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مدينة تونس : دراسة في احوالها السياسية والحضارية (296 - 981هـ/908 - 1572م) == Tunis City - Study In Its Political And Cultural States (296 - 981 A.H/ 908 - 1572 A.D)

Author name: منذر عطا الله شيحان الدليمي
Supervisor name: بديع محمد ابراهيم الكربولي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Anbar
Language: Arabic
University location: Anbar
First pages:
Abstract: The city of Tunis got a great position since it foundation in 84A.H./703A.D. and this made the city get the prior position where it became the metropolis of the country. The city had been founded to be the defensive center which enabled it to face Byzantine risk, so it was unattackable predominate against enemies attacks through the sea. Also, Tunis was the starting spot for Islamic Arab Armies, specially the navy. So Tunis became the coastal camp for Islamic Armies. Truly, it was the base of Arabic squadron in north of Africa, therefore, it became a navy harbor for Islamic Arab Forces and Navy Fleets. This importance appeared when the navy campaign was setting out.This thesis studies the political and cultural states of Tunis, in order to give a modest view about this city which was the second Islamic Arabic city after Qairwan in Morocco, where it once became the capital of Islamic Caliphate after the falling of Baghdad by Al - Maghol 656A.h - 1258 A.DThis study discovered many result : A - The study showed that the building of the city of Tunis firstly was for protecting Arab Muslims in in Qairwan and counteracting the navy attacks of Byzantine and get rid of their risks and at the same time, it became the Islamic Navy Harbour where the invasions setting out.B - The study discovered that the city of Tunis didn’t get enough attention when Al - Fatmeen were the princes of Africa because they looked to Tunis as a place of opposition for them. But this didn’t prevent from developing the city and flourishing in other aspects.C - The study showed that Tunis had exposed to many revolutions and invasions which led to destroy it for a period of time but it soon regained its force and raised and continued its political and cultural rules. One of these revolutions was Abi Yazid Mukhalad Bin Kidad in 333A.H., also the invasion of Bani Hilal and Bani Saleem tribes, and the revolution of Bani Ghaniya 600 - 602 A.H. It also exposed to the eighth campaign Crusades in 668 - 669 A.H. After that, Abin Marzoq Al - Misayli had dominated the city and occupied it for a period of time 681 - 683 A.H. Also the city exposed to the Al - Marini occupation in 748 - 750 A.H.D - The city of Tunis became independent princedom during Bani Kharassan and it began developing and flourishing, after the destructions and ruins which Qairwan faced because of the invasion of Bani Hilal and Bani Salim
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الجامعة الامريكية في بيروت واثرها على الفكر السياسي في العراق الملكي == The American University Of Beirut And Its Impact On The Political Thought Of Royal Iraq

Author name: منار عبد المجيد عبد الكريم
Supervisor name: لطفي جعفر فرج الاسدي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The Title of this dissertation is " The American University of Beirut and its impact on the political thought of royal Iraq " , and the researcher has clarified that the reason for choosing this subject is that it has not studied before , in spite of the vital importance and controversial role of the American University between politicians, newspapers and magazines. This dissertation consists of anintroduction, four chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter deals with the foundation of the university of , the designation of its rectors and professors , its curricula and their teaching method , its most prominent cultural and political activities , the traditions of the university and the readions towards the university. While the second chapter sheds light on the Iraqi scholarships to the university , their qualifications and specifications. It also deals with the social position of the Iraqi students in the university , their impressions about the university and cultural and political activities they pursue during their study. The third chapter has clearly documented the scientific and educational output for the Iraqi students after their return to Iraq.This special educational output has become clear through their political participation in the assemblies , clubs and parties , until it was crowned with a clear political role in the legislative power ( prime ministries , ministries) and the executive power (The parliament). The reflection of this on their political thoughts was dealt with in the fourth chapter.The fifth chapter deals with Political thoughts of the graduates and the public and official reactions to wards it. The dissertation reached to many conclusions , the most important one is that the Iraqi gradates from the American University of Beirut are considered to be the forefront of the scientific and educational renaissance in Iraq.Additionally they were able to establish good political thoughts which can be used to solve recent problems. But those graduates did not give much importance to political and industrial issues like the Kurdish issue and women's freedom issue
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حركة الحقوق المدنية للزنوج في الولايات المتحدة الامريكية 1953 - 1968 == The Civil Rights Movement Of The Negroes In The United States Of America(1953 - 1968)

Author name: مريم عبد علي حمدان الساعدي
Supervisor name: علي محمد كريم المشهداني
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: This thesis describes the significant events of the Civil Rights Movement from1953 - 1968 in the United States essentially began the same time that the country did. Beginning with the Abolitionist movement to end the “peculiar institution” of slavery, through the Civil War and Reconstruction, and into the Industrial Age, the United States has always grappled with the problem of race, wars and manifested itself in other forms. There were many valiant attempts during the Twentieth Century to improve the state of race relations, but all of them were doomed to minimal success. In the 1950s, a series of several victories in the courts engineered by Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP Legal Defense Fund culminated in the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka decision seemed to open the floodgates for change The case, which struck down the 1896 precedent of “separate but equal”, established in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson marked the beginning of the erosion of entrenched systematized segregation. This decision was really the beginning of the modern Civil Rights Movement, marked with effective protest and actual results. There would have been no Civil Rights Movement.” The Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955 - 56 was one of the earliest events in the modern Civil Rights Movement. Under the leadership of MIA (Montgomery Improvement Association) President Martin Luther King Jr. Blacks used the nonviolent resistance technique of a mass boycott on the city bus system. After a protracted campaign, the Montgomery Improvement Association forced the end of segregation on public transit in the city. King, who was quite interested in social justice and equality, saw that he had the model for bringing about the end of Jim Crow in the South. Meanwhile in Little Rock, tensions were building in 1957 as Arkansas attempted to comply with the Brown decision. That fall, as the plan of integration was being carried out, violence erupted. President Eisenhower was forced to federalize the Arkansas National Guard and call in regular US Army troops to allow nine teenage children the right to attend school, lessons of Montgomery and Little Rock and use nonviolent resistance tactics to educate the nation to the racial injustice that was rampant in the South.The years from 1960 to 1965 were the high mark of the modern Civil Rights Movement. Under the leadership of Dr. King’s organization, SCLC, the Movement managed to change the nation.In 1962 in Albany, Georgia, SCLC and SNCC attempted to wage the first large scale campaign to secure integration of public facilities and voting rights in the city. The Albany Sheriff knew what the campaign was designed to do, provoke him and his men into violence, thus Prichett used nonviolence to combat nonviolence, therefore, stymieing the efforts of King and his supporters. King knew that in the wake of failure at Albany, the Movement needed to do something profound in 1963. Little could he have dreamed that it was the events of that year that would result in Congress passing the following year meaningful civil rights legislation for the first time since Reconstruction. In 1963, SCLC decided to implement a campaign in Birmingham, Alabama. Here they met their desired result, as police chief Bull Connor reacted in the manner SCLC anticipated. The mass arrests of protesters were accompanied by the use of fire hoses and police dogs, and the nation watched the coverage on television, stunned. Violence got so bad that President Kennedy was forced to station troops in various parts of the state to be used if the situation did not calm down. By the summer of 1963, with Kennedy’s Civil Rights Bill on the floor of Congress, civil rights organizations staged the March on Washington to apply pressure to the government. With 250,000 marchers standing in front of the Lincoln Memorial, King gave his legendary “I Have a Dream” speech. That September, tragedy once again occurred in Birmingham, as a bomb killed four Black girls at the 16th Street Baptist Church. Violence erupted, and by the end of the day six people were dead. In November 1963 John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas and Lyndon Johnson became President. Johnson’s legislative skills aided in passing Kennedy’s bill, and in 1964, President Johnson signed into law the Civil Rights Act of 1964.5 On the heels of a victory in Birmingham, King’s next focus was voting rights. While launching the statewide Alabama Project, SCLC decided to stage a campaign in Selma.Alabama. Dallas County Sheriff Jim Clark harbored many of the racist values of Bull Connor, and once again SCLC planned on exposing the violence of the police to demonstrate the evils of Jim Crow. In this campaign, the movement was emphasizing the injustice of being deprived of the right to vote. The campaign went smoothly until March 7, 1965. While beginning a planned march to the state capital, the marchers were routed by police with tear gas, cattle prods, and billy clubs. “Bloody Sunday” was the turning point. The march went on, and as President Johnson was forced to get involved, he decided that the time was now right to force a voting rights bill through Congress. His Administration had been stalling on sending more civil rights legislation to Congress, but Johnson decided that King had given him a perfect opportunity to pass a voting rights bill. The President turned out to be correct, and on August 6, 1965, Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act. 1966 saw waves of protests at universities across the country.however, the civil rights movement has focused on the achievement of equal rights for African - Americans through the end of legal segregation and achieve voting rights. The movement against less focused and tangled war closely with the counterculture, and show their opposition to the Vietnam War as part of a wider movement range to convert the country.King was assassinated on April 4, 1968. Riots broke out in more than 110 cities across the United States in the days thatfollowed, notably in Chicago, Baltimore, and in Washington, D.C. The damage done in many cities destroyed black businesses. The day before King's funeral, April 8, Coretta Scott King and three of the King children led 20,000 marchers through the streets of Memphis, holding signs that read, "Honor King : End Racism" and "Union Justice Now. On April 9 Mrs. King led another 150,000 in a funeral procession through the streets of Atlanta ;The African - American Civil Rights Movement 1953 - 1968 refers to the social movements in the United States aimed at outlawing racial discrimination against black Americans and restoring. rights to them.
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الموارنة ودورهم في الحياة السياسية اللبنانية 1919 - 1958 == Maronites And Their Role In Lebanese Political Life 1919 - 1958

Author name: محمد رضيوي فجر محمد الحميداوي
Supervisor name: علي ناصر حسين
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The "Maronites theme and their role in Lebanon's internal political life of the period from 1919 - 1958" of important topics in the contemporary history of Lebanon, as such a historic stage Lebanon underwent the control of the Maronite full but promised Lebanon "national home a Christian" in the heart of the Arab - Muslim world, as It proved the existence of this nation great powers in 1861, and determine the time frame of the thesis the year 1919, and to the fact that this year has seen the formation of a delegation Maronite under the chairmanship of Patriarch Amaroni Elias Howayek, whose mission was basic load Maronites ambitions of great powers meeting in Versailles in Paris to put the post - World War settlements first, to obtain the independence of Mount Lebanon as an independent state under French protection without the merger Syrian unity, and actually this delegation succeeded to obtain French promises to achieve Maronites ambitions and enhance their control over the internal political life in Lebanon, while the end of the time frame of the thesis the year 1958, to the fact that this year has witnessed a popular uprising Lebanese ended President Maronite rule Camille Chamoun, and curbed the role of political Maronites, and reduced their influence absolute on the rest of the other Lebanese sects, and It should be noted that this issue has not seen any previous studies have focused on the show Maronite role in the internal political life in Lebanon for a period of study, in detail, so this study is the first of its kind in academic studies in universities, and here lies the importance of the subject. The thesis is divided to this introduction, smoothing, and four chapters, and a conclusion, were distributed as follows : - Introduction : - it addressed the importance of the subject and the time frame of the thesis, as well as the sources relied upon by the study analysis.Preface : - focused on "the historical roots of the emergence of the Maronite community in Lebanon until 1918". Chapter One : political developments in Lebanon and the intervention of the Maronite 1919 - 1925.Section IV : Maronites under the French mandate 1923 - 1925 policy.Chapter II : The position of the Maronite Albannanah1926 - 1938 internal situation.Chapter III : Maronites internal political issues in Banan1939 - 1946. Chapter IV : Maronite role in domestic politics Albannanah1947 - 1957. Conclusion : - in which the researcher has shown what findings. Thesis was based on a variety of sources and come in the forefront of the documents published and unpublished, including Iraqi ownership documents unpublished and saved in the Iraq National Library and Archive in Baghdad, and of the reports of embassies and legations and consulates in Beirut and Damascus, the Iraqi Foreign Ministry, as formed in their information essential material for the thesis, and helped to largely in the detection of many of the aspects related to the topic, particularly since their importance is being issued by the contemporary sources of the events, as well as the use of Lebanese documents unpublished represented archive of the Maronite Patriarchate and saved in the Patriarchate headquarters in Bkirki, which enriched the thesis many information through correspondence It has between Maronite Patriarch and the various Lebanese politicians and that relate to the development of the Lebanese political situation, while the documents French and of documents of the French Foreign Ministry and preserved at the American University of Beirut, was her share of the thesis and providing them with many of the information pertaining to the study, especially in the first chapter of the study, The documents for the US Embassy in Beirut and the United States Department of the Ministry and preserved in the form of Micro did in Iraq National Library and Archive in Baghdad stake in the thesis provide some important information. The roots of the Maronites due to the Yemen Arab tribes that settled in the Levant, and converted to Christianity, which was rejected by the Jews, and managed these tribes from spreading at the beginning of the fifth century AD in northern Syria, but moved in the seventh century and settled in the northern parts of Lebanon, known as Mount Lebanon. Faced Maronites during successive ages many cases of persecution, but they were able to restore their power through their alliance with the Crusaders, but that did not last long, as soon collapsed alliance against Ottoman rule, during the period of the provision in question, but they regained their strength again after control meteor family power in Lebanon, as this family turned to Christianity, which the forces of fork Maronites, and gave them a strong momentum for expansion at the expense of other communities even in 1843, as it entered the Maronites in a new historical phase, marked by competing foreign on Lebanon, which led to the do Alqaimmqametin system, which resulted in the many wars that ended with the establishment of Almtsrvip system in 1861, which lasted until 1915. Enables the Maronites of achieving their dream of establishing their own political entity to them after their French promises in Magistrates' conference in Paris in 1919, the creation of the state of Greater Lebanon, which has already been under resolution 318 in the atheist and the thirtieth of August 1920, and imposed their hegemony on Lebanon, which was an expression of French interests and a reflection of the policy of mandatory French achieved by them Maronites, and based on the deepening of the contradiction between the Lebanese communities through the acquisition of the economic capabilities of the Lebanese state.It reinforced the Maronites and their presence in the Lebanese entity through French support them in the constitutional institutions, especially in the representative councils that have been adopted primarily on the census, which sought through which the French authorities make the Maronites more numerous than the rest of other communities, which make them account for the lion's share of jobs Government representative councils and high - level positions.Maronites Fort themselves constitutionally through the incorporation into the Constitution which was announced in the twenty - second of May 1926, many of the constitutional articles which gave them great privileges were able which make the state institutions in the interests of the service, as it took over the post of president of the republic, which grants privileges and powers of the very broad not It gets them any President of the Republic in the world, and a demonstration of that rejection for waiver of the Maronite presidency of the Republic of any other denomination, and this is what happened in 1932, and in cooperation with the French Commission, which intervened in their favor, and has disabled the Constitution until 1936.Lined Maronites in Lebanon about a polar Maronite policy and key are Bechara El Khoury, who represented the moderate trend of the Maronites, while such as Emile birth trend isolationist of the Maronites, and this is reflected on the political orientations of the Maronites, and who supported the majority Bechara El Khoury direction until 1943, when everyone unites in in November of the same year the crisis, but that did not last long, as it collapsed autism Maronite front of Bechara El Khoury's policy of nepotism, corruption and the spread of corruption, and that the effects of other Lebanese sects against Maronites, so I tried hard to maintain their earnings and protection from loss, because of the actions is studied by the President of the Republic, Fady then split the Maronites themselves, which is reflected provoked by the 1952 uprising, which ousted the gospel Khoury, came Bkamil Shimon for the presidency, but the new president did not learn a lesson from the mistakes of those before, returned to practice the same policy, Maronites, raising again, fearing for their interests from being lost, especially after it came to the case of the popular ferment culminated in elections in 1957, and the explosion of the situation and out of control in the bloody events in May 1958.
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المذاهب الاسلامية واثرها على الحياة السياسية والاجتماعية في بلاد اليمن (132 - 569هـ / 749 - 1174م) == Islamic Doctrines And Their Impact On The Political And Social Life In The Country Of Yemen (132 - 569H / 749 - 1174M)

