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الامم المتحدة والحرب في سوريا منذ عام 2011 == The United Nations and the war in Syria since 2011

اسم المؤلف: قيصر اسماعيل خليل مسير
اسم المشرف: خضر عباس عطوان
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2019
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:

السياسة الخارجية العراقية تجاه الوكالات الدولية المتخصصة : دراسة حالة اليونسكو == Iraqi foreign policy towards specialized international agencies : UNESCO as a case study

اسم المؤلف: سيف حمزة لفته جواد الشطاوي
اسم المشرف: اسامة مرتضى باقر السعيدي
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2022
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الكلمات الدلالية:
  • السياسة الخارجية، الوكالات المتخصصة، اليونسكو
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تهتم هذه الدراسة – " السياسة الخارجية العراقية تجاه الوكالات الدولية المتخصصة ، دراسة حالة اليونسكو " – بدراسة المتغيرات السياسية والدبلوماسية والاقتصادية والحضارية والثقافية والعسكرية والامنية بعد عام (2003) التي جاءت نتيجة الاحتلال الامريكي على العراق وتداعياته وانعكاساته على هذه المتغيرات وتغيير نظام الحكم من شمولي الى ديمقراطي ، الى جانب الجدل حول الهوية الوطنية الموحدة وحجم القيود الداخلية والخارجية التي اثرت سلباً على ادائه ، مما ادى بالنتيجة لوضع العراق بموضع صعب في تنفيذ سياسته الخارجية مع محيطه الاقليمي والدولي على المستوى الخارجي ، فلوجود الاحتلال اثره السلبي على العراق في المجالات مما سبب خلل في عمل الدولة العراقية وتشتت الاراء في اتخاذ القرار والتنازع بين السلطتين التشريعية والتنفيذية في اطلاق التصريحات فضلا عن الاحزاب السياسية دون الرجوع لمركز صنع القرار في وزارة الخارجية العراقية والتي هي من صلب مهماته الاساس. وفي ظل حالة الفراغ السياسي والامني الذي تعرض له العراق ، ادى لحصول جدلاً فكرياً وسياسياً واسعاً حول السياسة الخارجية العراقية الجديدة ، وظهر ازاء ذلك توجهان اساسيان : يتمثل الاول المتغيرات والعناصر البيئية خارج الدولة ذات العلاقة والتاثير عليها اما التوجه الاخر : المتغيرات التي داخل الدولة والتي تؤثر على صانع القرار.

وقد ادى عدم وجود مرجعية سياسية موحدة متمثلة بوزارة الخارجية الى تشتت تحديد الهدف والاداء السياسي العراقي داخليا وخارجيا، مما يعكس ذلك على الاداء الحقيقي المطلوب مع جميع القنوات الرسمية وغير الرسمية وخصوصا مع المنظمات الدولية والوكالات المتخصصة ، مما يشكل ضعفا للاداء نتيجة المتغيرات التي طرات عليه . فضلا عن اتباع سياسة الامن والدفاع كانت على حساب سياسات التربية والتعليم .
وعلى اثر ذلك اصبح على العراق ان يعيد حساباته وفق رؤية جديدة ضمن مرتكزات تواكب حجم التحديات التي يواجهها ، والعمل على اعادة نفسه للمحافل الدولية والوكالات الدولية المتخصصة وتعزيز مكانته الثقافية والحضارية في الوكالات ذات الطابع الفكري والثقافي وهي منظمة الامم المتحدة للتربية والعلم والثقافة / UNESCO .

واهتمت الدراسة ايضا بتحديد طبيعة العلاقة بين الوكالات الدولية المتخصصة والامم المتحدة والية تعاملها وفق ميثاق الامم المتحدة وحل الاشكالات التي تتعلق بالامور كافة عدا السياسية التي اوكلت للامم المتحدة .
حيث انتقل العراق من بيئة محدودة التفاعل ضمن اطار النظام السياسي الشمولي الى بيئة مفتوحة للتفاعل مع البيئة الداخلية والخارجية في التاثير بعملية صنع القرارات السياسية ، وفتح قنوات التفاوض مع الدول الرافضة للواقع العراقي وتعزيز العلاقات مع الدول التي تتعاون مع العراق الى جانب ذلك عمل العراق على توظيف وجوده في المنظمات والتكتلات الاقليمية والدولية ، كما تمثل ذلك في منظمة الامم المتحدة والوكالات الدولية المتخصصة والترشيح للعديد من المناصب الدولية. وانتخابه لعضوية وتراس عدة مجالس ووكالات ولجان ومكاتب دولية وتعزيز شراكاته مع الوكالات الدولية المتخصصة وتفعيل المشاريع والانشطة مع منظمة اليونسكو من خلال قنواتها متمثلة باللجنة الوطنية العراقية لليونسكو، وتحديد مدى فاعلية العراق من خلال المشاركات الدولية والمساهمات المالية المتوخاة من مشاريع المنظمة والعمل على الية لتحديد الاولويات وتقييم وتقويم اداء العمل بما يتناسب مع مكانة العراق الدولية والحضارية بالعالم من خلال ما يطرح في البرنامج والميزانية للمنظمة ، مع توسيع شراكاته مع المنظمات غير الحكومية خاصة بعد عام (2003) في مجالات التربية وغيرها.

ولاظهار اثر سياسة العراق الخارجية تجاه اليونسكو بعد عام (2003) ، فتحقق ذلك من خلال الية العلاقة بين العراق واليونسكو من خلال اللجنة الوطنية العراقية للتربية والثقافة والعلوم والتي هي حلقة الوصل داخل الحدود الوطنية للعراق وخارجه وتقوم بمتابعة مشاريع المنظمة وتنفيذها مع الوزارات والهيئات ذات العلاقة وفق ما يصدره مشروع البرنامج والميزانية التابع للمنظمة .
وتوصلت الدراسة الى اهمية وضع تقويم وتقييم مشاريع منظمة اليونسكو بالعراق والجدوى المتحققة من ذلك على القطاعات ( التربية ، الثقافة ، العلوم ، الاتصالات والمعلومات ، الاعلام) .
كما افضت الدراسة لاهمية ارتباط اللجنة الوطنية العراقية للتربية والثقافة والعلوم نظرا لاهميتها ومسؤوليتها وقراراتها التي تحتاج القرب من صاحب القرار برئاسة الوزراء / الامانة العامة لمجلس الوزراء او مكتب رئيس الوزراء او وزارة الخارجية كون اغلب عمل اللجنة بحاجة اما لقرار سياسي سريع او اختزال الاجراءات مع وزارة الخارجية ولعدم التقاطع بالعمل.
الملخص:
المصادر:

التحولات البنيوية في هياكل ومؤسسات الدولة العراقية بعد عام 2003

اسم المؤلف: كوثر حسن غازي الياسري
اسم المشرف: ليث عبد الحسن الزبيدي
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2017
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:

دور متغير الطاقة في الاستراتيجية الروسية حيال دول اسيا الوسطى == The role of the energy variable in Russian strategy towards Central Asian countries

اسم المؤلف: احسان محمد عبد الحسين الجواهري
اسم المشرف: عبد الصمد سعدون سعدون عبد الله الشمري | احمد شهاب الحمداني
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2018
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:

عملية صنع القرار السياسي في العراق : دراسة في قرار الحرب على الارهاب بعد عام 2014

اسم المؤلف: كوثر حسن غازي الياسري
اسم المشرف: ليث عبد الحسن الزبيدي
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2021
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:

الفواعل من غير الدول والامن العالمي بعد العام 2001 == Non-State actors and global Security after 2001

اسم المؤلف: صفاء ابراهيم جاسم الموسوي
اسم المشرف: خضر عباس عطوان
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2021
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:

العلاقات الامريكية – الصينية للمدة (2000 – 2012 ) == United States and China Relations for the period (2000-2012)

اسم المؤلف: شهد وليد خالد
اسم المشرف: محمد ياس خضير
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2014
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:

السياسة الخارجية التركية حيال اسرائيل بعد عام 1996

اسم المؤلف: بيان قادر بكي
اسم المشرف: صالح عباس الطائي
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2011
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:

اثر الاصلاحات الاقتصادية على السياسة الخارجية للصين == The Economic Re pairmentes In The China And It Effected In The External Policy

اسم المؤلف: حسين صباح عبد الحسين مرجان
اسم المشرف: حسين ديكان | صلاح حسن محمد
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2006
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:

فكرة الحكومة العالمية وتطورات النظام السياسي الدولي == Concept Of The World Government And International political System Developments

