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كفاءة بعض العزلات المحلية من الفطريات والبكتريا في انتاجية الجسيمات النانونية وقابليتها التثبيطية في نمو البكتريا المرضية

Author name: حسين عبد الرزاق عبود
Supervisor name: صلاح سلمان زين العابدين
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Fungi
Degree: Doctorate
University location: Salahaddin

دراسة التاثير المثبط لسم الافعى Macrovipra lantena ضد عوامل فوعة المبيضات Candida spp. المهبلية

Author name: اســودة محمد نوري الباجلان
Supervisor name: خليل ابراهيم بندر
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Fungi
Degree: Doctorate
University location: Salahaddin

انماط السيتوكينات لدى المرضى المثبطين مناعيا المصابين بالفطريات

Author name: ميلاد عدنان مزهر جابر
Supervisor name: خليل ابراهيم بندر
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Fungi
Degree: Doctorate
University location: Salahaddin

انتاج وتنقية وتوصيف انزيم الفايتيز من الاجسام الثمرية لبعض الفطريات البازيدية واختبار تاثيره في بعض المتغيرات البايولوجية في الجرذان البيض

Author name: هوازن احمد عبد الجبوري
Supervisor name: عبد الله عبد الكريم حسن
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Fungi
Degree: Doctorate
University location: Salahaddin

عزل وتشخيص بعض الفطريات من رواسب اهوار جنوب العراق وقابليتها في التكسير الحيوي للنفط الخام مختبريا == Isolation and Identification of Some Fungi From Sediments of Southern Marshes of Iraq and Their Ability in Biodegradation of Crude Oil in Vitro

Author name: مصطفى عبد الوهاب نجم الدوسري
Supervisor name: سمير خلف عبد الله | فارس جاسم محمد الامارة
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Fungi
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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دراسة مجتمع الفطريات لحقول قصب السكر في ميسان / العراق == A Study of Fungal Community of Sugarcane Fields in Missan / Iraq

Author name: يحيى عاشور صالح
Supervisor name: سمير خلف عبد الله
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Fungi
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

استخلاص وتشخيص المركبات الفينولية من بعض النباتات ودراسة فعاليتها ضد بعض مسببات اخماج الجلد الفطرية والجرثومية تجريبيا وسريريا == Extraction and Identification of Phenolic Compounds of Some Plants and Studying their Effects Against Fungal and Bacterial Causes of Skin Infections ( Experimental and Clinical Study )

Author name: محمد لطيف علي الكامل
Supervisor name: سمير خلف عبد الله | علي حسين الموالي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Fungi
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

دراسة تصنيفية وحياتية للفطريات المهلكة للديدان الثعبانية (Nematophagous Fungi) في وسط وجنوب العراق وامكانية استخدامها في السيطرة الحيوية == Taxonomical and Biological Studies of Nematophagous Fungi in Southren of Iraq and Use of These Fungi in Biological Control

Author name: علي عبد الواحد قاسم
Supervisor name: توفيق محمد محسن | كاظم جاسم حمادي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Fungi
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

انتاج جزيئات الفضة النانوية باستعمال رواشح الفطر المحاري Pleurotus ostreatus وتاثيرها في تثبيط نمو بعض العزلات المرضية البكتيرية والفطرية وحيوية خلايا الانسان السرطانية == Production of Silver Nanoparticles by using Exudates of Pleurotus ostreatus and their Effect in Growth inhibition of pathogenic Isolates of Bacteria , Fungi and Viability of Human Cancer Cells

Author name: وفاق احمد محمود حسين
Supervisor name: الاء عبد علي حسن الخفاف
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Fungi
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Najaf
Key words:
  • فطر محاري Pleurotus ostreatus , Nanoparticles , Silver Nanoparticles AgNPs
First pages:

مجتمع الفطريات الدقيقة في ترب مناطق العراق الصحراوية

Author name: نداء شهاب حمد
Supervisor name: سعد جابر تاج الدين | توفيق محمد محسن
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Fungi
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:

التشخيص المظهري والجزيئي لبعض الفطريات البازيدية الكبيرة المعزولة من شمال العراق ومحتوها الفعال == Morphological and molecular identification of some Basidiomycetous macrofungi isolated from northern Iraq and their active content

Author name: سارا قحطان سليمان محمد
Supervisor name: طالب عويد الخزرجي | عبد الله عبد الكريم حسن
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Fungi
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Salahaddin
First pages:

Detection Of Mycotoxin By Traditional And Molecular Method

Author name: rafel jasim obeed
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Fungi
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • mycotoxins

