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جيومورفولوجية الجزر النهرية في مجرى نهر الفرات بين مدينتي الناصرية والقرنة باستخدام GIS == The Geomorphology Of The River Islands In Euphrates River Between Al - Nasiriyah And Al - Qurna Cities Using GIS

Author name: ايهاب عزيز درفش الزيادي
Supervisor name: حسين جوبان عريبي المعارضي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Natural Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تناولت الدراسة ظاهرة الجزر النهرية في مجرى نهر الفرات بين مدينتي الناصرية والقرنة ضمن الحدود الادارية لمحافظتي (ذي قار والبصرة) في جنوب العراق, بطول (126.80) كم, دراسة جيومورفولوجية تطبيقية باستعمال نظم المعلومات الجغرافية (GIS), لفهم وتحديد العوامل الطبي | This study deals with the phenomenon of river islands in the course of the Euphrates River between the two cities of Nasiriyah and Qurna within the administrative borders of the provinces of Dhi Qar and Basrah south of Iraq, for about 126.80 Km. The study makes use of geomorphologic applications by using geographic information systems (GIS) to understand and identify natural and human factors that influence the formation and development of river islands and geomorphologic process, in addition to the morphologic and morphometric characteristics of the islands, as well as human activities and future investments in the region. The study depended on the use of GIS programs and special field study by taking soil and water samples and drawing cross - sections by using (Acoustic Doppler Current Profile).The study area tectonically lies within the unstable pavement which is affected by the undersurface tectonic movements. Geologically, the area is covered by quartet time deposits that are new disjoint sediments like the deposits of the floodplain which result from the previous stages activities of the Tigris and Euphrates. They include old sediments which date back to the Holocene and Pleistocene ages. Topographically, the surface of the region is characterized by gradual decline from the north - west to the southeast which set the general direction of the Euphrates River.It has been noticed that there are a number of natural and human factors that play a prominent role in the formation and development of the river islands. However, the impact, contribution and interaction of these factors vary in the formation of this phenomenon. Where the natural factors represented by the geologic structure, the decline, and the characteristics of ancient and current climate, as well as the human factors represented by building dams and reservoirs on the basin of the Euphrates River, in addition to the different uses of the water (agricultural, industrial, domestic) and building bridges and waste discharge into the river are all factors that contributed to the formation of river islands within the study area.There is a close relationship between the geomorphologic processes and hydrologic characteristics of the flow of the river as well as the aforementioned factors. The processes that contribute to the formation of the islands vary between being of geomorphologic erosion nature or of sediment nature. This has impacted the classification of the islands according to the affecting process. Erosion islands resultant from the geomorphologic erosion operations lie to the north of the study area. Whereas sediment islands resultant from the sediment operations appear in the middle and southern sections of the study area.The variation of river islands in the study area in their types (permanent, seasonal, joint) and in their morphometric characteristics (dimensions, shapes and areas) is due to the geomorphologic processes that formed them.Visual satellite maps and topographic maps and historic evidence for three periods (1972, 1990, and 2015) were used to interpret the geomorphologic changes within a spatial - temporal framework in the study area. Geomorphologic changes included identifying the location of the islands, their formation, development, transference and disappearance within the consecutive years of the study. The change of the islands and variation in their dimensions is resulted from the balance between the water system and the local geomorphologic environment.Twenty two islands appeared in the course of the Euphrates River between Nasiriyah and Qurna in 1972, and (35) islands in (1990) and (69) islands in (2015). It is noticed that most of the islands developed because of the change in the characteristics of geomorphologic processes from on period to another to reach its peak in 2015 to transfer into permanent islands in a percentage of 45% because of the activity of the sedimentation process. It has been found also that the first thing that the islands do as a natural reaction to their formation is dividing the river into subordinate courses in addition to the main course. Thus, the river appears divergent because of these branches; as a result it is described as braided river or divergent river.The degrees and percentages of the river divergence varied spatially and temporally according to the formation and centering of the islands. It has been found that there is an obvious and higher increase in the degree and percentage of divergence in the southern course of the (original Euphrates) than in the northern course. This is due to the fact that the southern course is longer than the northern one in addition to the increase in the centering of the islands in the southern course as a normal result of the increase of length.The study has shown that river operations, which resulted in the formation of geomorphologic shapes, have impacted the present human investments as well as the available potentials. Across its long history, the river contributed in the process of settlement. Its peregrination lead to the change of the locations of some villages and cities on its banks at that time. In addition to its impact on the variation of settlement types along its course. Where, the linear pattern prevails along the course of the Euphrates and its branches in the region.The emergence of river islands also contributed to the existence of a suitable environment for settlement especially in erosion islands in the northern parts of the course. River islands play an effective role on the other activities like agriculture, irrigation, herding and transportation, as well as its impact on tourism activities where they provide many attractive tourism potentials. Moreover, these islands are in the middle of the biggest marshes whether the central marshes or Alhammar marshes adjacent to the study area

الصناعات الصغيرة في قضاءي القرنة والمدينة == Small Industries In The Districts Of Qurna And Medina

Author name: ايناس عبد الستار جبر
Supervisor name: فارس مهدي محمد
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تعد الصناعة احدى القطاعات الاقتصادية المهمة، وتظهر اهمية الصناعات الصغيرة من خلال عملية تغيير النمط الاجتماعي والاقتصادي والحضاري لاي مجتمع، من خلال احداث تغيير في هيكلة الايدي العاملة وتركيب المهن، كما تعمل على تقليل التفاوت الاقتصادي بين الوحدات الادار | Industry is considered one of the important economic sectors. The importance of small industries clearly appears through the process of changing the social, economic, and civilized aspects of any society through changing the structure of the workforce and professions. They also work on decreasing the economic variation between the administrative units by improving people's living level. In five chapters, the present study sheds lights on small industries in the districts of Qurna and Medina. Chapter one speaks about; the concept of small industries, their characteristics, classification, importance, and their historical development in these two districts which dates back to the beginnings of the dependence of Iraq in 1921. Chapter two deals with the factors of Industrial settlement and the impact of each of which on the emergence and development of these industries in the two districts. Chapter three tackles the industrial processes of small industries and crafts in the two districts. Chapter four displays the geographical distribution of the small industries in the districts of Qurna and Medina; it falls into two sections, section one includes the geographical distribution of the small industries in the districts according to their administrative units. It appears that there is a spatial variation between the administrative units. In Qurna, there are (418) factories that employ (1176) workers, whereas in Medina, there are (951) factories that employ (2359). Iz - aldeen Saleem region comes in the first place with (43%), the center of Qurna district comes in the second place with (17%), in the third place comes the center of Medina district with (15.8%), Imam Sadiq region maintains place number four with (10.6%), Aldair region occupies place number five with (7.9%), Althagher region comes in the sixth place with (5.7%). Section two points out that there is a variation in the distribution of the type of industry in these two districts. Food industries in Qurna included (150) factories which employ (433) workers, whereas in Medina there are (112) factories which employ (330) workers. As for small construction industries, there are (171) factories in Qurna that employ (606) workers, while there are (608) factories in Medina that employ (1625) workers. In reference to cloth making industry, there are (43) factories in Qurna with (52) workers, while there are (65) factories in Medina with (74) workers. As for engineering industries, there are (11) factories that employ (23) workers, while there are (14) factories in Medina that employ (25) workers. In water transportation industry there are (2) factories in Qurna with (3) workers, whereas in Medina there are (10) factories with (10) workers. Typing and flex advertising industry in Qurna included (4) factories with (4) workers. Craft industries in Qurna involved (155) factories with (190) workers, while in Medina there are (91) factories with (115) workers. Aldair region comes in the first place with (28%), Althagher comes second with (21.6%), Imam Sadiq region comes third with (17.8%), in the fourth place comes the center of Qurna district with (13.4%), Iz - aldeen Saleem region comes fifth with (10.6%), in the sixth and last place comes the center of Medina district with (8.6%). Chapter five studies the industrial structure and compares small industries in the two districts. The number of factories in the two districts is (1369) which employ (3535) workers. There isn’t that much variation in small variation where the structure of industry depended on construction industries, metal industries, furniture and wood industries and others. Chapter six tackles the most important problems that face small industries in the two districts like raw material and variation of its prices, whose origin is mostly from aboard, add to this the problem of marketing because of the competition with foreign products. In addition to unqualified workforce that lack technical ability. Environmental pollution is another issue, though small industries cause less pollution in comparison with big industries, some industries like ice industry in the area of study may cause poisonous suffocation because of Ammonia gas especially when the wind direction is to the east. Weak infrastructure is another problem that hinders the process of transporting the products.

المشاريع الاسكانية - انماطها ودورها في حل ازمة السكن في محافظة البصرة لعام 2015 == Housing Projects : Patterns And Role In Resolving The Housing Crisis In The Province Of Basrah

Author name: ايات عبد الوهاب خريبش العلي
Supervisor name: رعد ياسين محمد الحسن
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: يعد السكن من الحاجات الاساسية المهمة لبناء المجتمع والدولة، ويرتبط ارتباطا وثيقا بالتحضر والتمدن، وبعملية تطور المجتمعات باشكالها الاقتصادية والاجتماعية على مر العصور، لذا فان توفر المسكن هو من اولويات حقوق الانسان والحاجة اليه ضرورية بصورة مستمرة ودا | Housing is one of the basic needs necessary for building society and country. It is closely associated with urbanization and with the process of development in its economic and social forms, along all ages. The availability of a house is a priority of human rights, and the need for it is permanently necessary. Despite the fact that the right to own a house is legislated in the Iraqi constitution, this right hasn't been given serious and enough attention. That's why most Iraqi provinces suffer from a severe housing crisis which hasn't emerged from the current situation only, but it is accumulation of previous years of negligence from the government and its official committees from the one hand and the increase in the population growth as well as the return of the displaced from and out of the other provinces from the other hand. All this led to the emergence of a severe shortage in the number of housing units, where their number becomes far much less than the number of the families. As the time passes the shortage of the housing units increases and the demand for them increases as well. This resulted in very severe decrease in the number of the housing units. Moreover, it caused a sharp deficiency to provide proper housing.The aim of the study was to give a complete picture about the different types of housing projects, governmental or investment projects, in Basrah province. The study referred also to the different housing patterns, their locations and geographic distribution. It emphasized the degree of contribution of these projects in resolving the housing crisis in Basrah. In its third chapters, the study tackled most of the literary and scientific aspects of this topic. In the first chapter, it dealt with the general concepts of house and housing and housing policy. In the second chapter, it dealt with the different housing patterns, their locations and geographic distribution in Basrah. In the third and last chapter, the study gave future insights of the prospective housing projects in the province. The study ended with some suggestions that would contribute to resolving the housing crisis and developing the projects in the province

التركيب الاقتصادي للسكان في قضاء الزبير لسنتي 1997 - 2015 == The Economic Structure of the Inhabitants of AZ-Zubair District for the Period (1997-2015)

Author name: لبنى فالح غالي السيلاوي
Supervisor name: صادق جعفر ابراهيم
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تناولت الدراسة موضوع التركيب الاقتصادي لسكان قضاء الزبير الذي يعد من المواضيع السكانية التي تثير اهتمام الكثير من المختصين الجغرافيين اذ يتم ذلك من خلال دراسة خصائصها الديموغرافية وحجم القوى العاملة والتركيب النوعي والعمري للقوى العاملة ونسبة الاعالة ونس | The study of the economic structure is of a great importance in the population studies for it is one of the topics that evoke the interest of geographical specialists. From this the study gains its importance; hence the study aims at identifying the economic structure of Az - zubair district for the period (1997 - 2015) and the demographic characteristics of the workforce and the aspects of the economic structure which include (economic activity, profession, work state) and the most important affecting factors. Az - zubair region, which lies to the south west of Basrah Province and includes three administrative units (Center of the district, Safwan, Om Qasar) has been chosen to identify the degree of spatial and temporal variation of the workforce according to its size. The researcher depended on the data provided by the general censuses of 1997 and 2015. The study consists of five chapters. The first chapter tackles the demographic characteristics, the size of the workforce, the structure of its types, age groups, the degree of dependence, and the average of the raw economic activity. The second chapter displays the distribution of the workforce according to the environment and type. Chapter three introduces the professional structure of the workforce according to the environment and type. Chapter four provides information about the work state of the workforce. Chapter five tackles the factors that affect the workforce (education and marriage). The study reached at the following results, the agricultural activity came first for the period (1997 - 2015) and the production workers came first also in the district

تغير بعض الخصائص الهيدروكيميائيه لنهر الفرات بين محطتي الناصرية والقرنة - جنوب العراق == The Euphrates Hydro - Chemical Changes From Nassriyah To Qurna South Iraq

Author name: عبد الحسن عبد النبي هاشم حميدي
Supervisor name: حمدان باجي نوماس
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تبين من خلال الدراسة للخصائص الهيدركيميائية لنهر الفرات في القسم الاسفل من حوض, تاثر الموارد المائية كما ونوعا بالعوامل الطبيعة والبشرية. فقد اتضح من خلال الدراسة اثر العوامل الطبيعية المتمثلة بالموقع الجغرافي للمنطقة في القسم الاسفل من الحوص على انخف | This study analysis the Euphrates hydro - chemical water changes at the lower section. the study consists five chapters, the first deals with the factors affecting water changes such as ( Location, Geology, Topography, Climate, Soil, Natural vegetation cover, Irrigation development of riparian countries, dams and reservoirs and pollution).The second chapter represents the hydrological changes of the river. It focus on water sources the annual, seasonal and monthly water discharges. the annual water discharge includes flood year moderate and dry year ,with discharge variation of 946 (1969) cubic meter per second, 344 (1985), and 34.7 (2009) respectively.Chapter three is dedicated for the chemical variations. These includes (T.D.S, T.H, NO3, SO4, Na, K, Ca, Mg, HCo3, PO4, and Do ) for the period (1967 - 1969) compared with the period of (2014) and (2015 - 2016).Chapter four present the effect of hydro - chemical changes on agriculture development, drinking, animal watering, industrial purposes and environment. The study reveals that the river water become unsuitable for the most uses above.Chapter five discuss the Euphrates water management. It includes fair agreement between the riparian states , construction of now reservoirs , applied advancing irrigation methods , controlling of sewage and drainage water intensive agriculture system, developing of people activities and copration with international Organizations.These measure are vitally important to improve water quality and quantity for the lower Euphrates basin.

مصائد الاسماك ومزارع تربيتها في محافظة البصرة == Fisheries And Farms Reared In Basra Province

Author name: علي خضير عباس
Supervisor name: بشرى رمضان ياسين الطه
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Fish wealth has received a great interest by all countries of the world because of its nutritional value and economic importance, the study area is one of the important areas in Iraq in the agricultural production in both its plant and animal production. Fish wealth is of a great importance due to the availability of water bodies in the province represented by the lower part from the stream of the two rivers (Tigris and Euphrates), and Shatt al - Arab. As well as the waters of the marshes. Basra province represents a sea port of Iraq on the Arabian Gulf's head, and provides the other provinces by various types of sea fish , and that these ingredients can be developed and supported to reach self - sufficiency in achieving food security and reducing imports from abroad.The aim of this study is to reveal the reality of the Wealth Fish in Basra province and analysis of the natural and human Constituents to its relationship by this side and diagnosis of problems encountered the process of production. The study gets about its statements from looking at the fish breeding farms in the dusty lakes and the cages and learn about the natural and human factors affecting it.In the different administrative units in Basra province and conducting personal interviews with a number of fishermen in territorial waters and fresh water, and the owners of fish breeding farms as well as the form the questionnaire which included the sea fishing in the territorial waters and breeding farms fish and a laboratory analysis of water samples in (36) model from the waters of Shatt al Arabs and that of three sites of the Shatt al - Arab which are al Deer district and the two districts of al Hartha and al Faw ,and by (12) models for each site for the years (2015 - 2016 ) two bottle glasses are used in the process of models collection. the price of the one is (1) liter, and it is especially in the collection of water samples for the purpose of the laboratory analysis, and the samples were taken from depth of 2 liters of the river. The Study shows the low capita share of Annual Iraqi individual from the fish meat produced locally, which amounted to 1.79 kg / year in 2002,as it became clear that there is a contrast variation in the amounts of fishing from year to year, and this is due to many factors, including the biological state of the fishes or It may return to primitive ways of fishing or the impact of fish stock by the high fishing effort or the allowed Fishing. And the site of Basra province is considered as a featured site because it is the only province in Iraq, which has access to the sea which provides other province by various kinds of fishes and in spite of the scarcity of water resources by upstream countries (Turkey and Iran) that affected the quality of water in the Basra province ,but it can invest these waters in the development of wealth fish , knowing that species produced in these waters with wanted species by the Iraqi people,and resources represent surface as the Tigris and the Euphrates and the Shatt al - Arab river and the insulation river and tables branching them In addition to the marshes like : Al - Qurna Marsh, Al - Swaib Marsh and Al - Hammar Marsh In addition to marine waters That the total length of its coastline64 km. The surface in Basra province and especially (the Sahel sedimentary) is an appropriate to expand fish breeding farms and especially the Low - lying areas and river basin areas and Marshes and Marshy. The elements of the climate have a great impact on the Fishes and the Solar radiation and temperatures in the Basra province are characterized by a long growth season as well as the appropriateness of these two elements for Fish breeding , except in cases of thermal extremism, especially in the hot season. As for Marine fisheries, through the field study , it is clear that the low in the temperatures has an impact on the presence of fish and their going into the deep regions ( the benthic areas ) and become less in the coastal areas as well as the high temperatures on the fishermen, especially with high relative humidity, causing the self troubles to them with the lack of fishing methods to the coolers devices or heating devices in winter, Thereby preventing the hunter to reach out to the hunting. The Rainfall in Basra province does not have that importance in the fish seasons rather than its volatility and its importance lies on reducing the extremism of the temperatures and reducing the evaporation of water from the docks. Wind has its positive and negative impact on fishes. Winds has an effect on the presence and the plenty of the fishes in the fishery according to the direction of the wind as we mentioned earlier in this subject (the subject of the wind). It is shown that the soil of the province, especially the soil of (Sahael sedimentary) is appropriate to establish farms in this activity in the future. It becomes clear that many of the fish farms breeding that were established was considered as encroachment ( it does not have the projects' permission for fish breeding from the Ministry of Water Resources or the failure to obtain approval from the Ministry of oil) and these farms are from the productive farms and the water quality in the area is appropriate for the cultivation of the fish in the freshwater. It is shown that the fish farming in Basra province confined to the breeding in the fresh water only. And that this activity is suffering heavy losses annually due to the sudden changes in the extents salty during the months of the year. In spite of the existence of the laws that direct fishing operations, but often these Laws are breached and doing fishing in these preventing times. Which are the seasons of migration and reproduction which leads to disallow for the fish to proliferate in a proper way, in addition to that, the using of forbidden means in fishing operations, such as toxins and electrocution and explosives, leading to the extermination of all fish including (Chicks of Fish). Field study discovers that irregular nets are used by the fishermen that the catch all the fish, including small fish without leaving them to grow. as well as the failure to provide a new fishing vessels which are able to save the fish for long periods because it does not contain the refrigerated stores. The role of the current agricultural policy is weak in the development of animal production generally and the fish production in particular because of the lack of the provided assistance ,such as loans and production requirements. As well as a lack of cooperative societies which is specialized in the wealth fish in the province of Basra except one association that specializes in this area namely ( Alnaser Association in al Faw district). And the absence of the role of veterinary institutions in Basra province, and the field study is shown that these institutions do not contribute in the treatment and provide medicines for fishes, forcing the owners of the farms to get treatments from the local markets in a high prices. generally in Basra province the wealth fish faces a lot of natural problems and human life that negatively affect the development of this important activity

العلاقات العراقية - الخليجية والاثار المترتبة عليها : دراسة في الجغرافية السياسية == Iraqi Gulf Relations And Implications The Study Of The Geo - Political

Author name: زهراء عباس هندي الاسدي
Supervisor name: ظاهر عبد الزهرة خضير الربيعي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تكتنفها العديد من الحساسية والتشعب نتيجة لطبيعتها المزدوجة التي تجمع بين عناصر التعاون وعناصر الصراع، فقبل غزو العراق للكويت عام 1990 امتازت العلاقات بين الطرفين بالانسجام والتناغم في المصالح المشتركة، الا انها اصيبت بالجهود والانقطاع بسبب الغزو، على | Characterized the study area countries since the different eras that passed by an old "and more recently", the result of several factors geographical and geopolitical and economic, is the center of an "important" global polarization and a place "for international competition, after obtaining the (Iraq and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)) on their independence and to get rid from the hands of the British occupation, it rushed the study area countries to develop their resources and take advantage of its location and enjoy the talent that donated them to nature.Began competition and conflict over the sovereignty and the imposition of leadership in the region and have fought many wars have been targeting the region and to provide financial support and military by the regional powers and international, so it is imposing an economic blockade for 13 years is over, "and then the occupation of Iraq, and the consequent number of variables and physical challenges and political fronts, economic, and security.After the occupation of Iraq by the coalition forces on the ninth of April 2003, the Iraqi GCC relations have witnessed a shift "clear", as it was followed by a fall by the existing political system on the goals and new principles, represented based on good neighborliness and non - interference in the internal affairs policies, and work to build effective and active foreign relations contribute to the realization and promotion of security and stability, and the emphasis on the promotion of economic development, and to stay away from the roads that lead to political blocs. This is stipulated in the Iraqi constitution of 2005 in its article on the eighth of Iraq's foreign relations, believing "in getting rid of the deadlock and sleep unjustified in Iraq's relations with the Gulf Cooperation Council and other countries on the Arab level and the regional and international levels.Iraq - Gulf relations went through several transformations, starting with "the fallout from international conflict and reflected a shadow on the countries of the study area, which represented the United States alone global pole appeared presence during the fall of the socialist camp and the end of the Cold War.So it ruled on the Iraqi - Gulf relations several political and geopolitical variables grown and fed the important factors and differences in the forefront of the ideological and political goals, and this is to be taken up by the researcher.

