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النبي ادم : دراسة تاريخية في ضوء الايات القرانية == The Prophet Adam, Peace Be Upon Him Historical Study In The Light Of The Quranic Verses

اسم المؤلف: حسن ثاجب الركابي
اسم المشرف: علي صالح رسن المحمداوي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ القديم
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The study of the lives of the prophets daunting for the researcher because of foot eras, and the lack of information about their age, and what happened in the events as well as the lack of competent older studies archeology about the news received from the prophets, and the dependence on novels news, and to afflict some of the myths and Israeli, and what happened of forgery of some historical facts in the process of some prophets multiple motives, some of the reasons social, ethnic, political or religious, and others..Use the Quran different methods, to get to Maevkr by humans of faith and life issues, was among those methods is the narrative method, which Anmaz being integrated literary style because it is from God. It is the most beautiful of the contents topics Koran wonderful stories that talk about the progress of the prophets and apostles and told God that their stories are the best stories, they are stories right, and not just for fun and enjoy, but it is to achieve scientific and intellectual goals, and educational and advocacy. All this was an incentive to study their stories to make peace in the Holy Qur'an, the choice fell on the story of the Prophet Adam, peace be upon him, it is the story of humanity as a whole, and the study was titled (Prophet Adam, peace be upon him in the Koran). So it was this subject need a scientific study based on the Koran and the correct Sunnah which are consistent with the Qur'an and do not conflict with him, all of my predecessors in writing all aspects did not address as stated in verses stones, was agreed with Dr. supervisor on this topic, take title appropriate for him after extensive discussion, is worth mentioning that some stated in this study is not Koranic verses as they constitute the core of the research sample, relying to some proper conversations approval of the Quran and the mind to analyze and explain the verses.The research plan : Has adopted where the substantive division, Vksmt search into four chapters : First, the conditions of the family, and this chapter has the meaning and derivation of the name of peace, as well as his descendants and Wife, and the story of Cain and Abel friendly mentioned in the Koran, and the issue of nuclear proliferation.II : creation and succession, eat this chapter phases created peace be upon him and the purpose of it and some of the physical attributes, as well as Astkhalafah in the ground, and the nature of the succession, and the position of the angels, including.Third : honor, eating his prophecy peace be upon him, and his knowledge of names and their meanings and content, as well as the angels prostrating to him, and what this prostration and Hakikth.IV : troubled in Paradise, and eat it divine live in paradise and wisdom, and place, and wills and pledges divine Adam, roads followed by the devil to get him out of heaven, as well as a statement of sin and justified, and repentance and their causes and meaning of real.Difficulties : Which I encountered during writing, including : 1 - similarities and redundancy in the Quranic verses, for example, Sura 34 where almost from Surat norms : 11 - 12, and Al - Isra : 61, and the Cave : 50, and content prostrate to Adam, peace be upon him, as well as Al - Baqarah : 35 - like Surat norms : 19, and content of Adam lived in paradise, and other verses that Aasana to mention. 2 - Israeli abounded in the books of interpretation, and different views of the commentators both by his doctrine, and limiting the senior commentators in their interpretation on the meaning of the words, which made us late Nltgi to interpreters to understand the Quranic verses, and infinite views and statement probably. 3 - The lack of Quranic texts to some of the issues which can not be dispensed with in this study, as a matter of creating Eve, Atomic and reproduction, and the language of Adam, and some physical attributes. In spite of this, but we Alsaab and the grace of God first, and the efforts of Dr. supervisor Secondly I managed to overcome them, and if there is a failure in some detective they were not deliberate, this is all we ca
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المصادر:

بريطانيا وايرلندا الحرة : دراسة في العلاقات السياسية 1939 - 1945 == Britain And Free Ireland A Study In Political Relations 1939 - 1945

اسم المؤلف: يوسف طه حسين القريشي
اسم المشرف: فرقد عباس قاسم المياحي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This dissertation aims at making the Arabs and researchers realize the major aspects of the British - Irish relations in most dangerous period, the Second World War. This study follows up the reasons behind the Irish state refusing of the British demands of the military facilities, especially the using of the Irish ports as well. Moreover, the study discusses the nature of political relations between Britain and Ireland during the Second World War and its effects on war.The study begin in 1939,because it is the year that witnessed the outbreak of the Second World War and at end in 1945 in which Hitler’s defeating in Europe. The study falls into an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion. In the first chapter the researcher sheds light on historical background of the British - Irish relations. This chapter focuses on the British occupation of Ireland from early time and the political developments of the relations between Britain and Ireland since the Irish independence up to September 1939.In the second chapter the researcher studies the British - Irish relations from the outbreak of the Second World War up to 1941.The researcher focuses on the Irish attitude towards the military developments of war since early time up to U.S.A. declaration of war against the Aix powers, the British efforts to get the military facilities from Ireland, and follows up the reasons behind the Irish state to refuse the British demands.The chapter three devoted to discuss the international developments and its results on the British - Irish relations from 1942 up to 1943.The researcher focuses on the U.S.A. efforts to improve the British - Irish relations, the Irish reactions on the landing of the American troops on the north Ireland, and the Irish resistance of the Allied demands of the putting up the propaganda and spy of the Aix powers in Ireland. Finally, this chapter deals with the Welch’s visiting to London and its effects on the British - Irish relations. The last chapter devotes to deal with the continuance of the British demands from 1943 up to 1945.The researcher tries to discuss the Irish resistance of the British demands on dismissing of the Aix diplomats from Ireland, the Irish attitude towards the last developments of war, the British demands not to grant asylum to war criminals of the Aix powers, and its demands to hand over the German detainees in Ireland.As for the conclusion, it is as a summary of the most important results that the researcher arrived it
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الثورة المكسيكية 1910 - 1940 : دراسة تاريخية == The Mexican Revolution 1910 - 1940 Historical Study

اسم المؤلف: عقيل جعيز شمخي السهلاني
اسم المشرف: ابراهيم فنجان صدام الامارة
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Did not receive historical and political issues for countries the Americas interest academic studies in Iraq, except for the study of the history of the United States and positions on many issues around the world, to the United States from a broad relationships global position as a major country, so it remained date the Americas states unknown is not addressed to him only through the study of European history since the start of the geographical statements, because of the political weight of Europe in that era, and the strength of the ruling European households able to roots date manufactured in the Americas, and stuck to the lead in writing and drafted in accordance with the historical and the European political perspective. Given the changing political situation in the Americas as a result of the liberation movements of European colonialism, especially after the American War of Independence in 1776, linked the peoples of the Americas Association of law, citizenship and belonging and state sovereignty in a new way. This has resulted in all the new events and new variables from which emerged the new date as part independently of European history, and it became necessary to study the history completely independent way from what it was before independence. It is fitting that academic studies trending in Iraq toward areas and historical issues that has not received sufficient attention commensurate historical value new perspective, emphasizes the study of circumstances and experiences of these countries and the size of the similarity between them and the Arab states in the tragedy of division and retail inherited Arab and American countries of European colonization, including where Iraq. Before that democracy achieved in many American states, had to pass through several stages of the struggle, succeeded in some of them, and failed in others, but the struggle for democracy has never abated, it has witnessed the Americas in the early twentieth century revolutions several In order to achieve democracy was the most important subject of the study of the Mexican Revolution. The importance of this revolution back to several reasons, not necessarily called for the study was the most important. Historical extension of the revolution, because the revolution was the outcome of political and social developments and serious economic passed out of Mexico since the Spanish occupation in 1519 have until the fall of dictatorship under Broferrio Diaz in 1910 at the hands of Francisco Madero. That era that changed the moral concepts of the social level, and made Mexico ample vast American intervention at the political level, a cheap commodity and foreign investment in the market at the economic level. The Revolution the lead in advocating the values of socialism worldwide and the first missionary out, as it was the first revolution in the twentieth century has inspired a lot of American States freedom and independence, thus this would be a major historical turning point towards global socialism that has taken root quite the Bolshevik revolution in Russia and its ideology of Marxism in 1917, but the revolution in Mexico has not received as much attention is given to the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia. The reason for this is the different ideological visions between the two revolutions, and the export of socialist principles mechanism for other countries, Russia has worked on the export of the socialist doctrine of the world, and Mexico provided only in the framework of American States. The length of time it took the Revolution, which lasted forty years, in which he expressed a continuing insistence of the Mexican people to aspire to freedom and to the establishment of a civil state based on democratic institutions. Mexico also saw a succession in which many governments because of the large number of political conflicts and growing competition in the access to the top of the pyramid of government in the state, as well as changes in the political arena of uprisings and rebellions and counter - revolutions. Permanent political conflict between Mexico and the United States because of the border overlap between the two countries, and the continuation of hatred between the two peoples, because remnants of the Mexican - American War 1846 - 1848, which manifested itself what is known as (b waiver Mexican) all from Texas, Florida and Chrinland to the United States, as well as US concerns Mexico from being sucked toward the socialist bloc led by the Soviet Union in the framework of the World Socialist capitalist race. The class struggle, who grew up under the dictatorship of Diaz, whose impact on the overall social relations in Mexico, which split the Mexican community and the jurisprudence of the two categories of workers, farmers, and gave rise to a lot of uprisings and revolts and strikes led to the result of dismembering the society which form difficult to contain conflicting attitudes in under the Mexican Revolution. So a lot of those so - revolution social revolution. Revolution split into two phases, the first armed struggle involved and spread within the period 1910 - 1920, the second is the stage of the reconstruction of Mexico from 1920 to 1940. And the size of the political challenges faced in the context of those eras. The aim of the study is to show the importance of this revolution, and the analysis of the roles that passed out politically, socially and economically, which crossed the whole for (unanimously for the birth of Mexico current), as well as the desire that this study be suitable to understand a lot of problems that are related to American history away ground import perceptions of Western literature and studies. Besides contributing to fill the vacuum in the Iraqi libraries studying this historic area. Was chosen in 1910, the beginning of the subject, because it is the year that was sparked by the revolution at the hands of Francisco Madero, and fell by the Government Breviro Diaz after thirty - four years of dictatorial rule passage, and your search is over in 1940 after the end of Cardenas rule which put an end to the end of the revolution, so Btamima Mexican oil and apply it the Law of Agrarian Reform and lay Constitution, which was founded on the jurisprudence of the modern Republic of Mexico and the handover of the National Revolutionary Party, which lasted for the next sixty years
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سياسة الولايات المتحدة الاميركية تجاه الهند (1964 - 1972) == United State Of America Policy Toward India (1964 - 1972)