Author name: محمد حسين ابراهيم العامري
Supervisor name: هيفاء عاصم محمد الطيار
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Prayer and peace be upon the Seal of the Prophets and Messengers Mohammed bin Abdullah honest and trustworthy, and The God of the good and virtuous, and from above and to the Day of Judgement and after : After the expiry of the era of the legislation and the transfer of the amount of Sharia and Mosul about God U flag and holder his message to his creation Muhammad ibn Abd Allah (peace be upon him) to GBS in 11 AH, the need arises to release what it says (peace be upon him) from his Lord and the development of legal provisions of it, due to the update of the facts and things did not face the Muslims did not occur to them at the time of the Prophet (peace be upon him), Vajtahed where people of diligence and spent and have stated they began, has emerged gradually and in stages different opinions in legal provisions, as a result of the different intellectual and scientific trends and perspectives of the Companions and followers and then of jurists in understanding some of the texts and interpreted, and this difference resulted in understanding and derive rulings to the emergence of the so - called later doctrines of fiqh or Islamic doctrines exploited by fanatics and fools and made it political parties divide where it should unite and unite where it should differentiate, and they have taken a shovel to destroy the unity of Muslims and an excuse to throw the seeds of discord which has had the greatest impact on social life and disturbing disorder political conditions in the Arab countries of the Muslims, making up for grabs Tlthmanm Nations.The nature of the country Yemen and geographic composition of tribal and extremism location for the center of the Islamic Caliphate, whether in Medina or the Levant or Baghdad following the Islamic doctrines and invitations anti - succession took the road it took the ancient ones have Lured center of their activity to achieve their political and ideological goals, taking advantage of the mountainous nature of the rugged Mtakvenha protective shield sheltering him, and Islamic doctrines as a pretext for the assumption of the reins of government in the country has been able to Hola of the founding states in the country of Yemen List on the basis of doctrinal different political affiliation. Some of them showed loyalty to the Abbasid Caliphate, others boarded them and showed loyalty to the Fatimid caliphate and some of them did not condemn allegiance to either of them, and therefore has become Yemen torn limb and control the affairs of states list on the basis of doctrinal So witnessed the country's Yemen bloody military conflicts still raised the capital to this day, the Yemeni society deprived the stability element of which is the basis of life and development in all fields Vahml Yemenis economic life and dragged to the intellectual conflict and war fueled doctrines expatriate them, and due to it came to the subject of our choice ((Islamic sects and their impact on the political and social life in the country of Yemen (132 - 569h / 749 - 1174m))) for consideration. Where he remains Yemen Islamic history is the political and cultural Bavagah fertile ground for researchers and scholars in the field of Islamic history and Islamic civilization.These studies are arranged in front and two doors and a conclusion and supplements and a list of sources and references. The first section titled : Nature Yemen geographical and Islam, its people and political conditions of the year 11 AH - 204 AH has included two chapters, which included the first chapter : two axes first we dealt with the origin designation Yemen language and idiomatically, then Oakbna by examining the nature of Yemen geographical Vaherna to its borders and natural divisions and topography of Yemen and climate, and then explained what was to site Yemen and topography of the impact on the country's political and religious life, while the second axis have we pointed it to the spread of pagan religion, Judaism and Christianity in the country of Yemen, and he two of the effect on the country's political life before Islam and the Islam of its people, then we dealt with the spread of Islam, which has been a peaceful manner where he converted the people of Yemen Islam Bonevs obedience and willing without a fight and made it clear where their reasons for this, as we pointed out where the delegations that presented to Medina to meet the Prophet (peace be upon him) to declare Islam, and also referred to the Prophet r workers on Yemen. The second chapter highlighted the political situation of Yemen of the year (11 AH - 204 AH) we dealt with the apostasy movements that have emerged in the country of Yemen during the era Rashidi (11 - 40 e) How did the Caliph Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) from elimination; and and we have made clear the position of the people of Yemen conflict that existed between the Imam Ali bin Abi Talib, u and Muawiyah. As we pointed out to the revolutions and uprisings witnessed by the country's Yemen during the Umayyad period (41 - 132h) and the reasons that led them to it. And also referred to the situation of the people of Yemen during the first Abbasid Period (132 - 204 AH) and witnessed the country of revolutions and uprisings, and as we pointed out the direction of the safe country of Yemen, which encouraged the division of the country into warring statelets policy. All this has permeated said to the governors of the Caliphs and the Umayyad caliphs and Bani Abbas to Yemen during this time period.The second section was titled : the emergence and spread of Islamic sects in the country of Yemen and its impact on areas of Yemen, political and social. This section included three chapters. We had in the first quarter beginning entry Sunni sects (Hanafi and Maliki and Shafi'i and Hanbali) and doctrines Shiite (Ismaili and Zaidi) to the country of Yemen with a brief study tried through which to offer a broad definition to the owners of these doctrines with male factors that helped to spread in the country of Yemen, Chapter II in which we have considered the effect of these doctrines on aspects of Yemen's political has led these doctrines spread in the country of Yemen to do several states founders of Islamic doctrines taken as a pretext for the assumption of the reins of government, where he was a Sunni some of them represent the state of the sons Ziad (ZIYADI) and the State of brown dust and the state of Bani success (Nagahah) and the state of Bani Mahdi, others Shiite represent the state Ismailia first second State Ismailia (Sulayhid) and State Zaidi and the state of Bani Zerai (Alzerieih) has this mini - states we dealt with in a focused study we gave them a clear picture of each of them in terms of origins and kings, conflicts and alliances that were List with each other and we ended our study of each state by mentioning an end, and focused the third quarter to mention the impact of Islamic schools of thought on aspects of Yemen's social explained the effect of these doctrines in the division of Yemeni society and its regions on a sectarian basis and to the rise of Yemeni women, as well as the rise of slaves (Ethiopians
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التعليم في اليابان (1868 - 1912) == Education In Japan (1868 - 1912)

Author name: مثنى عبد الجبار عبود
Supervisor name: وليد عبود محمد
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Education is a reflection to society background, philosophy and history, as well as its development and horizons for its future prospects and aspirations. In this respect, the Japanese experience has become an example that should be followed to achieve improved didactic and scientific performance. This success has been achieved so quickly that it has made Japan one of the most advanced countries. Though having a small area, tough geographical conditions and high population density, and lacking raw materials, Japan has managed to make the brains of its citizens a substitution to face lack of natural and materialistic resources. This has positively reflected on its economy growth and on its social, educational, and cultural development.There are two reasons for selection of this topic (Education in Japan 1768 - 1912) : first, it is one of the most successful experiences in the world since everyone agrees that the Japanese experience and its didactic development is an integrated and exceptional human effort which has drawn the attention and interest of the entire world. Japan, the Asian country, has broken the rule that development is associated with the West and there is no hope to enjoy development unless a person is a foreigner or an expatriate. So, this experience deserves not only to be studied once; rather, many studies should deal the educational policy of Japan. Second, most academic studies on Japan have focused on the political and economic sides and overlooked the social side of which education is the most important pillar and the effective channel in the state policy and community. To underline this, most political and economic problems are attributed to education problems. Besides, development in developed countries is considered an equilateral triangle (political, economic and social “educational” development). It is known that development of the social aspect positively reflects on the political and economic aspects, and vice versa. Thus, education is pivotal in the development process in any developed country including Japan. The period covered by the thesis is 1868 - 1912; the first date (1868) is the date of accession of Emperor Mutsuhito (1868 - 1912) to the throne. The reign of this Emperor is known is Meiji. He was committed to the fifth principle of the Imperial Charter Oath : “Knowledge shall be sought throughout the world so as to strengthen the foundations of imperial rule”. This Charter marks the end of two centuries of solitude. It has made Japan open to international and regional countries. The second date represents end of the Meiji Era where Japan reached to an advanced stageof education development. Japan completed the foundation of the education structure starting from kindergartens to imperial universities.The hypothesis that the thesis deals with is an attempt to explore and analyze data and information about the development of education in Japan up to 1912, and review its basic elements and key factors of its rise. It also explores the effect of struggle between traditional and modern education, and plans developed by the government and stance of the Emperor to these plans. The researcher adopted the scientific, analytical and historical approach, and tried to reconcile between the historical sequence and unity of subject to reach objective and accurate answers. The thesis consists of four chapters, conclusion and annexes. The first chapter deals with roots of education in Japan up to 1868. It involves three topics : the first one tracks development of education during the reign of Nara and Heian (710 - 1185), changes in the reigns of Kamkura and Muromachi (1185 - 1568), and reign of Azuchi Momoyama (1568 - 1600). The second topic include education in the era of early Tokugawa (1600 - 1853); it shows the educational policy adopted by the shogun Ieyasu Tokugawa (1603 - 1615) to reform education; explores his disputes with opponents; reviews the effect of solitude of Japan of education during the years 1616 - 1786; and outlines the effect of tribal schools and First Opium War on education (1787 - 1853). The third topic focuses on reviewing development of Education in the Tokugawa Era (1853 - 1868), outlining the effect of Perry expedition in wakening up the Japanese nation of the dormant Chinese thinking, directing them to explore mysteries of modern western education and sciences (1853 - 1868), and getting acquainted with the role of foreign missionaries and Japanese scholars in the development of education (1859 - 1868) and their role in introducing modern sciences which had contributed to preparing Japanese education elite that, in turn, encouraged Japanese to the west, resulting in increased scholarships to the west and Europe to get closer picture of the development of modern science (1863 - 1868).The second deals with the beginnings of modern education in Japan (1868 - 1877). It includes three topics; the first involves the attempts to reform government education as a result of a call by the Meiji Emperor in 1868, and the effect of his call to open old schools and seeking foreign assistance to develop and modernize these schools. The second topic deals with education modernization projects, including establishment of the Ministry of Education and development of the first Educational Plan (Gakusei), as well as the lwakura expedition and its impact on revising the Educational Plan and encouraging women education and establishment of educational associations. The third topic copes with teacher preparation, establishment of normal schools for female and male teachers, development of curricula, and problems facing implementation of the plan.Chapter three tackles establishment of the Japan University and development of education plans (1877 - 1885). It includes three topics. The first topic involves establishment of Japan University and development of a proposed second National Education Plan (1877 - 1880). It also includes an overview of the impact of People for Liberty Movement and stance of the Emperor of this Movement. Topic two deals with the steps for the review and development of the third National Education Plan (1880 - 1885). Topic three involves development of the fourth Education National Plan (1885 - 1890), its announcement, implementation and stance of the Emperor to it. Chapter four tackles development of modern education in Japan (1890 - 1912). It includes three topics; the first highlights development of the education system in primary schools by issuance of new legislation. These include kindergartens and primary and secondary schools. The second chapter sheds light on the education system in the secondary schools, normal schools which graduate professional staff to meet the need of education expansion in primary and intermediate schools and vocational schools and its impact on the Japan economy, as well as, female high schools and their role on the education of women. The third topic deals with the development of high education institutions which are preparatory schools for those wishing to complete study after university; it also deals with private schools and imperial universities since these are high academic institutions for graduating social, economic and administrative elites to serve in and develop different state institutions.The researcher used considerable number of references, official Japanese documents developed in English by the Ministry of Education, as well as many other documents, letters, Arabic and English theses, periodic both magazines and newspapers. The Arabic and Foreign books, researches and studies, and foreign encyclopedias have contributed so much to this thesis by providing valuable information
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السياسة السوفيتية تجاه القرن الافريقي 1963 - 1978 == Soviet Policy Towards The Horn Of Africa 1963 - 1978