استحداث طفرات في الفطر Trichoderma harzianum مقاومة لمبيدي البلتانول والبافستين باستخدام الاشعة فوق البنفسجية == Induce mutations for Beltanol and Bavistin resistance in Trichoderma harzianum by UV-irradation

Author name: علاء محسن ياسين الاعرجي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Fungi
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

عزل وتشخيص انواع المبيضات المصاحبة لالتهاب المسالك البولية في البصرة == Isolation and Identification of Candida species Associated with Urinary Tract Infections in Basrah

Author name: انعام محمود نجم الربيعي
Supervisor name: عبد الحافظ عويد سويف الدبون | مرتضى محمد صالح
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Fungi
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

التوصيف المظهري والجزيئي لبعض الفطريات الجلدية المعزولة من عينات سريريه : دراسة مقارنه == Phenotypic and Molecular Identification of Some Dermatophytes Isolated from Clinical Specimens "Comparative Study"

Author name: محمد محسن عبد الحسين الرفيعي
Supervisor name: عدنان حمد عبيد الحمداني | محسن عبد الحسين الظالمي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Fungi
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Najaf
First pages:

مقارنة التغيرات الحيوية و الجزيئية لبعض انواع خميرة المبيضات الحساسة و المقاومة لبعض المضادات الفطرية

Author name: رائد علي حسين
Supervisor name: عدنان حمد الحمداني
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Fungi
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Najaf
First pages:

تقييم بعض المركبات النانوية المحضرة مختبريا على نمو فطر Sclerotinia sclerotiorum وخصائصه البايلوجية == Evaluation of some laboratory prepared nanocompounds on the growth of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and its biologic characteristics

Author name: هشام علي مهدي
Supervisor name: بان طه محمد | عباس مطرود باشي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Fungi
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Karbala
First pages:

عزل وتشخيص الفطريات المرافقة للمرضى المحبطين مناعيا ودراسة للاستجابة المناعية ضد المبيضات البيضاء == Isolation and identification of fungi associated with and study immunocompromised patients of the immune response against Candida albicans