اسم المؤلف: حيدر عبد العالي جبر
اسم المشرف: كاظم هيلان محسن السهلاني
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: الحمد لله رب العالمين والصلاة والسلام على اشرف الخلق اجمعين محمد المصطفى واله الطيبين الطاهرين......اما بعد...فان دراسة السياسة الخارجية الاميركية تحظى باهمية كبيرة في التاريخ الدولي المعاصر؛ لان فهم تلك السياسة اصبح ضرورة ملحة؛ نظرا لكونها تشكل القطب | The study tries to study an important topic which is related to the international relation ,more specifically it is American - Indian relations. After Indian gained its independence in 1947, it endeavored to build her bases foreign policy to ensure its independence and to prevent itself from any external interference detrimental, especially after the beginning of the cold war between to main poles United States and Soviet Union.In that period the events an any place of the world had affected by this relation between tow poles in way or Another the cold war synchronized within India's independence, so it endeavored to keep its independence by following neutrality policy. Then talk about the thesis of American - Indian relations in the era of President Nixon and Johnson during the period 1964 - 1972oukd Tenth three ministers and heads of Indians are Jawaharlal Nehru، Lal Bahadur Shastri and Indira Gandhi varied according to the United Alaqtbalolayat international circumstances and the problems faced by India.The study divided the five chapters and an introduction and a conclusion, with supplements, and the first chapter titled stages of the American political evolution, and was divided into two sections presidents first dealt with the concept of foreign policy of the United States to recognize the historical context of the concept, while the second section focused on the mechanisms American political decision - making. As for the second chapter, which came titled US policy toward India 1947 - 1964 he served as an introductory chapter indispensable gives a clear and focused on US policy for the period that preceded the duration of the study image, has been divided into four topics Head first section dealt with the strategic importance of India for US policy, while highlighted the second section highlights the Indian - American political relations, has been highlighted and adequately on the nature of those relationships during the Eisenhower and Kennedy, while singled out the third section of the policy of the United States economic toward India, and in this study were addressed this aspect something detail; to understand its importance in American policy tools. The fourth section, which dealt with the position of the United States towards the Indian foreign conflicts, this section included three axes Axis I touched on US policy toward India - Pakistan conflict over Kashmir state, indicating the most prominent positions Washington from that conflict and the other Axis Turning to the US position on the Sino - Indian war in 1962, which saw the US support and clear the Indian side and the third axis focused on the United States 'position in the Indian conflict - Portuguese on "Goa" region (Goa) 1961, highlighting the United States' position from that conflict and its reflection on the US - India relations. While the Third chapter focused on political Johnson to internal developments in India 1964 - 1968 This chapter section on the three sections Head as eating the first part, the Johnson administration's position on the pay Shastri - Andrigandhi prime minister of India, and in this section the focus was to see the position of Washington political changes after the death of Nehru, and how to deal with these variables, while the second section focused on Johnson's policy toward Indian food crisis of 1965 - 1967, and finally focused on the position of the third section of the Johnson administration to developments in the Indian nuclear file 1964 - 1968. While highlighted in the fourth chapter on the attitudes of mutual countries towards key issues such as the Indian armament issues that separated in the first section of this chapter, and devoted the second topic to talk about the Indian position on the Vietnam issue and its impact on their relationship with the United States, while the third section focused on US position from the second Kashmir war in 1965. The final chapter has focused on Nixon's policy towards India 1969 - 1972 has been divided into four first Investigation eat the nature of American - Indian relations during the period above, while the second topic of Indian - Soviet relations and their impact on US relations, and the third on the Nixon administration's position on the repercussions Bengali crisis and, finally, the fourth section focused on the US position of the outbreak of the 1971 India - Pakistan war.The study was based on a number of diverse sources, which published documents formed the basic source material for scientific material, these documents have supported the basic references, by people who were directly related to the events.Finally, I hope that I have been successful in my modest knowledge of the extent commensurate with the subject of the study, and it may be that I have been able to prepare an academic study draws in that period of American policy toward India landmarks.
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العثمانية : دراسة تاريخية في الاتجاهات السياسية والميول الفكرية حتى سنة 60هـ

اسم المؤلف: عبد المنعم عبد الجبار علي جعفر
اسم المشرف: ابراهيم جدوع محسن السلمي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2013
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
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النبي ابراهيم الخليل (عليه السلام) في القران الكريم : دراسة تاريخية == The Prophet Abraham In The Holy Koran

اسم المؤلف: حيدر حسين حمزة سلمان الشريفي
اسم المشرف: علي صالح رسن المحمداوي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة - كلية التربية - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: There is no doubt that Koran is one of the historical sources whereas every thing mentioned is true no thing but true. therefore , we have based on the Koranic texts to study the character of the prophet (Abraham) (God's blessing and peace be upon him). The study included four chapters : - In the first chapter , we have studied the prophet (Abraham) father's name , whether it is Azir or Tarih ? we proved that all the prophets' fathers (God's blessing and peace be upon them) were monotheists , no one of them was a polytheist , also we clarified that " Abuladhiayf " and " Abualbusharatain" are two of his epithets.In the second chapter , we have mentioned his many attributes , whereas he might be the prophet who holds the most attributes , who was afflicted by God in many issues , the preferred friend of his God , the groaned who feared his God in all conditions , the patient who handled the difficult issues with patience , the repentant who invoked God a lot , the good example to other prophets , the veracious not the liar as what was declared that "he lied three times " ? , the sincere and the loyal to his God who was very hospitable to his guests and the prayer who was praying a lot. He was calling people to worship God by performing prayers and asking God to keep him away from idols worshipping and sedition , make people hearts take the side of his progeny and asked God the repentance for him and his parents.We have proved the incorrectness of some of what was attributed to him such as (fear , apprehension and devoutness) by stating that he was sent by God and that intended fear is in the human self and exists in every human being.In the third chapter , we have stated that the prophet (Abraham) was in a good social standing otherwise , how could he married two wives , one lived in Kan'an and the other lived in Mecca. In the fourth chapter , we have stated that the year of his death wasn’t mentioned in the holy Koran but there was a mentioning in the Koran refers to the prophet's (Abraham) will for his sons and grandsons to keep believing in the religion of fathers and forefathers which is religion of Islamic. The second chapter : the progeny of the prophet Abraham We have discussed the subjects of the progeny , its definition and the Koranic verses which stated the concept of progeny , thus , we have divided progeny into two types : good and bad The good progeny are the prophets , sons of Abraham such as Isaac , Esau , Jacob , Josef , Moses , Jesus , Elia , Eliash , Lot and Mohammed (God may bless them ).While the Koranic expositors mentioned no names of the bad progeny and what we have found "transgressors who make mischief and act wickedly on the earth " only. In the view of the fact that the wife is the base for the progeny , therefore we studied Sara 4 and we stated that some of her attributes are performing prayers , giving birth after menopause and also we stated how she buffeted her face after knowing that she was pregnant. Hajir , was the woman whom the prophet Abraham brought her to Mecca to build the Kaaba and perform prayers , therefore she wasn’t the bondwoman as described by the weak - minded who don’t follow proof. By Koranic evidential verses , we have stated many times that his sons are Isaac (the sacrificed - who was about to be slaughtered by his father Abraham as a sacrifice to God) , prophet Esau ( the promising in science ) and Jacob was the grandson of Abraham , thereupon his will of Islam was for them. Furthermore , we mentioned the subject of the descendants of prophet Jacob because they are the progeny (descendants) of Abraham and their father is prophet Jacob.Moreover , we have clarified the concept of descendants , progeny (followers) and the Shiites from his posterity and we stated that they were the Muslims who followed and imitated him and his way of worship , and the worthiest person who has the right to inherit prophet Abraham is prophet Mohammed (God may bless him and his progeny).The third chapter : - Faith of Abraham's father and his people.In this chapter , we studied the subject of Abraham's father's faith , we stated how he argued with his father about his peoples' idols , describing these idols and asking God's forgiveness to his father for not abandoning his people's idols.Also , we referred to proofs refers that the prophet Abraham's father was a believer basing on what were mentioned in the Koranic texts , and we mentioned that all the prophets' fathers are virtuous and purified and not disbelievers.In the subject of his peoples' faith , we mentioned the kinds of deities they had such as idols , images and gods , moreover , we described these deities , their inability to speak where they can't talk , hear , see , help and harm. At the end of his mission , the prophet started to dispute them , when he found that they would not understand him , he destroyed their idols to let them see the fact that their idols are incapable even to defend their selves , consequently they build a high building , piled up wood and burnt him but the God's almighty saved him. The fourth chapter : - prophet Abraham's faith In this chapter , we proved with evidences that he was a Muslim and was believing in God (Allah) , doomsday and Day of Resurrection. then we stated the meaning of uprightness (Hanafiah ) and upright ( Hanafi) , we said that it’s the religion of Abraham which is ( worshiping Allah , staying away and abandoning polytheism , and he is innocent from being a Jew (on the religion of Judaism ) or a Christian (on the religion of Christianity) but he is a Muslim (on the religion of Islam ) Moreover , we stated that the uprights are the people who abandoned their people's belief , idols worship , eat dead animals and submit sacrifice for idols , warn people not to kill the female infants , who said that we worship the God of Abraham and started to dishonor their people for not worshiping God. In addition to that , we clarified that there was a connection between all religions and we said that the prophet Mohammed (God may bless him and his progeny) was on the religion of Abraham.We mentioned in this chapter that he is the obedient slave to Allah , he immigrated by the order of God to the blessing land - Mecca - and his worship to Allah is a worship by nature.We mentioned that he is the disputer prophet who defended prophet Lot and his people , he was described as the prophet whom God sent down books to him and we mentioned what were cited in these books from verses , parables and wisdoms and we stated that it is a self - purification from doubts by performing worships. Further more , we indicated to the prayer , we said that it is the base in all religions and this religious duty was performed by the prophet according to what was mentioned in Koran and Torah. While the Imamate of the prophet was the last thing sent down by Allah to Abraham after praying and invoking Allah. Because of its importance , we said that the prophet wasn’t content with Imamate for himself but he asked it for his progeny and he was the first prophet who held this basic element (Imamate).In the end of this study , we revealed the more illustrated results which are : his father wasn’t a disbeliever but a believer , he is the most attributed prophet in the holly Koran , he was asking a lot God's forgiveness to his father , he disputed with his people about their idols revealing to them that they hear , see , harm and help nothing.He was the first prophet who destroyed his people idols and his religion was Islam
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المصادر:

سياسة الولايات المتحدة الاميريكية تجاه القضية الالمانية 1969 - 1974 في ضوء الوثائق الاميريكية == The Policy Of United States Of America Towards The German Question (1969 - 1974) (In Terms The American Documents)

اسم المؤلف: عبادي احمد عبادي
اسم المشرف: كاظم باقر علي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2012
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة - كلية التربية - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The Present dissertation aims at studying the policy of United States of America towards the German Question 1969 - 1974 , and knowing the causes and the affections that made it to adopt this policy. It presents the affections of the United States policy in the political statement in Germany, especially the development of the political relations with the Federal Germany because of the American Administration disagreement to consider the Democratic Germany as an independent state. United States of America refused to establish a diplomatic relations with Democratic Germany. The present study illustrates that United States of America has diplomatic relations with the Federal Germany only. It sheds light on the policy of some other countries towards the German question,especially the Soviet Union. The American Policy towards the German question cannot be understood and followed unless the policy of the other countries should be dealt with since the policy of these countries affects, and it is affected with such a matter is resulted from the interrelation among the political and historical events in this respect. Some questions concerning the topic have been asked and the researcher tries to answer this questions.The study starts with 1969 which is the beginning of Nixon’s presidency in United States of America and Brandt as the Chancellor of Federal Germany.Their are began as a (( New Era )) in the political relationships between the East and the West that based on the cooperation instead of being so strict in order to find a score solution to the important political questions like the German question. In addition to this, they adopted such policy to decrease the tension and to support the security and peace in Europe. 1974 Comes as the end of the present study with the end of the Nixon’s and Brandt’s Presidency.The dissertation consists of an introduction , four Chapters, conclusions and appendances. The First chapter is considered as an introduction to the topic in order to know the historical origins of the American policy towards the German question throughout the historical development of this policy and it’s affections in the development of the political and the economic situations in Germany and the relationship with the Great States, especially the relationship with the Soviet Union and the Countries that have legitimacy to rule Germany as Occupation forces. It is the matter that initiates for the competition between the two forces concerning the power in territories in Europe generally and in Germany particularly, According to the competition between United States of America and the Soviet Union, The Cold War break out. The Cold War that happened caused the division of Germany into two countries and crystallized the establishment of the Federal Germany 1949. The Federal Germany has been rearmed and accepted to be a member in NATO in 1955. United States did so in order to prevent the Russian leverage in Western Europe. It can be also considered as an advanced centre to defend the American interests in this region. the Soviet Union established the Democratic Germany in 1949 Which has been rearmed and accepted as a member in Warsaw Pact in 1955. The Chapter concentrated on the American policy towards Berlin Crisis in 1958 and it’s results in constricting Berlin Wall in 1961. The Chapter dealt with all the reasons behind the failure reunifying Germany. The Chapter dealt with the causes and the variables that made United States of America re - estimating it’s policy towards the Soviet Union after Berlin Crisis. And the influence of the American policy on the policy of the Federal Germany before the presidency of Nixon. The second Chapter explains the policy of United States of America towards the German Question 1969. It explains the influence of Nixon’s presidency in the diplomatic relations towards the Soviet Union and is reflections on the German question. The researcher, In this chapter, focuses on the reasons and motivations that made Nixon adapting such a policy and implementing it towards the Soviet Union. The chapter dealt with the policy of United States towards the second Crisis of Berlin in 1969 and the initiation ofthe diplomatic interaction between Nixon and the Soviet Leaders in order to reach at a suitable solution concerning the political questions that disturb both sides. The chapter dealt with the election of the Parliament in Federal Germany.The results of election Brandt’s success to be Chancellor. Brandt declares that he will adopt the policy of Ostpolitik with the Soviet Union and the Eastern Europe in order to establish the bridge of trust and communication and to find a peaceful settlement for the German question and to end the tension and to support security in Europe. The chapter illustrated the reasons and the strategic targets that made Federal Germany adopting the policy of Ostpolitik with the East. The chapter focused on the American position towards the declaration of the policy of Ostpolitik which made United States feels anxious about it’s interests because of the policy of Federal Germany. In the same time, the chapter explains the causes that made United States supporting the Ostpolitikwith the Soviet Union and the Eastern Europe countries. The chapter dealt with the positions of the other big notions toward the Ostpolitik in order to understand the American position as a result to the influence of these positions in the German question.The Third chapter explains the policy of United States of America towards the German Question 1970 - 1971. The chapter dealt with negotiations between the Federal Germany and the Soviet Union, Poland and the Democratic Germany and The American Position towards it. However the American Position is characterized with supporting the negotiations. The chapter focused on the American position towards the “Agreement of Moscow” between the Federal Germany and the Soviet Union in the 12th of August 1970 and the “Agreement of Warsaw” between the Federal Germany and Poland in the 7th of December 1970, concerning the refreshment of the political relationships and the recognition of the border lines at that time. These two agreements are considered as turning points in the history of policy between the east and the west of Europe. Accordingly, United States re - estimated it’s diplomacy to suite the new conditions in the constriction of the political relationships with European Countries especially with its main ally, Federal Germany. This matter is embodied with the issue of a group of principles to guide the policy from the American interests in Europe and Federal Germany. The chapter dealt with the negotiations among the Four Power States in order to improve the conditions inWestern Berlin with reference to the exchange of drafts in this concern between the United States and Soviet Union and the role of Federal Germany in compromising between them. As a result, the Quadripartite Agreement on Berlin was a signed in the 3rd of September 1971 concerning Western Berlin. This agreement smoothed the way in front of establishing diplomatic relations and removing the obstructions between the Federal Germany and the Democratic Germany, so the agreement between the Federal Germany and the Democratic Germany was signed in the 17th of December 1971. The last chapter focused on the policy of United States of America towards the German Question 1971 - 1974. It emphasized on the American policy towards the relationships between the Federal Germany and the Democratic Germany and the certification on the agreement of Moscow and Warsaw respectively in the Bundstag. United States exploited the attitude of the Soviet Union in the certification of the agreements to end the military aggravation in southern - east of Asia especially stop fighting in Vietnam. The chapter dealt with the role of United States and the Soviet Union in encouraging both the Federal Germany and the Democratic Germany to finish their negotiations to reach at signing the basic agreement in the 21st of December 1972. This agreement recommends that both countries should normalized the political relationships between each other. The Four Power States issued (( the Four Power Declaration)) in 1972 which emphasized the upholding of including the Federal Germany and the Democratic Germany in United Nations. This prepared the floor to accept them as equal members in United Nations in the 18th of September 1973. This step is followed by the diplomatic representation between the two countries in the 14th of March 1974. The Federal Germany established diplomatic relationships with all countries in the East of Europe including Czechoslovak throng the signing of a agreement of Prague in the 8th of December 1973. The chapter contains the reasons behind Nixon’s and Brandt’s resignation in 1974.
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المصادر:

روايات اهل الكتاب للسيرة النبوية (حتى عهد البعثة) == Tales Of Book People Of Prophetical Biography Till Age Of Mission

اسم المؤلف: مخلد ذياب فيصل الجبر
اسم المشرف: نزار عزيز حبيب الخاقاني
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2012
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة - كلية التربية - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
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المصادر:

نور الدين الحلبي : دراسة تحليلية في كتابه انسان العيون في سيرة الامين المامون == Noor Al - Dean Al - Halabi And His Book "Insan Al - Oyon Fi Searat Al - Amean Al - Ma'Moon

اسم المؤلف: دنيا عبد علي الشمري
اسم المشرف: علـي غانم جثير
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2013
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
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ايران في عهد الشاه سلطان حسين (1694 - 1722م) == Iran In The Period Of Shah Sultan Hussein,S Reign ( 1694 - 1722 A. D.)

اسم المؤلف: نهلة نعيم عبد العالي ال بطي
اسم المشرف: سميرة عبد الرزاق عبد الله العاني
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Safavid state was formed of Turkumans Toides which known as Aelkezlba and inspite of the hard mysterious situations and accomapanying events that the state came through include the intermittent conflicts with the nighabours states such as oHomanic state which the main reason of conflect between them was the secaterian difference.but the safavid state had kept it,s power somehow specifically in age of first shah - Abas.but after while the state started to fall apart gradually by the age of first shah - Abas. During this time safavid state had seen social and economic problems led it goes down gradually,all this problems due to the first Abas shah because deliberately he killed princes of Safavid fimily ,this scene has been reflected on the desting of de Safavid state and it,s policy later on. When shah safi took the throne he has followed abloody policies later on had created lots of problems and had lost many lands used to be important and strategic for Safavid state. The second factor was the administrative system dispite the different foundations of Safavid,s state it has los it,s efficiency in performance as well as the rulers started. chacing to reach jobs and Salaries ,since the shah was spineless and driven as well as surround by foreign consoltants who did not give him the opportunity to choose snitable cadres to ful fill management positions dep on the former corruptor officers though. The only trouble that been faced by Safavid state was rip.and rivalry between officials,chairmen and rulers though its been clear that these factors drove the state to fall apart soon , as well as they became tax collectors. During the previous factors, arich class had been fromd and negatively affected the society, conflects it was not expected in these situations , to make workhose case for the foundations of safavid state.because these foundations have closed the Gates Upon all people , and became open just for people of benefits.That’s why management, jobs have been baugh, soch as well as money and fortune have always been inhirited infact its due to internal System instability which let the military foundation to be week and powerless after it was the core of Safavid,s state to face all conflects,s parts first Sha - Abas has formed military forces aims to find alteratives for the ancient foundation which has been ruled by Ael kezlbah to make it weak not to cancel It ,as well as this army was completely different than previous ones, Aftermath, Gorgies have poped up and showed these nations later on after weakness of loiality creed for shah and the state. According to this the foundation of religion has faced many changes.and replacements.with in the last years of safavids.Government, as well as religion,s entTiy was correlated to the political and Social situating to circuamstances, Though by this way the destiny of safavids state and its collapse have been the main reason religion entcty collapas. According to this we can figureout the factors of weakness which the safavids state had faced after long age of power either these factors wer characterized in the recipes of shah , leaders or curriculum.Though , Its been clear that the factors of weakness are more specially the character of shah.because shah wasn,t pwerfull authority and able to rule the state with specifications thate.in d time full of events ,conspiracies and internal revolutions, as well as since economic situations.which affected the social and political status, which the outcomes and resources - of commerce became so weak and few.Way the total responsibility of state collapse can not be on the head of shah sultan Husain.because in contrast between his age and ages before him we can find that.who social and conomic problems that state has faced belong to, ruled before him specially, shah suliman , as well as the chargcs against shah sultan Husain have been proved in this study ,that.The main reason of disintergration that happened to the community due to the shah first Abas who delebarately killd the princes of safavids family.
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المصادر:

المراة في كتاب الاصابة في تمييز الصحابة لابن حجر العسقلاني (ت : 852هـ/1448م) : دراسة تاريخية == Women In The Book Of Al - Esaba By Ibn Hajar Al - Asqlaani (D. 852 A.H./1448 AD) A Historical Study

اسم المؤلف: نهاد نعمة مجيد الشمري
اسم المشرف: وئام عدنان عباس النعيمي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The book of (Al - Esaba fi Tameez Al - Sahaba) is considered as one of the most important writings in the study of the life of the companions. Women have also had their own share of attention in the writings of Ibn hajar Al - Asqlaani (D. 852 A.H./1448 AD). He tackled the biographies of women in some details. Throughout our observation of the biographies of women, we found that Ibn hajar has traced the life of women from birth until death, and all that is related to the religious, political, cultural and economic life. To him, the favor belongs in knowing the names of the culture of female companions in all the provinces of Islamic world through knowing their names, brothers, relatives etc. Choosing the topic is undertaken where women in all sphere of life in the first and second centuries AH. The necessary require dividing the thesis into a Preface and four chapters. The preface is a brief account of the age of Ibn Hajar Al - Asqalani and the statement of his political, economic, social and cultural status for knowing the effect of his historical writing. Chapter One is the scientific and academic biography of the author and divided into two inquiries. First we stated his biography, name, surname, birth, family and bringing up until death. The second inquiry tackles the scientific life of the author from the beginning of his acquisition which includes his tutors (Sheiyukh), his travels inside and outside Egypt, his travel to the Levant, Yemen and other regions. The inquiry also tackles his functions and scientific efforts. Chapter Two includes three inquiry : the first inquiry studies the book of(Al - Esaba fi Tameez Al - Sahaba) and stating the importance and the value of the book. The second inquiry is devoted to the outline of the book which includes the style of Ibn Hajar in his book like references, repetition. Chapter Three studies the sources of Ibn Hajar which is divided into two inquiries. The first inquiry tackles the quotation from the source, and the second inquiry studies the sources of different religious sciences and historical writings. Chapter Four sheds the light on the public life ion four inquiries. The first inquiry concentrates on the missionary and jihadist role of women, the second inquiry on the scientific activity, the third on the economic role of women and the fourth is concentrates on the social and living of women like traditions of marriage, engagement, child rearing, etc. The study comes up to the following findings : 1. Ibn hajar Al - Asqlaani comprehended all the writings of his age. 2. Islam has cared for women and encouraged it to learn and consecrated for them many rules.3. He marked out the role of women in all aspects of life.4. The book of (Al - Esaba fi Tameez Al - Sahaba) has done a great favor for the students of the biographies of the companions in the 1st century. 5. Our Islamic history is still in need for studies of the hidden treasures.
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المصادر:

موارد سبط بن العجمي (ت884هـ/1479م) ومنهجه في كتابه كنوز الذهب في تاريخ حلب == Ibn Al - Ajmi Tribe Of Resources (D. 884 AH / 1479 AD) And His Method In His Book The Treasures Of Gold In The History Of Aleppo

اسم المؤلف: نعمة شكر محمود علي الجبوري
اسم المشرف: نعمة شهاب جمعة اليوسف
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد - كلية التربية ابن رشد للعلوم الانسانية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: From the former exposition of references and methodology of the author and what is related to it, It could have concluded the most important matters on which " Subt Ibn Al - Ajmi" paid huge concern in his Book " Kinuz Al - Thahab Fi Tarikh Halib" ( Treasures of Gold in the History of Aleppo). I could have concluded it in the following : The Book over mentioned is actually local encyclopedic composition and the author has divided it into two parts , in the 1st part, he planned for Aleppo during the period he has lived , while the 2nd part includes incidents and deaths during the period he contemporized. The author hugely concerned over mentioning references of his information either taken from an individual or from men of religion or doctrine or sect. He paid much attention on varying his methods as to get to the information from its sources as reading, listening and questions. He also has concerned over utterances and methods indicating to the contemporary and has given strength and reliability for his narrations. He did not cease at exposing and showing his narrations and information, but actually he mentioned many sources for the information and balanced between these narrations; besides always choosing the right one. The author is a skillful critic and being accurate in his narrations and writings. He relied on commitment that being considered as an indication for his concern on documentation. The author has bases and laws to accept narrations or refused them or to strengthen or weaken them. He cared to specify the narrator whom he took from, by showing that he descends from a specific country or from a definite doctrine. His text in many places and this indicated that he documented everything. Moreover, he interested the former studies and authors, asking for summary. He got back to books of history, wrote dates and news in addition to writing kinships, translations and poetry. This is indicated that he is prolific and varied in all domains. The author depends on the narrations preserved from the written narrations; he explained some maters and details concerning with the information.
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المصادر:

النساء في كتاب الطبقات الكبرى لابن سعد (ت230هـ/844م) : دراسة تحليلية == The Women In The Tabaqaat Al - Kubraa By Ibn Saad (D. 230/844 AC) Analytical Study