Author name: قيس عدنان عودة الفهداوي
Supervisor name: سمية امين ياسين
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Anbar
Language: Arabic
University location: Anbar
First pages:
Abstract: The Somali - Ethiopian conflict over the province of Ogaden and the Ethiopian strong ties with the US were reasons for the intervention of the Soviet Union in the African Horn. Traditionally, the intervention of Moscow came by a way of an agreement to supply military support to Somali in 1963, and the development in the military cooperation between the two countries after the coup of 1969 which brought the General Mohammed Siad Barre into power. The beginning of the Seventies witnessed a huge increase in the Somali military power. In 1974, the policy of Moscow reached its peak, and that same year witnessed the first test for its survival under changeable conditions. The Soviet Union formalized its relations with Somali throughout the peace and friendship treaty in the midst of 1974. Almost successively, the Ethiopian revolution caused the end of the imperial regime in September 1974.Thus, the emperor Hilasilasi was replaced by a military council known by the name Derek which announced its enmity to the Western front and its support for the Eastern front. At the beginning, the Soviet Union policy towards Ethiopia was characterized by caution because Ethiopia was still dependent on the American support and the Soviet Union did not want to agitate the Somali enmity. But the change in the Soviet attitude was underway when Mangistu named president of the military council in February 1976.The Soviet found in him a loyal friend who since his arrival into power announced his will to accelerate the revolutionary march and the socialist inclination of Ethiopia. The Soviet Union began considering what problems its relations with Ethiopia may have on its relations with Somali. The Soviet Union wants to keep its domination on Somali and at the same time to get more powerful in Ethiopia. For the Soviet leadership, it is clear that the development which can threaten that Soviet ambition and which was beginning to take form after 1974, is the fighting which broke out between Somali and Ethiopia because this will enforce the Soviet Union to choose between the two countries. In an attempt to avoid this situation, the Soviets sought, in March 1977, to establish a confederal union including the three socialist countries; Somali, Ethiopia, and Southern Yemen with Djibouti to be added in the future. According to a suggestion written and signed under Soviet guarantee to supply economic and military support for this union. Therefore the regions of tension in Eretria and the province of Ogaden will be given self - rule inside and within the ongoing border arrangements of Ethiopia. The Somali president, Said Barry, strongly refused this suggestion and affirmed that the union could only be established when all the nations would be able to have the right of self - determination. This practically means that Eretria must be member of this union by its own right and Western Somali is to join the union either as a separate entity or as a part of Somali. The Somali president was content that there is a golden chance to seize Ogaden and to annex it to Somali since the ruling council in Ethiopia was busy with an extending internal opposition to the regime and was also obliged to devote most of the military abilities to Eretria Province, where the Eritrean rebels launched a violent war of separation and succeeded in their control over 80% of their lands after badly defeating the Ethiopian army. The key ports on the Red Sea came under the threat of the Eritrean resistance. Added to this, the Western Somali Liberation Front (Ogaden), which was supported by the Somali government, declared war against Ethiopia. Since its independence in 1960, Somali was thinking of seizing Ogaden and for the first time, it was more well - armed than its Ethiopian counterparts. Will the president, Said Barry, fail to take action and let the golden chance slip from him for the sake of the Soviet promises of self - rule of Ogaden —a promise may never be possibly kept by the Soviets. When the fight broke out between Somali and Ethiopia as a result of the Somali attack on Ogaden in July 23rd 1977, the Soviet Union took sides with Ethiopia. Moscow launched the biggest air and sea bridge (after the October war) to transport weapons and military equipments to Ethiopia. The American intelligence estimated the size of the military equipment which Moscow provided Ethiopia about 61,000 ton and the overall value of the Soviet loads about one billion dollars.11000 Cuban soldiers were sent to Ethiopia. In an unprecedented step, Moscow sent two of its high profile generals to take part in planning and managing the war which ended with the defeat of Somali and its withdrawal from Ogaden in March 9th 1978. The Soviet did not achieve their supreme goals but their policy did not bring them heavy loss. Although losing Somali meant for them the loss of their biggest military bases outside the Warsaw League, the final outcome was positive for the Soviet policy because Moscow won a new and important position in Ethiopia. In November 1978, Mangistu visited Moscow and signed a 20 - year - agreement of friendship and cooperation which established the allegiance between the Soviet Union and Ethiopia which was one of the important circles of the American influence. Ethiopia also has a coast on the Red Sea, so this can provide the Soviet Union with institutions which equal in their value what the Soviets lost in Somali. Added to that, the Ethiopian population is seven times larger than the Somali's, its national income is eight times larger than the Somali's, its area is twice larger than the Somali's, and its natural resources are more abundant and its influence in Africa is wider.
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الامام جعفر الصادق (عليه السلام) واثره في العلوم النقلية والعقلية == Imaam Jafaar Al - Sadiq ( Peace Be Upon Him) And His Effect In The Trasitional And Intellectual Sciences

Author name: قائد كامل حميد البندر التميمي
Supervisor name: عبد الكريم خيطان حسن الياسري
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Imam Jafaar Al - Sadiq (Be Peace Upon Him) is considered an outstanding phenomenon in the throughout the history of various sciences and knowledge.He was a pioneer of his peers in both the transitional and intellectual sciences.Such a position had its effect on his students and his close friends who are considered nowadays as the most salient figures such as Abu Hanifa Al - Nuaman , the legal advisor of Iraq ,Mlik Ibn Anas ,the legal advisor of Al - Madinah, Jabir Bin Hayan, the famous chemist , Hisham Bin Al - Haqam the famous theologist ,etc. The era of Imam Jafaar Al - Sadiq (Be Peace Upon Him) was considered the golden one ,from which the history can be detected.Such an Imam had acquired all good virtues , honor, and Pioneering.He was one of the great scholars who had renewed the message of the Prophet Mohammed (Be Peace Upon Him) in its implication and content ,giving life a fresh look. This study is divided into four chapters ,in each there are different topics and a conclusion as shown below.In the Introduction, a brief biography of the Imam is presented ,for he had lived and was a witness in important stage of the Islamic history which coincided with the fall of the unjust Amawi State ,and the rise of Bani Al - Abass State.In such a periodImam Jafaar Al - Sadiq (Be Peace Upon Him)had successfully been able to raise many generations of scholars and jurists and to spread and teach the real religion through such good groups of people.Chapter One is entitled'' The Scientific Echoes of Some Aspects of Knowledge '',and is divided into three topics.In the first topic is concerned with the Scientific Centers established by the Imam in Al - Madinah and Kufa.The second topic deals with the scientific councils ,those of Dictation and Debates.The third topic is related to those families and houses in which knowledge and science are studied.The fourth topic is mainly focused on the thought and scientific heritage of the Imam (Be Peace Upon Him).Chapter Two is mainly devoted to the scientific sciences with five topics.The first one is concerned with the sciences of the Holy Quran ,showing the most salient those who recite the Holy Quran ,taught by Imam Jafaar Al - Sadiq (Be Peace Upon Him).The second topic deals with the Prophet Traditions ,rising the Imam role in selecting the real Tradition (Hadith) from the fake one ,with reference to the most outstanding students in such a field.The third topic is devoted to Jurisprudence providing its definition in language reformation , showing the opinions of the Imam in inventing the legal judgment.The fourth topic is related to Sufism with a precie definition for such a science and the Imam's views.This is because in such an era ,mysticism was prevailing which ,as the Imam thought , formed a dangerous phenomenon which prevent development in life in all aspects.Also, this topic includes the most famous mystical figures who were contemporary with the Imam and told much about him.The fifth topic is primarily concerned with Theology and its effect on those who made violations which were faced by the Imam through his close friends such as Mu'man Al - Taq and Hisham Bin Al - Hakam.Chapter Three is mainly devoted to the significant effect left by the Imam in the Human Sciences (Humanities ) with three topics.The first one deals with literature (poetry and prose).In such a field , the Imam was always encouraging his friends, students and followers to write elegies about his grandfather ,Imam Hussein( Be Peace Upon Him) ,and describing Al - Taff Disaster in a delicate and literary style ,some of them are Al - Kumait and Al - Saied Al - Hamyari.Also, this topic includes Morphology which had received more attention from the Imam in precisely explaining the items of such a science.This can be approved by how Al - Khalil Bi Ahmed Al - Farheedi ( 179 A. H. - 795 A.D.) had made a deduction from this science and added it to his Book ''Al - Ain ''.Next in this topic ,the researcher surveys the role of the Imam in languages in mastering ,like other members of the family of the Prophet Mohammed (Be Peace Upon Him) ,many of them like Persian ,Hebrew, and others spoken and written.The second topic is related to History and Genealogy.In this sense, the Imam was considered the first who studied the stories and history critically and instructed his students to consider them by reason or mind , purifying them from both myths or legends.In this way, a number of his students had been famous in such a field such as Jabir Bin Yazid A - l - Jaafi ,Mussa Bin Oqbah ,and others.The third topic is mainly devoted to Philosophy focusing on the effect of the Imam in such a science and was the firstwho established the major schools of Philosophy which were attended by the philosophers themselves and their students as Al - Hassan Al - Basri ,the fouder of the school of philosophy in Basrah ,as well as Bin Attaa' the founder of the school of Al - Mu'zallah. Chapter Four signifies the role played by the Imam in the intellectual sciences ,with four topics.The first one deals with the sciences of Medicine and Pharmacology in which the Imam had contributed much that the scientists in these days have discovered which in fact had been tackled by the Imam especially in the field of herbals and its benefits and harms on the person's health.The second topic is concerned with Chemistry and the role of the Imam in such a science and what he had instructed his student ''Jabir Bin Hayan'' The third topic is devoted to Astronomy with what the Imam had huge knowledge in such a science.The fourth topic is related to Physics ,revealing how the Imam had discussed Aristotle's view in this sense ,as well as the Imam's father opinion ''Al - Baqir (Peace Be Upon Him ) in that the Universe consists of four elements : soil, water, air ,and fire.The Imam showed his wandering that Aristotle didn't paid enough attention to the fact that all these elements cannot be divided ,i.e. are not simple elements.The researcher has come up with specific conclusions on the role and effect of the Imam Jafaar Al - Sadiq (Be Peace Upon Him) in both the transitional and intellectual sciences.In addition ,the current research has required consulting to various references to trace what had the Imam had written himself or what had been narrated from him in deferent sources in different knowledge. The first of such resources are the basic books in history.This is becausewhat had been narrated from the Imam are clear explained in the different stages of history starting from the message of Islam era and up to the First Abassi's era ,consulting the major books by Al - Yaa'qubi,Al - Tabbari,Al - Massoudi,Ibn Katheer,and others ,tracing back all the texts dealt with in this research.As long as the books of translation are concerned and the men who accomplished them are of high significance in this research because they have revealed many of the narrators who had told much of the Imam works such as Al - Najashi,Al - Toossi,Al - Kishi,and others. From such figures many important texts have been discovered which reflected significant aspects of the Imam's life and his relations with his contemporary scholars ,as well as a picture of his scientific life.The books of the Prophet traditions have had a valuable effect in enriching the present research such as Sahih Bukhari ,Tahtheeb Al - Mazi,Al - Esbisar by Al - Toosi,in addition to the books in novel and the Prophet Traditions as they are found in the writings of Al - Khateeb Al - Baghdadi,Ibn Shahrashob,the Second Martyr ,Ibn Tawoos ,Ibn Al - Jawzi,and others.The same can said about books of Jurisprudence ,The Fundamentals ,and Language in supporting this study especially ''Kitab Leesan El - Arab'' by Ibn Manthoor ,''Taj Al - Aroos'' by Al - Zubaidi ,and others.Books related to doctrines ,theology, and Philosophy have had an intimate relationship with the ideological development in Islam and the role of the Imam Jafaar Al - Sadiq (Be Peace Upon Him) in establishing the principal doctrines and distinguishing them from those that stood against Islam such as books written by Al - Sheik Al - Mufeed ,Al - Shahrestsni ,Al - Tabbari,and others.As for those books related to the history of the Imam and other modest Imams (Be Peace Upon Them) ,they gave clear picture of the Imam's life ,his scientific biography and his life successive stages , those trusty followers ,friends, and students. Some of those books are ''Omdat El - Talib Fee Ansab Abi Talib'' by Ibn Anbah ,'' Imam Al - Sadiq Biography'' and other books.Also ,specific books have been consulted which are concerned with how Some Orientals have introduced the Imam ,as well as the Fourth Schools of Islam , and other books.Regarding those books on the Countries ,the present study has greatly been provided by different books with rich information in interpreting places as ''Al - Buldan'' book by Yakoot Al - Hamawi ,''Treekh Al - Kufa ''by Said Hussein Al - Baraqi,and other references. Moreover ,the present research has also referred to modern writings which include various opinions and discretions that reflect the authors' own views ,some of which are in accordance with those of the current study's ,and some contradict them.Also, papers published in scientific journals and those discussed in conferences ,as well as theses and dissertations that deal with the same subject of this research are also dealt consulted in this study.
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وزارة المعارف العراقية 1920 - 1958 : دراسة تاريخية == The Iraqi Ministry Of Knowledge 1920 - 1958 Historical Study