اسم المؤلف: يسرى كريم محسن العلاق
اسم المشرف: يسرى كريم محسن العلاق
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2015
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: he idea or hope of achieving a World Government wasconsidered amongst Philosophers and Advocates of world peace. Beginnings of the concept were found back in global philosophies and religions, where origins for globalism and unity of human race and natural law, formed its first intellectual approach.The idea of a world government was associated with the International Political System, since the Treaty of Westphalia In 1648, Where the Global Government was considered as an alternative to the International Political System, where through it there will be an end to conflict and perpetual war in the international system, As means and procedures that were produced by the international system proved to fail in achieving peace.Although the need for a world government in achieving world peace, establishing justice, And confront oppression and injustice sounds totally logical as a concept, but practically it was found to contradict with the international system On ground; setting the idea in the frame of an unrealistic approach or a kind of Utopia. In other words, conditions were far from favorable for its establishment. On the contrary, centralized nation - states in the international system, its absolute sovereignty, national divisions, and ideological conflicts, As well as the will of major powers to Control and dominate the international system, and seeking self - Interests by looting the world's wealth, controlling vital resources, and absence of peoples' role in international politics. All of these fac tors were considered main reasons preventing the establishment of the world government.The end of the Cold War revealed a major transformation in International Political System, where a set of political, economic, technological and cultural variables have led to a change in the nature of the International Political System. The world has become integrated as a result of the immense technological developments, growing economic globalization, decline of ideological conflict, increasing costs of military forces, As well as the decline in the authorities and functions of the state to manage some sectors at thenational and international levels, for the benefit of the growing roles and functions of other actors in global politics. Alongside the emergence of new global challenges and threats that not only endanger states but humanity as whole.According to what was aforementioned, a necessity for a high global management to deal with global issues and respond to global threats was in urgent need. In other words, what the global system is witnessing of major evolutions and drastic changes, require the establishment of a higher Global Authority or Authorities

مستقبل الدولة القومية : دراسة تحليلية في اطار تطورات البيئة الدولية منذ بداية القرن الحادي والعشرين == Future of the nation state Analysis study in the farm of international environment developments since the beginning of the twenty one century

اسم المؤلف: مهدي عل مهدي
اسم المشرف: نادية عبد القادر المختار
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2016
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: مفهوم الدولة القومية واركانها | السلطة السياسية الحاكمة | نظريات نشوء وتطور الدولة القومية | التحولات العالمية منذ نهاية الحرب الباردة | الليبرالية الجديدة |تحول الوظيفة الاقتصادية لحدود الدولة القومية | التنميط الثقافي العالمي | العلاقة بين التكنولوجيا والتنميط الثقافي | ااشكالية الفاعلون الجدد وتحولات وظائف الدولة القومية | اشكالية الجدل بين القومية والهيمنة الامريكية |الهيمنة الامريكية والدولة القومية | الرؤية الكونية لتحولات الدولة القومية | The nation - state is characterized by the outcome of the historical development which gave it a realistic shape and helped it to establish the basic features as legal judgment shape and institutional is based on a specific geographic area recognized its citizens and other countries ,and citizens who live on this geographical area don’t consider nationals of government ,but in dead they are members formed in a political association , which is the state , and there are jobs on the state must to do , cant other social organizations to do .It has the right to practice distinctive specialization such as the imposition of laws and their application even under duress, as long as it take into account the special laws in this matter , Despite the development that the nation state could teach which still eyists today refers to the historical and political development of the country to feel that the reality and the future of country go in the which finely, direction expresses by historical path in which the state confined itself and its institutions of power and resources which led to many problems term of depletion of the power or depletion of the resources , and the state was the victim of society such as this attrition.on the other hand , the transformation of international environment and the accompanying technological and economic transformations and the emergence of new actors in world politics led to penetrate the sovereignty of the state make them doubt site in performing its functions and even its survival as an institution of governance.These transformations have become a matter of death among political scientists and the fate of the nation - state does the state loses its authority or not in the benefit of other players , the perspective of globalization of the economy will cause a weakening of the nation state ,or events and this will inevitably lead to the control of the economy on the process of reforming a government in , in a globalized economy the state would be unable to control , because it will be forced to adapt to economic and social policy with what the markets , the new system will not be printed , according to the character of the nation - state but the nature of organizations and interest groups cooperate and grappling it serves as a new feudal .in contrast , critics of globalization is believed that the state will exercise its authority as usual and to be the only institution in position to take over the administration and organization successfully , state can make sure of the effectiveness of its sovereignty and independence through the use of force to impose laws and their application and attention to the comfort of its citizens , to talk about the future of the nation - state is not modern thing it has century a political thoughts in the nineteenth century , when it allocated the debate on the subject of the end of the state and put in the framework of the hypothesis that the elimination of the state is as a political program appeared this argument in the form of saying the end of the nation - state and that who said this end is (Hegel) in the paragraph of his writings entitled " The older system for German idealism " says " what I want to draw attention is that in the human thought is no space for the thought of the state ,because it is a mechanical things ,it is too low to be the idea of automating it isn’t a theme of freedom considers an idea so we have to overcome the state ".Heels' analysis of the state meets with the theory of Marx and Engels they both consider the nation - state historical outcome they expected fall with the collapse of capitalism and the society without the rule , so the state is apparent that it is fair ,doesn’t follow the interests of capitalism class , it must be transformed by revolution the proletariat likes the public forum and instead of controlling the people , the rule of stuff administration .To present the issue of the end of the nation - state cannot be defended by Marxists and anarchists only ,but also theoreticians politicians fundamentalists and consider an order refers to the diagnosis of the time, political crises seen by many of people are the result of the crisis that the nation state passing by and carl Schmitt speaks at the time indicates that the governorship state to the end , which is considered as adopted by many later ,wihem Henke says" that the state in event of a miserable" there are also some political scientists called since the seventies of the twentieth century , state sovereignty at home and abroad ,because it has become restricted little by little old groups with interests and cannot resist the globalization of the economy and society and their impact than the national state has made in crisis by the loss of control and as a result to these exchanges at the level of the globalization of economy and society calls postmodern theorists to reproduce policy outside the existing state institutions , Especially that we are seeing a delaine in standards of this political incorporation and confirmed to the merging of the rapid developments in the world since then and the rise of excessive forces markets prompting many observes to report that this political form entered eventually disappearing inevitable and replace it with other organizational forms.The national state has become flowerless in this new horizon for immigration control movement ,and exchanges of goods and services , financial flows and the work of transnational companies , and more the national government has become in a competitive struggle with new non - international doors it has also become exposed to different flows (economic , social , cultural )of each hand that lead to lose the control and observation .This phenomenon generates a form of openness a political border , and in this framework the international organizations , and corporate transformation and non - governmental organizations form a new base forpublic space cross homelands knows no limits and threatens the political fortress of national states.The talk about the end of the nation state is associated with turn on the concept of the state and powers and can be understood within transformation that there has been on the state to be able to deal with the new things faces by . in spite of the challenges and transformation that the nation - state faces it stays the only institution is recognized as a collector formwork to citizens on the basis of constitutional rule but the unstable state situation imposed by the change in working methods and abandon the political monopoly of the executive party and the process on the other hand ,it cannot marginalize community to reach a form of communal harmony and successful communicate and in order to succeed in this nation - state needs a permanent change in the level of institutional structures and to develop frameworks interaction and the actors so cope with the international and domestic regional variable and those taking place in the sector those with individual tendencies and pluralism .so nation - state cannot be removed from where it is a collector frame based on multiple facts but surely it cannot continue on the form that it has known and on the same policies that it has followed, it needs to introduce new organization ways by depending on the dimensions of functionality and zonal differentiated based on reactive policy units in the state of multiple levels of governance . the shift in the work of the nation state means that the functions of the state doesn’t really go back exclusively to them but share them with new actors in the international politicians and as a result of this transformation in no longer the exclusive authority of the state , but differentiation with other sectors of the power that is known as the state of the retina or multiple levels .