اسم المؤلف: جلاء عبد الكريم خليفة
اسم المشرف: عبد الكريم عز الدين صادق الاعرجي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The book of tabaqaat Al - Kubraa by the author Ibn Saad (D. 230 A.H/844 AC) is one of the pride of Muslims which was composed the early movement which was in the process of authorship of the Islamic Arabic history (themes). What increases the importance of this book is the author’s (Mohammed ben Saad 230 AH/844 AC)ability to collect data and referring them to their source. The author cared for women to a great extent and detailed their lives and revealed all the aspects of their scientific, social and economic lives in addition the political and miliarty aspects. He consecrated a section entitled “Tabaqaat Al - Nissa.” The above has motivated to study of women which is regarded as the oldest documentation from the heritage. The necessity required to divide the study into three sections which include many chapters. It includes an introduction and a conclusion and a list and modern references. The first section : tackles the methodology of Ibn Saad (230/844 AC) ad his resources in tabaqaat books includes four chapters : Chapter one is a concentrated in the age of Ibn Saad in many aspects which characterize the Abbasid Caliphate during the period in which Ibn Saad had lived. Chapter Two includes two inquiries; the first is about the biography of the authors his name, nickname and surname and then birth and features and finally his death. While second is concerned with his scientific vitae starting from his travels seeking knowledge and his sheikhs and disciples and finally his writings. Chapter Three tackles the methodology of ibn Saad and resources in Tabaqaat Al - Kubra. Chapter Four tackles the methodology of ibn Saad in tabaqaat Al - Nisaa in five inquiries : the first inquiry tackles the basis of arrangement of Tabaqaat Al - Nisaa, the second tackles the scientific vitae of the women, the third tackles the methodology features of tabaqaat Al - Nisaa and the fifth tackles the sources of tabaqaat Al - Nisaa. The second section is devoted to the study of the women’s efforts in the book of Tabaqaat Al - Kubra in five chapters : the first chapter is devoted to the study of the sources of women culture in the era of mission; while the direct the narration of prophet Mohammed (PBUH), the third tackles the narrations about the prophet (PBUH) and other women and men in that age. Chapter Four is devoted to the study of the role of women in the service of historical narrations.The Third Section is a detailed study of the lives of women in general in Tabaqaat Al - Kubraa including three chapters; the first includes a comprehensive study if the social life of women. The second includes a study of the role of women in the call of Allah and the projection of religious, and the third chapter tackles themiliatry and political role of women through the following themes : the political attitudes of women and the proximateness of women to men in the attacks and wars.The study entitled “The Women in the tabaqaat Al - Kubraa by ibn Saad (D. 230/844 AC)” comes up to many findings such as : 1 - The book of Tabaqaat Al - Kubraais considered as a huge encyclopedia that includes the various aspects of life whethercultural, intellectual, social and economic and constructional.2 - The study gives an analytical perspective of the high ability of ibn Saad to criticize the texts concerning each character and employing them in the biography study. The biography appears complete from birth to death. 3 - The study showed the ability of Ibn Saad to understand the movement of Islamic history starting from the prophetic era for two centuries. 4 - The study proved the diligence of women to get knowledge of religion from their original sources.5 - Women were characterized form men in the era of mission in a high degree of accuracy and scientific honesty in the conveyance of the hadiths and the honorable prophet tradition in addition to being trustworthy in their narrations about the prophet (Peace be upon him). 6 - The book of tabaqaat Al - Kubraa has rendered a sublime service to the science of hadith and Sunna through the exposure of in addition to what Ibn Saad had added. Thus, the structure of the hadith has become complete. 7 - The study showed through the text which was mentioned by Ibn Saad in the era of mission the status of women and their features like honesty, integrity, bravery and frugality.In the end I wish I have been successful in conveying a clear picture about women in all the aspects of their cultural, scientific, social and economic and political lives according to the narrations of Ibn Saad that express his wide knowledge and his methodology and style.
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مدينة تونس : دراسة في احوالها السياسية والحضارية (296 - 981هـ/908 - 1572م) == Tunis City - Study In Its Political And Cultural States (296 - 981 A.H/ 908 - 1572 A.D)

اسم المؤلف: منذر عطا الله شيحان الدليمي
اسم المشرف: بديع محمد ابراهيم الكربولي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة الانبار - كلية الاداب
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: الانبار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The city of Tunis got a great position since it foundation in 84A.H./703A.D. and this made the city get the prior position where it became the metropolis of the country. The city had been founded to be the defensive center which enabled it to face Byzantine risk, so it was unattackable predominate against enemies attacks through the sea. Also, Tunis was the starting spot for Islamic Arab Armies, specially the navy. So Tunis became the coastal camp for Islamic Armies. Truly, it was the base of Arabic squadron in north of Africa, therefore, it became a navy harbor for Islamic Arab Forces and Navy Fleets. This importance appeared when the navy campaign was setting out.This thesis studies the political and cultural states of Tunis, in order to give a modest view about this city which was the second Islamic Arabic city after Qairwan in Morocco, where it once became the capital of Islamic Caliphate after the falling of Baghdad by Al - Maghol 656A.h - 1258 A.DThis study discovered many result : A - The study showed that the building of the city of Tunis firstly was for protecting Arab Muslims in in Qairwan and counteracting the navy attacks of Byzantine and get rid of their risks and at the same time, it became the Islamic Navy Harbour where the invasions setting out.B - The study discovered that the city of Tunis didn’t get enough attention when Al - Fatmeen were the princes of Africa because they looked to Tunis as a place of opposition for them. But this didn’t prevent from developing the city and flourishing in other aspects.C - The study showed that Tunis had exposed to many revolutions and invasions which led to destroy it for a period of time but it soon regained its force and raised and continued its political and cultural rules. One of these revolutions was Abi Yazid Mukhalad Bin Kidad in 333A.H., also the invasion of Bani Hilal and Bani Saleem tribes, and the revolution of Bani Ghaniya 600 - 602 A.H. It also exposed to the eighth campaign Crusades in 668 - 669 A.H. After that, Abin Marzoq Al - Misayli had dominated the city and occupied it for a period of time 681 - 683 A.H. Also the city exposed to the Al - Marini occupation in 748 - 750 A.H.D - The city of Tunis became independent princedom during Bani Kharassan and it began developing and flourishing, after the destructions and ruins which Qairwan faced because of the invasion of Bani Hilal and Bani Salim
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المصادر:

الجامعة الامريكية في بيروت واثرها على الفكر السياسي في العراق الملكي == The American University Of Beirut And Its Impact On The Political Thought Of Royal Iraq

اسم المؤلف: منار عبد المجيد عبد الكريم
اسم المشرف: لطفي جعفر فرج الاسدي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: الجامعة المستنصرية - كلية التربية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The Title of this dissertation is " The American University of Beirut and its impact on the political thought of royal Iraq " , and the researcher has clarified that the reason for choosing this subject is that it has not studied before , in spite of the vital importance and controversial role of the American University between politicians, newspapers and magazines. This dissertation consists of anintroduction, four chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter deals with the foundation of the university of , the designation of its rectors and professors , its curricula and their teaching method , its most prominent cultural and political activities , the traditions of the university and the readions towards the university. While the second chapter sheds light on the Iraqi scholarships to the university , their qualifications and specifications. It also deals with the social position of the Iraqi students in the university , their impressions about the university and cultural and political activities they pursue during their study. The third chapter has clearly documented the scientific and educational output for the Iraqi students after their return to Iraq.This special educational output has become clear through their political participation in the assemblies , clubs and parties , until it was crowned with a clear political role in the legislative power ( prime ministries , ministries) and the executive power (The parliament). The reflection of this on their political thoughts was dealt with in the fourth chapter.The fifth chapter deals with Political thoughts of the graduates and the public and official reactions to wards it. The dissertation reached to many conclusions , the most important one is that the Iraqi gradates from the American University of Beirut are considered to be the forefront of the scientific and educational renaissance in Iraq.Additionally they were able to establish good political thoughts which can be used to solve recent problems. But those graduates did not give much importance to political and industrial issues like the Kurdish issue and women's freedom issue
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حركة الحقوق المدنية للزنوج في الولايات المتحدة الامريكية 1953 - 1968 == The Civil Rights Movement Of The Negroes In The United States Of America(1953 - 1968)

اسم المؤلف: مريم عبد علي حمدان الساعدي
اسم المشرف: علي محمد كريم المشهداني
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد - كلية التربية ابن رشد للعلوم الانسانية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This thesis describes the significant events of the Civil Rights Movement from1953 - 1968 in the United States essentially began the same time that the country did. Beginning with the Abolitionist movement to end the “peculiar institution” of slavery, through the Civil War and Reconstruction, and into the Industrial Age, the United States has always grappled with the problem of race, wars and manifested itself in other forms. There were many valiant attempts during the Twentieth Century to improve the state of race relations, but all of them were doomed to minimal success. In the 1950s, a series of several victories in the courts engineered by Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP Legal Defense Fund culminated in the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka decision seemed to open the floodgates for change The case, which struck down the 1896 precedent of “separate but equal”, established in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson marked the beginning of the erosion of entrenched systematized segregation. This decision was really the beginning of the modern Civil Rights Movement, marked with effective protest and actual results. There would have been no Civil Rights Movement.” The Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955 - 56 was one of the earliest events in the modern Civil Rights Movement. Under the leadership of MIA (Montgomery Improvement Association) President Martin Luther King Jr. Blacks used the nonviolent resistance technique of a mass boycott on the city bus system. After a protracted campaign, the Montgomery Improvement Association forced the end of segregation on public transit in the city. King, who was quite interested in social justice and equality, saw that he had the model for bringing about the end of Jim Crow in the South. Meanwhile in Little Rock, tensions were building in 1957 as Arkansas attempted to comply with the Brown decision. That fall, as the plan of integration was being carried out, violence erupted. President Eisenhower was forced to federalize the Arkansas National Guard and call in regular US Army troops to allow nine teenage children the right to attend school, lessons of Montgomery and Little Rock and use nonviolent resistance tactics to educate the nation to the racial injustice that was rampant in the South.The years from 1960 to 1965 were the high mark of the modern Civil Rights Movement. Under the leadership of Dr. King’s organization, SCLC, the Movement managed to change the nation.In 1962 in Albany, Georgia, SCLC and SNCC attempted to wage the first large scale campaign to secure integration of public facilities and voting rights in the city. The Albany Sheriff knew what the campaign was designed to do, provoke him and his men into violence, thus Prichett used nonviolence to combat nonviolence, therefore, stymieing the efforts of King and his supporters. King knew that in the wake of failure at Albany, the Movement needed to do something profound in 1963. Little could he have dreamed that it was the events of that year that would result in Congress passing the following year meaningful civil rights legislation for the first time since Reconstruction. In 1963, SCLC decided to implement a campaign in Birmingham, Alabama. Here they met their desired result, as police chief Bull Connor reacted in the manner SCLC anticipated. The mass arrests of protesters were accompanied by the use of fire hoses and police dogs, and the nation watched the coverage on television, stunned. Violence got so bad that President Kennedy was forced to station troops in various parts of the state to be used if the situation did not calm down. By the summer of 1963, with Kennedy’s Civil Rights Bill on the floor of Congress, civil rights organizations staged the March on Washington to apply pressure to the government. With 250,000 marchers standing in front of the Lincoln Memorial, King gave his legendary “I Have a Dream” speech. That September, tragedy once again occurred in Birmingham, as a bomb killed four Black girls at the 16th Street Baptist Church. Violence erupted, and by the end of the day six people were dead. In November 1963 John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas and Lyndon Johnson became President. Johnson’s legislative skills aided in passing Kennedy’s bill, and in 1964, President Johnson signed into law the Civil Rights Act of 1964.5 On the heels of a victory in Birmingham, King’s next focus was voting rights. While launching the statewide Alabama Project, SCLC decided to stage a campaign in Selma.Alabama. Dallas County Sheriff Jim Clark harbored many of the racist values of Bull Connor, and once again SCLC planned on exposing the violence of the police to demonstrate the evils of Jim Crow. In this campaign, the movement was emphasizing the injustice of being deprived of the right to vote. The campaign went smoothly until March 7, 1965. While beginning a planned march to the state capital, the marchers were routed by police with tear gas, cattle prods, and billy clubs. “Bloody Sunday” was the turning point. The march went on, and as President Johnson was forced to get involved, he decided that the time was now right to force a voting rights bill through Congress. His Administration had been stalling on sending more civil rights legislation to Congress, but Johnson decided that King had given him a perfect opportunity to pass a voting rights bill. The President turned out to be correct, and on August 6, 1965, Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act. 1966 saw waves of protests at universities across the country.however, the civil rights movement has focused on the achievement of equal rights for African - Americans through the end of legal segregation and achieve voting rights. The movement against less focused and tangled war closely with the counterculture, and show their opposition to the Vietnam War as part of a wider movement range to convert the country.King was assassinated on April 4, 1968. Riots broke out in more than 110 cities across the United States in the days thatfollowed, notably in Chicago, Baltimore, and in Washington, D.C. The damage done in many cities destroyed black businesses. The day before King's funeral, April 8, Coretta Scott King and three of the King children led 20,000 marchers through the streets of Memphis, holding signs that read, "Honor King : End Racism" and "Union Justice Now. On April 9 Mrs. King led another 150,000 in a funeral procession through the streets of Atlanta ;The African - American Civil Rights Movement 1953 - 1968 refers to the social movements in the United States aimed at outlawing racial discrimination against black Americans and restoring. rights to them.
الملخص:
المصادر:

الموارنة ودورهم في الحياة السياسية اللبنانية 1919 - 1958 == Maronites And Their Role In Lebanese Political Life 1919 - 1958

اسم المؤلف: محمد رضيوي فجر محمد الحميداوي
اسم المشرف: علي ناصر حسين
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: الجامعة المستنصرية - كلية التربية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The "Maronites theme and their role in Lebanon's internal political life of the period from 1919 - 1958" of important topics in the contemporary history of Lebanon, as such a historic stage Lebanon underwent the control of the Maronite full but promised Lebanon "national home a Christian" in the heart of the Arab - Muslim world, as It proved the existence of this nation great powers in 1861, and determine the time frame of the thesis the year 1919, and to the fact that this year has seen the formation of a delegation Maronite under the chairmanship of Patriarch Amaroni Elias Howayek, whose mission was basic load Maronites ambitions of great powers meeting in Versailles in Paris to put the post - World War settlements first, to obtain the independence of Mount Lebanon as an independent state under French protection without the merger Syrian unity, and actually this delegation succeeded to obtain French promises to achieve Maronites ambitions and enhance their control over the internal political life in Lebanon, while the end of the time frame of the thesis the year 1958, to the fact that this year has witnessed a popular uprising Lebanese ended President Maronite rule Camille Chamoun, and curbed the role of political Maronites, and reduced their influence absolute on the rest of the other Lebanese sects, and It should be noted that this issue has not seen any previous studies have focused on the show Maronite role in the internal political life in Lebanon for a period of study, in detail, so this study is the first of its kind in academic studies in universities, and here lies the importance of the subject. The thesis is divided to this introduction, smoothing, and four chapters, and a conclusion, were distributed as follows : - Introduction : - it addressed the importance of the subject and the time frame of the thesis, as well as the sources relied upon by the study analysis.Preface : - focused on "the historical roots of the emergence of the Maronite community in Lebanon until 1918". Chapter One : political developments in Lebanon and the intervention of the Maronite 1919 - 1925.Section IV : Maronites under the French mandate 1923 - 1925 policy.Chapter II : The position of the Maronite Albannanah1926 - 1938 internal situation.Chapter III : Maronites internal political issues in Banan1939 - 1946. Chapter IV : Maronite role in domestic politics Albannanah1947 - 1957. Conclusion : - in which the researcher has shown what findings. Thesis was based on a variety of sources and come in the forefront of the documents published and unpublished, including Iraqi ownership documents unpublished and saved in the Iraq National Library and Archive in Baghdad, and of the reports of embassies and legations and consulates in Beirut and Damascus, the Iraqi Foreign Ministry, as formed in their information essential material for the thesis, and helped to largely in the detection of many of the aspects related to the topic, particularly since their importance is being issued by the contemporary sources of the events, as well as the use of Lebanese documents unpublished represented archive of the Maronite Patriarchate and saved in the Patriarchate headquarters in Bkirki, which enriched the thesis many information through correspondence It has between Maronite Patriarch and the various Lebanese politicians and that relate to the development of the Lebanese political situation, while the documents French and of documents of the French Foreign Ministry and preserved at the American University of Beirut, was her share of the thesis and providing them with many of the information pertaining to the study, especially in the first chapter of the study, The documents for the US Embassy in Beirut and the United States Department of the Ministry and preserved in the form of Micro did in Iraq National Library and Archive in Baghdad stake in the thesis provide some important information. The roots of the Maronites due to the Yemen Arab tribes that settled in the Levant, and converted to Christianity, which was rejected by the Jews, and managed these tribes from spreading at the beginning of the fifth century AD in northern Syria, but moved in the seventh century and settled in the northern parts of Lebanon, known as Mount Lebanon. Faced Maronites during successive ages many cases of persecution, but they were able to restore their power through their alliance with the Crusaders, but that did not last long, as soon collapsed alliance against Ottoman rule, during the period of the provision in question, but they regained their strength again after control meteor family power in Lebanon, as this family turned to Christianity, which the forces of fork Maronites, and gave them a strong momentum for expansion at the expense of other communities even in 1843, as it entered the Maronites in a new historical phase, marked by competing foreign on Lebanon, which led to the do Alqaimmqametin system, which resulted in the many wars that ended with the establishment of Almtsrvip system in 1861, which lasted until 1915. Enables the Maronites of achieving their dream of establishing their own political entity to them after their French promises in Magistrates' conference in Paris in 1919, the creation of the state of Greater Lebanon, which has already been under resolution 318 in the atheist and the thirtieth of August 1920, and imposed their hegemony on Lebanon, which was an expression of French interests and a reflection of the policy of mandatory French achieved by them Maronites, and based on the deepening of the contradiction between the Lebanese communities through the acquisition of the economic capabilities of the Lebanese state.It reinforced the Maronites and their presence in the Lebanese entity through French support them in the constitutional institutions, especially in the representative councils that have been adopted primarily on the census, which sought through which the French authorities make the Maronites more numerous than the rest of other communities, which make them account for the lion's share of jobs Government representative councils and high - level positions.Maronites Fort themselves constitutionally through the incorporation into the Constitution which was announced in the twenty - second of May 1926, many of the constitutional articles which gave them great privileges were able which make the state institutions in the interests of the service, as it took over the post of president of the republic, which grants privileges and powers of the very broad not It gets them any President of the Republic in the world, and a demonstration of that rejection for waiver of the Maronite presidency of the Republic of any other denomination, and this is what happened in 1932, and in cooperation with the French Commission, which intervened in their favor, and has disabled the Constitution until 1936.Lined Maronites in Lebanon about a polar Maronite policy and key are Bechara El Khoury, who represented the moderate trend of the Maronites, while such as Emile birth trend isolationist of the Maronites, and this is reflected on the political orientations of the Maronites, and who supported the majority Bechara El Khoury direction until 1943, when everyone unites in in November of the same year the crisis, but that did not last long, as it collapsed autism Maronite front of Bechara El Khoury's policy of nepotism, corruption and the spread of corruption, and that the effects of other Lebanese sects against Maronites, so I tried hard to maintain their earnings and protection from loss, because of the actions is studied by the President of the Republic, Fady then split the Maronites themselves, which is reflected provoked by the 1952 uprising, which ousted the gospel Khoury, came Bkamil Shimon for the presidency, but the new president did not learn a lesson from the mistakes of those before, returned to practice the same policy, Maronites, raising again, fearing for their interests from being lost, especially after it came to the case of the popular ferment culminated in elections in 1957, and the explosion of the situation and out of control in the bloody events in May 1958.
الملخص:
المصادر:

المذاهب الاسلامية واثرها على الحياة السياسية والاجتماعية في بلاد اليمن (132 - 569هـ / 749 - 1174م) == Islamic Doctrines And Their Impact On The Political And Social Life In The Country Of Yemen (132 - 569H / 749 - 1174M)

اسم المؤلف: محمد حسين ابراهيم العامري
اسم المشرف: هيفاء عاصم محمد الطيار
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: الجامعة المستنصرية - كلية التربية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Prayer and peace be upon the Seal of the Prophets and Messengers Mohammed bin Abdullah honest and trustworthy, and The God of the good and virtuous, and from above and to the Day of Judgement and after : After the expiry of the era of the legislation and the transfer of the amount of Sharia and Mosul about God U flag and holder his message to his creation Muhammad ibn Abd Allah (peace be upon him) to GBS in 11 AH, the need arises to release what it says (peace be upon him) from his Lord and the development of legal provisions of it, due to the update of the facts and things did not face the Muslims did not occur to them at the time of the Prophet (peace be upon him), Vajtahed where people of diligence and spent and have stated they began, has emerged gradually and in stages different opinions in legal provisions, as a result of the different intellectual and scientific trends and perspectives of the Companions and followers and then of jurists in understanding some of the texts and interpreted, and this difference resulted in understanding and derive rulings to the emergence of the so - called later doctrines of fiqh or Islamic doctrines exploited by fanatics and fools and made it political parties divide where it should unite and unite where it should differentiate, and they have taken a shovel to destroy the unity of Muslims and an excuse to throw the seeds of discord which has had the greatest impact on social life and disturbing disorder political conditions in the Arab countries of the Muslims, making up for grabs Tlthmanm Nations.The nature of the country Yemen and geographic composition of tribal and extremism location for the center of the Islamic Caliphate, whether in Medina or the Levant or Baghdad following the Islamic doctrines and invitations anti - succession took the road it took the ancient ones have Lured center of their activity to achieve their political and ideological goals, taking advantage of the mountainous nature of the rugged Mtakvenha protective shield sheltering him, and Islamic doctrines as a pretext for the assumption of the reins of government in the country has been able to Hola of the founding states in the country of Yemen List on the basis of doctrinal different political affiliation. Some of them showed loyalty to the Abbasid Caliphate, others boarded them and showed loyalty to the Fatimid caliphate and some of them did not condemn allegiance to either of them, and therefore has become Yemen torn limb and control the affairs of states list on the basis of doctrinal So witnessed the country's Yemen bloody military conflicts still raised the capital to this day, the Yemeni society deprived the stability element of which is the basis of life and development in all fields Vahml Yemenis economic life and dragged to the intellectual conflict and war fueled doctrines expatriate them, and due to it came to the subject of our choice ((Islamic sects and their impact on the political and social life in the country of Yemen (132 - 569h / 749 - 1174m))) for consideration. Where he remains Yemen Islamic history is the political and cultural Bavagah fertile ground for researchers and scholars in the field of Islamic history and Islamic civilization.These studies are arranged in front and two doors and a conclusion and supplements and a list of sources and references. The first section titled : Nature Yemen geographical and Islam, its people and political conditions of the year 11 AH - 204 AH has included two chapters, which included the first chapter : two axes first we dealt with the origin designation Yemen language and idiomatically, then Oakbna by examining the nature of Yemen geographical Vaherna to its borders and natural divisions and topography of Yemen and climate, and then explained what was to site Yemen and topography of the impact on the country's political and religious life, while the second axis have we pointed it to the spread of pagan religion, Judaism and Christianity in the country of Yemen, and he two of the effect on the country's political life before Islam and the Islam of its people, then we dealt with the spread of Islam, which has been a peaceful manner where he converted the people of Yemen Islam Bonevs obedience and willing without a fight and made it clear where their reasons for this, as we pointed out where the delegations that presented to Medina to meet the Prophet (peace be upon him) to declare Islam, and also referred to the Prophet r workers on Yemen. The second chapter highlighted the political situation of Yemen of the year (11 AH - 204 AH) we dealt with the apostasy movements that have emerged in the country of Yemen during the era Rashidi (11 - 40 e) How did the Caliph Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) from elimination; and and we have made clear the position of the people of Yemen conflict that existed between the Imam Ali bin Abi Talib, u and Muawiyah. As we pointed out to the revolutions and uprisings witnessed by the country's Yemen during the Umayyad period (41 - 132h) and the reasons that led them to it. And also referred to the situation of the people of Yemen during the first Abbasid Period (132 - 204 AH) and witnessed the country of revolutions and uprisings, and as we pointed out the direction of the safe country of Yemen, which encouraged the division of the country into warring statelets policy. All this has permeated said to the governors of the Caliphs and the Umayyad caliphs and Bani Abbas to Yemen during this time period.The second section was titled : the emergence and spread of Islamic sects in the country of Yemen and its impact on areas of Yemen, political and social. This section included three chapters. We had in the first quarter beginning entry Sunni sects (Hanafi and Maliki and Shafi'i and Hanbali) and doctrines Shiite (Ismaili and Zaidi) to the country of Yemen with a brief study tried through which to offer a broad definition to the owners of these doctrines with male factors that helped to spread in the country of Yemen, Chapter II in which we have considered the effect of these doctrines on aspects of Yemen's political has led these doctrines spread in the country of Yemen to do several states founders of Islamic doctrines taken as a pretext for the assumption of the reins of government, where he was a Sunni some of them represent the state of the sons Ziad (ZIYADI) and the State of brown dust and the state of Bani success (Nagahah) and the state of Bani Mahdi, others Shiite represent the state Ismailia first second State Ismailia (Sulayhid) and State Zaidi and the state of Bani Zerai (Alzerieih) has this mini - states we dealt with in a focused study we gave them a clear picture of each of them in terms of origins and kings, conflicts and alliances that were List with each other and we ended our study of each state by mentioning an end, and focused the third quarter to mention the impact of Islamic schools of thought on aspects of Yemen's social explained the effect of these doctrines in the division of Yemeni society and its regions on a sectarian basis and to the rise of Yemeni women, as well as the rise of slaves (Ethiopians
الملخص:
المصادر:

التعليم في اليابان (1868 - 1912) == Education In Japan (1868 - 1912)

اسم المؤلف: مثنى عبد الجبار عبود
اسم المشرف: وليد عبود محمد
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد - كلية التربية ابن رشد للعلوم الانسانية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Education is a reflection to society background, philosophy and history, as well as its development and horizons for its future prospects and aspirations. In this respect, the Japanese experience has become an example that should be followed to achieve improved didactic and scientific performance. This success has been achieved so quickly that it has made Japan one of the most advanced countries. Though having a small area, tough geographical conditions and high population density, and lacking raw materials, Japan has managed to make the brains of its citizens a substitution to face lack of natural and materialistic resources. This has positively reflected on its economy growth and on its social, educational, and cultural development.There are two reasons for selection of this topic (Education in Japan 1768 - 1912) : first, it is one of the most successful experiences in the world since everyone agrees that the Japanese experience and its didactic development is an integrated and exceptional human effort which has drawn the attention and interest of the entire world. Japan, the Asian country, has broken the rule that development is associated with the West and there is no hope to enjoy development unless a person is a foreigner or an expatriate. So, this experience deserves not only to be studied once; rather, many studies should deal the educational policy of Japan. Second, most academic studies on Japan have focused on the political and economic sides and overlooked the social side of which education is the most important pillar and the effective channel in the state policy and community. To underline this, most political and economic problems are attributed to education problems. Besides, development in developed countries is considered an equilateral triangle (political, economic and social “educational” development). It is known that development of the social aspect positively reflects on the political and economic aspects, and vice versa. Thus, education is pivotal in the development process in any developed country including Japan. The period covered by the thesis is 1868 - 1912; the first date (1868) is the date of accession of Emperor Mutsuhito (1868 - 1912) to the throne. The reign of this Emperor is known is Meiji. He was committed to the fifth principle of the Imperial Charter Oath : “Knowledge shall be sought throughout the world so as to strengthen the foundations of imperial rule”. This Charter marks the end of two centuries of solitude. It has made Japan open to international and regional countries. The second date represents end of the Meiji Era where Japan reached to an advanced stageof education development. Japan completed the foundation of the education structure starting from kindergartens to imperial universities.The hypothesis that the thesis deals with is an attempt to explore and analyze data and information about the development of education in Japan up to 1912, and review its basic elements and key factors of its rise. It also explores the effect of struggle between traditional and modern education, and plans developed by the government and stance of the Emperor to these plans. The researcher adopted the scientific, analytical and historical approach, and tried to reconcile between the historical sequence and unity of subject to reach objective and accurate answers. The thesis consists of four chapters, conclusion and annexes. The first chapter deals with roots of education in Japan up to 1868. It involves three topics : the first one tracks development of education during the reign of Nara and Heian (710 - 1185), changes in the reigns of Kamkura and Muromachi (1185 - 1568), and reign of Azuchi Momoyama (1568 - 1600). The second topic include education in the era of early Tokugawa (1600 - 1853); it shows the educational policy adopted by the shogun Ieyasu Tokugawa (1603 - 1615) to reform education; explores his disputes with opponents; reviews the effect of solitude of Japan of education during the years 1616 - 1786; and outlines the effect of tribal schools and First Opium War on education (1787 - 1853). The third topic focuses on reviewing development of Education in the Tokugawa Era (1853 - 1868), outlining the effect of Perry expedition in wakening up the Japanese nation of the dormant Chinese thinking, directing them to explore mysteries of modern western education and sciences (1853 - 1868), and getting acquainted with the role of foreign missionaries and Japanese scholars in the development of education (1859 - 1868) and their role in introducing modern sciences which had contributed to preparing Japanese education elite that, in turn, encouraged Japanese to the west, resulting in increased scholarships to the west and Europe to get closer picture of the development of modern science (1863 - 1868).The second deals with the beginnings of modern education in Japan (1868 - 1877). It includes three topics; the first involves the attempts to reform government education as a result of a call by the Meiji Emperor in 1868, and the effect of his call to open old schools and seeking foreign assistance to develop and modernize these schools. The second topic deals with education modernization projects, including establishment of the Ministry of Education and development of the first Educational Plan (Gakusei), as well as the lwakura expedition and its impact on revising the Educational Plan and encouraging women education and establishment of educational associations. The third topic copes with teacher preparation, establishment of normal schools for female and male teachers, development of curricula, and problems facing implementation of the plan.Chapter three tackles establishment of the Japan University and development of education plans (1877 - 1885). It includes three topics. The first topic involves establishment of Japan University and development of a proposed second National Education Plan (1877 - 1880). It also includes an overview of the impact of People for Liberty Movement and stance of the Emperor of this Movement. Topic two deals with the steps for the review and development of the third National Education Plan (1880 - 1885). Topic three involves development of the fourth Education National Plan (1885 - 1890), its announcement, implementation and stance of the Emperor to it. Chapter four tackles development of modern education in Japan (1890 - 1912). It includes three topics; the first highlights development of the education system in primary schools by issuance of new legislation. These include kindergartens and primary and secondary schools. The second chapter sheds light on the education system in the secondary schools, normal schools which graduate professional staff to meet the need of education expansion in primary and intermediate schools and vocational schools and its impact on the Japan economy, as well as, female high schools and their role on the education of women. The third topic deals with the development of high education institutions which are preparatory schools for those wishing to complete study after university; it also deals with private schools and imperial universities since these are high academic institutions for graduating social, economic and administrative elites to serve in and develop different state institutions.The researcher used considerable number of references, official Japanese documents developed in English by the Ministry of Education, as well as many other documents, letters, Arabic and English theses, periodic both magazines and newspapers. The Arabic and Foreign books, researches and studies, and foreign encyclopedias have contributed so much to this thesis by providing valuable information
الملخص:
المصادر:

السياسة السوفيتية تجاه القرن الافريقي 1963 - 1978 == Soviet Policy Towards The Horn Of Africa 1963 - 1978

اسم المؤلف: قيس عدنان عودة الفهداوي
اسم المشرف: سمية امين ياسين
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة الانبار - كلية الاداب
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: الانبار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The Somali - Ethiopian conflict over the province of Ogaden and the Ethiopian strong ties with the US were reasons for the intervention of the Soviet Union in the African Horn. Traditionally, the intervention of Moscow came by a way of an agreement to supply military support to Somali in 1963, and the development in the military cooperation between the two countries after the coup of 1969 which brought the General Mohammed Siad Barre into power. The beginning of the Seventies witnessed a huge increase in the Somali military power. In 1974, the policy of Moscow reached its peak, and that same year witnessed the first test for its survival under changeable conditions. The Soviet Union formalized its relations with Somali throughout the peace and friendship treaty in the midst of 1974. Almost successively, the Ethiopian revolution caused the end of the imperial regime in September 1974.Thus, the emperor Hilasilasi was replaced by a military council known by the name Derek which announced its enmity to the Western front and its support for the Eastern front. At the beginning, the Soviet Union policy towards Ethiopia was characterized by caution because Ethiopia was still dependent on the American support and the Soviet Union did not want to agitate the Somali enmity. But the change in the Soviet attitude was underway when Mangistu named president of the military council in February 1976.The Soviet found in him a loyal friend who since his arrival into power announced his will to accelerate the revolutionary march and the socialist inclination of Ethiopia. The Soviet Union began considering what problems its relations with Ethiopia may have on its relations with Somali. The Soviet Union wants to keep its domination on Somali and at the same time to get more powerful in Ethiopia. For the Soviet leadership, it is clear that the development which can threaten that Soviet ambition and which was beginning to take form after 1974, is the fighting which broke out between Somali and Ethiopia because this will enforce the Soviet Union to choose between the two countries. In an attempt to avoid this situation, the Soviets sought, in March 1977, to establish a confederal union including the three socialist countries; Somali, Ethiopia, and Southern Yemen with Djibouti to be added in the future. According to a suggestion written and signed under Soviet guarantee to supply economic and military support for this union. Therefore the regions of tension in Eretria and the province of Ogaden will be given self - rule inside and within the ongoing border arrangements of Ethiopia. The Somali president, Said Barry, strongly refused this suggestion and affirmed that the union could only be established when all the nations would be able to have the right of self - determination. This practically means that Eretria must be member of this union by its own right and Western Somali is to join the union either as a separate entity or as a part of Somali. The Somali president was content that there is a golden chance to seize Ogaden and to annex it to Somali since the ruling council in Ethiopia was busy with an extending internal opposition to the regime and was also obliged to devote most of the military abilities to Eretria Province, where the Eritrean rebels launched a violent war of separation and succeeded in their control over 80% of their lands after badly defeating the Ethiopian army. The key ports on the Red Sea came under the threat of the Eritrean resistance. Added to this, the Western Somali Liberation Front (Ogaden), which was supported by the Somali government, declared war against Ethiopia. Since its independence in 1960, Somali was thinking of seizing Ogaden and for the first time, it was more well - armed than its Ethiopian counterparts. Will the president, Said Barry, fail to take action and let the golden chance slip from him for the sake of the Soviet promises of self - rule of Ogaden —a promise may never be possibly kept by the Soviets. When the fight broke out between Somali and Ethiopia as a result of the Somali attack on Ogaden in July 23rd 1977, the Soviet Union took sides with Ethiopia. Moscow launched the biggest air and sea bridge (after the October war) to transport weapons and military equipments to Ethiopia. The American intelligence estimated the size of the military equipment which Moscow provided Ethiopia about 61,000 ton and the overall value of the Soviet loads about one billion dollars.11000 Cuban soldiers were sent to Ethiopia. In an unprecedented step, Moscow sent two of its high profile generals to take part in planning and managing the war which ended with the defeat of Somali and its withdrawal from Ogaden in March 9th 1978. The Soviet did not achieve their supreme goals but their policy did not bring them heavy loss. Although losing Somali meant for them the loss of their biggest military bases outside the Warsaw League, the final outcome was positive for the Soviet policy because Moscow won a new and important position in Ethiopia. In November 1978, Mangistu visited Moscow and signed a 20 - year - agreement of friendship and cooperation which established the allegiance between the Soviet Union and Ethiopia which was one of the important circles of the American influence. Ethiopia also has a coast on the Red Sea, so this can provide the Soviet Union with institutions which equal in their value what the Soviets lost in Somali. Added to that, the Ethiopian population is seven times larger than the Somali's, its national income is eight times larger than the Somali's, its area is twice larger than the Somali's, and its natural resources are more abundant and its influence in Africa is wider.
الملخص:
المصادر:

الامام جعفر الصادق (عليه السلام) واثره في العلوم النقلية والعقلية == Imaam Jafaar Al - Sadiq ( Peace Be Upon Him) And His Effect In The Trasitional And Intellectual Sciences