التحليل الكمي لكفاءة الطـرق بين المراكـز الحضريـة في محافظـة البصـرة == Quantitative Analysis Of Roads Efficiency Between Urban Centers In Basrah Province

Author name: حيــدر عبد الرحمن جــري الحــويــدر
Supervisor name: عباس عبد الحسن كاظم العيداني
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تعـد شبكة الطرق البرية احد عناصر نظام النقل المهمة , التي لا تتم عملية النقل بدونها , وتمثل شبكة الطرق البرية على اختلاف اصنافها احدى اهم البنى اللازمة لتصعيد وتائر التنمية الاقتصادية والاجتماعية في اي اقليم.تهدف الدراسة الى توضيح دور العوامل الطبيعية وا | Land road network is considered one of the most important elements of transportation , It represents one of the elements that contributes to acceleration and social and economic value of any region. The study aims to investigate the natural factors and human factors that affect the extension of this network in Basrah province in addition to the real situation of transportation in it. The movement of vehicles was observed in the different location. some statistical criteria were used to evaluate its efficiency like Arc Gis 9.3, Excel and SPSS , in map simulation and statistical analysis.The study consist of three chapters. Chapter one deals with the factors and variables and affect the extension of the transportation network. Chapter two deals with real situation of transportation in Basrah province.When was chapter three evaluates the efficiency of the network by using some statistical tests. The study shows the nature of the human and natural elements effect on the extension and operation of the network. there is an increase movement of vehicles on the roads between urban centers which doesn’t match the capacity of these roads, especially during the peak hours and holidays. The study also showed the Inefficient road network linking the urban centers according to the indicators used in the study

الملاءمة المكانية لمرائب النقل في مدينة البصرة : دراسة في جغرافية النقل الحضري == The Place Suitability Of Transportation Parks In Basra City (A Study In Urban Transport)

Author name: وحيـدة داود محمــود الدايني
Supervisor name: عبد الرحمن جري مردان الحويدر
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تتجلى اهمية الملاءمة المكانية في كونها تقدم الدعم اللازم في اختيار المواقع المكانية الملائمة للاستعمالات بشكل عام والحضرية منها على وجه الخصوص، اذ تعد مدينة البصرة ذات بعد تجاري واقتصادي مهم، كونها تضم اعلى تركز لمؤسسات العمل المختلفة صناعية، تجارية، خدم | The place suitability is so important for selecting the suitable places for all uses and for urban uses in particular. This suitability ensures a maximum degree of functional interaction and controls their overall constructional form. Therefore, the study aims at redistributing parks in the city that ensures the required capacity of smooth movement of cars and facilitate the transportation of people with ease and less effort. Basra city, which has economic and commercial importance, and which includes different commercial, industrial and service establishments of public and private sectors creates a high percentage of daily movement of cars, and witnesses a density of population during the traffic jam times in the mornings and the evenings and during festivals. So, there is a need to plan and design the parks in order to achieve their aims successfully. The study consists of three chapters in addition to results and suggestions. The first chapter is about the distribution of Basra parks and the problem of sites. The second chapter discusses the variables that identify the distribution of parks in Basra city, while the third chapter tackles the functional competence of the parks of the city. The study attains a few conclusions; the most significant one is that there are 10 parks in Basra, four of them are off duty for one reason or another, while six of them are working, half of them in the center of the city in Al - Ashar because of its economical, administrational and service significance. The other three parks are in (Al - Kafa’at, Al - Hadi and Alsumud) quarters. The study has also shown that the daily traffic jams that result from the small width of streets and small size of parks and the unavailability of good service in these parks are the main problems that obstruct transportation in the city and its region. By applying the place suitability logarithm, the study has come to show that the present parks of the city are not suitable to most of the people of the city, and the study referred to the necessity of using the methods of Geographic Information Systems GIS in applying this logarithm in order to identify the suitability of the present parks and select the most suitable places for future parks, and this is the aim of the study

اثر النمو الحضري على التخطيط العمراني في مدينة سوق الشيوخ : دراسة في جغرافية المدن == The Impact Of Urban Growth On The Constructional Planning In The City Of 'Suq Al - Shyoukh' A Study In The Urban Geography

Author name: حاكم ناصر حسين الشميساوي
Supervisor name: صلاح هاشم زغير الاسدي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: City of Suq al - Shuyukh is the center of Suq al - Shuyukh district ,an administrative unit ,within Dhi Qar Governorate , lies in the southern part of the province with distance of (621.2) hectares and its population amounts of (130,517) inhabitants for 2015 which represents reality of the city consists of (24) residential quarters.The study aims to highlight on the analysis of the phenomenon of urban growth, its trends and problems in the city of Suq al - Shuyukh as well as study the demographics of the city in terms of growth and distribution and composition and population density and urban growth prediction (spatial and population) for the next 10 years until 2025 ,and examine the reality of urban land use to identify the most important problems that stand against this study to put appropriate solutions in order to project future trends.The study includes four chapters divided into topics, within study Chapter I , represents with some demographics indicate that the city of Suq al - Shuyukh has seen significant population growth had reached (1977 - 1987 - 1997 - 2007 - 2015 ).This substantial growth of the population is a reason for increasing the demand for urban land uses ,that moved the expansion of the area of the city along the morphological stagesChapter II ,the first topic through the study of historical stages of city of Suq al - Shuyukh foundation show that the city has gone through four morphological stages ,and in each of these stages formed certain function for the city dominates on the invested spatial space of it gave shape to the city during this phase.Chapter II , second topic, dealt with the spatial distribution reality of urban land uses in the city and shows that the city contains multiple functional uses, represent by residential use which occupied an area of followed by public services ,then transport services area , industrialuse , commercial use , community service , sports use , green and open land use of and religious use was an area ofChapter III , dealing with the study of problems of urban growth in the city of Suq al - Shuyukh , the first topic of the chapter included the study of override problems on basic design of the city ,where rapid urban growth caused multiple problems and significant was the problem of urban housingSo the residential need analysis for the city of Suq al - Shuyukh and its assessment across the increasing population growth, which amounted 3%, which is one of the important topics in housing policies target to solve the housing problem.The second topic is devoted to the study of problems of interference in land use represented by planning and environmentalChapter IV ,dealt with current and future urban growth trends in the city and the first topic is devoted to the future prediction for the city of Suq al - Shuyukh population until 2025 as a total population amounted of (169672) inhabitants as the population growth rate is 3%.While the second topic dealt with urbanization trends for the city of Suq al - Shuyukh to search for future need of urban land use.The study showed that the city of Suq al - Shuyukh needs space of land estimated with(176.2) hectares and this area is out its basic design border as well as identify trends of future urbanization of the city.The study showed that the best directions for future city expansion to the northwest ,south and South - western direction in the absence of artificial and natural features.And then the most important outcomes came of the researcher and design to achieve the objectives of study in the future.

التحليل المكاني لتغير استعمالات الارض السلنية في مدينة البصرة باستخدام الاستشعار عن بعد RS ونظم المعلومات الجغرافية GIS == Spatial Analysis Of The Change In Residential Land Use In The City Of Basrah By Using Remote Sensing And Geographic Information Systems

Author name: مرتضى مظفر سهر الكعبي
Supervisor name: عباس عبد الحسن كاظم العيداني | طارق جمعة علي المولى
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This present study is based on remote sensing RS and geographic information systems GIS as a basis applied to draw Cadastral changes to the residential land use in order to detect the temporal and spatial variations that contributed to the change in the residential land use in the city of Basrah for (1977 - 2016) nearly four decades , they have resulted in changes in the category of use which refers to the Cadastral Acquisitions For residential use on the Cadastral of the rest of the other urban uses (commercial, industrial, service).This is called positive change, while if the urban uses cut off which is referred as a part of the area of the residential using which annexed , this change is called in the category of use negative , as well as the study of the spatial variation to change the pattern of the residential land use which specialized in building a second floor and a tenement was added to the residential units and these differences included all the city's neighborhoods according to the field study which was based on the distribution of the questionnaire Form.The study goes from a basic premise which says that the whole fundamental changes that hit the residential land use in the sort or the residential use pattern was a result of increasing population growth , Immigration and the Cases of displaced as well as the absence of law and the rise of the economic level of the residents from this point of study, it aims to conduct a remote sensing RS and geographic information systems GIS ,depending on several satellite visuals which are different in dates for the production of high - definition maps representing the total Cadastral changes for residential use in the city of Basrah during the four decades of her life.In order to achieve the goal the study were divided into an introduction and four chapters, as the first chapter dealt with digital processing and interpretation of visual and space analysis of the factors influencing the change of residential land use in the city of Basra, while the second chapter touched on the spatial distribution of land use in the city and changes cadastral study, according to availability the visuals of the satellite to four points, which included maps of selected years (1977.1989, 2002.2016) as well as a field study of the researcher. The third chapter pointed to changes in the category of residential uses and patterns in the city, according to (5) vertebrae represented (the stages of growth of the city of Basra and that historically tracked and spatial analysis of the development of residential land use, analysis of residential patterns in the city, changes in the use of residential land in terms of style or class whether in the negative, the study of the most important implications of changes in a class or style residential use. go on fourth chapter in the study of the planning practices of the city's future and the changes of uses of residential land for the period 1942 - 2014 which was addressedto all the basic designs that addressed the city of Basra seemed pre - prepare her basic designs and finishes basic design (development of the city of Basra strategy and updating its basic design) in 2014, So the study reached to a number of important conclusions like : 1. The increasing population growth in the city and the contrast differences in economic levels of the families and the security situation and the availability of labor is a way compressor to changes in the residential uses, either positively or negatively.2. The ( populated, political, social, economic, and transport variables play a pivotal role in the Cadastral variables for residential use.3. The absence of activation of Laws and the deterioration of Oversight reality, especially after the regime change in 2003 was an important catalyst in the encroachment on farmland and empty spaces within the city which belongs to government agencies so the secretion status of random housing is done ,so we find that the freedom of the disposition of the residential units (irregular or random) and in the absence of law this reflected on the residential changes whether this change in the sort or in the pattern positively or negatively.4.The country policy which represents Stakeholders for four decade has its deep impact in finding changes cadastral For the residential use which is marked by the distribution of residential blocks on different segments according circumstances experienced by the country including the study area.

المناخ وعلاقته بالافات التي تصيب المحاصيل الزراعية في محافظة البصرة == Climate And Its Relationship With The Agricultural Pests That Infect Agricultural Crops In Basrah Province

Author name: اية عبد الرضا حامد المازني
Supervisor name: عبد الامام نصار ديري ناصر المظفر
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تعد الافات الزراعية من المشاكل الخطيرة التي تواجه الانتاج الزراعي وللمناخ دور كبير في ظهورها وانتشارها خاصة عندما يشذ عن معدلاته او تفوق او تقل عن متطلبات المحصول. تهدف الدراسة الى تسليط الضوء على العلاقة بين الخصائص المناخية لمحافظة البصرة والافات الزرا | Agricultural pests are regarded serious problems that face agricultural production. Climate has a great role in their appearance especially when its rates go up or down the needs of the crop. The present study aims at shedding light on the relationship between climatic characteristics of Basrah province and the agricultural pests that infect the crops of (palms, wheat, tomato, eggplant, cucumber, watermelon, melon, okra and onion). These agricultural crops have a great economic and trophic importance. Therefore, production rates should be raised and its quality should be improved by observing agricultural pests whether they are diseases or insects that affect the quantity and quality of production. Especially if we know that new insects have entered Iraq like Tuta Absoluta and the Red Palm Weevil which started to affect many agricultural crops. Add t this the endemic diseases like Leaf Blights, Fusarium Wilt, and Powdery Mildew which greatly affect the production despite of the suitability of the climatic conditions and other natural conditions. The collection of the data of the study was done through field work. Four sites were chosen (Karmat Ali, Abo - Alkhaseeb, Aldair, and Az - Zubair) to observe the agricultural pests that infect the crops involved in the study starting from the beginning of the agricultural season 2015 - 2016 and to determine the rate of prevalence for each crop according to the location of prevalence. The study is composed of three chapters in addition to the introduction and conclusions. The first chapter is devoted to the analysis of the climatic characteristics of Basrah province, especially those factors that are related to the agricultural process like solar beams, temperature, relative humidity, winds and dust. Chapter two involved the climatic requirements of the crops under study. Chapter three is concerned with the field observance of the diseases that infected the crops and also the insects and natural plants (grass). The study concluded that the majority of the known diseases appear in different rates on the crops. There appeared also some affections caused by insects especially Tuta Absoluta and Red Palm Weevil. The study also concluded that the prevalence of the diseases and insects didn’t reach to the extent that classify them to be epidemic, their prevalence percentages were somehow reasonable within the season 2015 - 2016.

الاستقرار الريفي في قضاء شط العرب == A Stability Rural In The Shatt Al - Arab District

Author name: لمى غازي عوفي التميمي
Supervisor name: عباس عبد الحسن كاظم العيداني
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تهدف الدراسة التعرف على واقع الاستقرار الريفي في منطقة الدراسة والتي تحددت بقضاء شط العرب بحسب وحداته الادارية هي (مركز قضاء شط العرب، ناحية النشوة), اذ اشتمل القضاء على (39) مستقرة ريفية منها (18) مستقرة ريفية تقع ضمن مركز القضاء، و(21) مستقرة ريفية في ن | The aim of this research is to recognize on reality of rural stability in the ears of study, which located at Shatt - al - Arab according to its unit agnosticism, Which is (canton the Shatt al - Arab Center, Canton of Al - Nashua), Which includes (39) rural stable of which (18) are located at Canton Center, and (21) at Al - Nashua township, as Well as that the study improves that that influence 0f the historical dimension to the emergence of rural Settlements as the region Suffers to numerous administrative Changes as merging Al - Nashua township With all its settlements administratively With all Shatt - al - Arab in 1983 after that it Was belonged to Al Qurna township and thus prepare rural Settlements Served increased in the study area.......There are Several factors influenced the distribution of rural stability, including human and other natural and emerged three distributional patterns of Settlements served consisted linear pattern which forms the rate (64.1%) and the accumulated pattern by the rate (12.8%) and the dispersed patterns by the rate(23.1%) of the total numbers stable.The studies showed the variation in sizes settlements some of urban sprawl and its impact on reducing agricultural land area as a result of the process of saie of agricultural land and turn it into housing units resulting from population growth and family fission, as studies addressed the reason that led to the reluctance of farmers for agriculture and showed of farmers for agriculture. Population education, health and marketing as well as study the reality of educational, health and recreational services and the infrastructure as study followed uses of residential, agricultural, industrial and commercial land and therefore the study came out the conclusions aimed at the advelopmement of resistance spot and the advancement of the current betterment will be discussed and explained in detail through the chapters of the message

تحليل جغرافي سياسي للعلاقات العراقية - التركية بعد عام 2003 == A Geographic - Political Analysis Of Iraqi - Turkey Relations Post 2003

Author name: عبد الرحمن علي عبد الرحمن الجادر
Supervisor name: ظاهر عبد الزهرة خضير الربيعي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geopolitics
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: يتناول البحث دراسة العلاقات العراقية - التركية للمدة من (2003 - 2014) من منظور جغرافي سياسي للدولتين يمنحنا تصورا جيوبوليتيكيا عن طبيعة سير العلاقات بينهما توافقا واختلافا؛ نظرا لما شهدته الدولتان من تطورات داخلية في كل منهما؛ اذ تشكل مرحلة ما ب | This study deals with the Iraqi - Turkey relations for the period 2003 - 2014 from political and geographical perspectives. It gives us a clear geopolitical vision of the nature of the relations between these states in cases of Compatibility and disagreement. This period is very important in forming the relations between these two countries, for both of them witnessed some important developments during this period. Iraq witnessed a radical change in its political system after the 9th of April 2003, which creates new political, economic and security situations. Turkey, on the other hand, witnessed the arrival of Turkish Justice and Development Party, with Islamic orientation, to the power in 2002. That arrival, which was accompanied with domestic social, political and economic changes as well as changes in both regional and international relations, makes Turkey a more effective power in the region. The theory of Strategic Depth adopted by turkey has a prominent role in the construction of multiple positive relationships with European, Islamic and Arab countries, including Iraq, and this has reflected on the bilateral relations between Turkey and Iraq.The importance of studying the Iraqi - Turkish relations stems from the importance of their geographical Neighborhood and their mutual effect in the economic, ethnic and political fields such as the Kurdish state, Kirkuk, and water shares that affected Iraqi power and its political entityThe study aims to a comprehensive analysis of the geographical and political components of the two countries in order to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each ingredient to guide relations between the two countries in order to achieve their political advantage. The study sought to Confirm that the balance in the political relations between Iraq and Turkey is the base of strong relations between the two countries, which determine the direction of their future relations geopolitically.The main findings of this study is that the Iraqi - Turkish relations have moved from being limited to the interference in the internal affairs of Iraq; because of the impact of common issues and the concomitant serious security implications, such as the Kurds' claim of Kirkuk governorate, and ongoing threats of the PKK to Turkey, as well as the water issue on the relations between the two countries. The Turkish political decision - maker, however, is keen to activate diplomacy to promote political and economic relations with Iraq, the resolution of the outstanding problems between the two countries in accordance with the strategic framework envisages not harming the common interests between them. The fruit of those trends was the establishment of the Supreme Council for strategic cooperation between the two countries in 2008, which can represent the basis for strengthening the relations in several areas, including : political, economic and security between the two countries in the future up to the full level of strategic partnership.Although Turkey has the geographical and political components that enable the Turkish decision - maker to exercise an influential role in its relations with Iraq, yet, the political instability in Iraq made it a target of international, regional and Turkish intervention in order to form a new political situation in line with the Turkish political and geopolitical interests; therefore Turkey took advantage of several circumstances to put Iraq under pressure due to the requirements of interest with the absence of Iraqi political vision in handling foreign issues which turns the Iraqi position to be weak if not totally absentHowever, the position of the Turkish political decision - maker changed in 2008 to earnest support of the Iraqi government to preserve the unity of Iraq, its stability to enable Turkey maintaining the unity of the Turkish territory, and to strengthen trade ties with Iraq to increase the volume of trade exchange between the two countries to reach up to (20 billion) dollars in the coming years. Turkey understands that any interference in Iraq's political affairs will affect the process of accession to the EU. So the study emphasized the need to adopt the principle of (political balance with neighboring countries), which consists of several policies represent a mechanism for the Iraqi decision maker to handle with Turkey, other neighboring countries.Iraq represents the link between Turkey and the Arab Gulf States and Southeast Asian countries. While the Turkish neighborhood represents Iraq's outlet to Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan and to all European countries, and the mutual benefits between the two countries strengthen the cooperation to serve their interests together and encourage the two countries to establish good neighborliness. The investment of Turkish human resources and its employment in Iraq is very important, particularly in the economic and military sphere in order to help Iraq recover and the building of the new Iraqi state.It becomes clear that there is a range of forecasts governed by the factors of attraction or repulsion based on the present and future relations between the two countries, if these factors are exploited properly, they will lead to build a prosperous future. The decision - maker in both countries must understand that the two countries complement each other and that the strong relations between the two countries are based on the principles of good neighborliness and the principle of political balance with neighboring countries.