Author name: فلاح حسن كزار عباس
Supervisor name: كريم مراد عاتي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Ministry of education considered as one of important Iraqis' offices which formed in Iraq for the period 1920 - 1958, it's important was that it’s the only one that responsible about preparation and build generations , and support all state institutions and it's offices with the functional individual scientific and administrative , that reflect it'd scientific and civilized role and the range of progress of Iraq in both levels in internal & external.The study of ministry in it’s administrative sides in that period was not discussed in the other studies , which stimulate the researcher for study it, also the administrative sides for any ministry have the important which many of modern academic study concentrate on it, to know the structure organization of the ministries, from it's specialized offices and the officials that operated and their scientific and educational specialism, and how many wealth which assigned from public budgetary of state for it's scientific and administrated duty and that reflect the size of administrate development and other.The ministry have seen many administrative development , at the beginning with direct British occupation (1914 - 1921) , at the period (1914 - 1918), it's works relative with (incomings officials ) in Basra and Baghdad , on August 1918, it's become as establishment named as ( public knowing attendance), when Iraqi temporary kingdom has been established in 23 august 1921, it's been self - governing ministry when ministry of health has been separated, and know it's named as (Ministry of knowledge ) it still as that until the royal regime has been drop down on 14/July/1958. Offices whose managed this ministry development it's administrated works and continue with global growth has been founded in this field , specially form whose of them that have superior specialized certification, also they called for (international committee) for help in put plans that making the rising of it's works.The works that accepted from ministry have the clear role in put the first basis of acts and instructions for the Ministry of knowledge in Iraq , and establishment of natural foundations and specialized the work of ministry and it's officials , when we see the historical stage , the level of scientific progress and the general situation in the country
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الاسطورة واثرها في الرواية التاريخية الاندلسية (92 - 484هـ/711 - 1091م) == Myth And Their Impact On The Historical Novel Andalusian (92 - 484H / 711 - 1091M)

Author name: غفران محمد عزيز
Supervisor name: مثنى فليفل سلمان الفضلي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Movement History has hit a lot of counterfeiting and additions and sometimes novel completely changed by Shetty comes in the forefront of global politics and religion factors and therefore did not vacate the Islamic history of these legends but often contained them in the Andalusian history of existence of space and space to make way for the existence of such accounts. The novel legendary Andalusia were not beyond the dye Islamic It affected cultural eastern heritage in terms of lies and slanders that link in Mbalgadtha to the level of myth on the other hand has to be understanding of the criteria in the Islamic era in terms of being included in this concept, which was characterized by comprehensiveness of the different trends of knowledge him which make way because includes all the novels beyond the mental acceptance. In addition, we find a lot of stories related to old to cause related Bamaadz prophetic or mention of the presence of large countries do not have the basis of health in terms of comparing historical events of the region, prompting this matter martyrdom duration old time He graduated from our subject, which extended from the opening Andalusian 92 AH / 711 AD time down to the end of an era denominations year 481 AH / 1088 AD and that while Ibn Yasin made his decision to stay in Andalusia and an end to the era of those mini - states, and this time give a clear picture of the stages of legend in terms of the nature of growth and selected for conditions existing, which shows the main reasons underlying behind the emergence of the legendary novel in Andalusia in a time when novels Establishment of Andalusia and its importance and its cities have specialized novel religious nature at the same time we find that personal hero overshadowed the second phase her. Researchers often pulled away in their studies of Islamic history from the concept of the myth that it interferes in the foundation with the spirit of Islamic thought from religious and sectarian currents multiple linked beside my faith have I do not mean here novels Koranic but those novels and false beliefs that have no basis in fact, and this payment researcher the study of cross - cutting aspects of the topic as well as subjecting those accounts to scrutiny of the field, which exceeded many researchers and writers when Ordohaa in their studies of the history of the Andalusian were those of the reasons that led us to choose the subject and marked ((myth and its impact on the historical novel Andalusian 92 - 481h / 711 - 1088m ))
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السيرة النبوية في كتاب تاج العروس من جواهر القاموس للزبيدي (ت1205هـ/1790م) == Biography Of The Prophet In The Dictionary Kitaab Taaj Alaaroos Min Jawahir Alqamoos Ll Zubaydi (1205H - 1790C)

Author name: غصون عبد صالح مرجان الزهيري
Supervisor name: كريم عاتي لعيبي الخزاعي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: كان ظهور الاسلام في الواقع ثورة دينية وسياسية واجتماعية واقتصادية، وهو انتقال حاسم في تاريخ العرب ومن الطبيعي ان لكل ثورة دينية او سياسية او اجتماعية مراحل تمهيدية ومقدمات.ان مما يميز هذه الدراسة عن غيرها اعتمادها على ما فسر من مفردات لغوية عن الزبيدي ف | In fact the appearance of Islam political, economic , religion and social revolution ,it was decisive transition in the Arab history ,then make to them one religion call to unity ,and chieve to them political unite, and make Arab a strong unite nation chieve conquests similar to ancient empire chieve ,at natural every political or religion or social revolution prefaces and introductions steps ,this was clear at Arab before Islam ,this preface and introduction show in weakness of ancient pre - Islamic (jahlyah) creeds, if was political or religion or social ,and deflection to leave it for the sake of another creeds seriousness ,and prediction to near appearance corrector prophet call to this creeds.This study distinguished about another it dependence upon what construed from language terms about AL - Zubaidy in his taaj a,aroosih and what came casually in this taaj with regard in biography the prophet through that terms the dark utters ,upon that we can say this dictionary in addition to be treasure from fortune the Arabic language, it was importance source from biography the prophet sources, so it was source to another historical studies.This Study includes : Prelude and five chapters, beside the conclusion and a list of sources and modulation and references.The first chapter contains study author and his book taaj AL - a,aroos with his name and his foster and his scientific standing and his travels ,his old men and his pupils, then we study his dictionary from where title and the peroose of authorship and the sources which depend on it for authorship to this large compilation, then after that we expression his method what it special show biography the prophet (peace be upon him ). The second chapter contains study to biography the prophet(peace be upon him ) before prophecy from where his name (peace be upon him ) and his noble descent ,and marriage his father Abdullah (peace be upon him )from his mother Amnah bint Wahb(peace be upon him ),and his blessed birth, then his early life and his sucking ,and loftier his character then his working and his participation (peace be upon him ) kinsfolk work, then his wives and his children.The third chapter entitled of (the prophet () after the prophecy) ,we have the glad tiding of the people of the book (Christians and Jews ) to his appearance (peace be upon him ) and his worship, and the inspiration hitting (Gabriel) ,then his request secrecy and concession, until he reach to the reception top which was the night of prophet Mohammad's ascension to the seven heavens ( Isra,a wa al Mea, raj) ,and his prediction and miracles ,then starting of Islam spreading ,and two homage the first and the second (ba,atay ala,aqbah alawla wa althaneah) ,after that we stand on the messenger emigration (peace be upon him )(the Hegira) to the town (almadinah) ,and foundation of Arab state in madinah whether in mosque building or in brotherhood (Almoa,akhah) then town paper, and his sectors (peace be upon him ) and his charities ,then his practice to judges, and his legistion and steering ,at last his prevents and teaching. The fourth chapter we stand on the second phase from the prophet mission ,it was the conflict between almadinah and Makkah and starting of exploration stage and sending detachments and starting of the war defiance between Muslims and Quraesh Makkah and rest of the Arab tribes heathenism, where we have the detachments and invasions importance which advantage the Battle of Badr Alkubrah (Ghazwahat Badr) arranged according for historical aseries ,then inter in the Battle of Badr Alkubrah (Ghazwahat Badr) then Ghazwahat bani saleem in kidar ,and Ghazwahat Alswayf , and Ghazwahat Uhud , and Ghazwahat Dhat - Ur - Riqa, and Ghazwahat Bani Nadheer ,then Alrajeea detachment , and Ghazwahat Bani Almustaliq and Ghazwahat Khandaq (ahzaab) ,then detachment of Mohammad bin salama to bani qartaa , and Ghazwahat dhe Qird , and Ghazwahat khaibar, and Ghazwahat Mu,tah, at last Ghazwahat Dhat Alsalasil.Then we finished this phase in chapter fifth in muslim capture on makkah ,and the standing messenger (peace be upon him ) union Arabian Peninsula ,he start in Ghazwahat Hunain,then siege Taif ,then detachment khabut, Ghazwahat Tabuk in the next year and crowning these victories advent of tribes in same year ,and fareweel pilgrimage (Hajj - al - wida ),and death of messenger(peace be upon him ). At last was The conclusion to explain the importance what was the research reach to from results about this study. At the end I want to show that I do my best in this research and if Successes in it that will be from God merciful. if it was the other side so that from my self that because I want to be most clear in my research and in God we trust.
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ولايـة المـوصـل 1032 - 1139هـ/1623 - 1726م : دراسة في اوضاعها الادارية والاقتصادية والسياسية == Mosul State 1032 - 1139H - 1623 - 1726 Ac A Study Of Its Administrative, Economic And Political Circumstances

Author name: عماد كريم عباس جواد الراوي
Supervisor name: عبد الرحيم ذو النون زويد الحديثي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Anbar
Language: Arabic
University location: Anbar
First pages:
Abstract: The importance of the study of history of political, administrative and economic state of the connector during the period 1623 - 1726 in being the missing link from the date of Mosul as many researchers avoid dealing with the midst of research on the history of Mosul, in the era of the scarcity of sources of books , researches, and articles dealing with the history of the state on the one hand and locked to mention a lot of developments in the political, administrative and economic which saved by the Ottoman official documents on the other hand, which prompted me to research the history of Mosul in that period in order to complete the academic study progress along with other scholarly clear picture about the history of Mosul has divided the study to preface and five chapters.The preface has dealt with the strategic location of the mandate of Mosul being the link between the mountainous region the region of plains as well as it occurs on the line of rain provided her with the possibility of agriculture also addressed the subject of Mosul to Ottoman rule and the reasons that led to the conflict Ottoman - Persian around Mosul; as well as the political, administrative, and economiccircumstances, witnessed by Mosul during the sixteenth century as taking account of Mosul in a number of Ottoman Empire campaigns against the recalcitrance of southern and northern Iraq while in the administrative side has shed the light on the transmission of Mosul from Sandzak follow the mandate of Diyarbakir to an independent mandate includes a number of Alsnagq at the time that pointed to anything depends Musli economy with mention of some of the industries that were dishonored by the craftsmen of Mosul and thr trade that merchants has been activated on both internally and externally.In the first chapter reviewed the political and military situation, as Mosul witnessed relatively stability in their political status throughout the seventeenth century, which impact upon the strength layer objects, reducing the stability to the disorder represents some strife and revolutions that Mosul witnessed in the first quarter of the eighteenth century, as well as exposure of Mosul to Bedouins and Kurds attacks and Aldasnah tribes attacked villages in Mosul more than once, not to mention the attacks on the villages of Mosul by Bedouin nomads and non - mobile workers such as Arbab pro.I have reviewed in the first chapter the movement ofMahdaviat of a religious nature and the role of Mosul in the elimination of that movement as well as the governor of Amadiyah as well as its role in the elimination of rebellions carried out by Albbh Kurdish tribes inShahrazourparties and otherrecalcitrances in the center of Iraq, such as rebellion son long in Baghdad, not to mention the significant role that Musel contributed in all campaigns sent by the Ottoman Empire to the center and south of Iraq to eliminate the recalcitrance of Al Afrasiab and every franchiser and Almhasain and Alkhozaal and all Zabid also reviewed the role of non - combat forces to Mosul and goal rescued Baghdad from flooding witnessed in the seventeenth century.The second chapter is marked by (the role of Mosul in campaigns recovery and rebellions external) studied through several axes of movement was a rebellion BakrSobashi in the forefront of those axes being the reason that inset the Ottoman Empire in the wars of Baghdad recovery that was exposed to the occupation of the Persian on the impact of the movement as well as other axes was the role played by Musel in the greatestAlsader Hafiz Ahmed Pasha campaign in 1626 AD, and the campaign of the Grand Vizier Khosrow Pasha in 1629, and the campaign of Sultan Murad IV in 1638, not to mention the financial support provided by Mosul to the forces of Ottoman fighting in fronts "and that" the goal of quantities oil and tar sent there in 1634 , also studied Alnjaddatthat Musel was sending out to its neighboring regions when exposed to attack Persian has led to a Mosul military force to rescue Ardalan, which came under attack by Persian forces in 1636.That chapter also highlighted the significant role that Mosul contributed in the campaigns of Kermanshah and Hamadan through the active involvement of the Mosul forces in those campaigns as well as material support goal funded armies of campaign Kermanshah and Hamadan, let alone a detailed study showed that Musel has effective posts in eliminating the rebellions of Foreign Affairs was the involvement of forces of Mosul in eliminating the rebellion Abaza Hassan Pasha in Anatolia and the recalcitrance of the Abbasids in Aleppo.Addressed the third chapter is marked by "administrative status" within the mandate of Mosul and administrative changes experienced over the seventeenth century and of the separation of some Alsnagq and insert another depending on the political developments witnessed by Iraq at the time as a result of the wars of the Ottoman - Persian since shrunk sanjaks mandate of Mosul to three sanjaks the end of the seventeenth century as well as the handling of the administrative body and the head governor and the powers granted to him and duties him to do it and when to grant the first Wally of the governors of Mosul rank of minister and the relationship of the governor populated and encroachments some of them on the population in Mosul since gained Muslims and Christians alike not to mention the handling of administrative tasks to the staff of the governor. He has treated this chapter the powers of the judge and Duties of Man and the corruption that has reached institution of the judiciary in Mosul as a result of being subject to a commitment as well as treatment for the position of mufti to be considered Assistant to the judge in various transactions legal and muftis in Mosul are the product of their local schools as highlighted some families conductivity, which took Ifta the isms Hanafi and Shafi'i not to mention that he presented a study brief union supervision and when appeared for the first time, functions and tasks assigned to implement Captain supervision of Mosul and any family conductivity is limited to those syndicate the layer objects were within the themes studied in this chapter as it touched on the emergence of that layer and the influence that exercised in the management of the state and the reasons that prompted the Ottoman Empire to establish advisory councils at a time when study focused on the military establishment, represented troop softening and the number Ortadtha and their names and abuses carried out by those forces against the population of Mosul, who is integrated a lot of them within the forms of those forces in pursuit of them for the salvation of those infringements as well as other items that were part of the institution of which the local forces, especially the singles and special forces associated with the person of the governor and the feudal forces that formed the backbone of the military institution in the state of Mosul.The fourth chapter is marked by "a system of land and agriculture in Mosul," dealt with the study of processes of comprehensive survey conducted by the Ottoman Empire on the territory of Mosul and classification of land resulting from these operations as divided the territory in Mosul to the three types of main territory of Miri, and Waqf land, and sole proprietorships as the study focused on the way the approach adopted Ottoman state represented by annexing a lot of villages in Mosul and farms to properties Alhmioneh and those who were granted those Alaqtaat as well as the study of the nature of the agricultural land, there are villages and farms, communities and the comparison between imports with a focus on some farms has increased its imports from the villages, or that some groups increased its imports from the villages and farms, it is what is Zaaamt groups and villages what is Timar. Also addressed the factors affecting the agriculture and what those factors and the impact it has had on the agricultural side, there are wars Ottoman - Persian and movements Aljellalah that stood obstacle to the progress of agriculture in Mosul, as well as taxes that have worked on the migration of large numbers of peasants of Mosul as a result of their inability to pay those taxes, let alone natural factors of attacks puppies Najdi, droughts, no rain and cold waves that have long ruled the Cereals Mosul has also addressed the types of agricultural crops, which is famous for its villages and farms Mosul food, including commercial as well as attention to raising cattle and horses and cows and the system of the commitment that was the most important themes chapter has concentrated study in which the reasons that led to his appearance and what proportion of investors Almousliyn of agricultural land under that system and families that have invested the bulk of the territory of Mosul, according to the system Amalikana which replaced the system of commitment to the beginning of the eighteenth century, and finally made a chapter a detailed study on the quality of taxes agricultural land and structures based on them.The Search Chapter V, which is marked as "industrial system and trade" through the types of craft industries in Mosul as focused on the textile industry so that Mosul was one of the largest cities Exporting fabric at the beginning of the means of production and transmission industry cloth muslin Musli to some Asian cities and European as well as the submission brief study of the types of other industries not to mention presenting a detailed study of varieties craft that was governing the work of artisans and duties assigned to them and the problems faced by those varieties factors influencing the industry has been a focus in which infringements of softening that have had a wide impact in the lack of progress in the formulation of Mosul craft .The trading system has been the main focus II, who was based upon the study within that chapter, as examined through internal trade has been to focus on the reasons that led to the prosperity of this type of trade between Mosul and surrounding villages or between Mosul and other Iraqi cities as well as discuss transit trade which picked out of Mosul during the seventeenth century and the first quarter of the eighteenth century and returned its economic benefits as well as its foreign trade, which has increased its activity with the beginning of the seventeenth century and focus search on articles traded with Aleppo and trade activity with those of the state, let alone eat their trade with Diyarbakir, which has seen a remarkable development in this century through the factors influencing trade, represented by the taxes and the method of collection and the corruption of the staff of customs has won the trade routes of great interest in the study and contributed to its active role in the activity of Commerce has acquired Mosul, a network of roads linked them to other cities made it easier the communication process with those cities accept transportation used to transport goods between the cities of Mosul and that trade with them according to the nature of the routes for trade caravans
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النشاط الصناعي في مصر الفاطمية (358 - 567 هـ / 969 - 1171م) == Industrial Activities In Fatimid Egypt ( 358 - 567 H / 969 - 1171 M )