اسم المؤلف: قائد كامل حميد البندر التميمي
اسم المشرف: عبد الكريم خيطان حسن الياسري
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2013
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد - كلية التربية ابن رشد للعلوم الانسانية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Imam Jafaar Al - Sadiq (Be Peace Upon Him) is considered an outstanding phenomenon in the throughout the history of various sciences and knowledge.He was a pioneer of his peers in both the transitional and intellectual sciences.Such a position had its effect on his students and his close friends who are considered nowadays as the most salient figures such as Abu Hanifa Al - Nuaman , the legal advisor of Iraq ,Mlik Ibn Anas ,the legal advisor of Al - Madinah, Jabir Bin Hayan, the famous chemist , Hisham Bin Al - Haqam the famous theologist ,etc. The era of Imam Jafaar Al - Sadiq (Be Peace Upon Him) was considered the golden one ,from which the history can be detected.Such an Imam had acquired all good virtues , honor, and Pioneering.He was one of the great scholars who had renewed the message of the Prophet Mohammed (Be Peace Upon Him) in its implication and content ,giving life a fresh look. This study is divided into four chapters ,in each there are different topics and a conclusion as shown below.In the Introduction, a brief biography of the Imam is presented ,for he had lived and was a witness in important stage of the Islamic history which coincided with the fall of the unjust Amawi State ,and the rise of Bani Al - Abass State.In such a periodImam Jafaar Al - Sadiq (Be Peace Upon Him)had successfully been able to raise many generations of scholars and jurists and to spread and teach the real religion through such good groups of people.Chapter One is entitled'' The Scientific Echoes of Some Aspects of Knowledge '',and is divided into three topics.In the first topic is concerned with the Scientific Centers established by the Imam in Al - Madinah and Kufa.The second topic deals with the scientific councils ,those of Dictation and Debates.The third topic is related to those families and houses in which knowledge and science are studied.The fourth topic is mainly focused on the thought and scientific heritage of the Imam (Be Peace Upon Him).Chapter Two is mainly devoted to the scientific sciences with five topics.The first one is concerned with the sciences of the Holy Quran ,showing the most salient those who recite the Holy Quran ,taught by Imam Jafaar Al - Sadiq (Be Peace Upon Him).The second topic deals with the Prophet Traditions ,rising the Imam role in selecting the real Tradition (Hadith) from the fake one ,with reference to the most outstanding students in such a field.The third topic is devoted to Jurisprudence providing its definition in language reformation , showing the opinions of the Imam in inventing the legal judgment.The fourth topic is related to Sufism with a precie definition for such a science and the Imam's views.This is because in such an era ,mysticism was prevailing which ,as the Imam thought , formed a dangerous phenomenon which prevent development in life in all aspects.Also, this topic includes the most famous mystical figures who were contemporary with the Imam and told much about him.The fifth topic is primarily concerned with Theology and its effect on those who made violations which were faced by the Imam through his close friends such as Mu'man Al - Taq and Hisham Bin Al - Hakam.Chapter Three is mainly devoted to the significant effect left by the Imam in the Human Sciences (Humanities ) with three topics.The first one deals with literature (poetry and prose).In such a field , the Imam was always encouraging his friends, students and followers to write elegies about his grandfather ,Imam Hussein( Be Peace Upon Him) ,and describing Al - Taff Disaster in a delicate and literary style ,some of them are Al - Kumait and Al - Saied Al - Hamyari.Also, this topic includes Morphology which had received more attention from the Imam in precisely explaining the items of such a science.This can be approved by how Al - Khalil Bi Ahmed Al - Farheedi ( 179 A. H. - 795 A.D.) had made a deduction from this science and added it to his Book ''Al - Ain ''.Next in this topic ,the researcher surveys the role of the Imam in languages in mastering ,like other members of the family of the Prophet Mohammed (Be Peace Upon Him) ,many of them like Persian ,Hebrew, and others spoken and written.The second topic is related to History and Genealogy.In this sense, the Imam was considered the first who studied the stories and history critically and instructed his students to consider them by reason or mind , purifying them from both myths or legends.In this way, a number of his students had been famous in such a field such as Jabir Bin Yazid A - l - Jaafi ,Mussa Bin Oqbah ,and others.The third topic is mainly devoted to Philosophy focusing on the effect of the Imam in such a science and was the firstwho established the major schools of Philosophy which were attended by the philosophers themselves and their students as Al - Hassan Al - Basri ,the fouder of the school of philosophy in Basrah ,as well as Bin Attaa' the founder of the school of Al - Mu'zallah. Chapter Four signifies the role played by the Imam in the intellectual sciences ,with four topics.The first one deals with the sciences of Medicine and Pharmacology in which the Imam had contributed much that the scientists in these days have discovered which in fact had been tackled by the Imam especially in the field of herbals and its benefits and harms on the person's health.The second topic is concerned with Chemistry and the role of the Imam in such a science and what he had instructed his student ''Jabir Bin Hayan'' The third topic is devoted to Astronomy with what the Imam had huge knowledge in such a science.The fourth topic is related to Physics ,revealing how the Imam had discussed Aristotle's view in this sense ,as well as the Imam's father opinion ''Al - Baqir (Peace Be Upon Him ) in that the Universe consists of four elements : soil, water, air ,and fire.The Imam showed his wandering that Aristotle didn't paid enough attention to the fact that all these elements cannot be divided ,i.e. are not simple elements.The researcher has come up with specific conclusions on the role and effect of the Imam Jafaar Al - Sadiq (Be Peace Upon Him) in both the transitional and intellectual sciences.In addition ,the current research has required consulting to various references to trace what had the Imam had written himself or what had been narrated from him in deferent sources in different knowledge. The first of such resources are the basic books in history.This is becausewhat had been narrated from the Imam are clear explained in the different stages of history starting from the message of Islam era and up to the First Abassi's era ,consulting the major books by Al - Yaa'qubi,Al - Tabbari,Al - Massoudi,Ibn Katheer,and others ,tracing back all the texts dealt with in this research.As long as the books of translation are concerned and the men who accomplished them are of high significance in this research because they have revealed many of the narrators who had told much of the Imam works such as Al - Najashi,Al - Toossi,Al - Kishi,and others. From such figures many important texts have been discovered which reflected significant aspects of the Imam's life and his relations with his contemporary scholars ,as well as a picture of his scientific life.The books of the Prophet traditions have had a valuable effect in enriching the present research such as Sahih Bukhari ,Tahtheeb Al - Mazi,Al - Esbisar by Al - Toosi,in addition to the books in novel and the Prophet Traditions as they are found in the writings of Al - Khateeb Al - Baghdadi,Ibn Shahrashob,the Second Martyr ,Ibn Tawoos ,Ibn Al - Jawzi,and others.The same can said about books of Jurisprudence ,The Fundamentals ,and Language in supporting this study especially ''Kitab Leesan El - Arab'' by Ibn Manthoor ,''Taj Al - Aroos'' by Al - Zubaidi ,and others.Books related to doctrines ,theology, and Philosophy have had an intimate relationship with the ideological development in Islam and the role of the Imam Jafaar Al - Sadiq (Be Peace Upon Him) in establishing the principal doctrines and distinguishing them from those that stood against Islam such as books written by Al - Sheik Al - Mufeed ,Al - Shahrestsni ,Al - Tabbari,and others.As for those books related to the history of the Imam and other modest Imams (Be Peace Upon Them) ,they gave clear picture of the Imam's life ,his scientific biography and his life successive stages , those trusty followers ,friends, and students. Some of those books are ''Omdat El - Talib Fee Ansab Abi Talib'' by Ibn Anbah ,'' Imam Al - Sadiq Biography'' and other books.Also ,specific books have been consulted which are concerned with how Some Orientals have introduced the Imam ,as well as the Fourth Schools of Islam , and other books.Regarding those books on the Countries ,the present study has greatly been provided by different books with rich information in interpreting places as ''Al - Buldan'' book by Yakoot Al - Hamawi ,''Treekh Al - Kufa ''by Said Hussein Al - Baraqi,and other references. Moreover ,the present research has also referred to modern writings which include various opinions and discretions that reflect the authors' own views ,some of which are in accordance with those of the current study's ,and some contradict them.Also, papers published in scientific journals and those discussed in conferences ,as well as theses and dissertations that deal with the same subject of this research are also dealt consulted in this study.
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المصادر:

وزارة المعارف العراقية 1920 - 1958 : دراسة تاريخية == The Iraqi Ministry Of Knowledge 1920 - 1958 Historical Study

اسم المؤلف: فلاح حسن كزار عباس
اسم المشرف: كريم مراد عاتي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد - كلية التربية ابن رشد للعلوم الانسانية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Ministry of education considered as one of important Iraqis' offices which formed in Iraq for the period 1920 - 1958, it's important was that it’s the only one that responsible about preparation and build generations , and support all state institutions and it's offices with the functional individual scientific and administrative , that reflect it'd scientific and civilized role and the range of progress of Iraq in both levels in internal & external.The study of ministry in it’s administrative sides in that period was not discussed in the other studies , which stimulate the researcher for study it, also the administrative sides for any ministry have the important which many of modern academic study concentrate on it, to know the structure organization of the ministries, from it's specialized offices and the officials that operated and their scientific and educational specialism, and how many wealth which assigned from public budgetary of state for it's scientific and administrated duty and that reflect the size of administrate development and other.The ministry have seen many administrative development , at the beginning with direct British occupation (1914 - 1921) , at the period (1914 - 1918), it's works relative with (incomings officials ) in Basra and Baghdad , on August 1918, it's become as establishment named as ( public knowing attendance), when Iraqi temporary kingdom has been established in 23 august 1921, it's been self - governing ministry when ministry of health has been separated, and know it's named as (Ministry of knowledge ) it still as that until the royal regime has been drop down on 14/July/1958. Offices whose managed this ministry development it's administrated works and continue with global growth has been founded in this field , specially form whose of them that have superior specialized certification, also they called for (international committee) for help in put plans that making the rising of it's works.The works that accepted from ministry have the clear role in put the first basis of acts and instructions for the Ministry of knowledge in Iraq , and establishment of natural foundations and specialized the work of ministry and it's officials , when we see the historical stage , the level of scientific progress and the general situation in the country
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الاسطورة واثرها في الرواية التاريخية الاندلسية (92 - 484هـ/711 - 1091م) == Myth And Their Impact On The Historical Novel Andalusian (92 - 484H / 711 - 1091M)

اسم المؤلف: غفران محمد عزيز
اسم المشرف: مثنى فليفل سلمان الفضلي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد - كلية التربية ابن رشد للعلوم الانسانية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Movement History has hit a lot of counterfeiting and additions and sometimes novel completely changed by Shetty comes in the forefront of global politics and religion factors and therefore did not vacate the Islamic history of these legends but often contained them in the Andalusian history of existence of space and space to make way for the existence of such accounts. The novel legendary Andalusia were not beyond the dye Islamic It affected cultural eastern heritage in terms of lies and slanders that link in Mbalgadtha to the level of myth on the other hand has to be understanding of the criteria in the Islamic era in terms of being included in this concept, which was characterized by comprehensiveness of the different trends of knowledge him which make way because includes all the novels beyond the mental acceptance. In addition, we find a lot of stories related to old to cause related Bamaadz prophetic or mention of the presence of large countries do not have the basis of health in terms of comparing historical events of the region, prompting this matter martyrdom duration old time He graduated from our subject, which extended from the opening Andalusian 92 AH / 711 AD time down to the end of an era denominations year 481 AH / 1088 AD and that while Ibn Yasin made his decision to stay in Andalusia and an end to the era of those mini - states, and this time give a clear picture of the stages of legend in terms of the nature of growth and selected for conditions existing, which shows the main reasons underlying behind the emergence of the legendary novel in Andalusia in a time when novels Establishment of Andalusia and its importance and its cities have specialized novel religious nature at the same time we find that personal hero overshadowed the second phase her. Researchers often pulled away in their studies of Islamic history from the concept of the myth that it interferes in the foundation with the spirit of Islamic thought from religious and sectarian currents multiple linked beside my faith have I do not mean here novels Koranic but those novels and false beliefs that have no basis in fact, and this payment researcher the study of cross - cutting aspects of the topic as well as subjecting those accounts to scrutiny of the field, which exceeded many researchers and writers when Ordohaa in their studies of the history of the Andalusian were those of the reasons that led us to choose the subject and marked ((myth and its impact on the historical novel Andalusian 92 - 481h / 711 - 1088m ))
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المصادر:

السيرة النبوية في كتاب تاج العروس من جواهر القاموس للزبيدي (ت1205هـ/1790م) == Biography Of The Prophet In The Dictionary Kitaab Taaj Alaaroos Min Jawahir Alqamoos Ll Zubaydi (1205H - 1790C)