الوظيفة السكنية للمراكز الحضرية في قضاء المدينة == The Residential Function Of The Urban Centers In Al - Mdeyna District

Author name: مريم خيرالله خلف
Supervisor name: رعد ياسين محمد الحسن
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تعد الوظيفة السكنية واحدة من الوظائف المهمة في المدينة كونها ترتبط بتجمعات سكانية كثيرة وكذلك تبرز اهميتها في مجمل الفعاليات والوظائف داخل المدينة فضلا عن اشتراكها مع بقية الوظائف في السيطرة على مساحة الحيز الحضري، كما انها تعنى بواحدة من اهم المتطلبات | The residential Function is considered as one of the important functions in the city ,Because : it is relates so many communities, as Its importance clearly appears in the whole activities and functions within the city, besides its participation with the other functions in controlling the area of the urban space. Residential Function is also concerned with one of the most important and essential human requirements that’s satisfy individual and family instincts, desires and privacies. Even if the city is devoid of some functions, we cannot imagine how a city without residence. Due to the increase of civilization around the world, the importance of residence was increases; Therefore the Residential Function occupies the widest area in all the cities of the world in comparison to what other functions occupy. The importance of the residential function appears from the ratio that occupies compared to the built area and the total space of the cite , But it may increase in the Developing Countries more than the Developed Ones, Because of lot of Specialists were interested in fields and cities’ variant scopes and the problems they suffer from ,They have been interested in the studies concerned with those problems and the attempt to find the properiate solutions. The Urban Studies is considered as one of the most geographical studies that dealt with Residential , due to its relationship with the population and the importance it has on the overall Functional activities in a cities as the industrial, commercial and service - ones. The thesis aims to study the residential function of the urban centers in Al - Mdeyna District by following up the morphological stages those centers passed through, specifying the residential problem and the required methods to handle it. The study aims as well to reveal the residential structure of the urban centers in Al - Mdeyna and the contributed factors in forming the dwelling Fact whence the number of houses, their occupation degree and the constructional status of those houses, as well as to identify the reasons that make such cities unstable residentially, social and construction ally so as to state dwelling regions in it. Since there is no specialized urban studies handled the residential function in the urban centers of Al - Mdeyna district, this study adopt the obtained information from the field study represented by questionnaire, personal interviews and the visits to the related State offices.The nature of this study have required it to contain five chapters : Chapter One, deals with the morphology of the urban centers in Al - Mdeyna and give a historical background about the three centers , Chapter two handles the prototyped design that was drawn for the three cities and evaluating it. Chapter Three deals with the dwelling and city structures adopting a group of variables and criteria to highlight the dwelling districts reality and its locative contrast among the city parts; which, by the residential regions were revealed in the urban centers as studied in Chapter Four. Chapter Five concluded the study by addressing the residence problem in the city and the environmental issues the residential area suffer from, Reveal the reasons of the problem aggravation and the proposed solutions to handle that problem. Several conclusions and Recommendations concluded The Study.

تقييم كفاءة النقل البحري العراقي ودوره في التنمية الاقتصادية : دراسة في جغرافية النقل == Evaluation Of Iraqi Maritime Transportation And Its Role In The Economic Development A Study In Transportation Geography

Author name: نجم الدين عبد الله نجم الحجاج
Supervisor name: اسعد عباس هندي الاسدي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Maritime transportation is considered as one of the most important pillars of economy to any state in the world. It is an everlasting resource to that economy that support the treasury of the state. In addition, it is important to both international and internal trade. Ports are the contact points with other foreign states. They are transporters to different kinds of goods and products around the world. Besides, they help in mixing social and cultural relations among costal states and cities.Maritime transportation has pushed all states especially the developed ones to forward different types of investments in this sector due to the huge revenue. It is a useful resource if there is an appropriate economic, social and political climate. Some states rely about 70% on this sector as contribution to their income budgets.Maritime transportation in Iraq is not an exception, on the contrary, it contributes a great deal to the national budget. It contributes to the economic wheel of progress in the country. It is the vital vein to the different stuff of the whole trade. After 2003, there was a recognizable exposure to the world which resulted in overflow of various goods making use of the political change. About 85% of the different goods are imported through maritime transportation. it represent a lung to the country without which there would be a great deficiency.The study falls into five chapters, introduction, abstract, conclusion, and recommendations. Chapter One has two sections. Section one surveys the history of maritime transportation in Iraq. In section two we study the elements of the transportation(ship, road, port). Chapter Two deals with the natural and human resources that may affect the transportation. Chapter Three is devoted to the criteria of performance evaluation of maritime transportation in Iraq by applying these criteria on the elements of transportation. Chapter Four deals with the effect of transportation on the economic development. Chapter Five shows the present situation as well as the future expectation of maritime transportation in Iraq by forwarding future expectation from 5 to 10 years to arrive at changes and development that the transportation could witness

التغيرات المناخية واثرها في تغير التركيب المحصولي في العراق == Climate Change And Its Impact On Crop Structure In Iraq

Author name: فهد احمد فرحان العامود
Supervisor name: كاظم عبد الوهاب حسن الاسدي | بشرى رمضان ياسين الطه
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

صناعة تنقية وتحلية المياه في محافظة البصرة وافاقها المستقبلية == Indastry Of Purification And Desalination Of Water In Province Of Basrah And It'S Future Prospects

Author name: رند عدنان ديوان السعيدان
Supervisor name: فارس مهدي محمد
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تبين من خلال الدراسة ان صناعة مياه الشرب احد اهم الصناعات التحويلية وذلك لكونها تخضع لكل متطلبات الصناعة التحويلية حيث تبرز فيها كافة مقومات الانتاج الصناعي من اختيار الموقع الى احتساب الكلفة وتوافر المواد الاولية والايدي العاملة والعمليات الصناعية في مصا | The study shows that water drink production is one of the most important transformational industries since it yields all the requirements of the transformational industry that all constituents of the industrial production emerge beginning from the choosing of the site , the calculation of the cost , the availability of the raw material and workmen and industrial process that take place in the independent factories up to the emergence of the extrinsic or incidental productions and so on. Therefore this study which consiss of five chapters concerns this kind of industry. Chapter One tackles the following : on the introduction to the definition of water and water cycle in nature , the sources of water and water drink qualities and characteristics , the importance of water for humans , the pollution of water drink , and the seasonal and locational discrepancy of the pollution on water drink in the Governorat of Basrah and the impact of this pollution of the public health. Chapter Two is divided into two sections : section one deas with the historical development of the technicality water drink in the Governorat of Basrah while section two deals with the historical development of water drink desalination in the Governorat Chapter Three : Discusses that factors that establish the water drink industry in the Governorat and the imporatance of each factor and its impact. Chapter Four : Demonstrates the geographical distribution of the water drink industry in the Governorat of Basrah. It includes two sections , the first one deals with the geographical distribution of water drink in a province while the second section tackles the geographical distribution of water drink in asector. Chapter Five consist of two sections : The first one surveys the problems concerning the water drink industry in the Governorat while the secand tackles the future prospective of the water drink industry in the Governorat of Basrah. The study has arrived at the following results. The production of water in the Governorat of Basrah in simple traditional ways or methods are the accumulation and precipitation , filteration , sterilization by liquid and powder and chlorine while the desalination stations produce water through reverse ozoination. Water is being refined by ozonization and ultraviolet rays. The natural colonization factors especially that of weather , earth and geological structure , the increase and economic factors especially labourers , raw material , marketing , transportation , government policy and personal or individual desire have affected on limiting , the industrial site. Thus , there is a discrepancy between the geographical distribution of water refinery projects and desalination stations in the Governorat of Basrah. So , there are (132 ) projects for refinement , (12 ) of them are in Basrah district , i.e ; (9.09 % ) , (11) projects are in Abu - Al - Khaseeb district , i.e ; (8.33 % ) , (3) projects in Al - Fao district , i.e ; (2.27 % ) , (4 ) projects are in Al - Zubair district , i.e ; (3.03 %) , (39 ) projects are in Shatt - Al - Arab , i.e ; (12.12 %) projects some of them are in Al - Medyna district , i.e ; (29.54 %) , and ( 47 ) projects are in Al - Qurna district I.e ; (35.62 % ). As regards the private ( domestic ) desalination station their their number in the Governorat is (88) some of them are in Al - Basrah district , i.e ; about (20.45 %) , (8) are in Abi - Al - Khaseeb district , i.e ; about (9.09%) , (1) station is in Al - Fao district , i.e ; about (1.15 %) , (41) stations are in Al - Zubair district , I.e ; (46.59 %) , (2) statios are in Shatt - Al - Arab , i.e; about (2.27%) , (8) stations , same of them are in Al - Mudianya district , about (9.09%) , and (10) stations are in Al - Qurna district , i.e ; about (11.30). Regarding those of the government , their number in the government is (50) desalination stations , (7) of them are in Al - Basrah district , i.e ; about (14%) (2) stations are in Abi - Al - Khaseeb district i.e; about (4%) , (9) stations are in Al - Fao district , i.e ; about (18%) , (6) stations in Al - Zubair district i.e; about (12%) , (8) stations are in Shatt Al - Arab district , i.e; about (16%) , (11) stations are in Al - Mudianyia district , i.e ; about (22%) , and (7) stations are in Al - Qurna district , i.e; about (14%). The number of employees in the refinement projects is ( 1263 ) and the number of those in the desalination stations is ( 406 ). The area of the projects of the water drink refinement is ( 242466) millions square meter in the Governorat of Basrah while the area of desalination stations in the Governorat is (65353) thousands square meters. The production of water refinement projects is ( 735619.625 ) cubic meter /hour. The Basrah district takes over the first rank for the production whil is ( 313433.75 ) cubic meter/ hour ,i.e; (42.65%) of the sum total production in the Governorat of Basrah. Al - Qurna district takes over the second rank for the production whial is (118780.25 ) cubic meter/hour , i.e ; about (16.14%) of the sum total production of the Basrah Governorat while Al - Mudianya district takes over the third rank for the production whial is (96674.375 ) cubic meter , i.e ; (13.14 %) of the sum total production of the Basrah Governorat. Abu - Al - Khaseeb district takes over the fourth rank for the production whial is ( 64875) cube meter/hour , i.e ; ( 8.83%) of the sum total of the production in the Governorat of Basrah while Al - Zubair district takes over the fifth rank for the production whial is (61437.5 ) cube meter / hour , i.e ; (8.35 %) of the sum total production of the Basrah Governorat. Shatt Al - Arab district takes over the sixth rank for the production whial is ( 54768.75 ) cube meter / hour. i.e; ( 7.44%) of the sum total production of the Basrah Governorat. While Al - Fao district takes over the seventh rank for the production whial is (25650) cube meter , i.e; ( 3.49 %) of the sum total The production of the desalination stations is ( 27585) tons/day. Al - Mudianya district takes over the first rank for the production is (8900) tons / day , i.e ; ( 32.25 %) of the sum total production of the Basrah Governorat. Al - Zubair district takes over the second rank for the production whial is (7349) tons / day , i.e ;(26.64 %) of the sum total of the production while Al - Basrah district takes over the third rank for the production whial is ( 4492 ) tons / day , i.e ; ( 16.28 %)of the sum total of the production. Al - Qurna district takes over the fourth rank for the production (4440 ) tons / day , i.e ; (16.09 %) of the sum total of the production while Abi - Al - Khaseeb district takes over the fifth rank for the production whial is ( 1684) tons / day , i.e ; (6.14 %) of the sum total of the production. Al - Fao district takes over the sixth rank for the production whial is (420 ) tons / day , i.e ; ( 1.52 %) of the sum total of the production while Al - Fao district takes over the seventh rank for the production whial is (300) tons/day , i.e ; ( 1.08 %) of the sum total of the production in the Governorat of Basrah. It appears that there have been a number of problems some of which concern the transportation degree (network ) and others concern the quality of water , the invested money , and the employees ( labourers ) , and some others concern the nature of production , the decrease of water levels , the increase of salt.The most important of these problems is the increase of salts for in (2012 ) it reaches the highest in Tigris , i.e ; (1239) milimose /cm on August. And it reaches in the Euphrates (2426 ) milimose / cm during March while salt reaches in Shatt Al - Arab ( the center ) to ( 3561 ) Milimose / cm on October ; it reaches in Shatt Al - Arab ( sehaan ) to (7246 ) milisome / cm during August while it reaches in Shatt Al - Arab ( Al - Lebani ) to ( 4253 ) mi;isome / cm during August. The problem of the decrease of the water level is an effective factor on the process of water drink production that the river water decrease inside the Governorat due to multiplicity of banks and tanks established by the neighbouring countries. This leads to the decrease of water in the Iraqi rivers in a general and in the Governorat in particular. This causes the water to be salty and impure. This decrease also affects on the level of plunger or diver for many water pulling pipes of many refinement projects and consequently the refinement and pumping processes stop at these projects. Moreover , it appears that the problems of networks are considered as a main problem in the pollution of water drink in the Governorat of Basrah being old in age and undergoes constant breakdowns whial lead water greatly to be impure and polluted. Due to these results the individuals share of water in the Governorat of Basrah reaches (275 ) litre / day. These differed among districts that in Basrah district it reaches (239) litre / day , in Abi - Al - Khaseeb it reaches (317 ) litre/ day , in Al - Fao district it reaches (662) litre / day in Al - Zubair district it reaches (130 ) litre / day , in Shatt Al - Arab reaches (341) litre / day , in Al - Qurna district it reaches ( 445 ) litre / day , and in Al - Mudianya district it reaches ( 438 ) litre / day of the collected produced water in the Governorat

اثر الموارد المائية في انتاجية بعض الاراضي الزراعية في قضاء السلمان (محافظة المثنى - العراق) == The Effect Of Water Resources On Productivity Of Some Agricultural Lands In The District Of Al - Salman, Al - Muthanna Province ـــ Iraq

Author name: محـمد فلـيح عـواد الجنابي
Supervisor name: صفاء عبد الامير رشم الاسدي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study aim to explain the role of water resources on the production of agricultural soils. This was done through examining the effect of groundwater on the chemiccal properties of agricultural the soils and the role of rainfall the chemeical properties of soils in the center of Salman district, during the period of year 2013 to 2014.. Salman district is loacated in Muthanna province, west of Iraq. It forms about 43.2% of the total area of the province. The geological formations in the study area are different from the third and fourth gelogical ages, with a dmoninating rocks of dolomite, lime, marl and sand rocks. There are many differences in the surface of the study area, where the topographic elevation ranges between 400 m above sea level in the south to 50 m in the north and east north. There are four soil groups recognized in the study area : desert soil, lime rocks, dune and Alluvial soils.These soils are very poor from organic materials and new formed.. The groundwater of the study area is contained from several aquifers especially Dammam and Um - Radhuma formations. Its storage is about 5.341 - 23.918 billion m3, and depended on the infiltration from rainfall on the area and its sourounding lands. The quality of groundwater included testing parameters of total dissolved solid (TDS), electric conductivity (EC) and major dominates the cations and Sulphat (SO4 - ) domnates the anions. The cultivated area of the Salman district about 21103 heactares during the years 2013 to 2014, with domining cereal crops, of 91.92% from the total cultivated area. The groundwater is the main source of irregation, and the amount of water demand for the total area is about 247.093 billion m3 per year. The groundwater contribute for increasing the (TDS) in the soils from 1140 mg/l in the plants soil, while the surface water of rainfall reduces the (TDS) in the soils to 1658 mg/l.

الزحف العمراني لمدينة شط العرب على الاراضي الزراعية باستخدام نظم المعلومات الجغرافية : دراسة في جغرافية المدن == The Urban Sprawl Of Shatt Al Arab City On The Agricultural Lands Appling Geographical Information System

Author name: مرتضى مظفر سهر الكعبي
Supervisor name: عباس عبد الحسن كاظم العيداني
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: ترمي هذه الدراسة الى الكشف عن التغييرات التي طرات على تقلص الاراضي الزراعية لمدينة شط العرب على اثر الزحف العمراني عليها. حيث تمت مراقبة توسع المدينة على اراضيها الزراعية منذ النشاة وحتى الوقت الحاضر من اجل استنتاج الدوافع والمؤثرات التي ادت الى ان تزحف ا | The aim of this study to detect the changes accord on the reduction of agricultural land of the Shatt al - Arab District as a result of Urban sprawlererSo that it was monitored the sprawler of the city towards its agricultural lands since its commencement till yet to conclude the emotion and effect led to the Urban sprawler towards different direction during the stage of its Urban development or studying the limitation either natural or made by man opponent such this sprawler benefitting from the facilities provided by the GIS systems software. Studying the effects of natural characteristics and changes made by man in its effect or influence on attracting people to the city and there need for residential units for accommodation and then corrosion the agricultural lands which is deemed the basket of city food in addition to its importance pertaining the climate , beatification and environment. Identifying the trends of sprawler of the city so that this study impotence I merged from the importance of the city with the rerate of the studies argue this matter never focus on the Urban sprawler inspire of the change city is witnessed pertaining its population and Urban growth. This study depends upon the historical curricula in appointing the stages of Urban development of the city and the trends of Urban sprawler on the comparative analytical curricula in studying natural specifications and human variables also it accredited the functional curricular in analyzing land usage in regards to its Urban aspects and its functional proficiency by accrediting some plan standards. This study is divided into four chapters proceeded by introduction and followed by conclusion and abstract in English language including tables , maps , figures , whereas the structure and its implication is as follows. First chapter argue the application in studying Urban development of 9 the city , while the second chapter argue the natural features and human variables : Geographical location , its topography soil , water resources and climate. In addition ,the population growth and the geographical distribution. In the third chapter it is argued the land usage in the Shatt Al Arab district included : Residential commercial ,industrial and service usages with the possibility with comparing it with the local standards to identify its functional performance. Fourth chapter discussed the factor of Urban sprawler and then its limitation given entire overview the blank fact of the district represented by basic plans from 1962 till 2004 showing the effect of reduction the agricultural lands as a result of Urban sprawler with identifying the future trends of Urban expansion of the districts. This study concluded group of findings the most important one of which are as follows : 1. The district is expanded during the Urban development stage as it is registered are totaled 14.5 ha since the first construction of the city from 1600 to 1913 , as the district are was increased for the second stage of its Urban expansion to be 45.1 ha ( 1914 to 1957) while third stage had the great rule in expansion the area of the district to be 193.7 ha ( from 1958 - 2002 ) while the last stage upon the economical and social improvement beyond 2003 it is expanded to be 761,3 ha ( from 2003 to 2013)2. As a result of intensive Urban sprawler the area of agricultural farms is decreased as a result of growing population increment from 6285 in 1947 to be 50750 in 2009 agricultural lands is reduced during the term ( 1962 to 1979 ) 556.2 ha to be 346.2 ha during the planning period ( 1980 to 1993) and to be 55.8 for the planning period ( from 1994 to 2004 ) until the during of study.3. The study discovered that 1960 's and 1990 's and 2013 are of the most important points of Urban sprawler on the agricultural lands in Shatt Al Arab district. That’s represented by agricultural lands are done including the location of Basra University , resolution number 18 of 1970 , resolution number 117 of 2000 providing the relevant base of overlapping on agricultural lands in the district and upon the sabotage beyond 2003 it I contributed in merging random construction on the agricultural lands illegally reducing the greenish yard of the district.4. The study shows that there are basis plans of the district proceeded by an attempt to describe the real situation of the district by drawing cad straw maps but all design were prepared for the district are overlapped on by people or the concerned destination to comprehend the population increasing growth or migration movement to the district which is interpreted the failure of the basic plans upon a time of its execution

التركيب المحصولي في محافظة المثنى == Crops In Muthana Governorate

Author name: سعاد عبد الله فضيح
Supervisor name: محمد رمضان محمد
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Muthana Governorate has got so many agricultural potentials that it can be an area of crops that match with the geographical features on the one hand and respond to an integral part of the local market needs with reference to foods and ingredients on the other. This study aims at shedding some light on the geographical potentials the governorate, in question, has with reference to crops; identifying the features of each crop, and showing the value of the crops as far as Iraq is concerned. This study is also heading to trace the changes the crops undergo across the special shifts or trends.To fulfill the aims mentioned above, the research worker divides her study into four chapters as well as an introduction and a conclusion. Chapter One is on the characteristics of the crops grown in the Governorate of Muthana. Chapter Two deals with the natural and human resources of the crops. Chapter Three focuses on the geographical crops and Chapter Four sheds the light on productive potentials of each crop.The production of the crops of the years 2003 - 4 through 2010 - 11 was of relative stability. For example, the groups of crops were 5 - 6 in number. These groups included (29) grains that covered the greatest part of the cultivated fields ( 86.89 %) whereas fruits and dates ranked the second ( 6.62 %). The rest of rates were represented by three groups ( 3.69% , 2.5 , and 0.31 ). The winter crops were almost dominating ( 90/31 % - 82.7 % ) with reference to the cultivated areas. The crops that people fed on directly were given a high percentage ( 58.6 %). The forage is given the complementing percentage (51.62 %). The season in question was lacking the crops that could be used as raw material in certain national industries.The crops have witnessed several changes or shifts during the last decades due to the changing circumstances the governorate went through. The shifts in production were of various spatial indexes. These crops could fall into two varieties the first of which included ( 9 )crops that proved to be of a positive index of values between ( 19.970 - 399.266% ) whereas he second variety included ( 3 )crops but of a negative index of values between ( - 1302.297 - 33.257 ).