Author name: سعاد يوسف لفتة
Supervisor name: سجال عبد الوهاب الركابي | هيثم عزت باقر
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Fungi
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: خلال فترة الدراسة التي امتدت من تشرين الثاني/2003 ولغاية نيسان/2005 فقد تم اخضاع 300 مريضا يعانون من مختلف الامراض الخبيثة الى فحص داء الفطريات واظهر 17 مريضا من المجموع الكلي ان نتائج زرع الدم كانت ايجابية وان خميرة مبيضة المبيضات Candida albicans كانت المسؤولة عن معظم الاصابات بالفطريات ومن بين الحالات السبعة عشر التي تم عزلها فان تسعة منها (53% من مجموع الحالات) كانت من نوع C. albicans وان الاصابات بفطريات اخرى سواها والتي تم عزلها بلغ عددها اربعة (23% من مجموع الحالات) كانت من Aspergillus spp التي تم عزلها من حالة فردية من حالاات Cryptococcus spp وحالة ثانية من حالات زرع Trichosporone spp . ولقد اتبع اسلوب API (API candida and API 20 C AUX) كطريقة مرجعية لتشخيص ماتم عزله. وبالمقارنة مع الاساليب التي قدمت مؤخرا وهي انظمة (ID32 C) و(VITEK YBC) فان نظام API 20 CAUX وID32 كانامطابقين لمستوى السلالتين وبدون حاجة الى مزيد من الفحوصات الاضافية لتشخيص 13 حالة من الحالات الخمسة عشر التي تم عزلها اي 86.6% وان اهم ما تم التوصل اليه ثبوت ان نظام VITEK YBC يصلح جدا للمقارنة مع API 20 CAUX. ومن بين المرضى الثلاثمائة الذين تم زراعة دمهم تم فحص 71 منهم للتاكد من وجود او عدم وجود اصابة فطرية دون اجراء فحوصات على اعضاء الجسم الاخرى غير المصابة وكانت عينات الادرار هي الاكثر شيوعا من بين العينات الاخرى ومع ذلك فان عينتين فقط من مجموع 35 عينة اتفق على انها موجبة الزرع.و من بين المرضىالسبعة عشر الذين اثبت الزرع وجود فطريات لديهم فان ثمانية منهم كونوا مستعمرات من نفس الانواع الموجودة في النماذج الاخرى وان اكثر المواقع شيوعا لتكوين المستعمرات مع نفس الاحياء المجهرية كانت المجاري التنفسية والمجاري البولية - التناسلية. وكان متوسط العدلات (Neutrophils) في عينات دم موجبة الزرع 1136 خلية/ملم3 مع انحراف معياري مقداره ±1637 خلية/ملم3 في حين كان المتوسط لحالات الزرع السالبة 2701 مع انحراف معياري مقداره ±1667 . وباستعمال فحص ELISA لمضادات الجسيمات BioRad) (المتوفر تجاريا فان 25 مريضافقط من مجموع المرضى الثلاثمئة الذين اجروا الفحص اظهروا نتائج ايجابية. وان تسعة من بين هؤلاء الخمسة والعشرين اظهروا نتائج موجبة لزرع الدم ايضا في حين اظهر الستة عشر الاخرون نتائج زرع سالبة. ولم يظهر اي من افراد فريق السيطرة الاصحاء نتائج موجبة. وكانت قراءة نماذج الدم موجبة الزرع 1.11 مع انحراف معياري مقداره 0.68 في حين ان متوسط قراءة الكثافة الضوئية لحالات الزرع السالب لاعضاء فريق السطرة الاصحاء كانت 0.43 مع انحراف معياري مقداره ±23 وان متوسط قراءة الكثافة الضوئية لاعضاء فريق السيطرة الاصحاء كان 0.38 مع انحراف معياري مقداره 0.123. وقد اظهرت تراكيز interleukins التي تم فحصها بهذه الطريقة اختلافات كبيرة بين مجموعات الدراسة المختلفة وكذلك اختلافات بين افراد المجموعة الواحدة وان التركيز المتوسط ل IL - 1α في نماذج زرع الدم الموجبة بلغ 30.94 بيكوغرام\مل مع انحراف معياري مقداره ±80.33 في حين ان التركيز المضبوط لحالات الزرع السالب بلغ 16.08 بيكوغرام\مل مع انحراف معياري مقداره ± 3.26 وكان التركيز المضبوط ل IL - 8 في نماذج الدم موجبة الزرع 389.2 بيكوغرام\مل مع انحراف معياري مقداره ±383.15 في حين ان متوسط التركيز كان 163.0 بيكوغرام \مل مع انحراف معياري مقداره ± 289.9 وكان متوسط التركيز لدى مجموعة السيطرة المؤلفة من الاصحاء 5.02 بيكوغرام \مل م مع انحراف معياري مقداره ±1.81 . وكان تركيز GM - CSF في نماذج الدم 12.90 بيكوغرام\مل مع انحراف معياري مقداره ±31.79 في حين ان متوسط تركيز حالات الزرع الموجبة كان 2.68 بيكوغرام\مل مع انحراف معياري مقداره ± 10.19. وان متوسط تركيز افراد مجموعة السيطرة الاصحاء بلغ 0.85 بيكوغرام\مل مع انحراف معياري مقداره ± 0,45. ولم يظهر مستوى الغلوبيولين المناعي اية متغيرات ملموسة بين مجموعات الدراسة سواء اكان الفحص IgG او IgM او IgA ولقد اظهر مستوىالعنصر التكميلي ل C3 اختلافات بارزة بين مجموعات الدراسة لكونه اوطا في مجموعة الزرع الموجب. وعلى كل حال لم تلاحظ اختلافات كبيرة في المجموعات بالنسبة الى C4 . وكان مستوى C Reactive Protein في المجموعات الدراسية المختلفة قد كشف عن اختلافات بارزة p=0.001 وعلاوه على ذلك فان الاختلافات كانت واضحة بين الافراد الذين هم ضمن نفس المجموعة. وكان المتوسط التقريبي لمستوى CRP في نماذج زرع الدم الموجبة 261,9 ملغ\لتر مع انحراف معياري مقداره ±384.4 وفي نماذج زرع الدم السالبة بلغ 178,8 ملغ\لتر مع انحراف معياري مقداره ±364.2 وفي مجموعة السيطرة التي افراده من الاصحاء بلغ 1.7 ملغ\لتر مع انحراف معياري مقداره ±7.7 . وكان مستوى CRP في 58,8 من الحالات في مجموعة الزرع الموجب قد تجاوز 96 ملغ\لتر في حين ان 37.4% فقط من مجموعة الزرع الموجب تجاوزت هذا الرقم. ولم يكن يوجد بين افراد فريق السيطرة الاصحاء من تجاوز هذا الرقم.و كانت جميع الحالات التي تم عزلها بعد الفحص تستجيب الى الامفوتيريسين B مع (MIC =<1 مايكروغرام\مل) باستثناء C. krusei المنفرد الذي تم عزله والذي كان اقل استجابة من اي نوع اخر مع MIC مقداره 2 مايكروغرام\مل وMIC 50 المزدوج. وكانت نسبة سلسلة MIC الى الامفوتيريسن B تتراوح بين 0.125 الى 2 مايكروغرام\مل وبصوره عامة فان Non - albicans Candida اظهرت MIC اعلى من C. albicans التي تم عزلها وان 84.6% من الCandida التي تم عزلها كانت تستجيب الى الامفوتريسين والباقي اي 1.4% كانت حساسيتها حسب مقدار الجرعة. وان نسبة سلسلة MICs الى الفلوكونازول تراوحت بين (0.25 - 64) مايكروغرام\مل وكان جميع ما تم عزله ذا حساسية عالية تجاه الفلوكونازول باستثناء C. krusei التي اظهرت MIC عال حيث بلغ 32 واما MIC 50 وMIC 90 فقد كانت 16 مايكروغرام\مل و32 مايكروغرام\مل على التوالي. وان جميع ال Candida التي تم عزلها ونسبتها 84.6% استجابت الى الفوكونازول في حين ان نسبة 15.4% كانت حساسيتها حسب الجرعة.