مشكلة التعاقب على السلطة واثرها في الاستقرار السياسي في العالم الثالث

اسم المؤلف: مها عبد اللطيف حسن الحديثي
اسم المشرف: حسان محمد شفيق العاني
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 1994
الموضوع الدقيق: العلوم السياسية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This study has concentrated to search a phenomenon that has started to be emerged at the global level particularly since the end of World War II, namely the phenomenon of regional arrangements, which includes the contemporary history and containing the political literature many various experiments that aimed to establish regional arrangements, whether for security or political or economic one……etc. in various areas and are , all of them are suitable to extrapolate and take advantage with taking into account the differing circumstances and motives of power and interests of parties that were involved in.Amongst these experiments, the experience of regional arrangements is highlighted in the Southeast Asian region, which its importance is concentrated - among other related matters - as it is the first of its kind in the wake of the Second World War besides the emergence of the harbingers of a global system based on two poles,where the territory has witnessed many variables and associated with the great powers' struggles during the Cold War, extend their influence and spread serve the political, security and economic objectives using all methods to be achieved by growing arms race as well as by political instability that had happened in addition to the aspiration forces associated with great powers in political, security and economic to practice the role of regional powers on the South - East Asian countries, adding this to the internal divisions and problems that were experienced by countrieswhich led to the emergence of the experiences of economic integration, political and security integration so as to promote development and regional cooperation and expanding fields of cooperation and investment .These regional experiments were considered an index to the important steps that were taken by the countries of the region that the collective status at the International Labor has become the most influential of unilateral action which contributed effectively to the development of economic, political and security ties among countries of the region, and among the countries of the region and other international parties on the other hand.Focus of research in the Asian Regional Arrangements - particularly in South East Asia - in accordance to our point of views within the framework of the escalation of the importance of these arrangements in the face of challenges in international relations, especially economic challenge which imposed itself on the regional groups to re - examine many of the concerns and priorities toward cooperation and integration Under international situation that can no longer be dealt with in terms of small economic base represented by the State alone, despite the different area as evidenced by the efforts of even the first superpower - the United States - the creation of a set of regional arrangements revolve around, they set up a free trade zone for North America (( NAFTA)) and calls for the creation of a free trade area of the Americas, and the Pacific Ocean make it an extension of its regionally in order to enter into a conglomerate with Asian countries and Australia .The South - East Asia is considered an important region because of being one of the most areas and the fastest growing in the global economy, and with the direction to activate the role of the economic factor in international relations, that acquired by this region as an important dimension in international interactions in general and for the United States of America in particular.During the cold war era was the role the United States played in the South - East Asia of the most important roles in regional interactions affairs, it is true that this role has sought to contain communist expansion and influence the end of World War II , but to discharge the said planning and seeking to influence and domination, which United States to adopt many of the policies and alliances ways to make its role in the region is the most prominent through its involvement in all the alliances and agreements that occur in the region , on other hand , through affiliation of regional arrangements in the area, or through the twirl of bilateral and multilateral agreements with countries of the region or states surrounding the Kurdistan Region, which in turn is also trying to participate in the South - East Asia and the arrangements that is considered the importance of these arrangements for these forces .On the contemporary the Cold War period that witnessed patterns of bilateral cooperation between the countries of the region and the United States or the Soviet Union, and multilateral cooperation to build a multilateral regional arrangements , to ensure the security of the region, the period of post - Cold War saw the emergence of a new regional security environment has seen in some Business Continuity some aspects of the Cold War conditions, as well as the emergence of new arrangements for the countries of the region , that reflected the desire to find a suitable climate for dealing with data worsening regional situation and work to resolve those situations in which the Cold War left .This in turn led to the emergence of appearing and emerging voices from within the region demanding independence and away from the influence of this scalable American intervention in the region and arrangements of regional ready to conflict with the American hegemony, the United States of America as a single - polarization is keen to impose its views on the regional groupings around the globe.This is a fait accompli, but the gatherings and regional powers moving towards the development of their economic programs as well as the military, political and social, refers to the possibility of the emergence of a multipolar international system, then the United States realized the seriousness and sensitivity of the existence of regional groupings and arrangements to grow and develop in the geo - strategically and vibrant area surrounded by the electrodes Nuclear from each side that led to the desire to be a party to any regional alliance in the South East Asian region .So US strategy was keen to emphasize the need to prevent the emergence of any alliance in this region that can be directed against the United States and threatening to American interests through the formation of a security system to serve interests therewhere initiated maintains military alliances defense under the pretext of containing the threat of communism, and entered into a number of bilateral agreements with the countries of the region since 1951 and has entered into several agreements and security alliances within the region, which the United States made it possible to dominate for a long time on the Asian arena .Cosmic US strategy has remained during the Cold War period seeking to impose its hegemony on the Asian continent, to control and make it one of the fronts of confrontation with the Soviet Union, but in the wake of the Cold War , the United States began to rethink its security strategy in the region and to move towards a new strategy to be more compatible and closest with developments regional and international menu, where are the United States look at the South East Asian region as a source of security and economic challenges, where has made this area a greateconomic achievements broken which was by poverty and underdevelopment, which was characterized by the developing nations barrier, and have acquired certain features that have made them classified in the ranks of developed nations and became its own power and influence of an influence in the international arena.in addition to that , the economic growth has encouraged these countries to continue to update technological military operation and this portends a decline of US military prestige as a whole in the region and its role in the formulation of the balance of the region and its security, for these reasons, the United States was led to the thinking of the need to the creation of new security arrangements to be acceptable to the parties and regional president for the region and serve , as well , the interests of the United States and promote regional cooperation so as to achieve stability and security in the region .But what we observe today is so clear , that regional arrangements in the region now has a reaction towards the efforts of domination by the United States which is seeking to impose on them, and this is what was said the importance of the research topic being treated problematic relationship that was positive or inverse between American hegemony and American interests in the region and between regional arrangements in South - East Asia, additionally to that the topic is gaining great importance as well because of study of the nature of regional relations and annexed from economic and security as important as institutions (APEC) and (ASEAN) and (ASEAN Regional Forum) as well as the diverse relationships with the main parties , both in bilateral or multilateral within and outside the region alliances, and besides this is gaining study an important dimension in the study of the most important regional roles of major powers and efforts to rely on its regional way in supporting global roles basis in drawing policy world, which were emphasized by the ((China, Russia, Japan, India, the two Koreas, in addition to the United States of America)), and then it can be said that theregion attracts the attention of the most important international actors and efforts to monopolize hegemony over the region a path toward greater international role and more effectiveness .For the purpose of clarifying all of the above, the study is divided into four chapters as follows:Chapter I: The first chapter deals with the conceptual framework that is essential to any study in order to be the sound from the very beginning of the subject by clarifying the basic concepts in the subject Region, regional systems, and domination, in addition to the definition in South - East Asia in terms of geographical location and properties of the region.Chapter II: Chapter II specializes in addressing the most important challenges and problems that may be faced by the region, which resulted in the establishment of regional arrangements there, additionally to explain and brief explanation of the historical evolution that were experienced by these arrangements.Chapter III: Chapter III goes to show the selected models of regional arrangements in Southeast Asia, including the ASEAN, the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), and APEC.Chapter IV: Chapter IV, deals with introductions to American hegemony, as well as US interests in the Southeast Asian region, and clarify the roles allies and rivals of the United States of America in the regional arrangements for the South - East Asia, prevent clarify the most important future implications for American hegemony

الترتيبات الاقليمية والهيمنة الامريكية : جنوب شرق اسيا انموذجا == Regional Arrangements and American Hegemony Southeast Asia as a model