الجزيـــرة الحراريــة والراحة البايومناخية لمدينـة السماوة == Heat Island And Bioclamitic Comfort The City Of Samawah

Author name: فاطمة راضي ساجت الجابري
Supervisor name: عبد الامام نصار ديري ناصر المظفر
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تهدف الدراسة الى التعرف على الخصائص المناخية في مدينة السماوة , خاصة درجات الحرارة والرطوبة وسرعة الرياح للكشف عن وجود جزر حرارية, كذلك دراسة العوامل المؤثرة عليها واثرها في راحة الانسان , وبالتالي تسهم الدراسة في التنمية والتخطيط المستقبلي للمدينة.عتمد | This study aims to define the effect of the climatic characteristics in the Samawa city, especially the temperature , humidity, wind speed and to discover the islands heat to enable. Also this study aim to stop the effect of pollution on human comfort. us to make use from the results in planning side for future to Samawa city This study come according to the field work which divides the samawa city to eight axes covered the whole city. and ensure that each axis number of monitoring points and the ( Intersection of the Court) of the city center. cruising him by team coach ,and has operations field monitoring by measuring devices (Digital)to measure the temperature and relative humidity for all the seasons of the year. July represents summer season. October represents autumn season. January represents winter season. April represents spring season. The study contains four chapter the first chapter the relationship of heats island with climates elements that affects on the elements.The second chapter included affected factors on the city temperatures It resulted from factors converging natural and human factors the most important factors are the natural bodies of water that divides the city into two parts, in addition to the impact of climate characteristics in the city, but the most important human population density and height of buildings and paved streets and green spaces in the city and traffic density, all these factors have significant impact degrees the temperature and relative humidity and wind speed. The third chapter included the thermal characteristics of the is ands This has resulted through afield study in addition to thermal Island Islands secondary Islands it was the highest thermal difference between the city center and the adjacent countryside through observations as it amounted to (5,9) in the (Al - Taha) the direction of the axis of orchards Eastern neighborhood, The highest difference between the center and the weather station in the city as it was (3,3m), The fourth chapter comfort Albaeumanak hih and guarantees the heat island in the city of Samwah And through the use of the presumption of cooling wind and figure to (Oligay), The study rest and in the autumn season (October).and In the spring season (April) while in summer (July) it not record the comfort area in Samawa city as a result of high temperature. There isnt any record in winter season (January) so the comfort area never record because of low temperature. Both need two months to some of the requirements of stirring antenna or moisturizing antenna or solar radiation.

التحليل المكاني للوفيات المسجلة في محافظة البصرة للمدة (1997 - 2009) == Spatial Analysis Of Recorded Mortality In The Governorate Of Basrah From 1997 To 2009

Author name: اسامة حميد مجيد السلطان
Supervisor name: صادق جعفر ابراهيم
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تعد الوفيات الضلع الثاني المكمل لمثلث التغير السكاني كما تعد من اهم المؤشرات التي تعكس الاوضاع الاقتصادية والاجتماعية في اي مجتمع كان ومدى صحة ووعي سكانه ورفاهيتهم وهو ما يكسب الدراسة اهميتها. ان الهدف من الدراسة هو بحث ظاهرة الوفيات في محافظة البصرة للم | Mortality is just one side of the triangle of demographic variation. Moreover it is considered as one of the main effects that reflect the social and economic situations in any society in addition to the hygiene awareness and prosperity of the population. This is actually a good reason why this study is significant. The study aims at investigating the phenomenon of mortalities in the Province of Basrah from 1997 to 2009. Spatial - temporal variation is also covered in relation to districts and remote areas. The study relies on some measures of mortality to reveal this variation in relation to quality and age of the deceased people and the reasons behind death in relation to environment. The researcher made use of the bio - statistics records obtained from mortality registration department - Basrah health directorate. In addition, the researcher conducted field work to cover any shortage in the data. The study arrives at the conclusion that the number mortality cases is 104312 during the period of the study with a crude mortality average of 3.9 per 1000 with no regular temporal direction. The number of mortalities varies according to months of the year and seasons. The highest rate is in August and December whereas summer witnessed the highest rate of mortality. The mortality of males overwhelmed those of females with a rate of 57.7% for males and 42.3% for females. Age category of 65 and more registered the highest level of mortality with 33.3% followed by infants with 20% of the total mortality rate. There are 90138 mortality cases due to illness which represents 86.4% of the total number of mortalities. Circularity system diseases and blood diseases in addition to other diseases represent reason number one behind mortality with 31.1% followed by perinatal diseases that represent 18.1% of the total number. Accidents represent 13.6% whereas gun shots accidents represent 58.8% of the total number of accidents. The geographic distribution shows that Az - Zubair, Abu Al - Khaseeb and Shatt Al - Arab registered the highest rate of mortality. Climate - as represented by temperature degrees - is found to be as a main factor of mortality in the area of the study in comparison with other natural factors. Still, there are other factors that play a vital role in mortality like the level of education, vocation, income, marital status, residence, accommodation and health services presented.

دور الموانـئ التجارية العــراقية في تجارة العراق الخارجية للمدة 1997 - 2010 == The Role Of The Iraqi Commercial Ports In Iraq'S Foreign Trade For The Period 1997 - 2010

Author name: سهيلة صبيح ناصر المياحي
Supervisor name: اسعد عباس هندي الاسدي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Marine transportation is considered as a crucial economic front and it has a vital role in the economic development. It contributes to the transportation of goods and merchandise due to its unique properties that distinguishes from other means of transportation. Two thirds of the external trade is done through marine transportation. Iraq has a 65 klm coast that overlooks the Arabian gulf. This coast is the only port through which Iraq is connected to the world and through which, external trade is conducted. It has a pioneer role in external trade with the markets of the world. Consequently, some ports have been constructed along this coast. They are part of the transportation system. These ports include north Um Qasr , south Um qasr, Khor Al - Zubair, Abu Floos and Al - Ma’aqal. The present thesis aims at investigating the strategic importance of Iraqi trade ports anf the role they play in the external trade. This represents one of the pillars of Iraq economy and the development of these ports represents the development of the country. The study is comprised of five chapters. Chapter One deals with the historic development of Iraqi marine transportation. It consists of three sections. Section one deals with the development of parts. Section two tackles the classification of ports while section three shows the development of Iraqi transportation fleet. Chapter Two covers the human and natural barriers of marine transportation. Chapter Three outlines the orientation of marine transportation from 1997 to 2010. Chapter Four deals with the waiting columns (convoys) theory and its application in the ports of Iraq. Chapter Five shows the problems and barriers that Iraqi ports suffer from and the future expectations to Iraqi ports. The study ends with some conclusions and recommendations

الصناعات التحويلية في محافظة المثنى واقعها وافاقها المستقبلية == Manufacturing Industries In The Province Of Muthanna The Reality And Future Prospects A Thesis Submitted

Author name: ماهر حيدر نعيم الجابري
Supervisor name: كفاية عبد الله عبد العباس العلي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The manufacturing of the most important economic activities that lead to building an economic base sophisticated and technically advanced, scientifically and technology, and then Thaoh greater opportunities for economic progress of any country. This study examined the reality of the manufacturing industries in Muthanna province, which is located in the southwestern part of Iraq and for the period from 1980 to 2009. Gained this study significance through several things most important is the lack of a similar study at the county level, and also in order to draw a clear vision for the future of these industries, and through working knowledge of relative importance, and to study its components geographical, and stand on their geographical distribution by identifying the structure, and relational knowledge of the relationship between them and the basic Mrtkzadtha, and then detect the size of the ingredients of the investor in order to detect the surplus, in order to develop plans and investment policies studied. This study relied on government data, in addition to relying on information from some books and university studies, as well as the data and information collected by the field study. The study found several results, including the province of Muthanna located at the site of a good geographical mediates between the southern provinces and the central provinces, and also contain elements of natural geographic and human and that played a big role in the endemicity of these industries, and through its geological and diverse water resources permanent normal runoff and extensive ground spaces, also contain population numbers is one of the important sources of manpower, and the province has a network composed of transfer of the railway network and major and minor ways. And diversified industrial structure of manufacturing through the diversity of sizes institutions between large, medium and small, and return most of the ownership of these institutions to the private sector, except for some institutions that belong to the public sector, either the geographical distribution of these industries has shown us that most manufacturing industries are concentrated in the centers of the province and especially center Elimination of Samawah, which contained the highest ratios. Turning to the issue of problems faced by these industries has show us that it suffers from several problems affected directly and indirectly in their work, which led to the impact on their production due to the loss of most of its energies design, and the most serious problems generated by these industries is the problem of environmental pollution and Assorted three air, water and ground. When resorting to the use of Electronic Calculator by program spss show that manufacturing ties differentiated between positive and reverse with factored Home, revealed by knowing the amount of saturation of these industries of what makes geographical presence amount of the surplus of the ingredients is an investor, which opens the door to future prospects have. The most important recommendations that are considered by the researcher is necessary from the point of view is to work on opening specialized centers working to make the necessary studies and different and providing guidance task for industrial process and to open training courses for workers in industries in order to develop their technical skills, and intensify efforts to invest and exploitation of natural resources , and the exploitation of the geographical location of the province by opening an international border port, and finally work on the development of manufacturing technology and technically.

النقل بالسيارات في مدينة الناصرية : دراسة في النقل الحضري == Cars transportation in Al - Nasiriyah city A Study in Urban Transport

Author name: حيدر عبد الكريم سالم الجبوري
Supervisor name: عبد الرحمن جري مردان الحويدر
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography of Transportation
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تسويق الانتاج الزراعي المحلي في محافظة ميسان للمدة (2010 - 2013) == Marketing Agricultural Products in Maysan Governorate (2010 - 2013)

Author name: ميثم عبد الحسين حميد الوزان
Supervisor name: محمد رمضان محمد
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Agricultural Geography
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

المناخ المحلي لمدينة البصرة == The Local Climate of Basrah City

Author name: مهند حسن رهيف الكعبي
Supervisor name: عبد الامام نصار ديري ناصر المظفر
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Climatic geography
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تحليل جغرافي لحالات الزواج والطلاق المسجلة في قضاء الزبير للمدة 1997 - 2011 == Geographic Analysis Cases Of Marriage And Divorce Recorded In Kudha Al Zaber For The Period 1997 - 2011

Author name: حيدر علي جبر الوحيلي
Supervisor name: عبد الامير كاسب مزعل
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Demographics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

الخصائص الهيدرولوجية لنهر دجلة في محافظتي ميسان والبصرة == Water Hydrologic Characteristics in The Tigris River in Governorates of Misan and Basrah

Author name: خلود كاظم خلف الجوراني
Supervisor name: حمدان باجي نوماس
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography of Water Resources
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

التمثيل الخرائطي لتغيرات الغطاء الارضي في محافظة البصرة باستخدام تقنيتي الاستشعار عن بعد ونظم المعلومات الجغرافية للمدة 1973 - 2013 (الجزء الاول) == Cartographic Representation of Land Cover's Changes For Basra Governorate Using Remote Sensing And Geographic Information Systems Technology For the Period 1973 - 2013

Author name: طارق جمعة علي المولى
Supervisor name: حسن عداي كرم الله | نجم عبد الحسين نجم
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Maps and GIS
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تغير الخصائص الجغرافية وتاثيراتها الزراعية في محافظة البصرة == Changes of geographical properties and their agricultural effects Basrah province

Author name: ماجدة عبد الله طاهر العيداني
Supervisor name: بشرى رمضان ياسين الطه
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Agricultural Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

المنظومات الضغطية المسيطرة على مناخ ايران == Pressure systems controlling the climate of Iran Thesis made by the student

Author name: ياسر مسلم كاظم دامج
Supervisor name: كاظم عبد الوهاب حسن الاسدي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Climatic geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تطور النقل الجوي في العراق للمدة (1950 - 2012) : دراسة في جغرافية النقل == The Development Air Transport In Iraq For The Period (1950 - 2012

Author name: مها شاكر جبر الامارة
Supervisor name: اسعد عباس هندي الاسدي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography of Transportation
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تحليل جغرافي للصناعات التحويلية في محافظة القادسية باستخدام نظم المعلومات الجغرافية (GIS) == Geographical analysis of the manufacturing industries in AL - Qadisiya province using geographic information systems (GIS

Author name: وليد جبار محسن منصور
Supervisor name: كفاية عبد الله عبد العباس العلي | حسين علي العيداني
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Industrial Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

التوزيع المكاني للتلوث البيئي في قضاء الزبير وانعكاساته الزراعية == The Spatial Distribution of Environmental Pollution in Zubair Agricultural Repercussions

Author name: ايمان كريم عباس المياحي
Supervisor name: كاظم عبد الوهاب حسن الاسدي | بشرى رمضان ياسين الطه
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Environmental Geography
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

التركيب الاجتماعي لمدينة شط العرب == Social structure of the city of the Shatt AL - Arab

Author name: وسن ماجد عبد الله الحربي
Supervisor name: رعد ياسين محمد الحسن
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Social Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

كفاءة الوظيفة السكنية في مدينة السماوة == The Efficiency Of The Residential Function In Samawah City

Author name: ماهر ناصر عبد الله
Supervisor name: صلاح هاشم زغير الاسدي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Demographics
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: THE study shedding the light on residential function ,which come on the top of functional priorities which the city provide to citizens in design and formations connected with the civilized period of the society , in addition it's importance the vast area which connected with the rest of other functions to control urban range , housing which represented one of basic needs ,which unextendable to the man single or groups, through the residential units which provides social and medical and economic interests to the residents. The problem of the study had been located in statement the nature residential function to the city and the value of its efficiency, then to discuss the major aspects of the problem and to locate the relationship between the social andeconomic and political and residential indicators and their reflections upon the evolution of residential function , to expansion to accomplish the residential needs This study aims to exam the residential circumstances of Samawa city and reveal urban aspects residential structure which represented each phase of its historical development, by relying on number of criteria to state the change of the house's suitability and aspects of residential reign to the area of the study and means of treatments.Through the study to figure out there is a variation in city resident's distribution from extreme concentration in some areas in contrast with residential disability in proportion 14,2% of the total housing units due to the high ratio of residential qualitative deficit on vast area from another side. In terms of the curriculum the researcher has been adopted the historical method to explain chronological sequence to morphological phases when the city come through , since the city to consider as written history throughout its building and routs and general facilities ,samawa represented historical compound un understandable or to be recognized without understand its historical evaluation , in addition to apply the descriptive quantic method to describe some of ongoing changes as the resident structure and distribution. The study to include five chapters, to discuss in chapter I the morphological phases to the city evaluation, in chapter II to state the residential characters of the city, concentrate on the chapter III to analysis the use of residential area andto locate the residential regions in the city, the chapter IV to deal with the efficiency of the residential unit and available services in district and social services through apply the standers to measure this efficiency, the chapter V to figure out estimations of demands on the residential unit until the target year 2025 ultimately the study conclude with conclusions and recommendations

النمو الحضري واثره في التخطيط العمراني لمدينة الزبير == Urban Growth and its Effect on the Constructional Planning for Al - Zubair City

Author name: قاسم مطر عبد الخالدي
Supervisor name: عباس عبد الحسن كاظم العيداني
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography of Cities
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

التركيب الاقتصادي لسكان دولة قطر حسب تعداد 2010 == The Economic Structure to the Population of the State of Qatar According to the Counting of 2010

Author name: شكرية عبد الله كريم
Supervisor name: صادق جعفر ابراهيم
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Demographics
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تحليل جغرافي سياسي للنظام الاتحادي في العراق == Political Geographic Analysis of the Federal System in Iraq

Author name: ثناء ابراهيم فاضل الشمري
Supervisor name: ظاهر عبد الزهرة خضير الربيعي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geopolitics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

كفاءة الخدمات التعليمية لمنطقة الصدر في مدينة بغداد == The adequacy of educational services for AL Sadr Area in Baghdad city

Author name: اميرة فائق فالح الشمري
Supervisor name: صلاح هاشم زغير الاسدي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography of Cities
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

التحليل الجغرافي لخصائص سكان قضاء القرنة لسنتي (1997 و2016) == GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POPULATION OF QORNA DISTRICT IN (1997 , 2016