Author name: علي نصيف جاسم علو التميمي
Supervisor name: سامي حمود الحاج جاسم
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The study is one of the most important and modest branches of historical knowledge for it is one of the most prominent aspects of Economic Activity. That historians and researchers ignored longly. In addition to that, most of the studies of Fatimid Egypt focuse on Political and Military Studies that exhaust most of the efforts. While we find that studies related to industrial activities are rare and mostly are quotations found here and there within the general researches and books that treat the history the Fatimid State. The Fatimid State period in the Egyptian Islamic history is considered one of the most important and flourishing periods of the Egyptian history in general because it witnessed important civilizational developments that changed the history in different aspects of life. Egypt has become really independent for a period of time of more than two centuries from the Abbasid Stade in Baghdad. It has become the center of the Shia Khaliphate that competes with the the Abbasid State. This of course has lead to speed up of the economical development because the resources of Egypt have been spent inside Egypt and not as has been always shared with the Capital Baghdad before the Fatimid era. This period of time participates in a good part of the development of the economic development in Egypt. It really gives us a vivid picture of the important aspects of the Egyptian Islamic history. Despite the fact that this period has been studied with focus but it still needs more especially for the industrial activities that characterizes this era. From this point comes the motivation for a study of this aspect (The Industrial Activities in Fatimid Egypt 358 - 567 A.H./ 969 - 1171 A.D.). The choice of this subject relays upon two reasons : the first one is that the research period is more than two centuries and consists of a big share of the Economic History of Fatimid Egypt, while the second is that the subject has never been studied separately in a way that covers all aspects of life specially industry. Therefore after dependence on Almighty God I have made the decision of introducing a study that covers all aspects of the industrial activities in Fatimid Egypt. The difficulties faced by the subject are the shortage in historical references and resources, for most of the resources as has been mentioned, deal with political, military and social aspects and not economy. Another issue that the researcher wants to refer to is the lack of balance between the number of pages of the chapters because of the differences in the availability of resources. According to the requirements of the research it has been divided into an introduction, a preface, four chapters and an epilogue that contains the most important conclusions that the research finds in addition to appendices, and references. The preface consists of three points : the first is related to industry and profession linguistically and idiomatically and the difference between industry and profession. The second point deals with the indications of both industry and profession in the Holy Quran and how the Holy Quran urges for work. The third point shows the importance of industry and profession in Islam and the prophets' industries and professions according to the Sunna and Ahlulbeit (PBUH) sayings. Chapter one is entitled (Factors that have helped to development and prosperity of industry in Fatimid Egypt). The chapter consists of three aspects : the first is the security aspect and consists of two parts : first securing the boarders with other states like Nobah and BiladulSham and facing challenges like Qaramita and the Turkish movement of Aftakin, as well as the elimination of Interior revolutions and insurgencies like Abu Rawah, Luatah Arabs, and Kanzuldawlah revolutions, while the second part deals with security services presented to citizens like professionals and tradesmen security and monitoring the markets. The religious aspect consists also of two parts : the first is Islamic tolerance with the Copts and the people of disclosure by the Fatimid caliphs, while the second part is related to commercial installations and facilities created by the Fatimid state to support industrial and craft professionals and merchants for their business practice and the conduct of their products such as Alkiesr, hotels, agencies, and stores and other facilities set up by the state. It provided the security and stability for the people of Trades and Crafts and traders both for those coming from outside the country or from within. As for the economic side it has included five parts : the first part is how the Fatimid state has worked to address the economic crisis that was experienced by Egypt since the year (352 AH / 963 AD), which lasted for three years. While the second part deals with Agriculture and Irrigation. The third was for livestock. Part IV deals with providing the necessary raw materials for various industries, as a metal, gold, silver, emeralds, alum and Nitrite, oil, timber and the like. The fifth deals with the monetary system in the Fatimid era, which includes dinar and the dirham and the Fils. The second chapter focused on the types of industries in Fatimid Egypt and its evolution, this chapter has been divided into two main aspects, the former devoted to the study of basic industries in Fatimid Egypt, as industry textile and food industry types and industry of soap, wax and Industry of Sparkling wines and other food industries, as well as the metallurgical industry as the industry of iron, copper and ivory, mosaics and timber industry, ships, glass, crystal, porcelain, paper - making and binding and leather goods, perfumes and medicines, and the arms industry. The second aspect in which we have considered the secondary industries, which include the popular industries and crafts Statistics that everyone needs to in their daily lives, as an industry and a few baskets, ropes and burlap, and other industries and crafts. The third chapter dealt with industrial and craft communities in Fatimid Egypt, where the correlation of the people of the industrial and craft markets sects in addition to regulations and fees that were imposed by the Fatimid state on those markets. This chapter also includes organizations craftsmen and artisans, it states these organizations initiated by the baseline, a boy and then a manufacturer and Usta "teacher" Captain "Captain sect" At the summit, there were both industrial and professional range head or official in charge known as the "Sheikh of the sect". It also deals with traditions that are controlled in the industrial and craft communities, as we talk about the close connection between the place of residence of industrial and craft activities, and at the end of this chapter comes to deal with the production and sale of goods. The fourth chapter is titled calculation and calculated (AlMuhtasib WalHisbah) and their role in the supervision and control of the industry in Fatimid Egypt. It also consists of two parts : The first comes to know the calculation Hisbah linguistically and idiomatically, and its importance in the Holy Quran and Sunnah and origins and evolution, then Mahzbo the Fatimid era, their deputies and their aides, and place of their council and their clothes and fashion. The second part has been allocated to mention the economic role of Mohtasib in Fatimid Egypt, such as his role and his aides in the supervision and control of markets and shops as well as other jobs in the health, social, moral and religious aspects, concluding this chapter by talking about the sanctions imposed on violators by the Mohtasib and his aides. In conclusion, I hope that I have been able to fulfill the requirements of writing this dissertation asking Almighty God the help and guidance.
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المواقف السياسية للبدريين بعد وفاة رسول الله (صلى عليه واله وسلم) الى نهاية العصر الراشدي == Political Stances For Badraiyn After The Death Of The Messenger Of Allah " Mohammed "(Peace Upon Him) Till End Of Al - Rashidi Era

Author name: علي محمود حاجم المالكي
Supervisor name: نعيم دنيان عبيد الغراوي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The study of the history has not been regarded as thinking in the past that blocked the reality and its questions , but rather it has been considered as an introduction to build the selfness and to achieve change and renaissance. The history , to implement that goal should depend on a set of factors including the deep understanding of the history and balanced vision for the past. Actually, we do not bear responsibility of what others did ,but what they did formed a strong base for any new activity. Reading the history and leading the same way others has led , provide important lessons having to be considered , as Allah Said in Quran " Have not they walked on earth and see how was the consequence of those preceded them”. Of those people were 'Badryun" who formed a significance in the Islamic history and that reached to holiness among most of Muslims. This holiness gets from their prestige via defending the religion in the battle of "Badr". The Islamic History in all its phases endowed with outstanding stages led to important results, of those stages is the battle of "Badr" in the second year of immigration. This stage has been considered as a decisive one where Muslims appeared strong that bewildered Quraish and others who were enemy to Islam and that they should re - considered their instance toward Islam. Due to victories "Badr" achieved , the Badryun became and represented the basic base for Muslims at that time. "The Badryun" that represented a huge significance in the Islamic history reached to holiness stage among many Muslims , but they had been considered as a justice hugely adhered to legislative measures the Islamic religion called for. This holiness got from their prestige that clearly reflected in their defense their religion in the Battle of " Badr". The idea of circulating theory of justice of fellows has been started and the goal behind this circulation was to make the justification a convinced one to have " Maawya Bin Abi Sufyn" ascend "'Caliphs". This theory makes " Maawya Bin Abi Sufyn" equal to fellows of the messenger "Muhammad" (Peace upon him) despite his prestige and rank and despite "Maawya 's violations. The historic reality indicated that " Maawya Bin Abi Sufyn" had become " Caliphate " for Mulsims where many "Badryun" are still alive.This is naturally that the political benefit necessitates to circulate the idea to have all fellows justice
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المنهج التاريخي عند مصنفي الفهارس الرجالية الشيخ منتجب الدين الرازي (ت 585هـ) انموذجا == The Historical Approach For The Writers Of Biography Books Sheikh Muntajabaldeen Al - Razi (585 AH ) As A Model

Author name: علي عباس نسيم الوائلي
Supervisor name: سامي حمود الحاج جاسم
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Islamic Sharia depends in great part in its principles - especially those imposed by Allah Almighty on his creatures - on worshipping. The last one depends on the principle of the good and the bad which Allah only knows and has determines to reform the condition of the people in life and hereafter. This is called worship. Islam has left a great space for man to ponder depending on his taste to see the good and the bad, and the right from the wrong, and has left him free in many of his behaviors that have no effect in the interests. This is called the permissible things. Attaining the knowledge of the stipulate principlesdepends on two important sources : the holy Quran and the Sunna taken from the narrators which is the hadith of Prophet Mohammed (PBUH) and his caliphs. The narrators are the human means who inform us the divine codes, from whom we take and apply them. Therefore, we should be confident that what they have given us is the right thing. On that basis the science of Almalrijal (biography) was founded. Many books were written in that basis like the book of Al - fahares, the treatise of Al - Razzi, the biographies of al - Kishi, fihrist Al - sheikh al - Toussi. During the last decade the academic studies tackled in the higher studies for the departments of history some of the books of the imamate history which is rarely studies in other histories.The importance of this study is in being a study of the approach of biography, which is (Al - fahares) which had not been studies. That gives the thesis an originality. The thesis consisted of the following Davidsons and subdivisions : Chapter One tackles the meaning of firistand the sincerity of the narrator in determine the meaning of the sheikhs of Ejiaza , sheikh of narration. Then we defined the arts which we come up with.The second inquiry is about the narrators and the codntion of justice in their documentation, we also studied their private and general documentation. Chapter Two tackled the approaches of the fahares with a review of the first fahares. We displayed in the first inquiry the meaning of the approach and the method of conveying the information for the writers. The second inquiry tackles the study of eight old fahares which one of the materials that are in our hands. Chapter one of the second inquiry tackle in its first inquiry the biography of Al - skiekh al - MuntajabAldeenAlrazzi displaying important aspects of life, especially the scientific biography. The second inquiry tackles the environment in which he al - MuntajabAldeenAlrazzi lives.The second inquiryof the first Chapter tackles the environment in which Muntajab AldeenAlrazzi lived, i.e. the city of Ray, displaying the hsitorym geography economy and politics.Chapter two tackled the study of the fihrist of Al - Muntajab Aldeen Alrazzi study of the importance.The Conclusion includes the ideas resulted from the study. Then a list of references and resources and an abstract in English.
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الرسول الكريم وعترته الطاهرون (عليهم السلام) في مصنفات ابن تيميه : دراسة تحليلية مقارنة == The Glorious Prophet And His Etra (P) In The Classifications Of Ibn Taymiya - A Comparative, Analytical Study