اسم المؤلف: فينوس غالب كامل السعدي
اسم المشرف: سرمد زكي الجادر
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الدراسات الاستراتيجية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This study has concentrated to search a phenomenon that has started to be emerged at the global level particularly since the end of World War II, namely the phenomenon of regional arrangements, which includes the contemporary history and containing the political literature many various experiments that aimed to establish regional arrangements, whether for security or political or economic one……etc. in various areas and are , all of them are suitable to extrapolate and take advantage with taking into account the differing circumstances and motives of power and interests of parties that were involved in.Amongst these experiments, the experience of regional arrangements is highlighted in the Southeast Asian region, which its importance is concentrated - among other related matters - as it is the first of its kind in the wake of the Second World War besides the emergence of the harbingers of a global system based on two poles,where the territory has witnessed many variables and associated with the great powers' struggles during the Cold War, extend their influence and spread serve the political, security and economic objectives using all methods to be achieved by growing arms race as well as by political instability that had happened in addition to the aspiration forces associated with great powers in political, security and economic to practice the role of regional powers on the South - East Asian countries, adding this to the internal divisions and problems that were experienced by countrieswhich led to the emergence of the experiences of economic integration, political and security integration so as to promote development and regional cooperation and expanding fields of cooperation and investment .These regional experiments were considered an index to the important steps that were taken by the countries of the region that the collective status at the International Labor has become the most influential of unilateral action which contributed effectively to the development of economic, political and security ties among countries of the region, and among the countries of the region and other international parties on the other hand.Focus of research in the Asian Regional Arrangements - particularly in South East Asia - in accordance to our point of views within the framework of the escalation of the importance of these arrangements in the face of challenges in international relations, especially economic challenge which imposed itself on the regional groups to re - examine many of the concerns and priorities toward cooperation and integration Under international situation that can no longer be dealt with in terms of small economic base represented by the State alone, despite the different area as evidenced by the efforts of even the first superpower - the United States - the creation of a set of regional arrangements revolve around, they set up a free trade zone for North America (( NAFTA)) and calls for the creation of a free trade area of the Americas, and the Pacific Ocean make it an extension of its regionally in order to enter into a conglomerate with Asian countries and Australia .The South - East Asia is considered an important region because of being one of the most areas and the fastest growing in the global economy, and with the direction to activate the role of the economic factor in international relations, that acquired by this region as an important dimension in international interactions in general and for the United States of America in particular.During the cold war era was the role the United States played in the South - East Asia of the most important roles in regional interactions affairs, it is true that this role has sought to contain communist expansion and influence the end of World War II , but to discharge the said planning and seeking to influence and domination, which United States to adopt many of the policies and alliances ways to make its role in the region is the most prominent through its involvement in all the alliances and agreements that occur in the region , on other hand , through affiliation of regional arrangements in the area, or through the twirl of bilateral and multilateral agreements with countries of the region or states surrounding the Kurdistan Region, which in turn is also trying to participate in the South - East Asia and the arrangements that is considered the importance of these arrangements for these forces .On the contemporary the Cold War period that witnessed patterns of bilateral cooperation between the countries of the region and the United States or the Soviet Union, and multilateral cooperation to build a multilateral regional arrangements , to ensure the security of the region, the period of post - Cold War saw the emergence of a new regional security environment has seen in some Business Continuity some aspects of the Cold War conditions, as well as the emergence of new arrangements for the countries of the region , that reflected the desire to find a suitable climate for dealing with data worsening regional situation and work to resolve those situations in which the Cold War left .This in turn led to the emergence of appearing and emerging voices from within the region demanding independence and away from the influence of this scalable American intervention in the region and arrangements of regional ready to conflict with the principles and rules ofAmerican hegemony, the United States of America as a single - polarization is keen to impose its views on the regional groupings around the globe.This is a fait accompli, but the gatherings and regional powers moving towards the development of their economic programs as well as the military, political and social, refers to the possibility of the emergence of a multipolar international system, then the United States realized the seriousness and sensitivity of the existence of regional groupings and arrangements to grow and develop in the geo - strategically and vibrant area surrounded by the electrodes Nuclear from each side that led to the desire to be a party to any regional alliance in the South East Asian region .So US strategy was keen to emphasize the need to prevent the emergence of any alliance in this region that can be directed against the United States and threatening to American interests through the formation of a security system to serve interests therewhere initiated maintains military alliances defense under the pretext of containing the threat of communism, and entered into a number of bilateral agreements with the countries of the region since 1951 and has entered into several agreements and security alliances within the region, which the United States made it possible to dominate for a long time on the Asian arena .Cosmic US strategy has remained during the Cold War period seeking to impose its hegemony on the Asian continent, to control and make it one of the fronts of confrontation with the Soviet Union, but in the wake of the Cold War , the United States began to rethink its security strategy in the region and to move towards a new strategy to be more compatible and closest with developments regional and international menu, where are the United States look at the South East Asian region as a source of security and economic challenges, where has made this area a greateconomic achievements broken which was by poverty and underdevelopment, which was characterized by the developing nations barrier, and have acquired certain features that have made them classified in the ranks of developed nations and became its own power and influence of an influence in the international arena.in addition to that , the economic growth has encouraged these countries to continue to update technological military operation and this portends a decline of US military prestige as a whole in the region and its role in the formulation of the balance of the region and its security, for these reasons, the United States was led to the thinking of the need to the creation of new security arrangements to be acceptable to the parties and regional president for the region and serve , as well , the interests of the United States and promote regional cooperation so as to achieve stability and security in the region .But what we observe today is so clear , that regional arrangements in the region now has a reaction towards the efforts of domination by the United States which is seeking to impose on them, and this is what was said the importance of the research topic being treated problematic relationship that was positive or inverse between American hegemony and American interests in the region and between regional arrangements in South - East Asia, additionally to that the topic is gaining great importance as well because of study of the nature of regional relations and annexed from economic and security as important as institutions (APEC) and (ASEAN) and (ASEAN Regional Forum) as well as the diverse relationships with the main parties , both in bilateral or multilateral within and outside the region alliances, and besides this is gaining study an important dimension in the study of the most important regional roles of major powers and efforts to rely on its regional way in supporting global roles basis in drawing policy world, which were emphasized by the ((China, Russia, Japan, India, the two Koreas, in addition to the United States of America)), and then it can be said that theregion attracts the attention of the most important international actors and efforts to monopolize hegemony over the region a path toward greater international role and more effectiveness .For the purpose of clarifying all of the above, the study is divided into four chapters as follows:Chapter I: The first chapter deals with the conceptual framework that is essential to any study in order to be the sound from the very beginning of the subject by clarifying the basic concepts in the subject Region, regional systems, and domination, in addition to the definition in South - East Asia in terms of geographical location and properties of the region.Chapter II: Chapter II specializes in addressing the most important challenges and problems that may be faced by the region, which resulted in the establishment of regional arrangements there, additionally to explain and brief explanation of the historical evolution that were experienced by these arrangements.Chapter III: Chapter III goes to show the selected models of regional arrangements in Southeast Asia, including the ASEAN, the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), and APEC.Chapter IV: Chapter IV, deals with introductions to American hegemony, as well as US interests in the Southeast Asian region, and clarify the roles allies and rivals of the United States of America in the regional arrangements for the South - East Asia, prevent clarify the most important future implications for American hegemony

الدور الدولي لحلف الناتو مكافحة الارهاب انموذج == International Role For NATO Anti - Terrorism as Model

اسم المؤلف: تقى اياد خليل القيسي
اسم المشرف: قحطان كاظم محمد الخفاجي
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الدراسات الاستراتيجية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The Saudi foreign policy has got great important for who deals with international affairs, it deals with politics events directly or indirectly; then its roll in most of the Arabic cases has showed clearly effected. Naturally the Saudi foreign policy interested in Arabic especially. The follower of the way to the development of Saudi politics to the age after the cold war towards Arabia ; find that it does not get away to the period that proceeded the cold war but continued to it. So the changes that happened to foreign and internal environments in last years of the 1980s and the beginning years of 1990s impost on the kingdom more interesting to the Arabian case. So at the time and after the gulf war the kingdom increased in power the military threat that the radical Iraqi regime was weaken another think the alliance with USA and the western that assured it the security. The vision that Saudi resemble towards the Arab - Israel conflict it is the dependent in the Arabic area.Although these good factors but they have become threat resources, the protection that US gives to kingdom has it paid in the economics problems that the kingdom faced after the second Gulf war directly in (1993,1994,1995).In addition of failure every tries to put combination that leads the Arabian interactive in 90s.The accusation of terror and the events of eleventh of September 2001 made the kingdom acting politics roll more actively towards the Arabic area cases.The invitation of the prince Abdullah for peace 2002 and to Syria to get back from Lebanon 2005 for that roll the appearance of Iran not only in Gulf but in Arabic as a competition.For the studying is enable to cover the important of the subject that it divided to introduction also two chapters the first search in variable effective the operation of making Saudi Arabia foreign policy . the second chapter studies the foreign policy behavior towards Arabic area since the end of the cold war.(chosen Arabic issue).The studying get many productions towards that issues.In gulf side : The kingdom insist on the necessary of the American existence in the area as an equal element for Iranian threat with assurance to find guaranty for gulf safety beside of that it tried to reduce the nervous centers and unstable in area. This clearly showed in the solving all the problems about the geographical boundaries with neighboring countries and refusing that Iran have had the nuclear weapons.In Iraqi side : With the growing of the Iraqi - American crisis and what the year 2002 has witnessed by increasing American military side to Iraq.The kingdom refused the military powers against Iraq and declared that it wouldn't allow using its grounds for shooting Iraq after the fallen of the regime in April 2003 kingdom was the first to invite the Arab counties to meet at council for searching the Iraqi development with the increasing of murdering and emigration the kingdom in Iraq assured the dissatisfaction of what is happening in Iraq and invite the necessary of policy sharing and welcoming with the Mecca policy that aimed to stop the violence in Iraq.In the Palestinian side : The Palestinian case formed an essential side from the external Saudi politics interests and it one of its standard that called to find a peacefully solution for this case by the decision of the legal international it assured that each sides of struggle should take care of the decisions of Madrid council for Pease 1991. And what it has signed in Oslo agreement 1993, so it faced against the Israel by the Palestinian side by its government and its people and it showed great interest by the great roll in this case and the invitation of prince Abdullah for peace 2002 for reaching to quiet peace between Palestine and Israel. But when the struggle has increased between Fateh and Hamas the kingdom has called for conversation in Mecca to put down these bloody wars in Palestine.In Lebanon side : From the principle of respect of the country the kingdom asked to get its army back from Lebanon lands and after the ex - president al - Hariry has been killed the kingdom asked to make international investigation to solve the problem. With the Israeli an attack for Lebanon in 2006 the kingdom called for stopping shooting although the criticisms that the kingdom put on Hizb Allah and its responsibility on what happened.In Yemen side : The kingdom insist in it refused position for entering Yemen to the cooperation gulf council nevertheless that Yemen announced that it transmit all obstacles that stand against of getting the membering.

السياسة الخارجية السعودية والمنطقة العربية منذ انتهاء الحرب الباردة == The Saudi Arabia Foreign Policy and Arabic Region since the End of the Cold War