Author name: نغم قاسم عبد الحميد الديراوي
Supervisor name: عبد الامير كاسب مزعل
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Demographics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: لقد تطرق موضوع الدراسة الى الخصائص السكانية لمجتمع القضاء لسنتي الدراسة (1997 و2016) وحسب ما متوفر من بيانات، محاولة في الكشف عن الواقع السكاني وما يمتاز به من خصائص ومعرفة التباينات المكانية والتغيرات التي طرات للسنتين المذكورتين المذكورة وما هي ابرز العوامل التي ادت الى هذا التغير، ولا سيما ان منطقة الدراسة لم يسبق دراستها دراسة سكانية بحتة . تهدف الدراسة الى تحقيق مجموعة من الاهداف ذات الارتباط الوثيق بخصائص السكان ، وتتمثل هذه الاهداف بتسليط الضوء على الواقع السكاني في منطقة الدراسة ، والتعرف على التغيرات التي طرات عليه من حيث حجمه وتوزيعه وخصائصه الديموغرافية والاجتماعية ، وكذلك دراسة التباين الزماني والمكاني للخصائص السكانية في قضاء القرنة لسنتي الدراسة فضلا عن كشف وتشخيص العوامل التي ادت الى التباين الزماني والمكاني لخصائص سكان منطقة الدراسة . ومن اجل الوصول الى اهداف الدراسة تم اعتماد المنهج الجغرافي الوصفي التحليلي، لتحليل الظاهرات السكانية التي تم دراستها، فضلا عن استخدام الاساليب الاحصائية من نسب مئوية ومعادلات رياضية لتحقيق الهدف المنشود من الدراسة واختبار فرضياتها . وقد اعتمدت الدراسة على نتائج تعداد سنة (1997) وتوقعات سنة (2016)، فضلا عن استمارة الاستبانة بنسبة (10%) من الاسر التي بلغ مجموعها (2990) اذ تم توزيعها على سكان الحضر والريف وكان عدد الاستمارات الصالحة (2624)، في حين كانت (366) استمارة بين مفقودة وتالفة، كما تم الاعتماد على البيانات الرسمية الصادرة عن دوائر الدولة ، فضلا عن اجراء المقابلات الشخصية للشخصيات المعنية في الحصول على المعلومات وملاحظة الظاهرات لدعم الدراسة . وقد تضمنت الدراسة مقدمة واربعة فصول، جاء الفصل الاول في ثلاثة مباحث، تطرق المبحث الاول الى التوزيع الجغرافي لسكان القضاء من حيث توزيعهم العددي والنسبي والكثافي والبيئي ، اما المبحث الثاني فقد اختص بدراسة تركز السكان ومقاييسه وتوزيعهم الفعلي وانماطه، اما المبحث الثالث فكشف على العوامل الطبيعية والبشرية المؤثرة في توزيع السكان . اما الفصل الثاني فقد القى الضوء على نمو سكان القضاء وكان ذلك في مبحثين، تطرق المبحث الاول الى تطور واتجاه معدلات النمو السكاني والتباين المكاني لمعدلات النمو وبحسب بيئتي الحضر والريف، في حين ركز المبحث الثاني على عناصر الزيادة الطبيعية (الولادات والوفيات) ومعدلاتها والكشف عن حجم الهجرة الوافدة ودورها في زيادة حجم السكان . واهتم الفصل الثالث بدراسة الخصائص الديموغرافية لسكان القضاء متمثلة بالتركيب النوعي والتركيب العمري والاهرام السكانية ومؤشرات التركيب العمري اذ كشفت الدراسة نسبة الاعالة والعمر الوسيط، كما سلطت الضوء على التباينات المكانية في الخصائص الديموغرافية للسكان خلال سنتي الدراسة . اما الفصل الرابع فقد احتوى على مبحثين تم من خلالهما الكشف على ابرز خصائص السكان الاجتماعية، اذ تطرق المبحث الاول الى خصائص النشاط الاقتصادي اما المبحث الثاني فركز على خصائص الحالة الزواجية والتعليمية لسكان القضاء . كما تم التوصل الى مجموعة من النتائج كان من اهمها ارتفاع نسبة سكان الحضر قياسا بسكان الريف وتركز السكان في مناطق محدودة مما انعكس على قيمة الكثافة الحقيقية وتباين الكثافة العامة بين الوحدات الادارية للقضاء بسبب التغيير في الحدود الادارية . فضلا عن بقاء السكان في توزيعهم في الامتداد ذاته عما كان عليه في سنة الاساس مع بعض التغيرات الطفيفة بسبب زيادة السكان . وتوصلت الدراسة الى ارتفاع معدلات نمو السكان سواء على مستوى القضاء ام على مستوى وحداته الادارية، اذ بلغ معدل نمو السكان (3,4) لسنتي (1997 و2016)، وهذا الارتفاع ناجم عن ارتفاع معدل المواليد وانخفاض معدل الوفيات بسبب التطور في المجال الصحي الى حد ما، فضلا عن الهجرة الوافدة وما ادته من زيادة في حجم السكان مع وجود التباينات الواضحة بين الوحدات الادارية في تلك المتغيرات . كما ظهر ارتفاع نسبة النوع في القضاء في سنة (2016) عما كانت عليه في سنة (1997) بسبب الهجرة الوافدة الى القضاء لا سيما من الذكور العائدين الى موطنهم الاصلي بعد ان غادروه في زمن النظام السابق . كما كشفت الدراسة ارتفاع نسبة متوسطي السن وصغار السن وانخفاض نسبة كبار السن مما انعكس على شكل الاهرام السكانية التي اتسمت بقواعدها العريضة وقممها المدببة وانخفاض العمر الوسيط، وما هذه الا مؤشرات تدل على فتوة سكان القضاء . واتسم مجتمع القضاء بارتفاع معدل البطالة في سنتي الدراسة وانخفاض نسبة الاناث العاملات مع تفوق قطاع الخدمات على بقية القطاعات من حيث نسبة المشتغلين اذ سجلت نسبتهم (32,6%) سنة (1997) و(55,8%) سنة (2016) مع تراجع اهمية الزراعة عما كانت عليه سابقا بغض النظر عن بعض المناطق من القضاء التي تم استصلاح اراضي الاهوار فيها مما ادى الى ازدهار الزراعة فيها لا سيما ناحية الثغر . وتبين ارتفاع نسبة من لم يسبق لهم الزواج في كلا سنتي الدراسة على مستوى القضاء، مع التفاوت في بقية اصناف الحالة الزواجية وكذلك الحال بالنسبة للوحدات الادارية، وانخفضت نسبة الامية في القضاء في سنة (2016) بسبب التطور في المجال التعليمي وزيادة وعي السكان باهمية التعليم. كما جاءت توصيات الدراسة في تطوير الخدمات في كافة مجالاتها في الريف محاولة في جذب السكان اليها ومنع الهجرة من الريف الى المدينة والاهتمام بالنشاط الزراعي من المسؤولين للنهوض بالواقع الزراعي بالدعم والتشجيع، والعمل على رفع نسبة النساء المستعملات لموانع النسل لا سيما في المناطق الريفية من القضاء من اجل تخفيض معدل النمو بسبب ما ينتج عن الاخير من مشكلات متمثلة في الضغط على الخدمات وارتفاع نسبة الاعالة، وتحسين المستوى الصحي في عموم القضاء بتوفير المستلزمات الكفيلة بذلك من اجل العمل على تخفيض نسبة الوفيات لاسيما تلك الناجمة من الامراض المستعصية، والعمل على توفير فرص عمل ملائمة لحجم السكان الاصليين والمهاجرين لخفض نسبة البطالة، وتوفير فرص عمل للاناث الراغبات في العمل وبما يناسبهن من اجل رفع معدل مشاركة المراة في العمل، وتطوير الخدمات التعليمية بالمستوى الذي يتناسب مع الحجم السكاني مع بناء المدارس في المناطق النائية من اجل تسهيل التحاقهم بها ومن ثم القضاء على ظاهرة الامية | The current study focuses on exploring the demographic characteristics of the society in Qoran district during the two years of study according to the available data, in an attempt to show the demographic situation and its features such as different locations and changes that happened during that period of study, besides the factors that have led to these changes, never studied before. To carry out the goals of this study, the present work adopted the analytical, descriptive and geographical approach of analyzing the demographical aspects, and the use of statistical tools with percentages and mathematical equations and to accomplish its aims and hypotheses. The study depended on the results of population census of 1979 and 2016, also on the questionnaire with the percentage of 10% out of the families which are 2990 distributed into rural and civil areas. The successful forms of questionnaire were 2624 and 366 forms were missed or spoilt. In addition, the formal data issued from the state institutions have been depended concerning this study, besides making personal interviews with the specialized figures to get the information and to notice the aspects that support this work. This study comprises four chapters and an introduction. The first chapter is composed of three sections. The first one is concerned with the distribution of population in this district on the basis of size, ratio, environment and density. The second one focuses on population stationing and its measurement as well as its distribution and patterns. The third section shows the natural and human factors that affect their distribution. Chapter two sheds light on population increase in this district, including two sections. The first one is devoted to explain the development ratio and increase during the period of study and to show the locative variations for the population increase in the rural and civil areas. The second one focuses on the natural factors on deaths and births as well as the migration ratio and its effect on population size. Chapter three is concerned in demographic characteristics in this place focusing on gender and age as well as population pyramids. This chapter shows life pension and average age. It also sheds light on locative variations of these demographic features. Chapter four is composed of two sections, trying to expose the features of social life in this district. The first one is about the economical features and the second one is about the marital and educational characteristics of this location. The study shows a number of concluding points, which are the increase in the civil population in comparison with that of the rural population, THE population density in specific areas of that district showing the population density on those areas affecting the real and general population density among the administrative units in that district because of change in the administrative borders, and finally, the population continued expanding in distribution. The study also shows the increase in the population during the period of study, whether on the level of the district or its administrative units. That increase reaches 3.4 from 1997 to 2016. This increase is resulted from the decreasing rate in deaths and the increasing rate in births because of the health development in that district, besides the migration rate that resulted in that increase also

التحليل الجغرافي لظاهرة الفقر في مدينة الزبير لعام 2015 : دراسة في الجغرافية الاجتماعية == The Geographical analysis of the phenomenon of poverty in the city of Zubair for 2015 A Socio - Gographical Study

Author name: ميلاد عبد الله جادر المطوري
Supervisor name: عدنان عناد غياض العكيلي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Social Geography
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The trends of modern geography in the study of topics that address the problems of society and its various requirements in the spatial space, and focus on the social studies that fall in the areas of social development, which pay attention to the existence of an optimal life for the individual and his access to everything that is right for the individual for the decent life. Therefore I have done the present study to investigate poverty as a phenomenon that it is increasing day by day, and that poverty is one of the goals that development seeks to address. The results of the analysis showed increasing of rates of poverty and the extent of the impact of the spread of this phenomenon on the lives of the population in the city of Zubair, as the results showed a decline in the level of education and health levels and high unemployment rates among individuals from poor households and these results included studying the following : The study consists of 4 chapters. The first chapter deals with the theoretical concepts of the phenomenon of poverty and its methods of measurement in Zubair city. The second chapter deals with the study of the demographic, economic and social characteristics of the poor. The chapter is divided into three sections, each of which has one of these characteristics. The second included the economic characteristics while the third took the social characteristics, while the third chapter came after the study of the spatial distribution of the phenomenon of poverty in the city of Zubair in terms of places of concentration and lack of them in the city to find out the reasons that worked On the distribution of the poor, while the fourth chapter and the last to be a study of the causes of poverty in the city And its impact on society in the city and ways to address them, as well as the results and proposals as well as sources and supplements and the summary in English The study reached a number of results, the most important of which are : 1. The study reached the fact that the high rates of poverty and the proportion of poverty in the city of Zubair 22% of the total population of the city of Zubair and this indicates the extent of the aggravation of the crisis in the city.2. The poor in the city recorded 0.386% of the indicators in the development index, which is less than the lowest rate of development of 0.500%, which indicates the greatness and severity of poverty, which caused them deprivation of all components of life.3. The drop in the percentage of those enrolled in school and clearly between the primary and higher grades "for the other stages of study, as evidenced by the study the high illiteracy rate among the poor, with 11.2% of the total number of poor in the study

التمثيل الخرائطي والتحليل الجيومورفولوجي لاشكال سطح الارض شرق نهر دجلة بين نهري الجباب والسويب باستخدام تقنيتي الاستشعار عن بعد ونظم المعلومات الجغرافية الجزء ا لاول == MAPPING REPRESENTATION AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE LAND FORMS EAST TIGRIS BETWEEN ALCHABAB AND AL - SWEEB RIVERS BY USING REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (PART I)

Author name: محمد عباس جابر خضير الحميري
Supervisor name: حسين جوبان عريبي المعارضي | طارق جمعة علي المولى
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Environmental Geography
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) have been used in studying the mapping and geomorphological analysis of the forms of the ground surface of east Tigris between Al - Chabab and Al - Sweeb rivers. The area lies at south east Iraq (30° 55' 55" N, 32° 55' 55" N; 67° 10' 59" E, 47° 51' 54" E).It is a border strip paralleling to Iran and extending along Maysan, Wasit and Basrah governorates. Its area is 11132.96 km2.The data of (OLI) sensor of the U.S satellite (Landsat) has been used. It has included three satellite images covering the area in 2016. The data of Quick Bird2 Satellite has also been used. Moreover, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for mapping and geomorphological analysis, Arc GIS V 10.4.1 and Erdas V 8.5 for mapping, encoding, analyzing, enhancing and classifying the spectral features of images have been used in this study. It has been hypothesized that the forms, factors and processes contributing to the formation of the above - mentioned area can be mapped and analyzed geomorphologically by using RS and GIS. The study has been divided into two parts. Part I consists of five chapters plus introduction, conclusions and recommendations. Part II consists of 158 - map atlas. Chapter One includes the geomorphological map and the techniques used in the study. Chapter Two includes the mapping and geomorphological analysis of the natural factors prevailing in the area. It has been revealed that the area lies tectonically in unstable shelf within lower anticlines and sedimentary plain. Geologically the area covers the sediments of Triassic Period and Quaternary. Topographically the area surface slopes gradually from east north to west south. Old climate has significantly contributed to the geomorphological formation of the area. However, present climate and vegetarian cover have less geomorphological effect. Vegetarian cover is small and seasonal. Chapter Three includes the mapping and geomorphological analysis of the processes prevailing in the area. Each process has been studied separately. In addition, the role of each process in the formation of geomorphological phenomena and the characteristics of river networking has been stated. Moreover, quantitative measurement of water and wind erosion has been recorded. Chapter Four includes the mapping and geomorpholical analysis of the morphometric characteristics of the valley basins of the area. The study has studied the characteristics of area, form, length, relief and river networking of twenty basins. These are the basins of - BAbu Kreesha, Al - Amiah, Al - Zafran, Al - Tleel, Al - Jaftah, Al - Hawi, Srat Khatoon, Qarah Tiba, Abu Ghareeb, Chlat, Yarwa, Abu Jarab Al - Charji, Khweesah, Al - Manzliah, Al - Teeb, Abu Ghreebat, Al - Shakak, Al - Dweereej, Al - Salmanah and Shat Al - Emah. They occupy 11721.93 km2. The head of these basins lies in Iran and the mouth lies in east Iraq. Most area of these basins lies in Iran and their flow is seasonal. Chapter Five includes the mapping and geomorphological analysis of the forms of the ground according to their emergence in the area. The geomorphological forms have been classified, according to the factors and processes which had contributed to their formation and emergence, into geomorphological systems and then into secondary units or interrelated ground elements. These systems are structural - denudational, fluvial - denudational and aeolian - denudational.In addition, there are the morphdynamic system and human - action made system.The study has proved that the use of RS and GIS techniques in mapping and geomorphological analysis is of vital importance. The RS and GIS techniques provide many resources not provided by conventional methods. In addition, the use of RS and GIS is economic in terms of time, effort and money. Moreover, such use achieves high performance.

دراسة تحليلية للتراتب الحجمي للمراكز الحضرية وظاهرة المدينة المهيمنة في محافظة البصرة == An Analytical Study of the Volumetric Ordinances of Urban Centers and the Domination Phenomenon of the City

Author name: ماجدة عبد الله طاهر العيداني
Supervisor name: صلاح هاشم زغير الاسدي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study aims at discovering the amount of change in the volumes of the urban centers in Basrah province where they vary in volumes. The urban centers were ordered descendingly and distributed into volumetric groups which indicated that there wasn't a hierarchical ordinance in these centers according to population. This lead to the appearance of what is called the domination of the city which is Basrah city center where high density of population is centered because all economic, service, and administrative activities are centered there. For these reasons, Basrah has become work opportunity getter at the expense of other urban centers. The results of the study have shown that average distance between the urban centers has increased. The distance between them varies where the distance between the urban centers varies depending on their areas. We noticed that the distance increases between the urban centers in the districts whenever their area increases. As for the volumetric groups, every volumetric stratum has a specific distance barrier which increases with the increase of the level of the stratum where the volume and distance are in a proportional relation.The characteristic features of the spatial distribution of the urban centers in Basrah province have been investigated and analyzed geographically by using statistical methods and means of spatial analysis and Geographic Information Systems programs. A couple of quantitive statistical methods were used to figure out how urban centers were distributed; these methods are Gini Coefficient and Lorenz Curve whose results have shown that there was variation and imbalanced distribution of population between the urban centers. The results of neighborhood relation analysis have shown that the spatial aspects of the urban centers distribution were distant and not systematic in all study periods. The results of the correlative coefficient have shown that there was a kind of linear relationship but there was no agreement between the hierarchical natures of the urban centers according to the volumetric base of the urban centers.BThe results have identified the main city, the medium and the middle center of the distribution of the urban centers according to the population in each urban center. The middle center lies at the center of Basrah city and the middle center just near the first. The standard distance was calculated according to the population of each center.The direction of the distribution of these centers has taken an oval shape moving towards the North West and south east of the city. A number of the markers of the urban domination were applied to the urban centers in the city. There is a strong marker denoting that the Basrah city center has an overwhelming dominance over the other urban centers. This was negatively reflected on the first dominant city, where too much crowd and pressure on the infrastructures. Accordingly, a future plan is needed to provide a solution for this problem. Such plan should distribute population and investment in a balanced way to guarantee the distribution of the economic, service and administrative activities evenly. This could be achieved by depending on some planning methods that help diagnosing the problem and help finding the principles of treating it. Among these are Zipf's theory of hierarchical structure of urban centers and the planning method of Riley's model to achieve a volumetric ordinance and employment balance between the urban centers through the redistribution of investments and consequently redistribution of manpower and population in a balanced way in the urban centers.