Author name: علي ابراهيم عبيد الجميلي الموسوي (البصير)
Supervisor name: سامي حمود الحاج جاسم
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: This Ph. D. dissertation is divided into four parts. The first part is titled (Ibn Taymiya in his true image). It contains three chapters, the first of which is titled (His social and scientific biography). The second chapter focuses on (The features of his time). It is divided into two main essays; the first of which is titled (His political and social time). The second essay is titled (His intellectual and religious time). The third chapter studies (His style with the others and the opinions of scientists about him). It contains two essays; the first of which is about the style of Ibn Taymiya with the others. The second essay is about the opinions of scientists about him. First, the opinions of those who praised and supported him are cited. Then the opinions of those who opposed and criticized him are cited. The second part is titled (The biography of the prophet (P) in the heritage of Ibn Taymiya). It includes four chapters, the first of which is titled (Ibn Taymiya's position towards the characteristics of the prophet (p)). The second chapter is titled (Ibn Taymiya's position towards the shrines of the propher (P)). The thirds chapter is titled (Ibn Taymiya's Offences towards the prophet of Allah (P)). The fourth chapter is titled (Ibn Taymiya's opinions about some of the Hadeeth quoted from the Prophet).The third part is titled (Biography of the Prince of the believers Imam Ali Bin Abi Talib in the classifications of Ibn Taymiya). It is divided into three chapters, the first of which is titled (Ibn Taymiya's position towards some of the Ayat of Quran which praise the prince of the believers). The second chapter shows (Ibn Taymiya's position towards the narrations praising the prince of believers). The third chapter discusses (What events Ibn Taymiya denied in relation to the prince of believers (P) until his martyrdom).The fourth part is titled (Biography of the holy lady Fatima Al - Zahraa and her infallible sons in the classifications of Ibn Taymiya). It is divided into three chapters, the first of which is titled (Biography of the holy lady and her two noble sons in the classifications of Ibn Taymiya). The second chapter illustrates (The biographies of the guiding Imams in the classifications of Ibn Taymiya). This chapter focused on four of the guiding imams; Imam Zain Al - Abideen Ali Bin Al - Hussein, Imam Mohammed Bin Ali Al - Baqir, Imam Jaafar Bin Mohammed Al - Sadiq, and Imam Mousa Bin Jaafar Al - Kadhim (P). The final chapter in this part shows the opinions of Ibn Taymiya towards the rest of the guiding Imams, starting with Imam Ali Bin Mousa Al - Ridha, then Imam Mohammed Al - Jawad, and his son Imam Ali Al - Hadi, his grandson, Imam Hassan Al - Askari, and concluding with the Imam of the age (may Allah precipitate his relief). This dissertation reached a number of conclusions, foremost among them : 1 - One of the main reasons for the extremism of Ibn Taymiya and his stray is the political, social and environmental conditions in which he lived. Those conditions had a negative effect on his personality, in addition to what he suffered as a result of not having any tribal ties. Nobody was able to find out his tribe, even those closest to him. His most known name, Ibn Taymiya, attributes him to a woman on whom there are no known facts to illustrate her personality, position and role. 2 - The opinions of Ibn Taymiya and his ideas show a clear disturbance in his personality, as he did not agree with any scientist of his time. In fact, he disagreed with all the scientists who preceded him, including those of his own Hanbali sect, and their Imam Ahmed Bin Hanbal. The severity of disagreement with others led to the issue of prison sentences against him a number of times. 3 - In all of his opinions, there was not a trace of a scientific advancement or contribution to any field. Instead, his opinions clearly reflected a similarity, if not a match, to those of the Kharijites. He would attack his opponents with curses, name calling, and foul language. Then he would revile them as infidels, and confiscates their lives, families, and wealth. His fanatic opinions had a distinctive effect on some of the people. They were influenced by his opinions in a way that distorted the features of the Islamic religion. 4 - The opinions of Ibn Taymiya lacks the simplest elements of a scientific opinion. They were not built on sound scientific foundations. They only matched his whims. He would support a certain theory at some time, only to contradict it at other when the conditions of the time and trends change. That goes for his positions towards other scientists; he would support them when he agrees with them, and attacks them when he disagrees. 5 - The most distinctive feature in the heritage of extremism and hatred of Ibn Taymiya is his vile animosity towards the prophet and his descendants. He strayed from the general trend of the nation, by contradicting every praise and miracle that were ever mentioned about the prophet's family.
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الاحوال العامة للاكراد في المشرق 132 - 565هـ / 749 - 1258م == General Conditions For Kurds In The Orient (132 - 656A.H\749 - 1258A.C)

Author name: علاء حبيب عبد العذاري
Supervisor name: كاظم ستر خلف العلاق
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The study of the history of peoples to know the political, economic, social and scientific studies of their situations that are difficult to access them, because of the uncertainty surrounding it and overlap with neighboring clans.There is no doubt that the Kurdish people have been playing an important role on the overall events, as a human species that inhabited the Muslim Levant.It differed greatly in determining the areas of their presence in this region (Mashreq), which are difficult to quantify the different Albuldanyen in drawing boundaries, so it was the Kurds who are in different forms in terms of well - traveled areas, and just as likely in other.Our study has focused them on multitude areas, due to the clarity of the civil features in terms of stability.The limits of our study them within the area bounded by the south of Armenia and even the boundaries of the country beyond the river without crossing.Researchers made no mention of this region clearly, but previous studies determined certain city, where Kurds Ooomarh presence, such as a study researcher Hossam El Din Naqshbandi City Aldeanor, study researcher Riad al - Zubaidi, the emirate Al - husnoah.This thesis consisted of six chapters preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion and supplements.The first chapter discusses : the historical origins of the Kurds in the Orient, and was on the three sections, the first taking him to nominate the Kurds and the origin of the label, as well as eating the difference in the origin of the Kurds.The second topic addressed the geographical distribution of the Kurds in the Levant saying they are the areas, while the third section devoted to learn the language of the Kurds and their religion, the Islamic conquests of the Levant.The second chapter : dedicate the contributions of political and administrative Kurds in the Orient, and was the first of it Section eat ambitious Abu Muslim political Khorasani, while the second section may display the UAE, which created the Kurds in the Levant, and the third section dealt with the study of the contributions of administrative Kurds.The third chapter : to show the contributions of military Kurds, as well as their participation in the opposition movements of the Abbasid Caliphate, was on the three sections, the first taking him to accredited to the Kurdish military regime, while touched second section the military for their contributions and their relationships with the UAE their neighboring countries, and it was the third section has allocated to find out contributions to the Kurds in the opposition movements.The fourth chapter handled the economic conditions of the Kurds in the Orient, and was on the three sections, the first of it dealt with agricultural activity and livestock, while the second section allocated for industrial activity, was Conclusion Chapter III Section, which touched on the commercial activity of the Kurds.The fifth chapter : to give us a clear picture of the social life of the Kurds in the Levant across three sections, we dealt with it layers of the Kurdish community, and the place of women in it, as well as the religious doctrines deployed in their country, while the second section Vtm the study of public life for the Kurds, and it was the third is dedicated to find out the mostimportant customs and traditions that were prevalent in the Kurdish community.Finally, chapter six : life science for the Kurds in the Orient, the first section dealt with the prosperity of the scientific movement factors, while the second section devoted to the scientific contributions to the Kurds in the field of religious studies, while the third section Vtm know their contributions in the field of language and humanities.
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ال حمويه الجويني ودورهم السياسي والعلمي في مصر والشام في القرنين السادس والسابع الهجريين == Al Hamaweh Al Jweni And Their Political And Scientific Role In Egypt And Levant In The Six And Seven Centuries A.H A Study Of The Essenion Community

Author name: علاء حامد احمد محمود
Supervisor name: مشتاق كاظم عاكول المياحي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: We saw the Levant and Egypt during the sixth and seventh centuries AD upswing in the scientific movement, and this activity led to the delegations of many of the Senate and science students who accuse the supply of science, especially after scientists DAI with great interest by the sultans and princes in the Levant and Egypt became their status and a great degree of high - have, especially after the Levant saw a semblance of stability in a state of Nur ad - Din and Saladin, is the science flights of the most important factors that help the activity and prosperity of the country to attract many of the learners, most of the elders who move between Islamic countries were hold boards of scientific and workshops, and was among the senators who came from the Islamic Orient to the Levant Imad Eddin Omar bin febrile year (564 AH / 1168 AD) and his son Mohammed, Prince Nur al - Din Mahmoud Zangi has honored him and assigned him the position of Sheikh Sufi sheikhs, even this has become Family great prestige of sophistication including notorious for its science and knowledge and became an active role in the revitalization of intellectual movement in the Levant and Egypt, then it soon this family that entered in the political and the diplomatic corps Vtoloa Study diplomatic embassies in the Ayyubid era fair King Mohammed full and his son, Then they turn away military positions and Adhawwa leaders and warlords and armies of soldiers, and took control the Sultanate administration, until it reached their case that consulted in the inauguration of some Ayyubid sultans, and adopted them sultans, princes Ayyubid heavily in various military and political fields.Busy and some members of the family in the scientific aspects more than the political aspects even ended up to authorship, classification and became her prestige in the Muslim communities in the Levant, Egypt and the rest of the country Islamic.The reasons that led me to write on this subject, there were several things to choose the subject.1. Statement of the original home and the society in which it was formed this family, and the statement of its position in the new society that has moved him in the Levant and Egypt.2. Clarify the role played by the family of febrile Jouini in the political, military and intellectual aspects in the Levant and Egypt during the sixth and seventh centuries AD.3. The lack of an integrated study of the achievements of febrile Jouini family, and stand on the details of those achievements that characterized it.4. After reviewing the most of what has been said about this family in most sources and references, and found it worthy of a study that examines the life of this and the impact of scientific, political and military family, according to a scientific Platform correct
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احكام التجارة في كتاب المخصص لابي الحسن علي بن اسماعيل المعروف بـ ابن سيدة (ت458 هـ/1065م) : دراسة مقارنة == The Rules Of Trade In The Almukhasas Book Of Abilhasan Ali Bin Ismaeel Well Known By Ibn Sayadah (Dead On 1065 A.D) A Comparison Study

Author name: عروبة حاتم عبيد
Supervisor name: نضال حميد سعيد الربيعي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: After this study of the rules of trade in the Almukhasas Book. it's been possible to reach the following results : 1 - The scientist took a great unique position among his era's scientists due to what God granted this blind scientist cleverness and judiciousness in language, so he became the pioneer of language of Andulus in that time, his father insisted on teaching him since he was a child, and many great sheiks contributed in constructing his personality, also the encourage of the prince Mujahid Bin Abdullah Alaamery a big role in influencing the intellectual emerging of Ibn Sayadah. All these factors together helped in classifying his books like (Almukhasas) as the first grade linguistic lexicon in Andulus. 2 - Ibn Sayadah depend mainly in enriching his knowledge on the books of his previous linguistics like Alkhaleel , Sibawaiyh, Abi Ali Alfaricy and Ibn Jiniy and others, Ibn Sayadah was searching in every subject then make it his resource like books of Ibn Alsikeet, Thalab Abi Zaid Alansary, Ibn Alarabi and Alihyani and others. 3 - Ibn Sayadah is considered as the first lexicon where rules of Islamic Shariah were explained, was like a rich sea source of knowledge, a saturated records including a lot of tales in the economic Islamic intellect , these tales included many significant economic subjects. 4 - Its turns out that many of Ibn Sayadah books that were mentioned in his Almukhasas book were extremely briefed in information, that some of them were one line only no more. 5 - Ibn Sayadah affirmed on applying rules that regulate commercial exchange and these rules emanated from Quran and completed their content from Prophet Mohamed Sunna and added from what prudent mentioned that explained what was similar in these rules. 6 - All Ibn Sayadah's books came simultaneously with what decided in the Islamic economic method in trade , so he called people to work with and make them as the most blessed ways of living, and bounded it with a borders of values and stipulations that make them as a common benefits for individuals and groups. It warns from the taboo trades or manipulating the forbidden trades in any kind of dealing. 7 - The novels of Ibn Sayadah explained in the field of market management as the care of Islam in this matter with an extreme care, that Islam apply a precise system that ensure no any oppression upon the dealers, he insisted on reaching of the commodity till be in the market so that the seller realize the sound price of the commodity without any pressure. 8 - Ibn Sayadah explained about cheating in market and how Islam prohibited that like cheating the purchaser to be convinced to buy it with a more excessive expensive price far from its real value, or like showing the client the good part of the commodity and hide the decade part of it, mixing the bad materials with good ones warned against asking another client to pretend willing to buy goods with a more high price to convince others to buy that goods. 9 - Economic Ibn Sayadah's novels insisted on truthful dealing, considered the high value ethics as a lofty feature and interacted with economic dealing legislations apparently with no ambiguity.10 - The Islamic economic style with comprehensiveness in its rules and according to the common benefit, that its rules were not temporary or instantaneously but they were for common and including all people and for all times, as prove for that what issued against wine trading that these rules were emanated from Quran as the verses of Quran opposite to this matter were not addressing a special group of people of in a certain time but the rule crucial and for all human being and for all times including nowadays. 11 - Almukhasas included kinds of contract treatments like entrepreneur and partnership and his statements were correspondent to the Islamic economic method in discrimination between entrepreneur and partnership by placing each in its appropriate position ,because the capital of the company is from all partners, means the work is the right of every partner even if he didn’t work in the company, while in the entrepreneur the capital is submitted from a side and the work is submitted from another side.12 - Almukhasas included many novels of sales, some of them were sound sales, prohibited sales that have many manipulations and oppressions like cheating, expired materials and fake goods, they are void and agreed are prohibited in all Islamic doctrines.
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الحركة الفكرية اللبنانية1920 - 1958 == The Lebanese Intellectual Movement 1920 - 1958