ان سلسلة الMIC تجاه الاتراكونازول كانت تتراوح بين (0.015 - 1) مايكروغرام\مل وكانت جميع C. albicans التي تم عزلها حساسة تجاه الاتراكونازول واظهرت خمائر الCandida الاخرى non - albicans Candida استجابة اقل نسبيا مع الحاجة الى تراكيز دوائية اعلى من اجل التوصل الى MIC وان 96.2 % من الCandida التي تم عزلها استجابت الى الاتراكونازول وان الباقي اي 30.8% كانت تستجيب حسب الجرعة. | Through the period of this study which extended from November 2003 to April 2004, 300 patients with different types of malignancies were tested for fungemia. Out of those, 17 patients showed positive blood culture results. Candida albicans accounted for the majority of fungal infections. Out of the 17 fungal isolates, 9 (53%) were C. albicans, others non C. albicans came next in frequency constituting 4 isolates (23.5%). Two isolates of Aspergillus spp. could be detected while a single isolate of Cryptococcus spp and another of Trichosporon spp. isolate were cultured API system (API Candida and API 20C AUX) was used as a reference method for the identification of isolates. Compared with the other newly introduced techniques (ID 32C systems and VITEK YBC). ), the API 20C and the ID 32 system were in agreement with the species level, without additional tests, for the identification of 13 of the 15 (86.6%) isolates.Overall, the updated Vitek YBC compares favorably with the API 20C in the identification of common yeasts. Among the 300 patients whose blood were cultured, 71 of them were screened for fungal infection from other parts of the body. Urine was the commonest sample obtained. However, two samples only out of the total (35 samples) were accepted to be culture positive. Among the 17 patients whose blood cultures proof the existence of fungi, 8 were colonized with the same species in other specimens. The most frequent sites of colonization with the same organism were the respiratory tract and urogenital tract.The mean of neutrophils count of the blood culture positive samples was 1136/c.mm with a standard deviation (SD) of 1637, whereas the mean count of culture negative cases was 2701 with a SD of 1923. Mean count of healthy control group was 5027 with a SD of 1667. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between the study groups. Using commercially available Candida - specific antibody test (Bio - Rad), 25 patients showed positive results out of the 300 patients tested. Nine of them showed positive blood culture as well, whereas the rest (16) gave negative culture results. None of the healthy control group showed positive results. Mean OD readings of the blood culture positive samples was 1.11 with a SD of 0.68, whereas the mean OD readings of the culture negative cases was 0.43 with a SD of 0.23. Mean OD readings of healthy control group was 0.38 with a SD of 0.123. Interleukins (ILs) concentration tested in this study showed significant variations among the different groups of the study as well as within the same group. Mean concentration of IL - 1α in the blood culture positive samples was 30.94 pg/ml with a SD of 80.33, whereas the mean concentration of the culture negative cases was 16.08 pg/ml with a SD of 28.75. Mean concentration of healthy control group was 7.92 pg/ml with a SD of 3.26. Mean concentration of IL - 8 in the blood culture positive samples was 389.2 pg/ml with a SD of 383.l5, whereas the mean concentration of culture negative cases was 163.0 pg/ml with a SD of 289.9. Mean concentration of healthy control group was 5.02 pg/ml with a SD of 1.81. Mean concentration of Granulocyte Macrophage - Colony Stimulating Factor (GM - CSF) in the blood culture positive samples was 12.90 pg/ml with a SD of 31.79, whereas the mean concentration of culture negative cases was 2.68 pg/ml with a SD of 10.19. The mean concentration of healthy control group was 0.85 pg/ml with a SD of 0.45. Serum immunoglobulins level showed no significant differences among the groups of the study whether IgG, IgM or IgA were tested. Mean level of C3 complement component showed significant differences between the groups of the study, being lower in culture positive group, and followed by culture negative group. However, no significant differences were noted in the groups in regard to C4. Level of CRP in different groups of the study shows significant variations (p=0.001). Moreover, variations are clear between individuals within the group itself. Approximate mean of CRP level in blood culture positive samples was 261.9 mg/L with a SD of 384.4 and, in blood culture negative samples was 178.8 mg/L with a SD of 346.2 and in healthy control group was 1.7 mg/L with SD of 7.7. CRP level in 58.8% of cases in culture positive group exceeded 96 mg/L. while only 37.4% of cases in culture negative group exceeded this value. Non in the control group exceeded this figure. All the tested isolates were susceptible to amphotericin B, with MICs ≤ 1ug/ml with the exception of a single isolate of C. krusei which was less susceptible than any other spp with MIC of 2 ug/ml and MIC50 of 2. The range of MICs to amphotericin B was from 0.125 to 2 ug/ml. In general, non - albicans Candida showed higher MIC than C. albicans isolates. A total of 84.6% of Candida isolates were susceptible to amphotericin while 15.4% were sensitive dose - dependant. The range of MICs to fluconazole was from 0.25 to 64 ug/ml. All isolates were highly sensitive to fluconazole with the exception of C. krusei which showed a high MIC (32) and MIC50 and MIC90 of 16 and 32 ug/ml respectively. A total of 84.6% of Candida isolates were susceptible to fluconazole while 15.4% were sensitive dose - dependant. The range of MICs to itraconazole was from 0.015 to 1.0 ug/ml. Most C. albicans isolates were sensitive to itraconazole. Non - albicans Candida showed relatively lower susceptibility with the need for higher drug concentrations to attain the MIC. 69.2% of Candida isolates were susceptible to itraconazole while the rest (30.8%) were susceptible in a dose - dependant way.