تسويق الانتاج الحيواني في محافظة ذي قار : دراسة في جغرافية الزراعة == Marketing of animal production in the province of Thi Qar

Author name: ماجد عبد الله جابر التريجاوي
Supervisor name: محمد رمضان محمد
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Agricultural Geography
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: يكتسب التسويق الزراعي اهمية كبيرة في الانتاج الزراعي، فلا قيمة للسلعة المنتجة اذا لم تجد طريقها الى المستهلك، وتمثل هذه العملية جزء متمما للعملية الانتاجية، اذ لا تبدا من مغادرة السلعة المنتج، فاكتشاف رغبات المستهلكين والتنبؤ بالاسعار تسبق الانتاج. ونظرا لتلك الاهمية اولى العديد من الباحثين خاصة الاقتصاديين اهتماما في هذا المجال. وعلي الرغم من تلك الاهمية لم تنل هذه العملية اهتمام الجغرافيون وجاءت معظم دراساتهم لها بشكل مختصر دون ان يعطوا لها ما تستحقه في الدراسة. وتمثل هذه الدراسة الثانية في حقل جغرافية الزراعة التي تناولت التسويق الزراعي على مستوى العراق. تناول الفصل الاول العوامل الجغرافية المؤثرة في عملية تسويق المنتجات الحيوانية وجاء في مبحثين، الاول منهما خصص للعوامل الطبيعية والثاني للعوامل البشرية والاقتصادية، اضافة للفصل الثاني الذي استعرض التركيب النوعي والتوزيع الجغرافي للانتاج الحيواني في محافظة ذي قار حيث قسم التركيب النوعي الى ثلاثة مباحث، الاول منها اختص بحيوانات الماشية بينما كرس الثاني للدواجن والاخير للاسماك المرباة، اما الفصل الثالث فقد كرس لدراسة المنتجات الحيوانية المسوقة في محافظة ذي قار لعام 2015 من خلال ثلاث مباحث خصص المبحث الاول منها لمنتجات حيوانات الماشية المسوقة، في حين اقتصر المبحث الثاني على منتجات الدواجن المسوقة ومثل هذا ما يخص المبحث الثالث الذي تناول كميات الاسماك المسوقة. اما الفصل الرابع فتناول مؤسسات تسويق الانتاج الحيواني في محافظة ذي قار وقد قسم الى ثلاث مباحث خصص الاول منها لدراسة مؤسسات تسويق حيوانات الماشية ومنتجاتها بينما تناول الثاني مؤسسات تسويق الدواجن ومنتجاتها، في حين خصص الثالث لدراسة مؤسسات تسويق الثروة السمكية. اما الفصل الخامس فتناول طرائق تسويق الانتاج الحيواني في محافظة ذي قار واشتمل على ثلاثة مباحث خصص الاول منها لطرائق تسويق حيوانات الماشية ومنتجاتها ومثل هذا ما يخص المبحث الثاني الذي تناول طرائق تسويق الدواجن اما الاخير عني بدراسة طرائق تسويق الاسماك المرباة. كشفت الدراسة ان للعوامل البشرية والاقتصادية لها الدور الاكبر في انجاح وتصحيح المسارات التسويقية والتحكم في قيمة العرض والطلب في الاسواق، بينما كان تاثير العوامل الطبيعية محدودا وذلك لمحدودية التباين في تلك العوامل والناتج عن صغر مساحة المحافظة. كما تبين ايضا من هذه الدراسة ان محافظة ذي قار تمتلك ثروة حيوانية قدر عدد حيوانات الماشية منها (731141) راسا توزع على خمسة انواع (الاغنام، الابقار، الماعز، الجاموس، الابل) اي ما يعادل (5%) من مجموع اعداد حيوانات الماشية في العراق والبالغ (14439933) راسا، اما اعداد حقول الدواجن المجازة في المحافظة فقد بلغت (114) حقلا مشكلة نسبة قدرها (2%) من مجموعها الكلي في العراق والبالغ (5577) حقلا، في حين استحوذت على (89) مشروعا لتربية الاسماك اي ما يمثل (3,6%) من مجموع مشاريع تربية الاسماك في العراق والبالغة (2452) مشروعا. اظهرت الدراسة ان محافظة ذي قار سوقت كميات متنوعة من الانتاج الحيواني في عام 2015 شكلت اللحوم الحمراء منها كمية بلغت (6828,1) طن اي ما يعادل (4,3%) من مجموع اللحوم الحمراء المسوقة في العراق والبالغة (157670) طن ، في حين سوقت من الحليب ومشتقاته ما يبلغ (206100,7) طن مشكلة نسبة قدرها (7%) من مجموع ما سوق من هذا المنتج في العراق والبالغ (2926700) طن، اما من حيث الجلود فالمحافظة سوقت كمية قدرها (87683) قطعة اي ما يمثل (3,18%) من مجموع ما سوق في العراق من الجلود والبالغ (2755000) قطعة، بينما سوقت من الصوف والوبر ما يبلغ (590,47) طن اي ما يعادل (7,2%) من مجموع ما تم تسويقه في العراق من هذا المنتج الحيواني والبالغ (8189) طن، في حين سوقت المحافظة (4530,7) طن من دجاج اللحم اي ما يعادل (8,6%) من مجموع ما تم تسويقه في العراق والبالغ (52812) طن، اما من حيث الاسماك المرباة فالمحافظة سوقت كميات منها بلغت (781,9) طن مشكلة نسبة قدرها (7,6%) من مجموع الكمية المسوقة منها في العراق والبالغة (10293) طن. كما اظهرت الدراسة امتلاك المحافظة العديد من المؤسسات التسويقية المختصة بالانتاج الحيواني، حيث لوحظ ان معظم المؤسسات التسويقية تختص بتسويق نوع معين من الانتاج الحيواني مما اعطاها كفاءة عالية بادارة نشاطها التسويقي. اتضح من الدراسة وجود طريقتين رئيستين لتسويق المنتجات الحيوانية في المحافظة (طريقة البيع المباشرة للمستهلكين، طريقة البيع بواسطة الوسطاء) استحوذت الاخيرة منهما على المسالك التسويقية الاكثر، وبذلك فان المنتجات الحيوانية اكثر مرورا للمستهلك النهائي بها من الاولي مما يؤدي الى تراكم الارباح وزيادة الهامش التسويقي. وفي الختام فان هذه الدراسة ليس الا جهدا متواضعا اضعه بيد المختصين متمنيا ان يساهم في تحسين الواقع التسويقي في المحافظة | Agricultural marketing is of great importance in agricultural production. It has no value for the produced product if it does not find its way to the consumer. This process is an integral part of the production process. It does not start when the product just reaches the consumer, but discovering consumers' desires and predicting prices should be ahead of production. According to the importance of this process, many researchers and first of many economists are interested in this field.Despite this importance, this process did not get the attention of geographers and most of their studies came to them in a brief way without giving this study what it really deserve. This is the second study in agriculture represent a geographical field that dealt with agricultural marketing.Any study of any marketing process must start with the production base represented in this study by the qualitative structure and geographical distribution of animal production in Thi Qar province, which is specialized in the first chapter where the qualitative structure is divided into three sections, the first one is specialized in livestock animals while the second is devoted to poultry and the last to fish. In addition to the second chapter, which dealt with animal products marketed in the province of Thi Qar for the year 2015 through three sections; the first is devoted to section of the marketed products of livestock, while the second section is limited to the marketed poultry products and as such the third section which focuses on the amount of the marketed fish. The third chapter is devoted to the study of the marketing institutions of animal production in Thi Qar Governorate. It is divided into three fields, the first of which is devoted to the study of the marketing institutions for livestock and their products, while the second dealt with marketing institutions for poultry and its products. While the third is devoted to the study of fisheries marketing institutions. The fourth chapter deals with the methods of marketing animal production in Thi Qar province. It includs three sections, the first one which is devoted to the methods of marketing livestock and livestock products. This is the second part, which deals with the methods of marketing poultry, while the latter concerned with studying the marketing methods of breached fish. The fifth chapter deals with the factors affecting the marketing of livestock production in Thi Qar governorate.This study shows that Thi Qar Governorate has an animal wealth. The number of livestock is 7311.41 divided into five types (sheep, cows, goats, buffalo, camels), equivalent to 5% of the total number of livestock in Iraq which are about (14439933), the total number of approved poultry farms in the province reached (114) fields with a problem of (2%) of its total in Iraq (5577), while it acquired (89) fish breeding projects, ie (3.6) 6% of the total number of fish breeding projects in Iraq, which are about (2452) projects.The study showed that the province of Thi Qar marketed a variety of animal production in the year 2015, which accounted for red meat quantity of (6828.1) tons, equivalent to (4.3%) of the total red meat marketed in Iraq, amounting to (157670) tons, while (206,100) tons of milk and its derivatives amounted to (206100.7) tons of the problem of (7%) of the total marketed in this product in Iraq, which is (2926700) tons, either in terms of leather, the governorate marketed an amount of 87683 pieces (3,18) (275,000) pieces, while the wool and lint was exported to (590.47) tons of equivalent (7.2%) of the total marketed in Iraq of this product (8,889) tons, while the governorate marketed (4530.7) tons of live meat chicken equivalent to (8.6%) of the total marketed in Iraq (52812) tons, either in terms of breached fish, (781.9) tons, a problem of (7.6%) of the total quantity marketed from Iraq in the amount of (10293) tons.The study also revealed that the governorate owns many marketing foundation specialized in animal production. It is noted that most marketing establishments are specialized in marketing a particular type of animal production which gave them high efficiency in managing their marketing activities.The study finds that there are two main ways of marketing animal products in the governorate (the method of direct selling to consumers, the method of selling by intermediaries), the latter acquired the most marketing channels, and thus the animal products more than the final consumer from the initial, which leads to the accumulation of profits and increase the margin of marketing.The study also revealed that human factors played a major role in the success and correction of marketing paths and control of supply and demand in the markets, while the effect of natural factors was limited due to the limited variation in these factors resulting from the small area of the governorate.In conclusion, this study is only a modest effort put to the specialists, wishing to contribute to improve the marketing reality in the province

التغيرات الهيدرولوجية لنهر دجلة في العراق == Hydrological changes of the Tigris River in Iraq

Author name: طالب طارش طاهر ال مسافر
Supervisor name: حمدان باجي نوماس
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Natural Geography
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Iraq greatly depends on the surface water resources, most of those resources come from Tigris and Euphrates and their branches. Three countries benefit from these two rivers, (Turkey, Syria, and Iraq), each of which has their own investment plans for the rivers, which have put Iraq in front of different challenges that concerns its aquatic security. Therefore, this study targeted the hydrologic changes of the Tigris basin. It was observed that a combination of natural and human factors have affected the hydrologic changes of the basin, and this change have become more vivid in the branches that feed the river to the river estuary.These factors can be summarized as follows : 1 - Climate Change and Global Warming which have led to the aridity, leading to a great decrease in rain and snow ratios, and a vivid decrease in the aquatic income of the Tigris. The decreased amount of rain and snow have affected the length of both flood and dryness periods according to the excessive nourishment or its scarcity. The contrast is most obvious in the dry years or in the wet ones or those close to the average, the flood period is longer in the wet years, whereas the dry periods are longer in the dry years, and their aquatic income increases or decreases according to the dry period which is shorter in the wet years and longer in the dry ones.2 - The vivid change of the hydrological characteristics of quality for the Tigris waters. When comparing the lab results of the year of study (2017) with those of the years (1970 - 2011), we find that the water quality has changed. The PH level increased, the Ec level also increased, and however the water is rich with the Ca levels, it is still consumable. The Magnesium levels were (66.05) and this is within the allowed limits. The Cl level is also increasing, but the SO4 was (35.5) mlg/ltr, which also within the internationally allowed limits. The Na reached (251.4) mlg/ltr, which is increasing when compared with the readings of the previous years. The (T.D.S) was 700.5 mlg/ltr, which also indicates and increase. However, it was then clear that the salt concentration has changed as you go down the river to the south. This is due to the lack of drainage, as well as what the site indicators reflect such as the reverting streams. It was noted that most of the salty concentrations incline in the dryness period and increased from the north of Saleh’s Castle to Al - Gerneh.3 - The lower - than - normal aquatic income of the Tigris compared to the previous years, which is expected to reach (9,16) billion cubic meter once Al - Kab project is complete. This is considered a huge deficit as the amount of needs is over 60 billion cubic meters, apart from those needs that are required to maintain the Marshes according to the needed rates which also an additional 16 billion cubic meters.4 - The operational plans of Turkey and Iran that control the amount of water reaching Iraq. There are a number of dams established on the Tigris. Therefore, Iraq, geographically speaking, is in a rather negatively affected position being the country of the estuary. Iraq can be negatively affected by the procedures of the neighboring countries that are on the Tigris, and is also negatively affected by the quality of the aquatic income feeding the river.5 - The nature of water planning administration inside Iraq. Most of the projects need further maintenance and development, as well as the aquatic weed, the pollution factors, acts of misuse in the agricultural, domestic, and industrial needs.The perfect usage of the conventional and unconventional water resources does not exist. Therefore, the study have come to a number of recommendations : 1 - The urgent move towards the neighboring countries (Iraq, Syria, and Turkey) that aims at finding the mutual mechanism for redistributing the water shares in the way that serves the interests of all parties according to the international law.2 - Improving the old irrigation systems into the modern ones, such as the spraying and drip irrigation, as well as the developed surface irrigation.3 - Maintaining the water resources from the pollution resulting from the human, agricultural, and industrial activities that are drained into the drainage without being processed, through issuing the laws, legislations as well as the severe consequences against violators.4 - Maintaining the waters by keeping them from being spoiled due to the old irrigation methods that result from the increase vaporization and leakage from the outer irrigation pipes, and using the underground pipes instead.5 - Maintaining the dams and the water reservoirs, putting them back into work according to a centrally controlled plan in order to secure the water needs, especially the irrigative needs, as well as generating electrical power.6 - Developing water administration through the integrated administration of aquatic resources in order to solve the problems that face the water resources such as the low feeding resources, wasted water, as well as pollution, and the lower usage of the conventional and unconventional water resources

التحليل المكاني لصناعة الخرسانة في محافظة البصرة == Spatial Analysis Of TheConcrete Industry In BasrahGovernorate

Author name: شهد سلمان كاظم سلمان
Supervisor name: فارس مهدي محمد
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Industry is one of the important economic sectors. The importance of the concrete industry is reflected in the process of changing the social, economic and cultural pattern of any society by changing the structure of the labor force and the formation of professions. It also works to reduce the economic disparity between the administrative units by improving the standard of living of the population. The spatial analysis of the concrete industry in Basra Governorate is studied through five chapters, The first chapter dealt with the concept, classification, importance and characteristics of the concrete industry in Basrah Governorate and its historical development.The second chapter dealt with the factors of the enduring of the concrete industry in the province of Basra and the statement of the impact of each factor on the establishment and development of the concrete industry in the province of Basra. The third chapter deals with the classification of the concrete industry in Basrah Governorate, where the concrete industry is classified on the basis of ownership and on the basis of size and on the basis of production capacity, which is classified as a productive capacity and actual production capacity and on the basis of the storage capacity of cement, sand and gravel, and on the basis of the area, which includes the total area and construction area and on the basis of capital. While the fourth chapter dealt with the geographical distribution of the industrial structure of the concrete industry in the province of Basra, as this industry is spread in four districts only, namely the province of Basra and the province of Abu al - Khasib and Zubayr district and the district of Al - Medayna while free Faw province and the Shatt al - Arab and Qurna district of any facility For concrete industry. It was found that there is a difference in the geographical distribution of the concrete industry by districts. Zubair district ranked first in terms of the number of concrete works by (16) establishments which constituted (55.2%) and workers of (1162) . The second place was the district of Abu al - Khasib with (9) establishments, which accounted for (10.3%) and of (194) workers. The fourth and last place in the province of Basra by one industrial facility accounted for (3.4%) and of (149) workers. There was also a difference in the distribution of the total area of the concrete industry by districts. The first place was Zubayr district with a total of 220,050 m2accounted for(65.4%) and Abu al - Khasib (78,740 m2) accounted for (23,4% ),and ranked the third district of Al - Medayna by 27490 m2, accounted for (8.2%), and ranked fourth and last district of Basra by 10,000 m2, accounted for (3%).While the fifth chapter dealt with the most important problems facing the concrete industry in the province of Basra,Including the raw material and high prices as well as labor, which suffers from poor technical skill, and the various climatic factors impact on the quality of the concrete product, and the weakness of the ability to purchase machinery and production requirements because they need huge capital, and weak government support for industrial facilities Concrete, and weak infrastructure through the delay of infrastructure projects carried out by the governmentin Basrah governorate which negatively affects the concrete industry, as well as the difficulty of transporting raw materials from and to the concrete industry , as well as the difficulty of transporting finished concrete products to places of consumption.In addition to the problem of bloom and the problem of cracks and isolation problem that affect the quality of the concrete product.The concrete industry is also suffering from the lack of utilization of the production capacity of the design fully, the amount of waste 850 m3 / h, as well as the facilities of the concrete industry from the poor storage of raw materials and concrete product, and the difficulty of access to energy sources and high prices as the total cost of electricity for concrete facilities of IQD (23,475,000 )/ month .The amount of fuel consumed for the concrete industry (665) tons / month and at a cost of (299,250,000) Iraqi dinars / month for the year 2016 , and the difficulty of obtaining the clean water needed to wash the sand and gravel and mix the components of the mixture which is the total amount of water consumed in the facilities of the concrete industry (16,365) tons / day and cost of (38,975,000) Iraqi dinars / month 2016

امكانات التنمية الريفية المستدامة في قضاءي ابي الخصيب والزبير : دراسة مقارنة == Potentials of Sustainable Development in RuralRegions of Abo Alkhaseeb and Az - zubair : A Comparative Study

Author name: نورة فجر مذري المنتفجي
Supervisor name: بشرى رمضان ياسين الطه
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography of Cities
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: يهدف البحث الى الكشف عن الامكانات الجغرافية المتوافرة في منطقة الدراسة وكيفية الاستثمار الامثل لها وبما يساعد في تحقيق التنمية الريفية في قضائي ابي الخصيب والزبير عن طريق التخطيط والتنسيق فيما بين الجهات المختصة, فضلا عن كيفية تطوير الانسان الريفي وزيادة نشاطه في الارض من اجل رفع مستوى الحياة لسكان الريف وتحقيق اهداف التنمية الريفية في ضوء توفر الحاجات الاساسية التي يحتاجها الفرد (المياه الصالحة للشرب, التعليم, الصحة, الكهرباء, طرق النقل) وتوزيعها بشكل عادل وبما يتناسب وعدد سكان الريف المتزايدين وبما يضمن حصول كل فرد على حاجته منها. اعتمدت الباحثة في هذه الدراسة على المنهجين الوصفي (التحليلي) والكمي. ولغرض تسليط الضوء على موضوع الدراسة تم تقسيم الرسالة الى خمسة فصول فضلا عن المقدمة, تضمن الفصل الاول المفاهيم والمصطلحات المتعلقة بالتنمية الريفية وابعادها واهميتها واهدافها, في حين تضمن الفصل الثاني الامكانات الطبيعية والبشرية للتنمية الريفية, اذ شملت الامكانات الطبيعية (الموقع والمساحة, الوضع الجيولوجي, السطح, الخصائص المناخية, الموارد المائية, خصائص التربة, النبات الطبيعي, الثروات المعدنية), في حين شملت الامكانات البشرية ( حجم السكان ونموهم, توزيع السكان, تركيب السكان, التنمية الزراعية, التنمية الصناعية, التنمية السياحية), بينما تضمن الفصل الثالث واقع التنمية الريفية من خلال عرض واقع الخدمات في كل من قضائي ابي الخصيب والزبير والتي شملت خدمات ( الاسكان, خدمات الصرف الصحي, المياه الصالحة للشرب, الكهرباء, طرق النقل), كذلك شمل هذ الفصل على الخدمات الحكومية (الاجتماعية) من خدمات (تعليمية, صحية), اما الفصل الرابع فقد اهتم بمشكلات التنمية الريفية في القضائين والتي تضمنت المشكلات الطبيعية والبشرية حيث تضمنت المشكلات الطبيعية (التغير المناخي والجفاف, تدهور التربة, قلة الغطاء النباتي, تدهور نوعية المياه), اما مشكلات الجانب البشري فقد تضمنت (تعدد انماط السكن الريفي, انخفاض المستوى التعليمي, مشكلة الدعم الحكومي, مشكلة البطالة, المعوقات التكلنوجية, مشكلة الزحف العمراني, عشوائية توزيع الخدمات),واخيرا جاء الفصل الخامس مهتما بدراسة الافاق المستقبلية للتنمية الريفية في قضائي ابي الخصيب والزبير. وتوصلت الدراسة الى ان قضائي ابي الخصيب والزبير يتمتعان بالامكانات الطبيعية والبشرية والتي اذا ما تم استثمارها بالشكل الجيد ستنتج ثمارها في تحقيق التنمية الريفية المستدامة والمتكاملة, كذلك اظهرت الدراسة تباين مستويات الخدمات وتباين كفاءتها فيما بين القضائين وفيما بين الوحدات الادارية لكل قضاء, واخيرا جاءت الدراسة بمجموعة من النتائج والتوصيات وختمت بقائمة الملاحق والمصادر والمراجع. | The present research aims at exposing available geographic potentials on the study area and how to get optimal investment which helps attain rural development and flourishing in Abo - Al Khassibdistrict and Al - Zubair district through planning and coordination among the competent authorities. In addition, these also contribute to develop and change the rural residents and to increase their activities in implantation for the purpose of raising living standards in the rural areas through providing the fundamental needs of the individual such as potable water, education, health, electricity and roads, and allocate these equally in accordance with increasing rural population. The researcher is based upon the descriptive and quantitative approaches. The work is divided into five chapters besides the introduction. The first chapter is concerned with the important terms related to rural development and its dimensions, importance and goals. The second chapter is about the rural, humane, and natural potentials. The natural potentials are location , size, geological situation, surface, climatic features, water resources, soil resources, natural plant and mineral wealth. The humane potentials include the size and increase of population, population distribution, population structure, agricultural development, industrial development and tourism flourishing. The third chapter addresses the situation of rural development through exposing the situation of services in Abo - Al Khassib and Al - Zubair districts such as housing services, sanitation, potable water, electricity and roads. This section is also concerned with governmental services (social, educational and health services). Chapter four pays attention to the problems of rural development in both districts comprising the natural and humane problems. The natural problems are climatic change, dry, soil deterioration, decrease in plant cover andlow quality of water. The humane problems are multiplicity of rural residence, decrease in the educational level, the problem of government support, unemployment, technological problems besides other things. The last chapter is devoted to the future plans to develop the rural areas in both locations. The study finds out that both districts have the humane and natural potentials which, if these will be exploited in a proper way, will produce and attain good results for sustained development in those areas. Also, the study show a variation in the levels of services and their qualities in the two districts and among their administrative centers. Finally, the study closes with a conclusion and number of suggestions besides the references page.