اسم المؤلف: غصون عبد صالح مرجان الزهيري
اسم المشرف: كريم عاتي لعيبي الخزاعي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: الجامعة المستنصرية - كلية التربية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: كان ظهور الاسلام في الواقع ثورة دينية وسياسية واجتماعية واقتصادية، وهو انتقال حاسم في تاريخ العرب ومن الطبيعي ان لكل ثورة دينية او سياسية او اجتماعية مراحل تمهيدية ومقدمات.ان مما يميز هذه الدراسة عن غيرها اعتمادها على ما فسر من مفردات لغوية عن الزبيدي ف | In fact the appearance of Islam political, economic , religion and social revolution ,it was decisive transition in the Arab history ,then make to them one religion call to unity ,and chieve to them political unite, and make Arab a strong unite nation chieve conquests similar to ancient empire chieve ,at natural every political or religion or social revolution prefaces and introductions steps ,this was clear at Arab before Islam ,this preface and introduction show in weakness of ancient pre - Islamic (jahlyah) creeds, if was political or religion or social ,and deflection to leave it for the sake of another creeds seriousness ,and prediction to near appearance corrector prophet call to this creeds.This study distinguished about another it dependence upon what construed from language terms about AL - Zubaidy in his taaj a,aroosih and what came casually in this taaj with regard in biography the prophet through that terms the dark utters ,upon that we can say this dictionary in addition to be treasure from fortune the Arabic language, it was importance source from biography the prophet sources, so it was source to another historical studies.This Study includes : Prelude and five chapters, beside the conclusion and a list of sources and modulation and references.The first chapter contains study author and his book taaj AL - a,aroos with his name and his foster and his scientific standing and his travels ,his old men and his pupils, then we study his dictionary from where title and the peroose of authorship and the sources which depend on it for authorship to this large compilation, then after that we expression his method what it special show biography the prophet (peace be upon him ). The second chapter contains study to biography the prophet(peace be upon him ) before prophecy from where his name (peace be upon him ) and his noble descent ,and marriage his father Abdullah (peace be upon him )from his mother Amnah bint Wahb(peace be upon him ),and his blessed birth, then his early life and his sucking ,and loftier his character then his working and his participation (peace be upon him ) kinsfolk work, then his wives and his children.The third chapter entitled of (the prophet () after the prophecy) ,we have the glad tiding of the people of the book (Christians and Jews ) to his appearance (peace be upon him ) and his worship, and the inspiration hitting (Gabriel) ,then his request secrecy and concession, until he reach to the reception top which was the night of prophet Mohammad's ascension to the seven heavens ( Isra,a wa al Mea, raj) ,and his prediction and miracles ,then starting of Islam spreading ,and two homage the first and the second (ba,atay ala,aqbah alawla wa althaneah) ,after that we stand on the messenger emigration (peace be upon him )(the Hegira) to the town (almadinah) ,and foundation of Arab state in madinah whether in mosque building or in brotherhood (Almoa,akhah) then town paper, and his sectors (peace be upon him ) and his charities ,then his practice to judges, and his legistion and steering ,at last his prevents and teaching. The fourth chapter we stand on the second phase from the prophet mission ,it was the conflict between almadinah and Makkah and starting of exploration stage and sending detachments and starting of the war defiance between Muslims and Quraesh Makkah and rest of the Arab tribes heathenism, where we have the detachments and invasions importance which advantage the Battle of Badr Alkubrah (Ghazwahat Badr) arranged according for historical aseries ,then inter in the Battle of Badr Alkubrah (Ghazwahat Badr) then Ghazwahat bani saleem in kidar ,and Ghazwahat Alswayf , and Ghazwahat Uhud , and Ghazwahat Dhat - Ur - Riqa, and Ghazwahat Bani Nadheer ,then Alrajeea detachment , and Ghazwahat Bani Almustaliq and Ghazwahat Khandaq (ahzaab) ,then detachment of Mohammad bin salama to bani qartaa , and Ghazwahat dhe Qird , and Ghazwahat khaibar, and Ghazwahat Mu,tah, at last Ghazwahat Dhat Alsalasil.Then we finished this phase in chapter fifth in muslim capture on makkah ,and the standing messenger (peace be upon him ) union Arabian Peninsula ,he start in Ghazwahat Hunain,then siege Taif ,then detachment khabut, Ghazwahat Tabuk in the next year and crowning these victories advent of tribes in same year ,and fareweel pilgrimage (Hajj - al - wida ),and death of messenger(peace be upon him ). At last was The conclusion to explain the importance what was the research reach to from results about this study. At the end I want to show that I do my best in this research and if Successes in it that will be from God merciful. if it was the other side so that from my self that because I want to be most clear in my research and in God we trust.
الملخص:
المصادر:

ولايـة المـوصـل 1032 - 1139هـ/1623 - 1726م : دراسة في اوضاعها الادارية والاقتصادية والسياسية == Mosul State 1032 - 1139H - 1623 - 1726 Ac A Study Of Its Administrative, Economic And Political Circumstances

اسم المؤلف: عماد كريم عباس جواد الراوي
اسم المشرف: عبد الرحيم ذو النون زويد الحديثي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة الانبار - كلية الاداب
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: الانبار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The importance of the study of history of political, administrative and economic state of the connector during the period 1623 - 1726 in being the missing link from the date of Mosul as many researchers avoid dealing with the midst of research on the history of Mosul, in the era of the scarcity of sources of books , researches, and articles dealing with the history of the state on the one hand and locked to mention a lot of developments in the political, administrative and economic which saved by the Ottoman official documents on the other hand, which prompted me to research the history of Mosul in that period in order to complete the academic study progress along with other scholarly clear picture about the history of Mosul has divided the study to preface and five chapters.The preface has dealt with the strategic location of the mandate of Mosul being the link between the mountainous region the region of plains as well as it occurs on the line of rain provided her with the possibility of agriculture also addressed the subject of Mosul to Ottoman rule and the reasons that led to the conflict Ottoman - Persian around Mosul; as well as the political, administrative, and economiccircumstances, witnessed by Mosul during the sixteenth century as taking account of Mosul in a number of Ottoman Empire campaigns against the recalcitrance of southern and northern Iraq while in the administrative side has shed the light on the transmission of Mosul from Sandzak follow the mandate of Diyarbakir to an independent mandate includes a number of Alsnagq at the time that pointed to anything depends Musli economy with mention of some of the industries that were dishonored by the craftsmen of Mosul and thr trade that merchants has been activated on both internally and externally.In the first chapter reviewed the political and military situation, as Mosul witnessed relatively stability in their political status throughout the seventeenth century, which impact upon the strength layer objects, reducing the stability to the disorder represents some strife and revolutions that Mosul witnessed in the first quarter of the eighteenth century, as well as exposure of Mosul to Bedouins and Kurds attacks and Aldasnah tribes attacked villages in Mosul more than once, not to mention the attacks on the villages of Mosul by Bedouin nomads and non - mobile workers such as Arbab pro.I have reviewed in the first chapter the movement ofMahdaviat of a religious nature and the role of Mosul in the elimination of that movement as well as the governor of Amadiyah as well as its role in the elimination of rebellions carried out by Albbh Kurdish tribes inShahrazourparties and otherrecalcitrances in the center of Iraq, such as rebellion son long in Baghdad, not to mention the significant role that Musel contributed in all campaigns sent by the Ottoman Empire to the center and south of Iraq to eliminate the recalcitrance of Al Afrasiab and every franchiser and Almhasain and Alkhozaal and all Zabid also reviewed the role of non - combat forces to Mosul and goal rescued Baghdad from flooding witnessed in the seventeenth century.The second chapter is marked by (the role of Mosul in campaigns recovery and rebellions external) studied through several axes of movement was a rebellion BakrSobashi in the forefront of those axes being the reason that inset the Ottoman Empire in the wars of Baghdad recovery that was exposed to the occupation of the Persian on the impact of the movement as well as other axes was the role played by Musel in the greatestAlsader Hafiz Ahmed Pasha campaign in 1626 AD, and the campaign of the Grand Vizier Khosrow Pasha in 1629, and the campaign of Sultan Murad IV in 1638, not to mention the financial support provided by Mosul to the forces of Ottoman fighting in fronts "and that" the goal of quantities oil and tar sent there in 1634 , also studied Alnjaddatthat Musel was sending out to its neighboring regions when exposed to attack Persian has led to a Mosul military force to rescue Ardalan, which came under attack by Persian forces in 1636.That chapter also highlighted the significant role that Mosul contributed in the campaigns of Kermanshah and Hamadan through the active involvement of the Mosul forces in those campaigns as well as material support goal funded armies of campaign Kermanshah and Hamadan, let alone a detailed study showed that Musel has effective posts in eliminating the rebellions of Foreign Affairs was the involvement of forces of Mosul in eliminating the rebellion Abaza Hassan Pasha in Anatolia and the recalcitrance of the Abbasids in Aleppo.Addressed the third chapter is marked by "administrative status" within the mandate of Mosul and administrative changes experienced over the seventeenth century and of the separation of some Alsnagq and insert another depending on the political developments witnessed by Iraq at the time as a result of the wars of the Ottoman - Persian since shrunk sanjaks mandate of Mosul to three sanjaks the end of the seventeenth century as well as the handling of the administrative body and the head governor and the powers granted to him and duties him to do it and when to grant the first Wally of the governors of Mosul rank of minister and the relationship of the governor populated and encroachments some of them on the population in Mosul since gained Muslims and Christians alike not to mention the handling of administrative tasks to the staff of the governor. He has treated this chapter the powers of the judge and Duties of Man and the corruption that has reached institution of the judiciary in Mosul as a result of being subject to a commitment as well as treatment for the position of mufti to be considered Assistant to the judge in various transactions legal and muftis in Mosul are the product of their local schools as highlighted some families conductivity, which took Ifta the isms Hanafi and Shafi'i not to mention that he presented a study brief union supervision and when appeared for the first time, functions and tasks assigned to implement Captain supervision of Mosul and any family conductivity is limited to those syndicate the layer objects were within the themes studied in this chapter as it touched on the emergence of that layer and the influence that exercised in the management of the state and the reasons that prompted the Ottoman Empire to establish advisory councils at a time when study focused on the military establishment, represented troop softening and the number Ortadtha and their names and abuses carried out by those forces against the population of Mosul, who is integrated a lot of them within the forms of those forces in pursuit of them for the salvation of those infringements as well as other items that were part of the institution of which the local forces, especially the singles and special forces associated with the person of the governor and the feudal forces that formed the backbone of the military institution in the state of Mosul.The fourth chapter is marked by "a system of land and agriculture in Mosul," dealt with the study of processes of comprehensive survey conducted by the Ottoman Empire on the territory of Mosul and classification of land resulting from these operations as divided the territory in Mosul to the three types of main territory of Miri, and Waqf land, and sole proprietorships as the study focused on the way the approach adopted Ottoman state represented by annexing a lot of villages in Mosul and farms to properties Alhmioneh and those who were granted those Alaqtaat as well as the study of the nature of the agricultural land, there are villages and farms, communities and the comparison between imports with a focus on some farms has increased its imports from the villages, or that some groups increased its imports from the villages and farms, it is what is Zaaamt groups and villages what is Timar. Also addressed the factors affecting the agriculture and what those factors and the impact it has had on the agricultural side, there are wars Ottoman - Persian and movements Aljellalah that stood obstacle to the progress of agriculture in Mosul, as well as taxes that have worked on the migration of large numbers of peasants of Mosul as a result of their inability to pay those taxes, let alone natural factors of attacks puppies Najdi, droughts, no rain and cold waves that have long ruled the Cereals Mosul has also addressed the types of agricultural crops, which is famous for its villages and farms Mosul food, including commercial as well as attention to raising cattle and horses and cows and the system of the commitment that was the most important themes chapter has concentrated study in which the reasons that led to his appearance and what proportion of investors Almousliyn of agricultural land under that system and families that have invested the bulk of the territory of Mosul, according to the system Amalikana which replaced the system of commitment to the beginning of the eighteenth century, and finally made a chapter a detailed study on the quality of taxes agricultural land and structures based on them.The Search Chapter V, which is marked as "industrial system and trade" through the types of craft industries in Mosul as focused on the textile industry so that Mosul was one of the largest cities Exporting fabric at the beginning of the means of production and transmission industry cloth muslin Musli to some Asian cities and European as well as the submission brief study of the types of other industries not to mention presenting a detailed study of varieties craft that was governing the work of artisans and duties assigned to them and the problems faced by those varieties factors influencing the industry has been a focus in which infringements of softening that have had a wide impact in the lack of progress in the formulation of Mosul craft .The trading system has been the main focus II, who was based upon the study within that chapter, as examined through internal trade has been to focus on the reasons that led to the prosperity of this type of trade between Mosul and surrounding villages or between Mosul and other Iraqi cities as well as discuss transit trade which picked out of Mosul during the seventeenth century and the first quarter of the eighteenth century and returned its economic benefits as well as its foreign trade, which has increased its activity with the beginning of the seventeenth century and focus search on articles traded with Aleppo and trade activity with those of the state, let alone eat their trade with Diyarbakir, which has seen a remarkable development in this century through the factors influencing trade, represented by the taxes and the method of collection and the corruption of the staff of customs has won the trade routes of great interest in the study and contributed to its active role in the activity of Commerce has acquired Mosul, a network of roads linked them to other cities made it easier the communication process with those cities accept transportation used to transport goods between the cities of Mosul and that trade with them according to the nature of the routes for trade caravans
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