اسم المؤلف: يسرى مهدي صالح
اسم المشرف: فكرت نامق عبد الفتاح العاني
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2008
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The Saudi foreign policy has got great important for who deals with international affairs, it deals with politics events directly or indirectly; then its roll in most of the Arabic cases has showed clearly effected. Naturally the Saudi foreign policy interested in Arabic especially. The follower of the way to the development of Saudi politics to the age after the cold war towards Arabia ; find that it does not get away to the period that proceeded the cold war but continued to it. So the changes that happened to foreign and internal environments in last years of the 1980s and the beginning years of 1990s impost on the kingdom more interesting to the Arabian case. So at the time and after the gulf war the kingdom increased in power the military threat that the radical Iraqi regime was weaken another think the alliance with USA and the western that assured it the security. The vision that Saudi resemble towards the Arab - Israel conflict it is the dependent in the Arabic area.Although these good factors but they have become threat resources, the protection that US gives to kingdom has it paid in the economics problems that the kingdom faced after the second Gulf war directly in (1993,1994,1995).In addition of failure every tries to put combination that leads the Arabian interactive in 90s.The accusation of terror and the events of eleventh of September 2001 made the kingdom acting politics roll more actively towards the Arabic area cases.The invitation of the prince Abdullah for peace 2002 and to Syria to get back from Lebanon 2005 for that roll the appearance of Iran not only in Gulf but in Arabic as a competition.For the studying is enable to cover the important of the subject that it divided to introduction also two chapters the first search in variable effective the operation of making Saudi Arabia foreign policy . the second chapter studies the foreign policy behavior towards Arabic area since the end of the cold war.(chosen Arabic issue).The studying get many productions towards that issues.In gulf side : The kingdom insist on the necessary of the American existence in the area as an equal element for Iranian threat with assurance to find guaranty for gulf safety beside of that it tried to reduce the nervous centers and unstable in area. This clearly showed in the solving all the problems about the geographical boundaries with neighboring countries and refusing that Iran have had the nuclear weapons.In Iraqi side : With the growing of the Iraqi - American crisis and what the year 2002 has witnessed by increasing American military side to Iraq.The kingdom refused the military powers against Iraq and declared that it wouldn't allow using its grounds for shooting Iraq after the fallen of the regime in April 2003 kingdom was the first to invite the Arab counties to meet at council for searching the Iraqi development with the increasing of murdering and emigration the kingdom in Iraq assured the dissatisfaction of what is happening in Iraq and invite the necessary of policy sharing and welcoming with the Mecca policy that aimed to stop the violence in Iraq.In the Palestinian side : The Palestinian case formed an essential side from the external Saudi politics interests and it one of its standard that called to find a peacefully solution for this case by the decision of the legal international it assured that each sides of struggle should take care of the decisions of Madrid council for Pease 1991. And what it has signed in Oslo agreement 1993, so it faced against the Israel by the Palestinian side by its government and its people and it showed great interest by the great roll in this case and the invitation of prince Abdullah for peace 2002 for reaching to quiet peace between Palestine and Israel. But when the struggle has increased between Fateh and Hamas the kingdom has called for conversation in Mecca to put down these bloody wars in Palestine.In Lebanon side : From the principle of respect of the country the kingdom asked to get its army back from Lebanon lands and after the ex - president al - Hariry has been killed the kingdom asked to make international investigation to solve the problem. With the Israeli an attack for Lebanon in 2006 the kingdom called for stopping shooting although the criticisms that the kingdom put on Hizb Allah and its responsibility on what happened.In Yemen side : The kingdom insist in it refused position for entering Yemen to the cooperation gulf council nevertheless that Yemen announced that it transmit all obstacles that stand against of getting the membering.

حقوق المراة بين الشريعة الاسلامية والقوانين الوضعية == Women's Rights In The Islam Regime And The Laws Rights Of Work Comparative study

اسم المؤلف: هيفاء خشن جاسم العزاوي
اسم المشرف: اكرم عبد الله الجميلي
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2007
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The dignity is universal not adverbial, but it is not understood in same meaning from age to age and from place to place . From this day we will use the term Democracy in all the wide world started from Greece in it's meaning , that means Public rule , this meaning in the past including in Greece that different meaning in modern age . As we explained before the Attitude of Islam that opinion of prophet Mohammed( God bless him ) in explanation the man , as individual in greeting him and rising his position, this greeting and this rising or change his situation, in his live or after his death . that he obligate on him the Responsibilities and giving him the rights . And because the Islam religion of the life and work , as well as religion of worshipThe man must live in society he must be cooperated with other members in the society . Also the subject of the study included explanation for the reality of the women and her participation with her brother man since going out to start the work , organizing workAnd the getting the fee out side the house and her participation in several fields economic and social and political in the contemporary , and through this explanationWe explain development for the position of the woman . The human Rights issues became as matters in touch with every people 's life , and states with its evolution . with differences of its civilization geography position and its political economic and social regimes . This Issue touch every human being as an individual with his nature and his structure . The nature of human being of double description because of , he is a human being , and social being in the same time that lead to find several respected confirmations , and the tone of this confirmations raised with new international situation . These confirmations have its reflections not only on the most constitutions , regional and national slandered of the women is an important human being in dispensable to erect the life and play a basic role in any progressed or undeveloped society and if this sight for a women is an axiom in our current world , but it is not the same in the previous periods . The human history fill of women's suffering from factor of enslavement and persecution , and tried top quash her humanity and contemn her dignity , than the man who dominated on all administration fall private and general affairs in the society and in the same prevented women to enter in to such fields ./ decreased from her interests , and ignored abilities in its arrangement . As a result of evolution of human society generally the women's position evaluated significantly .In the beginning of 19 century many women movement lead woman resistance against the factor of enslavement and persecution and asked to liberated and grant women her political lawful and economic rights and her equinity with man with all respects . No basic change happened relating with women's position in current age, but if there is decision for quality principles , on constitution today with out mention to equality among citizens and that is with text , there are nit any differentiation among them , no discrimination because of color face , language , or belief that is became as distinguished matter That human rights with its values and institutions is part of Arab current culture in spite of, value of justice equality solidarity and freedom .

الولايات المتحدة الامريكية والامم المتحدة فترة ما بعد الحرب الباردة == The United States of America and United Nations after the Cold War

اسم المؤلف: اسامة مرتضى باقر السعيدي
اسم المشرف: سرمد زكي الجادر | فكرت نامق عبد الفتاح العاني
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2006
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The United States of America tries hard to continue its control upon the whole world, but why is this desire? It may aim to get commercial advantage through its strength.The foundation of the United Nations is the best achievement of the United States of America in the twentieth century.As a result to international development and in an attempt to keep the role of the United Nations in keeping peace and security it applies the human rights idealism that led to fasten the United States policy with the human rights idealism and United nation decision.The CCCP decline has a great and danger ous affection upon the United Nations. The organization, no longer, becomes corrupted and is considered the place where the struggle between the two (poles) power is reflected.Now the United Nations face contemporary challenges to its stability.The United states of America has followed all the ways that lead to its domination over the United Nation ;among which was the decision of the war in 1991, to force the Iraqi troops to withdraw from Kuwait . It aimed at showing the whole world that the United Nation Organization is completely under its control throughout using the international Legitimacy and adopting the collective security system in line with its own interests . As result , it is the director of the United Nation decisions.America acts without paying attention to International Legitimacy. Moreover, International Legitimacy must follow America's will or will lose it's position as happen to Iraq on March/ 2003.The action of 11/ September/ 2001 gave the United States America the power to act as it wants all over the world without expecting bad reaction from any state in the world pretending that it protects their nations. In other words, it lets the other countries think they will face alike events of terror. The achievements of the victory in the cold war might last for more than one century. The actions of 11/ September make the countries all over the world accept it as a leader even it makes many problems to these countries as it happened in London on 7/ 7/ 2005.Then the United States of America has gained the full control upon the United Nations, and directs it to gain the American goals under the pretext of having the legal cover.This led to a new problem which becomes so important; the United Nations must improve their laws. How ever, the United States of America try to make the improvement according to its views. Unfortunately the delay of improvement will bring a great advantage to the United States of America in prolonging its domination on the world

الشركات المتعددة الجنسية ودورها في الاقتصاد العالمي مع التركيز على العراق == The role of multinational corporations in the world Economic with Focus on Iraq