Author name: عداي ابراهيم مجيد حوران
Supervisor name: جاسم محمد عبد الشجيري
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Anbar
Language: Arabic
University location: Anbar
First pages:
Abstract: The study found that intellectual movement in Lebanon is an independent branch represents a modern phenomenon that has played a major role in the establishment of systems of political, social and cultural ideas, so the regimes based on the thought of calling him, and any system breaks down if only behind the thought of calling torn down.`The study confirmed that intellectual movement is made up of two components of science and knowledge and it helps people to liberate themselves from colonialism and exploitation, injustice and ignorance, to get to the new thinking leap in the life of the Lebanese society happens.Lebanese intellectual movement originated from the various levels of existence in the community between the West and the Arab and Islamic concepts included the historic conflict, several factors contributed to the expansion of the Lebanese intellectual renaissance, a movement of religious reform that included intellectual renaissance in literature and the arts, science and reform of education and unite Muslims and to address the invasion of intellectual colonialism, as well as the ideas of the French Revolution and the campaign of Napoleon to Egypt and the Levant and reforms Muhammad Ali, those were points of convergence with the European ideas that entered Lebanese society by missionaries and foreign missions, religious, had this role in the intellectual movement through a translator operations, in addition to the impact of the printing press and associations literary.The study concluded that the reflection of the situation of Lebanon's public intellectual life that has been split into different directions in the first half of the twentieth century, when the French authorities announced the birth of the State of Greater Lebanon in 1920, there was the impact of intellectual about the private and public identity of Lebanon which has been described (Civil), positions varied intellectual and trends and political in Lebanon in the declaration of the new entity, the call for ideas unionist and advocate of Lebanese nationalism , Sought the pioneers of the intellectual movement in Lebanon to bring rapprochement and unification of opinion in the face of the French occupation policy, focusing their activity pro - independence and the withdrawal of foreign troops, achieved - author of the National Charter, which collect all the intellectuals, and agreed to submit their national interest over personal interest, Thinkers succeeded in Lebanese Charter grabbing independence from French occupation in November 1943, in addition to the return of Lebanon to the Arab world and to pursue a policy (not east not west) and took the Arabic language as an official language of the country instead of the French language, as was the intellectual movement in the evacuation of full French troops from Lebanon in 1946.The most important things that I explained during the study, the significant role of the basic necessities of Intellectual Movement in Lebanon, the main pillars of the elements of the intellectual, cultural and humanitarian development, contribute to education in strengthening the awareness and promote the intellectual future generations to do its part in building a modern state and the dissemination of science and knowledge and the consolidation of national unity, intellectual, mental and aspirations, Education develops ideas and directions of the human mind to the right path and has a clear impact on the growth of scientific, literary and scientific renaissance in Lebanon, and that this renaissance did not come until after the emergence of schools and scientific institutions and universities, graduated from the leaders of thought in the field of literature and language, thought and clerics and intellectuals contributed to the leadership of schools Lebanese society, the Lebanese press contributed to the intellectual and cultural life, as thinkers and writers met on their pages, the best and the most powerful means of communication and the promotion of intellectual, pioneers of the intellectual movement in the press and scientific fields found a platform for the dissemination of political, literary, religious and social ideas and means to address the issues affecting that ran the country, encouraged and developed ideas and human potential through writings, promised to press a platform for the dissemination of science and thought and appearance of the elements of the Lebanese intellectual movement, it all led to ascend Lebanon forefront of Arab countries in the intellectual movement, not only the role of men intellectual movement in Lebanon only, but on the Arab world, have had multiple productions intellectual and privileged position towards the Arab issues such as the Palestinian cause and the cause of Arab unity and Egyptian issues, the issue of rejection of Western alliances in the region, led to contact and meet the intellectual and cultural ascend to Lebanon modern intellectual movement.The study stressed the importance of the emergence of intellectual trends and flocked under the leadership of the leading figures in modern and contemporary Arab thought, especially after the success in the process of changing the movement of thought Arab and Islamic society and raising awareness in the hearts of the Arab nation by inviting them to intellectual freedom, and this is called intellectual renaissance which means emissions new are rejected what cushions and in control of thought and culture and frameworks social in the formation and development of the Lebanese intellectual trends, crystallized these intellectual trends, the most prominent religious reformist Islamic trend, the national trend, the Arab nationalist trend, Marxist and socialist direction, each direction has attracted supporters and supporters from Notepad elements, headed orientations those to modernize the political community in all fields of contemporary intellectual renaissance.Finally, it can be concluded that most of the Lebanese intellectual trends formed early task of intellectual life, identified and opinions thinkers ideas through a review of all the thinking and determine the positions of the intellectual struggle and ideological facilities, these trends that has spread in Lebanon at the time, so I got a collision intellectual and political among those trends and patrons, through what was presented on the history of intellectual movement and the multiplicity of trends in Lebanon, Lebanon has done its part in the broadcast of the Arab thought, making the thinkers of the Arab world to Lebanon a major milestone for the construction of the contemporary Arab character, affected and hired to serve their communities, I look forward to sons the Iraqi people to take from the Lebanese experience he studied, and waited until the day that the intellectual and political trends rise to the embodiment of national unity among the Iraqi people, and concern for the future of Iraq and its present and miss an opportunity to regional and international countries that seeks to disrupt the unity of Iraq.
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الموارنة واثرهم في التطورات السياسية الداخلية اللبنانية 1958 - 1989 == Maronites And Their Impact In The Internal Lebanese Political Developments 1958 - 1989

Author name: عبد السلام متعب عيدان الربيعي
Supervisor name: موسى محمد ال طويرش
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Ccounted for the study of religious communities in modern history and contemporary to the attention of esearchers and scholars, especially in the Middle East region, which is the cradle of religions and religious sects.Because our study deals with the influence of the Christian Maronite community which expand and spread over a large area of Arab and foreign countries in which the followers of Christianity and based in Lebanon exists, a country that embraced after the saint (Saint Maroon) in the fourth century AD and his disciples after him to pursue a different approach to the Eastern Church which believes in the principle of one nature of Christ (p), and took his followers after him turning to link the Western Catholic Church in Rome and under the authority of the Pope, but they chose the difference; it was necessary for them to move from Syria, home to the Saint (Saint Maroon) to Lebanon Mountains and hills and plains to keep themselves from their opponents first, and try to maintain their approach is chosen, making them their own Church and Patriarch.Passed the Maronite community throughout history long Among the series of events and interact with each other and with others, and gradually evolved role with all over the Levant and Lebanon from the control and occupation of foreign and Islamic countries and ending with the control of France by 1920; hence emerged as the role of communities located therein, and the largest communities are Christian and Muslim, and the largest Christian denominations were Maronites; and this accounted for the lion's share in thegovernance of the country by assigning the position of head of state to them, and the protection of the Mandatory (France), political conflicts and differences between communities, especially among the Maronites and Druze arose, and between Sunnis and Shiites, The Greek Orthodox both his face look at the rule of Lebanon and linked thirdparty external likely.After Lebanon gained independence in 1943, approved a national charter an agreement to form co - existence among the different communities in the governance of Lebanon, and indeed all denominations worked on Charter formula that, so I took a Maronite President of the Republic of great powers, and the post of prime minister a Sunni Muslim, and the post of prime parliament a Shia Muslim, and as defense minister of the Druze... and so the case even bear the dispute between the sons of the Maronite community; and especially between President Bechara El Khoury and President Camille Chamoun, was about to another term of Bechara El Khoury and give some powers to the Muslims, and when Camille Chamoun defeated in battle Presidential 1952; taking the Maronite community to through international alliances more and link the Christian West and the Middle account, which belongs to Lebanon, did not satisfy the policy pursued by the rest of the communities, especially Muslim Sunni and Shiite, both, and even Orthodox Christians; Faqamt 1958 uprising that broke out in south to reach Blhebha to Beirut and the north and make all the sects of Lebanon in case of congestion and boiling on each other; because Shimon March the game of politics and religion, all of them in order to remain in office and extend a second presidential term, and also to be a bulwark to realize the dreams of Abdul Nasser, who set up a unity between Egypt and Syria, the first unit between the Arabs and the most recent. Then ended the role of Simeon after that try to Lebanon first bloody conflict between communities and between themselves and stepped outside powers to end the crisis, came the role of Fouad Chenab, who ruled since 1958 - 1964, taking an approach known as the (curriculum Shihabi) aiming at the abolition of political sectarianism in the administration and the rule of the country, for the first time Shia Muslims gets some rights in management, staffing and other, Lebanon became in this period, the development of economic excellent and the meeting of the Arab and Western criticism through the many financial banks located in it, thanks to the Gulf oil that is being invested and deposit revenues in banks. Shihabi approach in the reign of Charles Helou, whoruled from 1964 - 1970 continued, but two important things happened during his first term; bankruptcy Bank (INTRA), one of the major banks in Lebanon, and even the Lebanese state depend on it, and it is the second founding of the PLO in 1964 and the adoption of the Palestinian issue and defend the way to address the Zionist entity from the Lebanese territory, because they are the closest point to the north of occupied Palestine, Palestinians Who's bringing the Lebanese land military force trained strong training and semi - formal,which worried the Maronites in Lebanon and feared politicians prominent leaders and clerics on the growing presence inside Lebanon, and the escalation of power that are outside the framework of the rule of law into the Maronites ruling, and also the fear of the Maronites of growing Palestinian refugees in Lebanon to prepare a justification for that they - that continued to do so forth Vsasubhon minority within a few years, and especially that they are living in a sea of Arab and Islamic their surroundings, Fkaddoa first agreement among them as rulers and the Palestinians is (Cairo Agreement) in 1969, which defined their relationship with the Lebanese government and the method of confrontation with the Zionists from the inside and then followed it with an extension known as (queens) in 1974 during the reign of President Suleiman Franjieh, which lasted until 1976, but things did not subside and conflicts between communities existed, especially among the Druze and Maronites, and the hanger is the Palestinian presence and actions from within its territory and its impact on Lebanon's relationship with neighboring countries, especially Israel, from the standpoint of the Maronites, who purports to politicians and religious leaders to keep the state of the truce at the very least, including country and Israel, or until a peace agreement, but was the spark that ignited a bloody sectarian war between the Lebanese people components lasted for 15 years came on the green and crusty; where the Lebanese civil war began in 1975, for reasons simple and continued in the first phase for two years, then swept by Israeli forces in 1978 to Lebanon for visits First under the pretext of eliminating the Palestinian resistance which, here emerged the Syrian role clear, opponents of the Israeli invasion of support and even from some of the Maronite parties, which split into two teams : Team sees the establishment of a normal relationship with Israel, and the team believes that they - Like all Arabs remain supportive of the Palestinian cause and its defenders , the first team leader Falangist Bashir Gemayel, a Maronite who collaborated with the Israelis, helping them to invade Lebanon again in 1982 during the reign of President Elias Sarkis has been represented, and was able to reach the verdict after it, but he did not enjoying it for a long time; after 14 days of his election just assassinated at the headquarters of his party entered Lebanon and became the Maronites in fear and anxiety on their fate, but the external role, especially Syria and Saudi Arabia and the US was present manages to Lebanon, Maronite according to their own desires, Amin Gemayel Vantakb substitute for his brother in 1982 - 1988 and was the Maronites here have entered into a new phase entirely; when split team hardline them along the previous periods into two categories : category with Elie Hobeika, who nearly Syria held a tripartite agreement with them and the rest of the Lebanese communities, and the class with Samir Geagea, who has taken the position of President Amin Gemayel and the militant wing of the Maronites. After two categories conflict and coup and one on the other; the presidency of Amin Gemayel ended in 1988, but without agreement on a Maronite president succeeds, then the back of the role of General Michel Aoun - Aljeiccommander who led the liberation war as defined betweenhim and Prime Minister Salim Hoss backed by Syria and the Arab world, and led to the declaration of a military government from one party not recognized by the non - Maronite violators to Syria's presence in Lebanon, Fastart war between the Syrians and Michel Aoun, and then come all the Lebanese parties to an extended conference ending the civil war in the Conference Taif, Saudi Arabia in 1989 and elected Rene Mouawad as president of Lebanon, but did not last long; On 22 November 1989, was assassinated in front ofthe interim government palace. Maronites were able then, to choose a new president, a Maronite Elias Hrawi of the year 1989 - 1998 and his covenant, which ended the Lebanese civil war; that is the most destructive and bloody wars in the twentieth century
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المستشرق الاسباني ميغيل اسين بلاثيوس (1871 - 1944) وجهوده في التراث الاسلامي == Spanish Orientalist Miguel Asin Palacios' And His Efforts Of Islamic Heritage