التحليل المكاني لزراعة اشجار النخيل في محافظة ميسان == THE SPACIAL ANALYSIS OF DECREASE IN DATE PALM SHOOTS IN MISSAN DISTRICT

Author name: محمد علي جمعة سيد
Supervisor name: محمد رمضان محمد
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Agricultural Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: النخيل والتمور من الثروات الوطنية المهمة , فالتمور مادة ذات قيمة غذائية عالية لاحتوائها على السكريات والبروتينات والفيتامينات والمعادن الاخرى , وتعدد استعمالاتها البشرية , لذلك فان مسالة تطوير زراعة النخيل وانتاجه والنهوض به يستلزم تطوير انتاج مرض وغرس اصناف مرغوبة تجاريا , ويتباين زراعة النخيل من مكان لاخر ومن موسم لاخر تبعا لمتغيرات طبيعية وبشرية , ومنها جاءت الدراسة للكشف عن تاثير عملية اخلاف اشجار النخيل. اعتمدت الدراسة على البيانات الرسمية من الدوائر ذات العلاقة , والمقابلات الشخصية , كذلك استقصاء الحقائق من العمل الميداني بالدرجة الاساس الذي شمل توزيع (571) استمارة استبيان في (14) وحدة ادارية تمثل (51%) من مجموع بساتين المحافظة البالغة (1106) بستانا للوقوف على واقع عملية اخلاف اشجار النخيل للنخيل المتقدم بالعمر والهالك خلال المدة (2011 - 2016) والتعرف على طرائق اكثار النخيل في بساتين المحافظة والتي تمثلت بالاكثار بالفسائل والنوى والنسيجي والتي بلغت اهميتها النسبية (95,53 % - 4,12% - 0,35%) على التوالي , كما كشفت الدراسة انخفاض عدد النخيل في الدونم الواحد اذ بلغ (26,8) نخلة بالدونم كما اظهرت ارتفاع اعداد النخيل المتقدم بالعمر اذ بلغ نسبة عدد النخيل الفتي والمتقدم بالعمر (36,02% - 63,98%) لكل منها على التوالي من مجموع نخيل العينة البالغ ( 172077) نخلة كما تبين عدد النخيل الهالك ( 128723) نخلة , كما كشفت عدد الفسائل المغروسة خلال هذه المدة اذ بلغت (13925) نخلة بمختلف الاصناف في جميع الوحدات الادارية , لهذا انخفضت نسبة الاخلاف اذ بلغت (5,83%) كما تبين في الدراسة انخفاض ظاهرة اخلاف اشجار النخيل والتي تقف وراءها مجموعة من العوامل الطبيعية والبشرية كان من اهمها ارتفاع تملح الترب, وكثرة الامراض, والافات التي تصيب النخيل والتمور, وكذلك انخفاض الميل للعمل الزراعي لدى غالبية القوى العاملة الزراعية وقلة خبرة العاملين في بساتين النخيل وارتفاع تكاليف العمليات الزراعية والمستلزمات العمليات الزراعية لبساتين النخيل وكذلك انخفاض كفاءة تسويقيه للتمور, فضلا عن توجه المزارعين نحو الزراعة البينية وقلة الدعم الحكومي لبساتين النخيل. | Palm trees and dates are among the important national resources. Date is considered as a high valuable nourishing material since it has sugar, proteins, vitamins and other minerals. They are being used by humans for various purposes. Thus, the case of developing the implantation and production of palm trees needs for developing the level of growing various species required for commercial purposes. But the implantation of such trees has undergone several variation. These trees have variations from place to place in accordance to human and climatic variations. Accordingly, the current study aims at showing and exposing the effects of the process of replacement of palm trees. The present work depends on official data gotten from the associated institutes and personal interviews, as well as investigating the facts depending on the field - based work that includes the distribution of 571 format questionnaires among 14 administrative units representing 51% out of 1106 orchards in the district, in an attempt to come to terms with the replacement of old and dying palm trees from 201 to 2016 and to recognize the ways of palm trees multiplication in the district represented by shoots and seeds that reach (%.,35, %4.12 - %95.53) respectively. The study also shows a decrease in the number of palm trees per acre which is 26.8 palm trees. In addition, it exposes the increase in the number of old palm trees where the number of young and old palm trees reaches (%63.98 - % 36.02) respectively, out of the total number which is (172077) palm trees. The number of dying palm trees (128723). The study also shows the number of planted shoots during that period is (13925) from various types and from all the administrative units. That’s why there is a low level of replacement which reaches (%5.83). This study shows a decrease in the replacement process which is caused by a number of natural and human factors, among which are the increasing level of salt in soil, diseases, pests that affected trees and date as well a decrease in the efforts of plantation among the majority of farmers and the low level of experience possessed by some farmers, besides the low level of marketing qualification for date and the governmental lower support for the palm trees orchards.

تبايـن كثافـة حركـة النقـل البـري بالسيارات على الطرق الرئيسة في محافظة البصرة : دراسة في جغرافية النقل == Variation of the Density of Land Transport by Cars on Main Roads in Basrah Province

Author name: زينب مزبان هزاع الخفاجي
Supervisor name: اسعد عباس هندي الاسدي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography of Transportation
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تناولت الدراسة تباين كثافة حركة النقل البري بالسيارات على شبكة الطرق الرئيسة في محافظة البصرة بالوصف والتحليل والاستنتاج، وقد كان الهدف الاساسي من اعداد هذه الدراسة هو ابراز واقع شبكة الطرق البرية الرئيسة في محافظة البصرة وقياس مدى تباين كثافة الحركة عليها ومدى كفائتها في تلبية احتياجات مستخدميها الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والخدمية، نظرا للدور الكبير والمهم الذي يؤديه قطاع النقل في تسهيل حركة القطاعات الاقتصادية (الزراعية، الصناعية، التجارية)، كما تهدف هذه الدراسة الى تحديد خصائص شبكة الطرق ومميزاتها وانماطها خاصة الطرق الرئيسة ومحاولة تقييمها جغرافيا، بوصفها انعكاسا لمدى تطور المحافظة اقتصاديا واجتماعيا، فضلا عن التعرف على اهم المشاكل التي تواجه هذه الحركة.ولتحقيق هذه الاهداف قسمت الدراسة الى خمسة فصول تناولت اهمية النقل البري بالسيارات على الطرق الرئيسة في محافظة البصرة. فضلا عن دراسة منظومة النقل البري بالسيارات في محافظة البصرة والذي جاء بثلاثة مباحث. كما تم دراسة كثافة حركة سيارات نقل البضائع (الحمل) على الطرق الرئيسة في محافظة البصرة. كما تم دراسة كثافة حركة سيارات نقل الركاب على الطرق الرئيسة في محافظة البصرة من خلال اتباع نفس طريقة العمل.كما تم تناول اهم المشاكل التي تعاني منها الطرق الرئيسة في محافظة البصرة والذي تم الاعتماد فيه على الدراسة الميدانية.فضلا عن قائمة بالنتائج والمقترحات. | This study describes, analyzes and provides conclusions to the density of land transport by cars on main roads in Basrah province. The main concern of this study is to spotlight the reality of main land roads in Basrah and measure the variation of density of movement on these roads and how good they are in satisfying the social, economic and service needs of their users. The study also aims at defining and evaluating the characteristic features and aspects of the network of roads especially the main ones geographically, for they represent a reflection of the economic and social development of the city. To achieve these goals, the study is divided into five chapters. The first chapter deals with the importance of transport by cars on the main roads in Basrah, as it mutually affects the distribution of population and economic activities. Chapter two deals with the network of land transport by cars in Basrah. It falls into three sections that involve the components of this network represented by (driver, road and car). It sets the scene by surveying the historic development of this network from the past up to the present which is divided into two main phases; the first phase is represented by the period between the years (1914 - 1950) and the second phase is represented by the period between the years (1951 - 2015). Chapter three discusses the density of cargo cars movement on the main roads in Basrah in the light of the data obtained from field study. Chapter four discusses the density of passengers' cars movement in the light of the data obtained from the field study. Chapter five tackles the most important problems that the main roads in Basrah suffer from. These problems were identified by the field work and regular visits to the roads. This is also supported by photos that explain the problem for the readers. The study ends with a set of results and the necessary recommendations to treat the problems of land transport by cars in the city.

المنظومات الضغطية المؤثرة في خصائص مناخ شمال الخليج العربي == Effective pressuing systems in Climate features of Arab Gulf North

Author name: حسن منهل مجهول الحساني
Supervisor name: كاظم عبد الوهاب حسن الاسدي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Climatic geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تهدف الدراسة الى تحليل تاثير المنظومات الضغطية السطحية والمتمثلة (المنخفضات الجوية ، والمرتفعات الجوية والركود الهوائي ) على مناخ شمال الخليج العربي من خلال معرفة تكرار ومدة بقاء المنظومات السطحية المؤثرة في مناخه عند مستوى (1000) مليبارا وكان ذلك بالاعتماد على جمع وتحليل الخرائط الطقسية اليومية وللرصدة (1200 GMT) والمنشورة في شبكة الاتصالات العالمية (الانترنيت) منها مركز الارصاد الجوي في ولاية بلا يموث الامريكية والادارة الوطنية للمحيطات والغلاف الجوي(NOAA ) ومن حساب معدل تكرار وعدد ايام بقاء المنظومات الضغطية الشمولية المنخفضة والمرتفعة والركود الهوائي فوق مناطق شمال الخليج العربي فقد تم تقسيم منطقة الدراسة الى منطقتين (شمالية ، جنوبية) بحسب دوائر عرض( 23 الى 30 )درجة شمالا، وخط طول( 48 الى 56) درجة جنوبا وقد تم تحليل الخرائط الطقسية السطحية (1950 - 2016) وتقسيمها الى ست دورات مناخية هي (1950 - 1961)(1961 - 1972)(1972 - 1983)(1983 - 1994)(1994 - 2005)(2005 - 2016) والتي بلغ عددها اكثر من ( 23760) خريطة وحساب معدل تكرار وعدد ايام بقاء المنظومات الشمولية السطحية واستخراج المعدل الشهري لها ومقدار التغير الشهري للمقارنة وحساب التغير في تلك المنظومات الضغطية، حيث يتعرض شمال الخليج العربي الى انواع عدة من المنظومات الضغطية فهو يعد منطقة صراع بين انواع مختلفة من المنظومات الضغطية السطحية ، ومن خلال الدراسة اتضح ان شمال الخليج العربي يتعرض الى اكثر من (12) منظومة ضغطية منها ثمان منظومات منخفضة تمثلت بالمنخفض الهندي والمنخفض السوداني والمندمج الهندي السوداني والمندمج المتوسطي السوداني والمندمج الهندي المتوسطي ومنخفضات البحر المتوسط ومنخفض شبه الجزيرة العربية والمنخفض الايسلندي) واربع منظومات مرتفعة متمثلة بالمرتفع السيبيري والاوربي وشبه المداري والمحلي ، وظاهرة الركود الهوائي ؟ تكونت الدراسة من مقدمة واربع فصول تمثلت المقدمة بالجانب النظري ومنهجية الدراسة ، اما الفصل الاول فقد تناول معدل تكرار وعدد ايام بقاء المنخفضات الجوية المؤثرة في مناخ شمال الخليج العربي للفترة اعلاه، والمعدلات الموسمية للمنخفضات الجوية المؤثرة على منطقة الدراسة ، بينما تضمن الفصل الثاني معدل تكرار وعدد ايام بقاء المرتفعات الجوية الشهري والموسمي المؤثرة على شمال الخليج ،اما القسم الثاني فقد تطرق الى الركود الهوائي خلال مدة الدراسة ، بينما تطرق الفصل الثالث الى معدل تكرار وعدد ايام بقاء المراكز الثانوية للمنخفضات الجوية للفترة اعلاه فوق منطقة شمال الخليج العربي اما الفصل الرابع تطرق الى معدل تكرار وعدد ايام بقاء المراكز الثانوية للمرتفعات الجوية توصلت الدراسة الى ماياتي : 1 - كشفت الدراسة وجود تغير واضح في مدة بقاء المنظومات الضغطية المنخفضة (الحرارية، الجبهوية)، والمنظومات الضغطية المرتفعة السطحية , اذ ظهر المنخفض الهندي الموسمي والمنخفض السوداني والمندمج الهندي السوداني في الدورة السادسة بنسبه اعلى من الدورة الاولى وانخفضت مدة بقاء وتكرار المنخفض المتوسطي في الدورة السادسة عما كان علية في الدورة الاولى اما المنخفض المندمج الهندي المتوسطي فان تكراره وعدد ايام بقائه انخفضت وبنسبة كبيرة بين الدورة الاولى والسادسة . 2 - انخفاض تكرار ومدة بقاء المنخفضات الجوية (الجبهوية ) وزيادة مدة بقاء المنخفضات الحرارية ومنها المنخفض الهندي الموسمي وارتفاع مدة بقاء المرتفعات الجوية المؤثرة والتي ساهمت في تغير طقس شمال الخليج العربي ومناخه، 3 - زيادة تكرار وعدد ايام بقاء المراكز الثانوية للمنخفضات الحرارية في الدورة السادسة عما كان علية في الدورات الاخرى وهذا سببه التغير المناخي الذي يحصل في وقتنا الحالي، وقلة تكرار ومدة بقاء المراكز الثانوية للمنخفضات الجبهوية مما اسهم وبشكل كبير في قلة الامطار فوق منطقة الدراسة وزيادة المراكز الثانوية للمرتفعات الجوية ومنها المرتفع السيبيري والاوربي وشبه المداري.4 - يزداد تكرار ظاهرة الركود الهوائي في الفصول الانتقالية ويقل في الفصل البارد والفصل الحار ويعود سبب ذلك الى ان في الفصول الانتقالية تتقابل فيها مجموعة المنظومات الضغطية السطحية المرتفعة والمنخفضة لتتصارع فوق العراق مما يسمح بفرصه تكون ظاهرة الركود قبل ان تحتل منظومة قوية المنطقة ذاتها، مما يؤدي الى ارتفاع معدل بقائها بالرغم من قلة عدد ايامها.5 - يكون تكرار ومدة بقاء المنخفضات الحرارية فوق المنطقة الجنوبية اكثر من المنطقة الشمالية، وتزداد مدة بقاء المنخفضات الجبهوية فوق المنطقة الشمالية اكثر من المنطقة الجنوبية وهذا يرجع الى جهة دخول المنخفض.6 - يكون تكرار ومدة بقاء المرتفعات الجوية فوق المنطقة الشمالية اكثر مما هو علية في المنطقة الجنوبية لشمال الخليج كما هو الحال بالنسبة للمرتفع السيبيري والاوربي والشبه مداري.7 - سيطرة مطلقة للمنخفض الهندي الموسمي في شهري (تموز، اب) على منطقة الدراسة.8 - نتيجة لعملية التبادل الحراري التي تحصل فان المرتفع السيبيري والمرتفع الاوربي قد يصل مركزه الى المنطقة الجنوبية من شمال الخليج العربي اثناء اشهر (كانون الاول، كانون الثاني، شباط). | The study concluded : 1 - The study revealed that there is a clear change in the survival time of low pressure systems (thermal, frontal) and high surface pressure systems where the Indian low and the Sudanese low and the Sudanese Indian integration in the sixth session higher than the first cycle and decreased duration and frequency of the Mediterranean low in the sixth session Compared to what was in the first cycle of the low - integrated Indian - Mediterranean replication and the number of days of survival decreased significantly between the first and sixth2 - decrease the frequency and duration of survival of air depressions (frontal) and increase the duration of the thermal depressions, including the low seasonal Indian and the high duration of survival of the air high impact, which contributed to the change of weather north of the Arabian Gulf and climate,3 - Increasing the frequency and number of days of survival of the secondary centers of thermal reductions in the sixth cycle than it was in the remaining cycles and this is caused by the current climate change, and the low frequency and duration of secondary centers of the decline of the front and contribute significantly to the lack of rain above the study area increase secondary centers Of the highlands, including the Siberian, European and semi - tropical highlands.4 - Increasing the frequency of air recession in the transitional seasons and less in the cold and the hot chapter. This is because in the transitional seasons, the group of high and low surface pressure systems meet to compete over Iraq, which allows its chances to be a recession before a strong system occupies the same area. Leading to a high survival rate despite the small number of days.5 - The frequency and duration of the survival of the thermal depressions above the southern region more than the northern region, and the duration of the survival of the depressions above the northern region more than the southern region and this is due to the entry of the low.6. The frequency and duration of the survival of the highlands over the northern region is greater than in the southern region, as is the case for the Siberian, European and semi - tropical elevations.7 - absolute control of the Indian seasonal low in the months (July, August) on the study area.8. As a result of the heat exchange process, the Siberian and European highlands may reach the southern region of the northern Arabian Gulf during the month of December, January and February. (researcher)Abstract The objective of the study is to analyze the impact of surface pressure systems (air depressions, air heights and air stagnation) on the climate of the North Arabian Gulf by knowing the frequency and duration of systems (1000 mb) and its effect on changing climatic characteristics over the northern Arabian Gulf, based on the collection and analysis of daily weather maps and balances (1200 GMT) published on the Internet, including the Meteorological Center in the state of Plymouth And the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) From the calculation of the frequency and number of days of the survival of the low and high totalitarian systems and the air recession over the northern Arabian Gulf regions, the study area was divided into two regions (north and south) according to latitudes 23 to 30 degrees north and latitude 48 to 56 degrees south. (1950 - 2016) and their division into six climatic cycles (1950 - 1961) (1961 - 1972) (1972 - 1983) (1983 - 1994) (1994 - 2005) (2005 - 2016) And the number of days of survival of total surface systems and the extraction of monthly rate and the amount of monthly change to compare and calculate the change in those systems of compression, where the northern Gulf of Arabia is exposed to several types of systems, it is a zone of conflict between different types of The study revealed that the northern Arabian Gulf is exposed to more than (12) system of compression, including eight low systems represented by the Indian low and the Sudanese low and the integrated Sudanese Indian and the Mediterranean integrated Sudanese and the Indian - Mediterranean integration Mediterranean lowlands, low Arabian Peninsula and Icelandic lowlands) and four high - altitude systems such as Siberian, European, semi - tropical and local, and the phenomenon of stagnation. The first chapter dealt with the frequency and number of days of the survival of the air depressions affecting the atmosphere of the northern Gulf of the period above. The second section is the seasonal averages of the air drops affecting the study area. The second frequency and number of days of survival of the monthly and seasonal highlands affecting the northern Gulf, while the second section dealt with the air recession during the study period, while the third chapter to the frequency and number of days of survival of the secondary centers of the lowlands For the above period over the northern region of the Arabian Gulf. The fourth chapter dealt with the frequency and number of days of survival of the secondary centers of the highlands