اسم المؤلف: هيثم كريم صيوان البدري
اسم المشرف: مازن اسماعيل الرمضاني | عبد علي كاظم المعموري
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2005
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: يشكل عام 1960 نقطة التغيير التي طرات على الصناعة النفطية العالمية، ففي ذلك العام تم تاسيس منظمة الاقطار المصدرة للبترول والتي تسمى اختصارا بـ (Organization of the petroleum exporting countries) (الاوبك - OPEC). ومن خلالها سعت الدول المؤسسة للمنظمة، الى تنسيق سياساتها النفطية تجاه سلوك الشركات النفطية الاجنبية في السوق العالمية وخلال تلك المسيرة برزت قدرة المنظمة على صنع القرار النفطي لضمان المصلحة الاقتصادية للدول الاعضاء . ولاسباب سياسية اتخذت المنظمة قرارها في رفع اسعار النفط الخام ولاول مرة في عام 1973 والامتناع عن تصديره للدول الصناعية مما ادى الى ان يشهد العالم انذاك والدول الصناعية بصفة خاصة ركودا اقتصاديا اقترن بانخفاض معدلات النمو الاقتصادي ومن ثم تغيير في هيكلية اقتصاديات تلك الدول افضت بدورها الى تغيير مسارات الطلب العالمي على النفط وخصوصا على نفط الاوبك. لذا عمدت الدول الصناعية الى اتخاذ الاجراءات الاتية : 1. تاسيس وكالة الطاقة الدولية (IEA) تحت مظلة دول منظمة التعاون الاقتصادي والتنمية (OECD) لكي تكون في مواجهة اوبك وسياستها النفطية .2. تكوين الخزين النفطي الاستراتيجي لدول اوربا والولايات المتحدة واستخدامه كاداة ضاغطة على عمليات تسعير النفط. 3. البدء بالانتاج النفطي وبشكل تجاري من مناطق خارج اوبك كبحر الشمال. 4. اللجوء الى بدائل الطاقة للتقليل من الاعتماد على النفط.واستمرت متغيرات السوق النفطية في ارساء اليات جديدة كنشوء الاسواق الفورية والاجلة للنفط في منتصف الثمانينيات من القرن الماضي. وقد ادت هذه الى احداث فوضى على صعيد الانتاج والاسعار من اجل الضغط على اوبك وتحجيم دورها في السوق النفطية. وفي تلك الاثناء ظهر متغير اخر اقترن بزيادة الطلب على الامدادات النفطية لدى الدول النامية حديثة التصنيع يرافقه نمو اقتصادي وانتعاش الطلب على نفط اوبك.ولم تتوقف حركة تلك المتغيرات رغم كونها من سمات القرن الماضي ، فعقد التسعينات هو الاخر كان حافلا بالاحداث . ابرزها حرب الخليج الثانية (1991) وما نتج عنها، وانهيار الاتحاد السوفيتي السابق وقيام الاتحاد الاوربي والازمة الاسيوية، هذه الاحداث دفعت الى عدم استقرار سوق النفط وتراجع الطلب على نفط الاوبك. واقترنت نهاية عقد التسعينات من القرن الماضي بظاهرة جديدة هي اندماج الشركات النفطية العالمية لتكون اقل من حيث العدد واقوى من حيث الفاعلية في رسم مسارات جديدة للسياسة النفطية العالمية وصانعة القرار السياسي لدى حكوماتهم ، منطلقة من توجهات اعلامية نحو ضمان جهات جديدة للامدادات النفطية تكون بديلا عن نفط اوبك يرافقها تعدد وجهات نظر الغرب حيال المنظمة واستمرارها برسم مشاهد مستقبلية ذات ابعاد اقتصادية وسياسية. ومن خلال ماتقدم تبرز اهمية هذه الدراسة في تناولها سلعة النفط كمصدر مهم للطاقة ولعقود طويلة ، والى اهمية التنظيم الدولي في ادارة هذا المورد الناضب الذي استاثرت به منظمة الاوبك التي تمتلك دولها الاعضاء حوالي (80%) من الاحتياطي النفطي العالمي. وعبر مسيرتها التي امتدت نحو اكثر من اربعة عقود شهدت منظمة الاوبك تحولات في السياسات النفطية وتمكنت من استيعاب المتغيرات الاقتصادية والدولية التي شكلت مسارا محددا لمستقبلها.

مكانة ايران الاقليمية في ظل المتغيرات الجديدة بعد 11 ايلول 2001 : دراسة الابعاد السياسية والاقتصادية == Iran's regional position in the light of the new changes after 11September 2001( the study of the political and economic dimensions)

اسم المؤلف: نسرين فالح حسن
اسم المشرف: عبد علي كاظم المعموري | سرمد زكي الجادر
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2016
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Iran has gotten strategic importance which its being located between the most important strategic territories in the world. Due to its privileged position which is connection point between three Asian areas ( west Asia, middle Asia, and south Asia), so there are other additional strategic features like its located on supply routes of international trade and oil wealths and it's have basic factors that qualifies it to perform prominent regional role and promoting regional position. Iran's strategic importance is coming from correlation depth of its history with Intellectual culture, which have cultural and civilized legacy as well as its rich heritage,and gives it the ability to maneuver in many areas and stability in the event center, and can play a crucial role in its policy towards the neighboring countries of the border regions (the Arab Gulf States, Iraq, Turkey, Pakistan, and Central Asian States), also it adopted a multilateral strategy to build regional relationships that is an option for expansion of bilateral, regional and global cooperation. The Iranians through the generations have a unique sense to their history and the greatness of their culture, and strength, although evanescence of Persian culture because prevalence of Western traditions the most tempting are, without affecting the sense of self - esteem and exaggerated look to Iran, and Iranians believe look closely to their history, grandeur of their civilization and necessity to own their regional leadership. Iran's regional composition has granted the ability to play a prominent role in the Middle East makes it one of the largest regional countries, which have an essential ingredients, it has big human mass and strategic geographical location, deep historical background, and continuous moral influence on neighboring countries geographically. These ingredients actuated to be as part in regional equations. On the other hand, Iraq's invasion and occupation was a reason for the escalation of Iran's regional influence under the unstable regional environment outputs, whether in the Middle East or Central Asia, under the occupation of Afghanistan and Iraq, backed up by conventional military capabilities as well as the cultural, political, economic and religious influence which is rising and growing. The vast effect that Iran has to attain high rank as major regional power, can use it to explain the development of the military, nuclear and technological fields, and impact it on the other countries. Perhaps, the most prominent signs are growth of Iran's regional stature, constant pursuit to avoid any tensions with the total adjacent countries, and the tendency of Iran for reconciliation gradually with the international environment and it does not use the sectarian dimension of its foreign policy. The importance of change in Iran's strategy due to a change in the perceptions for special causes with the transformations that taking place in the Iranian regime's strategy, the Iranian president, "Hassan Rowhani," he wrote his article published by the newspaper "Washington Post", about the evolution of Iran's status, saying "what Iran is trying to do today is to transform threat that surrounds it on all sides to opportunities, and its employ for this the competition and cooperation in multilateral conflict fields, which Iran is now a major player in it. Iran follow the example of Russia to exert a show of strength and influence, and the Syrian arena it is only just a chessboard for Iranians with a warning the consequences bypassed in arrangements of resolving the crisis." There are limits to idea of Iran's regional status through play strategic alternative role, Iran is a partner to the Arabs according to historical connections, geographical neighborhood, and demographic interference. It the only state non - Arab which overlooks on the Gulf, while other states who overlooking on the Gulf are Arab states. At the time when the Gulf was the only maritime outlet for Iran, which is main crossing for about 80% of its oil exports,The Iranian - Arab relations are gaining special importance, as result of the Iranian - American conflict over Iran's nuclear program, Iran is not a main strategic alternative for Arabs in security issues currently, especially if the Arabic strategy is for peaceful settlement of Arab - Israeli conflict, but it is important alternative if this strategy is about the resistance, and therefore Iran remains a strategic alternative in the long - term. It has made those goals flowing together for Iran's supreme national interest , and its recognition as a regional power in the area, it has clout and influence like any other regional powers. It can contribute to impede the interests of many countries including United States, also it can not be excluded when discussing any special arrangements as being counterweight through what it prepares for the foreign policy and national security which is following it in the Gulf region. The study focuses on the aspiration of Iran to expand its regional and international status, although it is depending on the human, economic, military bases and even scientific - technological, as well as geopolitical importance that enjoy it, but this aspiration faces by United States and its Arab allies in the region through rejection and obstruction and international sanctions and trapping and even a media war. So we shall begin from Iran's attempt to promote its regional and international status by employing all the capabilities that enjoy it, which makes its reality in tune with the Iranian self - feeling in its rightful status under regional and international environment that is very complicated through a combination of pragmatism and some of ideological rationality

مكانة اسرائيل الاقليمية واحداث 11 ايلول 2001 : دراسة في الامكانيات والفرص == The regional status of Israel and the events of 11 - September - 2001 a study of potentials and opportunities

اسم المؤلف: ناجي محمد عبد الله هتاش
اسم المشرف: صالح عباس الطائي
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2008
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الكلمات الدلالية:
  • المكانة
  • سياسة المكانة
  • القوة والقدرة
  • القوة الاقليمية
  • الاقليمية الجديدة
  • الهيمنة الاقليمية
  • الدور
  • القوة العسكرية
  • اسرائيل
  • التخطيط المستقبلي
  • البحث والتطوير
  • احداث سبتمبر
  • 11 ايلول
  • الادارة الدولية
  • الارهاب
  • صنع العدو
  • الشرق الاوسط
  • القل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This is a study of ( the regional status of Israel and the events of 11/septemper/2001 - a study of potentials and opportunities) by analyzing the variables which helped in the maintenance of Israel existence within a strange environment, and its relentless and continuance attempts to reach the regional domination statues in a region considered one of the most vital regions of the world; extending from Iran in the east to Sudan and Egypt in the west and from Turkey in the north to the Arab gulf in the south . This very region has constituted the middle east according to the British vision in the near past ,and today it is the beating heart of the great middle east project the united states is planning for. The Israeli search for a significant regional statues in this region has been quite unique due to its up normal establishment and its social, historical and cultural radical difference from other countries of this region. Thereby, Zionism realized the danger threatening this new born state among a hostile environment, that is why its purposes and aims have been arranged according to the priorities of planning for state establishment , in cooperation and coordination with the international powers which has an influential impact on the political system : earning the international and legal legitimacy required for the establishment of the state of Israel, fulfilling the Jewish destination, start up the Jewish immigration , preserving the state entity by building a powerful army relying on a huge reserve power capable of defending the state. In order to achieve these goals it has to own the power in every aspects and domain which creates superiority in quality over the hostile Arabic mass. This inspired the idea that the relationship of powers indicates obvious Israeli superiority since the establishment of Israel to the present day, enhanced by the Israeli cultural devotion for the superior west and the Zionist ideological power. Despite Israel capability of achieving the international legitimacy in existing , it did not cancel its great interest of having this regional role and an Arabic acceptance allowing for interacting and influential role in the region. Thereby, there are some of the priorities that constituted the frame of the Israeli political and intellectual perception of its geographical region : 1 - relying on a great power, first obtaining its protection ,and its constant support which qualifies it for a regional role secondly . 2 - embrace the absolute security conception based on geographical extension in order to ensure the strategical depth and secure military superiority maintenance supported by deterrent nuclear arm.3 - The assertion on the elimination of Arabic nation as a cultural and historical fact and finding some sort of religious and national conflict in the sense that it uses religion as a mean of wreaking the Arabic nationality as well as exploiting the sectarian and religious tensions for breaking down the region which fulfills the admission and acceptance of others ; and obtain the regional legitimacy by establishing an Arabic climate accepts the Israeli existence and cope with it to reach for the regional dominance in further level and play the role of regional leader. What helped Israel to accomplish so much of these goals and visions sum of the international variables that stormed the international political system found their echoes in the region which Israel took it for its advantage and used it brilliantly : by the end of cold war Arabs lost their stragical ally (the soviet union) which created the opportunity for Israel and united states to enforce the settlement on Arab. Followed by this golden opportunity, the attacks of 11/septempper /2001 which reached American depth, Israel seized to finish on the Arabic regime, since the prepecations of these attacks concentrated on the middle east core which Arabs and Muslims represent the majority . here, the study proves its hypothesis that accusing Arabs and Muslims of terrorism , distorting the image of Arabs and Muslims making them the target for the American war against terrorism , occupying Iraq , intensifying the American military presence and making the region go through turmoil to distort the region image ; all these are positive outcomes in the advantage of Israel to back up its policies and practices in the region in order to promote its regional statues supported by an American devotion during the region of the current American administration of George Bush junior never reached before. Consequently the study attempted to draw future portraits of the Israeli regional statues promoting two of them which are the most convenient for the Israeli interest : the portrait of continuity , and the portrait of continuity and change for the long and short range. The study has concluded into sum of the deductions confirming the reality that Israel being an important regional state for the time being , it is more than enough to say that it’s the most developed and advanced state and the only nuclear power in the region.