عزل وتشخيص مركب ايضي ثانوي جديد لكل من الفطرين Fusarium Trichoderma harzianum وsolani المعزولين من السواحل الرسوبية في محافظة البصرة وتقييم فعاليتهما الحياتية == Isolation and Identification of Novel Metabolic Compound From Both Fusarium solani and Trichoderma harzianum Isolated From Sedimentary Coast of Al - Basrah City and Estimate their Activity

Author name: فردوس نوري جعفر
Supervisor name: محمد لطيف علي | نيران جاسم الصالحي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Fungi
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: with the interest of medical and pharmaceutical uses of the natural products from marine fungi , thirty species of fungi belong to ninteen genus were isolated and identified from sea coast sediment of Al - Faw and Al - Seeba .The fungi Acremonium strictium , Geotricum candidum, Fusarium solani ,F.oxysporum , Penicilium sp. ,Trichoderma harzianum exhibited high inhibition activity toward growth of two reference strains of bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC25922) and Staphylococcus aureus (NCtC 6571). The six selected fungi were grown in liquid culture media PDB at 25°C for two weeks ethyl acetate was used to extract the active compounds from thefermentation liquid media while ethanol was used to extract the active compounds from fungal mycelia .The crud extracts (fermentation and mycelium ) showed different inhibition activity against the pathogenic bacteria , Proteus mirabilis , S. aureus, isolates E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Klebsella pneumoniae. and pathoginic yeastes Candida albicans, C.tropicals,Cryptococcus neoformans and dermatophytic fungi Trichophyton verrucosum and Microsporium canis . The results revealed that the fermental fungi extracts has more inhibition activity than mycelial fungal extracts.The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fungal crude extracts were determined against gram positive and gram negative bacteria and pathogenic yeasts and fungi . antagonisum between studied fungi were evaluated , and the fungus T.harzianum has been the more antagonistic effect against other fungi. The toxicity of the fungal crude extracts were tested by using of human RBC at different concentration the result of this experiment showed that all extracts are non toxic except F.oxysporum extract.From all the above results the both F.solni and T.harzianum extracts showed higher activities ,thus these two extracts chosen for further studies. The anticancer activity of both extracts were studied against Hela cell line and the anticancer activity appeared at 250 Mg/ml and 62.5Mg/ml respectivily. The antioxidant activity of extracts were examined by three different methods ,B - carotene ,hydrogen peroxide scavenger and ferrus ion reduction , the results of three methods showed that both fungal extracts have antioxidant behaviours and the T.harzianum extract had more antioxident activity than F.solani extract and the antioxidant activity of both fungal extracts were increased as the concentration of the extracts increase.An optimization of the fungal growth and bioactivity of both fungi were conducted, by using different Nitrogen sources ( Asparagine , Yeast extract , peptone , Ammonium chloride , Sodium nitrate , Ammonium sulphate ) and carbon sources ( Maltose , Galactose , Glucose , Dextrose , Sucrose ,xylose and Starch ) the results elucidated that yeast extract was the best for growth of both fungi on solid and liquid media and high inhibition activity appear with T.harzianum against bacteria isolates , the carbon source starchenriched the growth of F.solani with more activity in inhibition the bacterial growth while the sucrose give high enrichment to the growth of T.harzianum in solid and liquid media with high activity toward bacterial growth. The study also indicates that the beast temperature and pH which gives the higher activity and growth 25°C and pH6 . The effect of different concentration of salinity were studied as well (1%,2%,3%,4%,5%,6% NaCl)and 2% showed the best concentration .The activity of two studied fungal extracts were superior than commercial antibiotic toward bacterial isolates .Preliminary qualitative chemical tests were carried out on the extracts and their chemical nature were identified .TLC technique were used and the chemical analysis showed that F.solani extract consist of two components with constant Rf values, the components marked as A1 and A2 . A1 shows higher activity against bacterial strains while T.harzianum extract consist of one component.The chemical structures of the isolated compound were

