biomarker panel potentially useful for early detection and progression of disease. The expression patterns of the identified genes were then compared with certain clinical features (age, lymph node status, and tumour size).Blood samples from 55 patients with different stages of newly diagnosed invasive ductal carcinoma were provided by certain Iraqi hospitals. Two control groups were used in this study; 10 samples of patients with benign breast tumors, and 20 samples from healthy donors. The samples preservation with TRIzol was done. Samples subjected to total RNA extraction, and then molecular study by using reverse transcription and real time PCR at Molecular Oncology Unit in Guy´s Hospital - Kings College / London.The study reached the following results : 1. The patients’ age range was 24 - 70 years and the median was 49 years with high frequency of patients in the range of 40 - 59 years. According to the family history, 50(90.91%) of patients were have negative family history. According to the clincopathological features (lymph node status and tumor size) the percentages of patients with multiple lymph nodes and tumor size 2.0 - 2.9 cm were the highest groups, which showed statistically highsignificant differences.2. For MGB1 gene expression, the result showed that 30(54.5%) patients were MGB1 - positive while 25(45.4%) patients were MGB1 - negative.According to malignancy status the percentage of patients with high level of MGB1 gene expression 22(40%) was significantly high. In correlation with age groups there was statistically no significant differences in the levels of gene expression with age. In correlation with clincopathological features, lymph node status showed that the highest percentage of MGB1 positive patients 18(66%) were multiple for lymph node status, and the tumor size results showed that there was decreasing in the MGB1 geneexpression with increasing of tumor size. 3. For CK19 the results of present study showed that 41(74.54%) patients were CK19 - positive, while 14(25.46%) patients were CK19 - negative.According to malignancy status the percentage of patients with high level of CK19 gene expression 30(54.45%) was significantly higher in compare with benign tumor patients and healthy controls. In correlation with age groups there was statistically no significant differences in the levels of gene expression with age. In correlation to the clincopathological features, lymph node status results showed that the highest percentage of CK19 positive patients 24(88.89%) were multiple for lymph node status, and there was increasing in the CK19 gene expression with increasing of tumor size.4. Mucin 1 (MUC1) gene expression results showed that the percentage of MUC1 - positive breast cancer patients 72.73%(n=40) was significantly higher when compared with benign tumor patients and healthy controls. According to the age groups the results showed no significant correlation with patients age groups. The clincopathological features results showed that the highest percentage of MUC1 positive patients 84.21%(n=16) have few lymph node status, and there was statistically significant association between the increasing of MUC1 gene expression and tumor size. 5. The miR - 195 gene expression results showed that the percentage of patients with positive miR - 195 gene expression 83.64%(n=46) was significantly higher than patients with negative miR - 195 expression 16.36%, the study also showed that the percentage of high miR - 195 expression samples 69.09% (n = 38) was significantly higher in compare with benign tumor patients and healthy controls. According to the clincopathological features, patients with multiple and few lymph node metastasis were found to have significantly the highest percentages of miR - 195 expression, while the tumor size results showed that there was increasing in the miR - 195 gene expression with increasing of tumor size. 6. The percentage of miR - let 7a - positive breast cancer patients 81.82% was significantly higher, when compared with miR - let 7a - negative patients 18.18%. In correlation to the clincopathological features, results showed no significant correlation in miR - let7a gene expression levels with patients age groups, for lymph node status, the results showed that the highest percentages of let 7a positive patients were those with multiple lymph node and few lymph node metastasis. The tumor size results showed that there was increasing in miR - let 7a gene expression with increasing of tumor size.7. According to genes combinations, three genes combination (CK19, miR - 195 and miR - let 7a) was significantly positively expressed with percentage of 60%(33/55), which reflect their potential diagnostic and prognostic value.8. The study concluded that the three genes combination (CK19, miR - 195 and miR - let 7a) may have potential applications as a diagnostic and prognostic markers for breast cancer.
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