المنظمات الاقتصادية الدولية والنظام الاقتصادي العالمي الجديد == THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS AND THE NEW INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC SYSTEM

اسم المؤلف: ميس صاحب عبد الوهاب
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2004
الموضوع الدقيق: العلوم السياسية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الكلمات الدلالية:
  • المنظمات الاقتصادية الدولية
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تبرز اهمية المنظمات الاقتصادية الدولية من الوظيفة التي اوكلت اليها والدور الذي تكفلت بادائه ، بانجاز مراحل مهمة لاقامة نظام اقتصادي عالمي ، وقبل كل هذا وذاك في المحددات والاسس النظرية التي كانت وراء صياغة بنودها وقراراتها ، فهي تترجم مفهوما وايديولوجية ليبرالية (راسمالية ليبرالية) من خلال الاسس التي اعتمدتها للنظام النقدي والتجاري الدولي وللسياسات المالية والتجارية والنقدية الدولية.وتنبع اهمية دراسة دور المنظمات الاقتصادية الدولية واثارها من كونها تمثل الالية الرئيسة في تنفيذ القرار الفعلي على الصعيد العالمي ، خاصة بعد نشوء منظمة التجارة العالمية ، وسد اوجه النقص القائمة في مؤسسات النظام الاقتصادي الدولي بما يكفل النظرة المتكاملة للعلاقات الاقتصادية المترابطة الخاصة بالنقد والتمويل والتجارة والتنمية.فوظيفة هذه المنظمات اصبحت … تحديد مسار التغير الذي يعد ملائما واحداث التحولات في الاقتصادات الوطنية بالطريقة التي تكفل بها انسجام النشاط الاقتصادي على الصعيد الاقتصادي الدولي. فمن الايفاء بحاجات المجتمع هدفا للتحول واحداث التنمية الى الاستقرار الداخلي وصولا الى تحقيق الاندماج في الاقتصاد العالمي ، فهذه المنظمات لا تتوقف عند الدور المعنوي او الرقابي ، بل يمكنها ان تفرض القواعد التي ينبغي على الدول الاعضاء احترامها في سياساتها الاقتصادية.فهذه المنظمات تقيد من سيطرة الدولة وتلزمها باتخاذ اجراءات وتدابير معنية تقلص من سيادة الدولة على اختيار سياساتها الاقتصادية بما يتلاءم مع ظروفها واهدافها الوطنية ، بل ان هذه الدول ستخضع للرقابة من خلال برامج واجهزة هذه المنظمات ، كما ان تنفيذ سياسات الاصلاح الاقتصادي والالتزام باتفاقيات منظمة التجارة العالمية ينطوي على نقل قدر من صلاحيات اتخاذ القرارات في الدول النامية من الدائرة الوطنية الى الدائرة العالمية .ويمكن تحديد اهم النتائج التي تم التوصل اليها من خلال هذه الدراسة وهي : 1 - ان مجرد التحول نحو نظام السوق والالتزام بقواعده لا يضمن نجاح جهود التنمية ، وحتى في حالة النجاح في زيادة الانتاج ، فان الاعتماد على اليات السوق دون غيرها لا يضمن تحسين نوعية حياة السكان ومحاصرة الفقر ان ما تحتاج اليه الدول النامية ، هي احداث تنمية اقتصادية واجتماعية تنفي ما تعاني منه من تخلف بتحويل الهيكل الاقتصادي فيها ليتم فيه انتاج القسم الاكبر من الحاجات المتنوعة للسكان وليس باتساع نطاق الاعتماد على السوق الدولية ، اي اننا ازاء هيكل انتاجي تتحدد وتنشا وحداته المنتجة ابتداء من قرار مستقل يتحدد في الداخل وفي ضوء الحاجات الاجتماعية المتنوعة من ناحية والموارد المالية والفنية المتاحة محليا من ناحية اخرى.2 - تنطلق المنظمات الاقتصادية الدولية في سياساتها من مسالة استحداث نماذج فقط ، من دون الاهتمام بمسالة امكانية التطبيق ، اي ان هناك فجوة بين تصميم وصياغة النماذج الانمائية ورسم السياسات وتنفيذها . فهذه السياسات تتسم بغياب النموذج القابل للتعميم على الصعيد العالمي ، اي النموذج الذي يحقق المكاسب لجميع الدول المشاركة فيه ، ونتيجة لذلك فان تطبيقات السياسات الاقتصادية التي تشترطها المنظمات الاقتصادية الدولية تكون لها معطيات متباينة في الاقتصادات المختلفة وفقا لمرحلة تطورها الاقتصادي ، الامر الذي اظهر تشوهات متباينة في مؤشرات الاداء الاقتصادي للدول المختلفة.3 - ان دعوة مؤسسات (برتيون وودز) الى تحرير القطاع المالي والتجاري يعني حرمان الدول النامية ، من اتخاذ سياسات اقتصادية مشابهة للسياسات الاقتصادية التي استخدمتها الدول الصناعية في بداية مراحل تطورها ، او حتى التي استخدمتها الدول النامية حديثة التصنيع في الماضي القريب . وسوف يتوجب على الدول النامية اتخاذ سياسات تنموية قائمة على الحرية الاقتصادية التي صممتها المنظمات الاقتصادية الدولية وليس وفق متطلبات نموها الوطني ، مما يعني ان سيادة هذه البرامج في الاقتصادات الوطنية ليس مسالة تغير طارئ في هيكل الاقتصاد الوطني . وانما هو تطور نحو بنية اقتصادية جديدة مغايرة في سياقها التاريخي ومتضمناتها الاقتصادية لاوضاعها السابقة ، لقد جاء سعي الاقتصادات المتقدمة نحو عولمة الاقتصاد حصيلة تطور زمني طويل لمزايا السوق امكن معه من وضع فروض يعمل السوق على تفعيل مؤشرات ادائها الاقتصادي ، الا ان سيادة الفروض نفسها في اسواق غير تنافسية والتي تتسم بقدر من التشوهات ، (وفقا لمفاهيم النظرية الاقتصادية) لن يساعدها على تحقيق الكفاءة ذاتها في اداء الموارد ، مما يؤدي الى اللاعدالة وعدم المساواة في النظام الاقتصادي العالمي .اي ستؤدي الى توزيع الاعباء والمنافع بصورة غير عادلة بين الاقتصادات المتقدمة والنامية .4 - بالرغم من ان اكثر التحرير المالي والتجاري الذي تنادي به المنظمات الاقتصادية الدولية قد يخلق فوائد للمجتمع الدولي من تخفيض الحواجز الكمركيه وازالة القيود الكمية وفتح الاسواق ، الا ان معظم الدول النامية والمتحولة سوف لا تتمكن من تحقيق تلك المكاسب وتحويل المزايا الاحتمالية الى منافع فعلية الا بعد اعادة هيكلية اقتصاداتها .5 - افضت سياسات المنظمات الاقتصادية الدولية الى نمط من ادارة الاقتصاد العالمي عمل على استيعاب المشاكل والمتغيرات الدولية عن طريق اعتماد سياسات نقدية مناسبة يعقبها تكيف هيكلي يهدف الى زيادة مرونة الاقتصادات وتحسين فعالية استخدام الموارد واعطاء دور اكبر لقوى السوق والانفتاح ، اي تحول اهتمام هذه المنظمات لحل مشاكل الاقتصاد العالمي عن طريق تكييف السياسات الاقتصادية الوطنية للتغيرات في البيئة الاقتصاد العالمية ، وبالمثل اصبح ينظر الى التنمية والتحول باعتباره يمنح اهمية اقل لتحسين البيئة المالية والتجارية الخارجية ، واعطاء اهمية اكبر لتعزيز فاعلية الاصلاحات الهيكلية بهدف توفير حوافز للقطاع الخاص لكي يكون قوة دافعة للتنمية والتحول الاقتصادي.6 - افرزت سياسات المنظمات الاقتصادية الدولية ازدواجية في قواعد النظام الاقتصادي العالمي الجديد ، فالحدود الوطنية لاتهم بالنسبة للتجارة وتدفقات رؤوس الاموال ، لكن يتعين ترسيمها بوضوح اذا تعلق الامر بتدفقات التكنولوجيا والعمالة ،فسياسات المنظمات تجنبت الحديث عن حركة عنصر العمل عالميا وكانها غير محتملة او كان راس المال يستطيع ان يحل تماما محل عنصر العمل على المستوى العالمي في تحقيق التخصصات المثلى ، ويترتب على ذلك ان الدول النامية ستسمح بالوصول الى اسواقها من دون ان يقابل ذلك السماح لها بالوصول الى التكنولوجيا ، وانها ستقبل بحركة رؤوس الاموال دون ان يقابل ذلك انتقال العمالة ، هذا الازدواج يعد من صميم عدم المساواة في قواعد النظام الاقتصادي العالمي الجديد . 7 - يبرز التقاطع بين سياسات المنظمات الاقتصادية الدولية والسياسات البديلة للدول النامية والمتحولة ، فالجانب الايديولوجي للمنظمات الاقتصادية الدولية يرى ان طريق التنمية يجب ان يكون راسماليا من خلال اعتماد الية السوق ، وهذه مصادرة لحق هذه الدول في تلمس الطريق المناسب لها للتنمية ، كما ان المنظمات الاقتصادية الدولية تخضع الدول النامية جميعها للشروط ذاتها من دون اية خصوصية تذكر ، في حين ينطلق النموذج البديل من خصوصية اوضاع كل مجتمع . كما ان وصفه المنظمات تضر اضرارا بالغا بذوي الدخل المحدود الامر الذي ينتج عنه ازدياد حدة الفقر ، وعلى العكس من ذلك فان فلسفة النهج البديل للاصلاح والتحول تعمد الى مراعاة الشرائح والفئات الاقل دخلا ، اي انها تستند الى اعادة صياغة فلسفة التنمية وجعلها متمحورة على الذات ونقل عملية التراكم من تراكم معتمد على الخارج الى تراكم يرتكز على الداخل وعلى الامكانات الداخلية في تمويل التنمية والابتعاد عن طريقة الاستدانه في ظل يسر الاقراض.8 - لم تستطع المنظمات الاقتصادية الدولية بوصفها اليات تسيير واداره النظام الاقتصادي العالمي من جعل هذا الاقتصاد اكثر استقرارا وعدالة فعمليات ادارة النظام المالي العالمي من قبل صندوق النقد الدولي والبنك الدولي لم تركز على الاجراءات الواجب اتخاذها للتصدي لحالة عدم الاستقرار الشامل وللمخاطر التي تهدد النظام العالمي ، بل ركزا جهودهما على ما ينبغي للمؤسسات والاليات الوطنية عمله وعلى وضع عقوبات صارمة فيما يتصل بالمشروطية والاشراف . في حين ادت اتفاقات منظمة التجارة العالمية الى بروز سياسة المنافسة الدولية كاحد مجالات السياسة الاقتصادية الجديدة ، والى رفع المستوى العالمي المطلوب من الناحية الفنية والمتطلبات القانونية التي يتطلبها النظام الاقتصادي العالمي الجديد. اي ان التحرير التجاري ادى الى اشتداد حمى المنافسة الدولية في ظل اوضاع اقتصادية غير متكافئة . | The importance of the international economic organizations comes through the job it has to do and the role to fulfill by accomplishing an important stages to build an international economic system, and before all of that inside the religious boundaries that led to write its bounds and decisions, because it translate a liberal and ideological (liberal imperialism) through the basics for the international commercial and fund system and for the international financial and commercial and fund policies. The importance of studying the role of the international economic organizations and its impact because it represent the main mechanism to implement the direct decision at the international side especially after the international trade organizations and to complete the lacks that exist in the institutes of the international economic system , that will guarantee the perfect view for the international economic relations that deals with the fund, supplement, trade and development the job of these commissions turns into determining the changing passage that will be appropriate and makes changes in the national economies by a way that guarantee the harmony of the economic activity on the international side, because these organizations do not stand to play emotion or monitoring role, but it can force the roles that the members should respect in their economic policies and that includes the shrinkage of absolute countries sovereignty for their economic policies on their obligations and promises to the international economic organizations.Therefore seeking a goal to determine the role of international economic organizations appears, making new features for the international economic system, and evaluate the administration of these organizations for the rehabilitation of their structures and economical transformation, in addition how to control the international financial crises heading to evaluate these influences on such policies in the international side.So the research starts from a point that the policies of the international economic organizations, stand to be new style in the administration of the international economy and national economies, but these administrations failed to accomplish perfect possibilities in the equal development and transform and combine for these countries in the international economy.This research has been built in four chapters, in addition to the preface and conclude : The first chapter The Basic Features of the International Economic System and the role of the international economic organizations building new style for the international economic relations, through three aspects, the first deals with (The characteristics and Man Features For the Old International Economic system), the second discuss (Motives for Establishing The International Economic Organization), the third deals with (International Economic Environmental variables and its impacts on developing policies of the International Economic Organizations.The second chapter discusses the International Economic Organizations in three aspects, the first study the denotation of the International Economic Organizations, the second view the applicable symbols for the International Economic Organizations policies, the third study the organization policies and problems that will appears through implementation in the underdeveloped countries. The third chapter deals with (International Economic Organizations and the administration of international financial crises and the economic transformation processes) in two aspects, the first specialized studying the International Economic Organizations and the administration of economical transformation, the second aspects deals only with International Economic Organizations and the administration of international financial crises.The fourth chapter which is the last, view (Policies of the International Economic Organizations and its impact on the International economy) the first aspect study (The Influence of the Financial Policies for the International Economic Organizations on the international economy), the second comes under a title ( The Impact of the International Trade Convention on the International Economy), the third and the last deals with (Social and Political Influences for the Policies of the International Economic Organizations on the International Side).The research comes to these conclusions : 1 - The International Economic Organizations starts its policy from making symbol's only, with out take into consideration the possibilities of implementation, that means that there is a gap between design and write the developing symbols and draw and implement policies, therefore applications of the economical policies gives different values in different economies according to the economical developing phase.2 - The invitation of the International Economic Organizations to liberate the financial and commercial field means to deprive underdeveloped countries to make similar economical policies that the industrial countries use at the first early stages from its developing phase, or even that has been used by the new manufacturer underdeveloped countries. The underdeveloped countries has to take developing policies based on the economical freedom that has been design by International Economic Organizations and not accordingly to its economical growth demands.3 - In spit of the financial and commercial liberation that the International Economic Organizations calls for, can create benefits for the international community by decreasing the customs obstacles, and eliminate the quantity chains and open markets, but most of the underdeveloped and transformed countries will not be able to achieve the benefits and will not transform the substantial characteristics to real benefits until the rehabilitation of its economical structure.4 - The International Economic Organizations led to new style for the international economy administration that can capture all the international dilemma and changes, by another word that we can transform the intentions of these organization to solve the international problems, by conditioning the national economic policies to the changes in the international environment and they will look with similarity to development and transform by giving less importance to improve the international financial and commercial environment and giving more to the economical improvements, that means to provide bonus to the private sector that will be strong power to carryon the economical and transform development.5 - The International Economic Organizations policies shows double vision for the new international economic system, because the national boundaries do not put into consideration when dealing with trade and falls of budget main stream, but it has to clearly determine if it has great role in technology and liberal support. The organization policies avoid talking about international movement of labor element as if it is impossible or budged can totally replace movements of labor element, on the international side to accomplish the perfect specialization, in order to do such thing the underdeveloped countries will allow to enter its markets without letting her to reach technology, and will allow the movement of main budget with out transferring labors. This double vision represents the hart of inequality in the principles of new international economical system it is obvious that thy worldlization process and the economical liberation led by International Economic Organizations increase the competing pressure on the international markets and to halt the economical success on the speed of skills gain and technology development. These processes and pressures increase the gap between the developed countries and the underdeveloped, therefore a need to mechanism and policies that the international economy stand on, the economic system that stand helpless to provide appropriate and realistic changes for underdeveloped countries to equal combine and raise the living level, will absolutely loss its speed in great parts of the underdeveloped countries and without this legitimate and justice, any new International Economic System will not be able to achieve stability and continuity
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