الاهمية الجغرافية السياسية لموقعي سوريا والعراق في الاستراتيجية الروسية بعد عام 2011 == The Political Geographic Importance of the Locations of Syria and Iraq in the Russian Strategy after 2011

Author name: ثناء ابراهيم فاضل علاج الشمري
Supervisor name: ظاهر عبد الزهرة خضير الربيعي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geopolitics
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: يعد الموقع عاملا ذا اهمية بالغة في دراسة دولة ما وكثيرا ما كان الموقع هو العنصر الاساس في البناء الجغرافي للدولة التي تدين له بوجودها ونجاحها. ومع ذلك فان قيمة الموقع تتغير تبعا لتغير الظروف. فالموقع يتسم بالثبات النسبي، غير ان قيمته السياسية او الاستراتيجية في تغير مستمر بتغير الزمن وتقدم التقنيات.ان دولتي سوريا والعراق تتمتعان بموقع جغرافي سياسي اكسبهما شخصيتهما المستقلة التي استطاعت ان تؤثر في الاحداث التاريخية قديما وهي تتجدد في الوقت الحاضر وفق المعطيات السياسية الجديدة في منطقة الشرق الاوسط خاصة والعالم عامة. لذا تم اجراء هذه الدراسة الموسومة (الاهمية الجغرافية السياسية لموقعي سوريا والعراق في الاستراتيجية الروسية بعد عام 2011)، التي اتبعت الباحثة فيها المنهج التحليلي (منهج تحليل القوة) والمنهج الاقليمي والمنهج التاريخي اذا ما احتاجت اليه، وصولا للتحقق من الفرضيات التي وضعت للتساؤلات التي بنيت عليها مشكلة البحث.واهم ما توصلت له هذه الدراسة، ان موقعي سوريا والعراق يحتلان اهمية جغرافية سياسية على خريطة العالم السياسية لوقوعهما في قلب العالم القديم وقلب منطقة الشرق الاوسط التي لا يمكن لاي نظام عالمي ان يتشكل بمعزل عنها. وتظافرت العوامل الجغرافية والاقتصادية والعسكرية والدولية في توجيه سياسة روسيا الخارجية نحوهما. وتوصلت الدراسة الى مجموعة من الاسباب وراء التوجه الروسي نحو الدولتين كان على راسها العامل الاقتصادي. وان الازمة السورية شكلت فرصة كبيرة لروسيا لتحاول من خلالها استعادة موقعها كدولة عظمى على الساحة الدولية. كما وتشكل سوريا الظهير الخلفي لروسيا والحفاظ على نفوذها فيها يحقق لها الامن الداخلي وامن الجوار الجغرافي، ويشكل موقع سوريا الجغرافي عقدة عبور انابيب خطوط امدادات الطاقة من الشرق الى الغرب، كما تحتل قاعدة طرطوس مكانة مهمة في استراتيجية روسيا الخارجية كونها موطئ قدم روسيا الوحيد في البحر المتوسط وخسارتها تعني خسارة روسيا لمنطقة الشرق الاوسط. اما السياسة الروسية تجاه العراق بعد عام 2003 انطلقت من اعتبارات المصلحة القومية الروسية المتمثلة في الحفاظ على مصالحها في المنطقة عموما وفي العراق على وجه الخصوص والحيلولة دون تعرض تلك المصلحة - الاقتصادية والتجارية والعسكرية - لاي تهديد مهما كان مصدره عبر تعزيز العلاقات مع النظام الجديد في العراق والحفاظ على ديمومة تلك المصالح والتعاون للشركات الروسية في العراق. كما تؤكد روسيا على ضرورة ضمان سيادة العراق وسلامته الاقليمية وضرورة الاستعادة العاجلة لحق الشعب العراقي في تقرير مستقبله السياسي وحقه في السيطرة على موارده الطبيعية | Location is considered a factor of great importance in studying a specific country; and in most times, location has been the main element in the geographical building of the state, for which its existence and success can be attributed. In spite of this, the value of location does change continuously in accordance to changes in circumstances. The location is characterized by a relative stability, but its political or strategic value is dynamic and changes with time and technological development. The two countries, Syria and Iraq, have the advantage of distinctive political geographic locations that have given them their independent identity, had an impact in the historical events. Currently, this impact is renewing according to the emerging political changes in the Middle East specifically and worldwide generally. Therefore, this study, titled "The Political Geographic Importance of the Locations of Syria and Iraq in the Russian Strategy after 2011" has confirmed, by following the analytical approach (Power Analysis Approach) via research and investigation, the truth of its hypothesis, on which the research problem is based on. The study concludes that the locations of Syria and Iraq do have a great political geographic importance in the world's political map for they lie in the heart of the old world and the Middle East Region where no world regime can be structured in isolation of it. Geographic, economic, military and international factors have led to the orientation of the Russian foreign policy.The study has found out that there are a number of reasons behind the Russian interference towards the two countries. The economic factor is on the top of these factors. The Syrian crisis has represented a great chance for Russia to regain its position in the international community as a great nation. Syria represents the Russian backyard, for this reason it's important to preserve it by securing it which will result in achieving security in the surrounding countries. The Syrian location represents the knothole through which the Iranian and Arab energy pipelines are passing. Whereas the Iraqi location represents the rich production area. Tartus base has a very important status for the Russian foreign policy as it is the last foothold for Russia in the Mediterranean sea, and that losing it may entail losing the Middle East Region. The Syrian and Iraqi locations enable Russia to reach warm waters to get rid of its weak geopolitical area. The Syrian and Iraqi political geographic locations helped making them an area of competition and conflict for big powerful nations

ظاهرة البطالة في مدينة البصرة : دراسة في الجغرافية الاجتماعية == The Phenomenon of Unemployment in the city Province Study in Social geographey

Author name: اية محمود شاكر
Supervisor name: عباس عبد الحسن كاظم العيداني
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Social Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تمثل ظاهرة البطالة واحدة من اكبر المشكلات والتي لها انعكاسات اجتماعية وسياسية واقتصادية ، وهي بلا شك ظاهرة قديمة ولكنها اليوم اصبحت اشد خطورة من اي وقت مضى ، بل انها باتت اليوم احدى ابرز المشكلات الاساسية التي تواجه معظم دول العالم باختلاف مستويات تقدم انظمتها الاقتصادية والاجتماعية والسياسية، وممزااد من خطورتها التزايد المستمر المطرد في عدد الافراد القادرين على العمل والراغبين فيه والباحثين عنه من دون ان يعثروا عليه وبالتالي اصبحت مشكلة خطيرة ، وما يترتب عليها من اثار جسيمة ذات مساس ببنية مجتمع المدينة، وبخاصة تلك المتعلقة بالاثار الامنية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية على افراد المجتمع ومؤسساته. تعد مدينة البصرة العاصمة الاقتصادية للعراق بحسب وصف المختصين كونها نافذة على العالم لما تحتويه واقليمها على موانئ تجارية هذا من جانب ، فضلا عن تركز اغلب المؤسسات الادارية والتجارية والصناعية من جانب اخر ، لهذا تعد المدينة قبلة الوافدين الباحثين عن عمل لكسب قوتهم اليومي . لذلك ساهمت العديد من العوامل ( الزيادة الطبيعية والهجرة الوافدة وعودة المهاجرين اليها ، فضلا عن استقطاب العمالة الاجنبية ) في ارتفاع معدلات البطالة بشكل كبير فاقت معظم المحافظات العراقية الاخرى وبالتالي تركت هذه المؤشرات اثارا اجتماعية واقتصادية وديمغرافية ادت بالنتيجة الى انعكاسات سلبية على اقتصادالمدينة مما شكل لها اثارا سلبية منها عدم الاستقرار السياسي والامني ، ناهيك عن الاثار الاجتماعية السلبية الناتجة عنها والتي تنعكس على سلوك الافراد . تهدف الدراسةالى تسليط الضوء على اهم واخطر قضية تعاني منها جميع المدن ومنها مدينة البصرة كمحاولة لتحليل واقعها المكاني ومعرفة اسبابها واثارها الخطيرة وتحديد طرق معالجتها ، باعتبارها تشكل تهديدا خطيرا ومتعدد الابعاد لاسيما اثارها الاجتماعية على الفرد والمجتمع ، وصولا الى التعرض الىاهم التجارب التي ساهمت في حل هذه مشكلة وامكانية تطبيقها على مدينة البصرة. توصلت الدراسة الى جملة من النتائج نورد اهمها : 1. ساهمت العوامل البشرية لاسيما الزيادة السكانية بفعل الولادات وتيارات الهجرة الوافدة الى المدينة في زيادة معدلات البطالة فيها، الخصائص الديمغرافية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية دورا مهما في تباين معدلات البطالة في مدينة البصرة ، اذ نلاحظ ان الفئة (15 - 64) شكلت ما معدله (75,4%) وهي الفئة العاملة ضمن الانشطة الاقتصادية وبالتالي يقع على عاتق هذه الفئة اعالة الفئتين الاولى صغار السن (0 - 14 سنة ) والفئة الثانية كبار السن ( 65 فاكثر ) ، كما تبين بان معظم افراد العينة بمعدل (61,7%) يبلغ دخلهم الشهري اقل من (500 ) الف دينار لذلك فهم من فئة الفقراء كون مستوى الدخل لا يتناسب مع حالة ارتفاع الاسعار نتيجة لزيادة الطلب على السلع والحاجيات الاقتصادية والتجارية وبالتالي لايحقق هذا المستوى المعيشي للانسان برفاهية مما ينعكس على فقدان الامن الاقتصادي لكون شريحة كبيرة هم من فئة العاطلين عن العمل .2. اشارت الدراسة الى ان للبطالة اسبابا واثارا تترتب عليها ، اذ نلاحظ ان هناك اسبابا سياسية واقتصادية واجتماعية ونفسية ساهمت باستفحال ظاهرة البطالة في مدينة البصرة ، يقابل ذلك وجود العديد من الاثار التي تتركها البطالة على مجتمع المدينة منها ( اثار اقتصادية ، اجتماعية ، نفسية ، امنية ، وكذلك تؤثر بشكل مباشر على العامل واسرته لاسيما في الانخراط لتناول الخمر والمخدرات او السرقة والقتل )3. اتضح من خلال الدراسة بحسب احصائية وزراة العمل والشؤون الاجتماعية بان هناك ( 169589 ) الف عاطل عن العمل في مدينة البصرة ، اذ سجلت اعداد العاطلين الذكور (158506) عاطلا وبنسبة 93,5% ، اذ شغلت اعلى فئة ضمن حملة الشهادة الابتدائية بواقع (21.7%) وادناها لحملة الشهادات العليا (0,2%) ، بينما سجلت العاطلات عن العمل لشريحة الاناث (10988 ) عاطلة وبنسبة (6,5%) كان اعلاها ضمن حملة الشهادة الابتدائية بنسبة (23,1% وادنى نسبة لمحلة الشهادات العليا (0,1%) | The phenomenon of unemployment represents one of the biggest problems that have social, political and economic repercussions. This was an old phenomenon, but now it gets more dangerous. It becomes the most prominent problem that other countries have been suffering from on different levels of life. What is more dangerous is that there are many people having the ability to work and they seek jobs and they have qualifications, but they haven't found such jobs. This has a negative effect on the social structure. Basra Province is considered as the economic capital of Iraq since it is seen as a window to the outside world for it has commercial ports and, further, it possesses administrational, industrial and commercial centers. Thus, this city is regarded as a gate to the foreigners and job - seekers. Accordingly, there are a lot factors contributing to the emergence of an increase number in unemployment, exceeding the other provinces in Iraq. Therefore, these reflected negative results on the economic, social and demographic levels that affected the political and security stability, as well as the negative social behaviour. The current study aims at shedding light on the most dangerous problem most of the cities in Iraq, including Basra, have been confronting in an attempt to analyze the spatial reality and to recognize the basic causes as well as its effects upon the individual and the society , then ending in the important experiments and practices that contributed to solve this problem and the possibility of applying these solutions to Basra Province. The present study found some results, most of these are presented in the following points : 1. The human factors, especially the population increase such as the number of births and immigration, contributed to increase the level of unemployment. The demographic, economic and social features played fundamental roles in the emergence of unemployment range in Basra. The category (15 - 64) occupies 75.4% that is the working category among the economic activities, and hence, this category is responsible for the sustenance of the category (0 - 14) years old. The second category is the old age generation |(65 years old) and more whose their income is lesser than 500 thousand dinars. This category has the percentage of (61.7%). This group of people is considered poor since their income level is not sufficient for the progressive rise in the prices of goods. 2. The study refers to the fact that unemployment has its negative effects. It is noted that there are political, economic and social as well as psychological reasons that helped in the flourishing of the phenomenon of unemployment in Basra province. These have resulted in the occurrence of addiction, crime and stealing. 3. Throughout the study, according to the statistics of ministry of Labor and social affairs, there are 169589 unemployed, the males are 158506 with a percentage of 93.5% . The highest category are those who are in the primary stage with a percentage of (21.7%) and the lowest category are those with higher certificates with a percentage of (0.2%). The number of unemployed women is 10988 with a percentage of (23.1%), the lowest category are those women with higher certificates with a percentage of (0.1%).

التحليل المكاني لمناسيب المياه الجوفية ونوعيتها في القسم الجنوبي الشرقي من قضاء الزبير == SPATICAL ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER LEVELS AND THEIR QUALITY IN THE DISTRICT OF AL - ZUBAIR USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS(GIS) AND WATER QUALITY INDEX (WQI)

Author name: حنين صادق عبد العباس الركابي
Supervisor name: صفاء عبد الامير رشم الاسدي | حسين بدر غالب المنصوري
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تعد المياه الجوفية من المصادر الاساسية في الموارد المائية لانها تستخدم في العديد من مجالات الحياة المهمة كالزراعية والمنزلية والصناعية. ويتحكم في اهمية المياه الجوفية عاملان اساسيان وهما كل من المنسوب الذي يحدد امكانية الاستفادة من المياه الجوفية زيادة على نوعيتهاالتي تؤثر بدرجة كبيرة على مدى امكانية استخدام هذه المياه في الاستعمالات المختلفة. اقتصرت هذه الدراسة على الجزء الجنوبي الشرقي من قضاء الزبير لتمثل منطقة الدراسة، اذ تقع فلكيا بين دائرتي عرض”27 ’35 °30 - ”33’01 ° 30شمالا وخطي طول”30 ’58 °47 - ”30’22 °47 شرقا وتقدر مساحتها بما يقرب من2687 كم2لتمثل 27% من مساحة القضاء الاجمالية، وتمتاز هذه المنطقة بتركز الابار والكثافة النسبية في استخدامات المياه الجوفية والري الزراعي. اشتملت هذه الدراسة على تحليل التباين المكاني والزمني في مناسيب المياه الجوفية في منطقة الدراسة خلال المدة 2010 - 2014، وقد انتخبت 15 بئرا لهذا الغرض. لقد اظهرت الدراسة تباينات مكانية وزمنية في المنسوب الجوفي، اذ ترتفع المناسيب في الجهات الجنوبية الغربية من منطقة الدراسة بمقدار32.05 متر في حين تنخفض في الجهات الشمالية الشرقية بمقدار2.36 مترا، ويرجع السبب في ذلك الى جملة عوامل ابرزها عامل السطح. اما التباينات الزمنية فكانت غير نمطية مع موسمي الشتاء والصيف ما يعطي مؤشرا قويا على ضعف العامل المناخي والامطار في التاثير في المنسوب الجوفي فيما تمثل دور الاستخدامات البشرية في المياه في الري الزراعي العامل الاكبر في تلك التباينات. كما اشتملت هذه الرسالةعلى دراسة نوعية المياه الجوفية اذ انتخب 30 بئرا لهذا الغرض وقد جمعت 30 عينة في موسم الشتاء (شباط) و30 عينة في موسم الصيف (اب) وذلك للكشف عن الخصائص الفيزيائية والكيمائية في المياه الجوفية اذ قيس كلا من الاس الهيدروجيني (PH) ودرجة الحرارة (درجة مئوية) والتوصيلية الكهربائية EC)) حقليا . اما الخصائص الكيميائية التي حللت مختبريا شملت كلا من المواد الذائبة الكلية(TDS) والعناصر الرئيسة التي شملت الايونات الموجبة وهي الصوديوم (Na) والكالسيوم(Ca) والمغنيسيوم(Mg) والبوتاسيوم(K) والايونات السالبة وهي الكلوريد(Cl) والكبريتات(SO4) والبيكاربونات(HCO3). اظهرت نتائج التحليلات الحقلية والمختبرية تباين الاس الهيدروجيني بين7.40 و7.1 ودرجة الحرارة بين31.5 و26.5 درجة مئوية والتوصيلية الكهربائية بين1405 و4410 ديسي سمنز/متر فيما تباين معدل تركيز المواد الذائبة الكلية بين 10005 و3205 ملغم/لتر وعلى الرغم من ارتفاع تركيز جميع الايونات الرئيسة في مياه الابار المدروسة غير ان هنالك سيادة الى ايوني الكالسيوم والكلوريد اذ يرتفع معدل تركيز الكالسيوم (Ca) الى768.1 ملغم/لتر ليمثل اعلى الايونات الموجبة في حين يرتفع معدل تركيز الكلوريد (Cl) الى2279.4 ملغم/لتر ليمثل اعلى الايونات السالبة. لقد تم مقارنة الخصائص النوعية للمياه بالمعايير العالمية والعراقية لتحديد مدى صلاحيتها للاستخدامات المختلفة واتضح عدم صلاحية المياه للعديد من الاستخداماتفقد تجاوز معدل المواد الذائبة الكلية (TDS) الحدود المسموح بها للشرب والري الزراعي والاغراض الصناعية عدا بعض الاستثناءات | Groundwater is a major source of water resources in arid area because it is used in agriculture, domestic and industrial. The importance of groundwater is controlled by two main factors : the level determining the potential for groundwater utilization, and the quality of water, which greatly affects the extent to which water can be required in different uses.This study was confined to the south - eastern part of Al - Zubayr district to represent the study area. It is located between two latitudes 30° 35’ 27” - 30° 01’ 33” and longitudes 47° 58’ 30” - 47° 22’ 30”. The total area is estimated at 2687 km2 representing 27% of the total area of the district. This area is featured by use of wells and the relative hight in the uses of groundwater and agricultural irrigation.This study included analysis of spatial and temporal variation in groundwater levels in the study area during the period 2010 - 2014, and 15 wells were selected for this purpose. The study showed spatial and temporal variations in the groundwater level, with elevations in the southwestern regions of the study area rising by 32.05 meters, while in the north - eastern regions it decreased by 2.36 meters, due to a number of factors, most notably the surface factor. Typical of the winter and summer seasons, which gives a strong indication of the weakness of the climatic factor and rain in the influence of the groundwater level, while the role of human uses in water for irrigation is the biggest factor in these disparities.This thesis included a study of groundwater quality whereas 30 wells were selected for this purpose and 30 samples were collected during the winter season, and 30 samples were collected during the summer season to detect the physical and chemical properties of the groundwater. Measures for pH, temperature and electrical conductivity have been recorded by field . As for the chemical properties that analyzed by laboratory were TDS and the main elements included the Cations such as sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and the negative ions such as (chlorides) (Cl), sulfate (SO4) and bicarbonate (HCO3). The results of field and laboratory analyzes showed pH variation between 7.40 and 7.1 and the temperature between 31.5 and 26.5 ° C and the electrical conductivity between 1405 and 4410 dsi / m and the average of total concentration was between 10005 and 3205 mg/L although the concentration of all main ions was high in wells water that under study but mainly with calcium (Ca) to 768.1 mg/L represents the highest Cations while the concentration of chloride (Cl) increases to 2279.4 mg/L that represents the highest Anions.The specific characteristics of the water were compared to international and Iraqi standards to determine their suitability for different uses and the water was unsuitabile for many uses. TDS exceeded the permissible limits for drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes except for some uses
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