دراسة تصنيفية وحياتية للفطريات الناقصة الملونة في البصرة == Taxonomical and Biological study of Dematiaceous imperfect - fungi in Basrah

Author name: زينب خلف عبد الله
Supervisor name: توفيق محمد محسن
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Fungi
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: During this study 23 species belong to 10 genera of imperfect fungi were isolated from different natural sources ( plants, soil , and ari) from Basrah govermanete using different isolation methods.Among the isolated fungi the genus Alternaria was selected to identify its species by using the morphological characteristis by light microscopy and Scaning Electron in Microscope (SEM) and verified by molecular and chemical methods. Eight species of Alternaria were identified namely; A.alternata (isolate1 and 2) A.chlamydospora A.citri, A.raphani , A.longipes , A.infectoria A.tenuissima and A.chrysanthemi based on light microscope examination.Taxonomic relegation of these species were confirmed by SEM image. SEM revealed that there was differences in the conidial wall ornamentation .The molecular analysis using PCR depending on the loci ITS1, and ITS4 700bp which confirmed the morphological identification of most of species namely A.alternata (isolate 1 and 2) , A.chlamydospora , A.longipes , A.infectroia and A.tenuissima. However , A.citri was related to A.alternata, A.raphani was belonged to A.infectoria and A.chrysanthemi is belonging to A.lolii. Nevertheless ,by using the loci OPA1 - 3 there was no variation among the species of Alternaria ,this is may be due to the inadequate method applied.The genetic variation of 36 isolates of A.alternata was studied using 9 - primers by RAPD - PCR technique. All primes gave an amplification of DNA for all the fungal isolates. Among the primers OPC08 exhibited a highest efficacy reaching 235 total bands .In the present study the antibacterial activity of fungal crude extract was tested. It appeared that the extract exhibit an antibacterial bioactivity against E.coli , S.aureus , S.epidermidis and S.saprophyticus.However, the extract of A.alternata (isolate 1 and 2) showed an inhibition growth against all the tested bacterial strains. This study was also revealed that the fungal filtrates of Alternaria species possessed various chemical compounds. However, there were differences in the chemical composition among the fungal filtrates.The results showed that Alternaria species ( A.alternata isolate 1 and 2, A.chlamydospora A.citri, A.raphani , A.longipes) were capable to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles, when the fungal filtrate were treated with AgNO3 solution after72 hrs incubation .Silver nanoparticles synthesis was checked by the change of colour from yellow to brown and confirmed by Uv - vis spectrophotometry at wave length (420, 440 nm). SEM image showed that the silver nanoparticles with spherical shape and size ranged between (20 - 72nm). Aconclusion can be derived that application of SEM,chemical analysis of fungi extracts ,molecular analysis and the silver nanoparticles characteristics are useful in the taxonomy of fungi to solve the overlapping of the morphological identification .Taxonomic key were prposed for the species of the genes Alternaria based on the morphology , chemical compound with the fungal extracts and size of silver nanoparticles synthesized by fungi .Melanin pigment identify by TEM microscope and it appeare like dark drop inside the cell .