Author name: ضياء ماجد حسن العبودي
Supervisor name: فلاح حسن الاسدي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Literature
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: A study of the orientalist's , Miguel As?n Palacios, efforts for Islamic heritage is of vital significance that needs a more investigative attention which can explore the privilege of this scholar in Islamic and Arabic studies. His theses and views, with reference to his presentation of Islamic outstanding scholars and their efficient role and contributions, his introduction of the active chemistry between Islam and Christianity, and his introduction of medieval Arabic and modern Spanish, are highly appreciated and influential. Chapter one, titled "The Inception of Spanish Orientalism untill Miguel As?n Palacios", is divided into two sections; section one introduces the early stages of Spanish orientalism and its peculiarities compared to European attempts, while section two is devoted to Miguel As?n Palacios with reference to his early life and study in Zaragoza, Arag?n, besides his professors; Francisco Codera and Juli?n Ribera. Chapter two, titled "Miguel As?n Palacios's Studies of Islamic Prominent Scholars and Scientists", is divided into two sections; section one introduces his studies of logic and Islamic theology highlighting the principles of Islamic doctrines in Al - Ghazali, Ibn Hazm and Ibn Tamlous's works.Whereas section two studies prominent Islamic philosophers like Ibn Bajah, Ibn AlUraif, and Ibn Asayed. Ibn Bajah, who is the forerunner among his contemporary philosophers, has been studied extensively by Palacios who has published Ibn Bajah's "Mahassen AlMajales". At the end of this chapter, Ibn Asayed is studied by Palacios who has published his book "AlHadaaiq". Chapter three, titled" The Beginning of Sufism in Andalusia", spotlights on what Palacios has written on Ibn Masarra of C?rdoba and his school shedding lights on Palacios' ideas and views. That is, Palacios' ideas and views of Ibn Masarra and his Sufism school as well as how Ibn Arabi's sufisim impacting greatly Palacios' thinking, are presented. Chapter four, titled "The Influence of Islam on Christianity for Palacios' Thinking", is divided into three sections. Section one examines the relationship between Sadilies Sufism and Spanish Christian Sufism. Section two studies the influence of Israa and Mirraaj story on Divine Comedy by Dante where Palacios has traced back the origin of this work to the Islamic heritage and culture. Section three investigates the impact of Ibn Rushd of C?rdoba on St. Thomas Aquinas. Palacios finds that the Islamic philosophy has an impact on the Dominican sect represented by Thomas Aquinas. Palacios has thoroughly studied the writings of both these philosophers finding that there is a great similarity between their views and theses, and Thomas Aquinas has been greatly affected by Ibn Rushd's views and methodology. In other words, Thomas Aquinas has adopted the Islamic theology originally proposed by Ibn Rushd after the adoption of the Islamic heritage and culture for Christian doctrine of Eastern Church; whereas Dante has not taken a lot from Islamic ideology in his Divine Comedy except for Ibn Arrabi who is considered a Christian orientalist in his views and ideas
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اقليم خراسان : دراسة في الجغرافية التاريخية من سنة 132هـ الى سنة 656هـ == Khurasaan Canton Study In Historical Geography From The Year 132 H To 656H

Author name: صدام جاسم محمد البياتي
Supervisor name: كاظم ستر خلف العلاق
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: No doubt that subject of historical geography from important subjects which need from researcher understanding action the geography surrounding in the historical events , if the understanding of history understanding rational need good knowledge in change of surrounding circumstances which located in frame it history events , but that such this knowledge necessity most of the time , to test truth of historical narration and stipulated from limit it truth , for the sake of securing this aim need knowledge farther to study historical geography.Now that this meaning was developed to pass historical ages and according to different point of view , where know its study of outward look change to surrounding , we refer to also it is the science which have explanation the geography action in historical events , by that historical geography underline about political changeable border to canton and what it relating in that from wars names and invasions which led to obtain canton or lose it , from that appears that historical geography not small branch from geography branches as economic geography and political geography but it group complementary geographies ,and through this preface to definition in term the historical geography we outs in glance about it , he is complement the geography in all branches especially the rights of natural and humanity to service the history events and advance it incidents.Perhaps choose khurasaan canton pivot to study because it was from important cantons added to Islamic Arab state , because of the geography locality who distinguished in it in the farther of northeast , then to the humanity fortune and natural which distinguished in I on all levels and sides from growing , industry , trade , building and mineral fortune.Therefore historian worthier large interest in news this canton and care mentioned it towns and villages and workers and scholars ,and may be reason in that return to this canton since Arab occupy it staying in it a lot of Arab tribes , until close to be part from Arab Islamic lands , also the mixture culture and customs and traditions of Arabic with customs and traditions of Persian overdo action even the Arabic language became the language of culture and political in khurasaan to late time.And no hidden on more that khurasaan canton active role in a lot of political events and specially Ala,Abassiya invitation who choice from it place for spreading it thoughts and declaration after that and dashing from it toward Iraq and toppling in The Umayyad Caliphs at year (123H).This Study includes : Prelude and five chapters , beside the conclusion and a list of sources and modulation and references. The first chapter have administrative geography to khurasaan , and clarifying the name and the location and the border and geography climate , then important administrative terms in khurasaan. The second chapter from study have the civilization outward to cities and building in khurasaan , from where mentioned important khurasaan cities such as Naesaboor , Marow , Huraat , and Balakh , and it civilization development and building. The third chapter we review the population setup to khurasaan social and action of natural disasters and diseases in it , and clarifying settling of population in khurasaan. The fourth chapter special to study economic geography to khurasaan canton , we try clear natural fortune and progress the economic trinity to canton from growing ,industry , and tradeThe five chapter special to study political history to khurasaan canton from the year (132 H to 656 H) , for the sake of clarifying political geography to canton and active the geography members in it. At last was The conclusion to explain the importance what was the research reach to from results about this study. At the end I want to show that I do my best in this research and if Successes in it that will be from God merciful. if it was the other side so that from myself that because I want to be most clear in my research and in God we trust.
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القصة التاريخية في الكتب السماوية التوراة - الانجيل - والقران الكريم : دراسة مقارنة == Historical Story In The Heavenly Books The Torah - The Bible And The Koran) A Comparative Study

Author name: شيماء بدر عبد الله السراي
Supervisor name: عطا سلمان جاسم
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: It included three monotheistic books the Torah and the Bible and the Koran a lot of stories that dealt with many topics, Kqss creation of the universe, and the creation of plants and animals, the story of the creation of man, and the stories of the Prophets and Messengers (peace be upon them), and many others. The variety of the heavenly books and the methodology of each of them in the revenue these stories techniques, also differed as well as degree of trust in which after the long hand of interpolating some of them specifically (the Torah and the Bible), The Koran Valemteman which sees a lot of stories contained therein on different themes, but that is noticeable the goal of these stories clearly see that it is not purely historical Despite being a historical stories, but that reflected the goal is that people familiar with the conditions to take a bite and a lesso. And the fact that the historical story stands out clearly in the heavenly books therefore we took this to be the subject of our research, which we called "the historical story in the heavenly books (the Torah, the Bible and the Koran) - A Comparative Study". The research has necessitated the need to split the four seasons, with an introduction exporter dealt with the idea of research and a presentation of the most important sources used in it, and we dealt with it in preparation, "the story and methodology in the heavenly books." We discussed in the first chapter and which Smonah as "the story of creation and training in the heavenly books," and we have the story of the creation of the heavens and the earth and the story of the creation of animals and plants and the story of human creation represented. by Adam and Eve, the father of mankind, and their children the story of Cain and Abel. The second chapter is marked as "the story of the Apostles (peace be upon them) in the heavenly books", we have studied the historical story contained in the stories of the prophets : Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and Prophet Muhammad (blessings and peace be upon them all). In the third chapter, which we called "Stories of the Prophets (peace be upon them) contained in the holy books," it was dedicated to the study of historical story contained in the stories of the prophets : Idris and Ishmael and Isaac and Jacob and Joseph and Elias (peace be upon them all). As we discussed in the fourth quarter marked "Stories of the Prophets (peace be upon them) and the above - Nations," which has studied the historical story contained in the stories of the prophets : Lot and Shoaib and David and Solomon, and Job (peace be upon them all). Agafina thesis and conclusion dealt with a summary of the most important research and the conclusions we have reached). Find and necessitated the need to rely on a variety of sources, divided in terms of its article to the scientific, historical sources and sources of interpretation and the Hadith, as well as linguistic sources, and other sources. The study found after this effort to a set of conclusions are : - 1 - replete with holy books (the Torah, the Bible and the Koran) many of the stories and themes vary content of those measures, dealt with stories of creation and configuration and stories of the prophets and messengers and clans stories above and other stories. 2 - different divine books among them in the way revenue of these stories and the purpose of them, while they Torah supplied in a historic predominantly narrative and lengthening as well as the approach to the Bible, while the Koran presents those stories the character and preaching indicative, despite the fact that the stories provided with a historical character that is attached on the previous prophets and apostles and the UN, all historical stories, but it does not deal with it according to that, we do not see the historical dimension where beating the general approach of the story, but he was content with the placement of the Koran lesson from them. 3 - approach the Torah not to balance RPR in the stories and historical events that Ahtutea listed, sometimes be offered for a long story. As we see in other times it is limited to mention the story rapidly and stands for a lot of the details. 4 - Given that the Torah and the Bible may Donna after a relatively long period of Nzulhma on God's prophets Moses and Jesus (peace be upon them), it has extended to them by the distortion and manipulation of large manipulated them, while keeping the Koran did not misrepresented. 5 - abused Torah distorted much to the place of the Prophets (peace be upon them), including attributed to them from the abusive acts that can not accept it from ordinary human beings as well as the prophets. 6 - characterized as the Torah as well as its proximity to a lot of exaggerations and inaccuracies with respect to the stories that dealt with, and the events that I mentioned. This is due to the distortion of course, who have long been at the hands of her book.
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بنجامين دزرائيلي ودوره في سياسة بريطانيا الخارجية (1804 - 1881) == Benjamin Disraeli And His Role In The Foreign Policy Of Great Britain (1804 - 1881)

Author name: شاهه دحام عبد الله الجبوري
Supervisor name: خالد حسن جمعة
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Personal Benjamin Disraeli importance distinct in the history of Britain in general and Britain's foreign policy for the period 1874 - 1881, especially These were important while receiving the premiership in 1868 for the first time and 1874 for the second time and the leadership of the Conservative Party, and his painting of the two policies both internal and external to Britain to suit the aspirations of the party as well as the policy of imperial expansion coupled with his name (a leading global imperialism) fired by historians in that historical period, and given the importance of the political developments and reform pursued by Disraeli which made him a universal feature of this character has been chosen to be the subject of Our thesis The researcher followed a historical description of the methodology and the policy of Disraeli's life as well as we used a method of analysis and extrapolation wherever the need arises for the use of one of these approaches to get to the truth of his foreign policy Was divided thesis on the four seasons, and came first chapter titled Benjamin Disraeli origination and composition perspective of political and contains three Topics, taking the first topic of his upbringing and his early life and change dogmatic from Jewish to Christian and how it contributed to the change of his political life, while the second topic has dealt with Multi - entry into the world of politics and the beginnings of political and conditions that serve to be a member of the British Parliament, while the third topic dealt with Disraeli thinker and political seer Meembody what he wrote novels on the ground that eat mostly what Candors in public life in a way criticism of reality, as it was characterized by pungent literary style in writing and in his speeches that he delivered in parliament. The second chapter (internal politics) have been divided on the three topics also touched on the first topic of his political life to the first (1832 - 1837) and the obstacles he faced during his candidacy to the parliament and the political perspective Disraeli The third chapter which dealt with (his foreign policy from 1874 to 1880) was divided on the three topics, too, addressed the First research the subject he came to power in 1874 and the circumstances that led him to power and how he led his party to success, and in the second topic we discussed its expansionist policy and highlight the role of Britain's international that period and international conferences in which he participated, while the fourth chapter talked about it to the wars fought by Britain in the era of Disraeli and that led to the overthrow of his ministry in 1880 and take over the Liberal Party power for the curtain falls on an important figure in the history of England in the nineteenth century, in the first topic war Anglo - afganah and the most important events that took place after the end of the war, while the second topic we researched it about war Zulu highlighted the importance of Africa for Britain and expansions of imperialism in the region, while the third topic British policy in some areas of Africa and the Arabian Gulf under his roles. Through our study to the subject we have realized that the British foreign policy has been the greatest by what Benjamin Disraeli had did. He was the prime Minister of Britain and the Chief of the conservatives' party, he is coming from Jewish backgrounds and took the Christianity in an early time of his life so this change in belief made him getting high political ranks and fame but he stayed praising the Jewish all his life and mentioning it in each event this did not banned him to be a trustful for Britain and for the Queen Victoria as well. Britain at that time was referred as the Remarkable for its becoming the supreme power in the region especially after his gaining, the second term of the prime - ministry (187 - 1880) , while the first term was short in 1768 but his Remarkable touche was clear in it thus he was the minister of finance for many times and was also the first minister for all positions, that all made him the mystery of his period. the six years he was the prime Minister and the Chief of the conservatives' party since 1874 have him had an expansionary policy that he led Britain Empire to reach the panama channel, and Fiji islands he also bought a share in the Suez Canal from AL - Khudewi Ismail to be a chain - point between the kingdom and its colonies at the east and to control the Mediterranean sea as well. in 1876n, he crowned the Queen with the badge of the Empire and named it as the Empire of India and the Queen of Britain , and in 1877 Cyprus had become a British protectorate after an agreement made with the Ottoman to save the British interests from the Russian intervention in the region. in 1878 Disraeli had the big part with the German prime Minister Bismarck in drawing the map of Europe when they hold Berlin conference then he took to his nation, and that's what made him" The peace with the honor
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