استخدام عوامل استحثاث لانتاج مؤيضات ثانوية من بعض عزلات انواع الفطر واختبار فعاليتها الضد بكتيرية والخلايا السرطانية Penicillium والكولسترول == Use of inducing agents in secondary metabolites production from some Penicillium isolates and assay their activity against bacteria , cancer cells and cholesterol

Author name: امل صالح عبد الرضا
Supervisor name: توفيق محمد محسن
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Fungi
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The current study was designed to investigate active compounds from different Penicillium isolates ,that isolated from different sources , using different media . Eleven isolates related to five species : P. chrysogenum, P.paxilli , P. citrinum, P. cosmopolitanum, P. digitatum were isolated. After primary screening was performed , the best isolates that have high antibacterial activity against gram positive and gram negative bacterial was selected. The selected isolates were cultured on fermentation media according to the suitable media for each isolate, and the active compounds were extracted using ethyl acetate as a solvent. P. cosmopolitanum and P. chrysogenum were cultured on penicillin production medium (PPM) , P. paxilli was cultured on Aspergillus complete medium (ACM) and P. digitatum and P. citrinum were cultured on solid state fermentation media consist of wheat bran . The efficiency of fungal crude extracts from each isolate against the reference strains S. aureus NCTC 6571 and E. coli ATCC 25922 and against Candida albicans (pathogenic and reference strain)was examined, and the Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determinated for each extracts.The inhibition zone of fungal extracts against E. coli and S. aureus ranged between (20 - 50) mm , and they had high activity against C. albicans ( reference and pathogenic isolate) ranged between 25 - 45 mm.Induction of secondary metabolite production by the selected fungi was carried out using biological factor (Streptomyces sp.) , chemical agent (colchicine) and physical agent by UV radiation. Apparently that the biological induction by Streptomyces isolate was the best compared with the other treatments.The results revealed that the two fungal extracts ALO1 and Apax exhibit a high antioxidant activity at low concentrations and volumes of the extract compared to ascorbic acid as control. ALO1 had radical scavenging activity (RSA%) reach 99.9% at volume 3μl , and Apax had RSA 91.6% at concentration 500μg/ml. Also, the fungal extract ,ALO1, showed a significant activity as anticancer agent against RD - cell line. The IC50 of ALO1 was 8.5μl after 24h and 23.76μl after 72h. The hypercholesterolemia ability of ALO1 in vivo and in vitro was assayed . In vivo experiment designed using female albino mice and divided into three groups each one contain 8 mice : group 1 treated with 10μl , group 2 treated with 20μl of ALO1 , and group 3 treated with normal saline as control group. The results showed that total cholesterol , triglycerides, LDL and VLDL were significantly reduced when compared with control group while the HDL level was increased in comparing with control group. The chemical analysis of the crude extracts showed that Apen2 contained 259 μg/g of penicillin G when analyzed with HPLC apparatus . Also the GC mass analysis of ALO1 showed that Docasadionic acid initialize area76.18% and Palmitic acid initialize area 15.09% from the total identified compounds.Whereas the GC mass analysis of Apax showed that Hexandioic acid initialize area40% and Stearolic acid initialize area 35.57% from the total identified compounds.In addition , it was detected the presence of penicillin biosynthetic gene cluster : pcbAB, pcbC and penDE in P. cosmopolitanum and P. chrysogenum.The result showed that gene pcbC and penDE were found in the genomic DNA but the gene pcbAB was not amplified by PCR.

تاثير فطريات المايكو راي زا الشجيرية والمادة العضوية في مرض الذبول المتسبب عن الفطر Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici في نبات الطماطة Lycopersicon esculentum == Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza And Organic Matter On Wilting Caused By (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Lycopersici) In Tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum)

Author name: ثامر عبد الشهيد محسن علي الابراهيمي
Supervisor name: بتول زينل علي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Fungi
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of three arbuscular mycorrhizal species (Glomus etunicatum, G. leptotichum, Rhizophagus intraradices) and the organic matter (Peatmoss) on controlling the wilting caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici on tomatoes using pot cultures. The study was included two experiments : 1 - The first experiments was performed to select the best mycorrhizal species or a maxture of two or three species acting on several parameters, Results showed the followings : - Significant increase of the tri mixture activity of the three mycorrhizal species compared to the dual mixture or single species on mycorrhizal colonization, mycorrhizal dependency and the weight of mycorrhizal roots after four and eight weeks planting. - The highest activity of the trimixture of AM fungi in increasing the plant growth parameters after four and eight weeks planting. - The highest activity of the tri mixture of AM fungi in increasing the percentage of N, P, K and the protein in leaves and roots after 8 weeks planting compared to other treatments.2 - The second experiment was performed to study the effect of the tri mixture of AM fungi (which gave the highest activity in the first experiments) and the organic matter in the presence of the pathogen F.o.l. and their interactions on mycorrhizal parameters, disease parameters, analysis of some elements and compounds, study of some plant growth parameters, enzymatic and non - enzymatic antioxidants in tomato plant, Results revealed the followings : - Significant increase in mycorrhizal colonization included % of mycorrhizal frequency, mycorrhizal intensity in the root system, mycorrhizal intensity in in root fragments, abundance of arbuscules in parts of root fragments, abundance of arbuscules in root system and the highest values were shown in the treatment (organic matter x 4weeks pathogen infection) after six and ten weeks planting. - Significant increase in dry weight of mycorrhizal roots, the highest was shown in the treatment (organic matter x control) after 10 weeks planting. - Increase in percentage of mycorrhizal dependency after 6 and 10 weeks planting and the highest percentage was shown in the treatment (absence organic matter x control) after 10 weeks. - Increase in number of mycorrhizal spores, the highest was recorded in the treatment (organic matter x 4weeks pathogen infection) after 12 weeks. - Significant decrease in % of disease parameters in leaves and roots, the lowest percentage were recorded by the treatment (trimixture of mycorrhiza x organic matter x 4weeks pathogen infection) for all parameters. - Results of plant growth parameters showed significant increase of all for different weeks. The treatment (trimixture of mycorrhiza x organic matter x control) recorded the highest for all parameters tested in plant. - The treatments affected the flowering and fruit duration, the shortest was shown by the treatment (trimixture of mycorrhiza x organic matter x control) - Significant increase in percentage of N, K and protein in leaves and roots, and chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll in leaves, the highest values were shown in treatment (trimixture of mycorrhiza x organic matter x control). - The treatment (trimixture of mycorrhiza x organic matter x 4weeks pathogen infection) recorded the highest percentage of P, souble carbohydrates, highest content of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide in leaves and roots as well as highest percentage of lignin in roots. - Significant increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in leaves and roots, the highest activity recorded by the treatment (trimixture of mycorrhiza x absence organic matter x 4weeks pathogen infection). - Significant increase of non - antioxidant enzymatic in antioxidants included content of carotene in leaves, content of ascorbic acid, proline, total phenol, and glutathione in leaves and roots, The treatment (trimixture of mycorrhiza x organic matter x control) showed the highest content of carotene and ascorbic acid while the treatment (trimixture of mycorrhiza x organic matter x 4weeks pathogen infection) showed the highest content of proline, total phenol and glutathione in leaves and roots.

الخصائص المظهرية والجزيئية للفطر Aspergillus niger وتقييم قابليته في انتاج حامض الستريك تحت ظروف مختلفة == Phenotypic And Molecular Characteristics of The Fungus Aspergillus Niger And Evaluation Its Ability To Produce Citric Acid Under Different Conditions

Author name: علي عبد الهادي ماهود السوداني
Supervisor name: ماجد كاظم عبود الشبلي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Fungi
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Qadisiyah
First pages:
Abstract: نفذت هذه الدراسة لتقييم قابلية فطريات من التربة في انتاج حامض الستريك باستخدام وسط غذائي صناعي مدعم بمصادر كربونية ونيتروجينية واملاح وتحديد بعض الظروف المثلى للانتاج من العزلة الفطرية الاكفا بعد تنميتها على وسط المولاس المروق ووسط راشح قشور الرز المدعمين | This study was carried out to evaluation the ability of fungi from the soil in the production of citric acid using synthetic culture medium supplemented with sources of carbon, nitrogen and salts and determine some optimal conditions for the production of citric acid from the most efficient fungal isolate after growing it on the clarifying molasses medium and rice husks filtrate medium supplemented with some nutrients, and also determine the genotype for the most efficient fungal isolate in the production of citric acid by PCR - RFLP technique and determine the sequence of DNA bases for the region ITS1 - 5.8S rRNA gene - ITS2, and the study also included a purification of the citric acid by precipitation method and detection it by (HPLC) High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The results showed the presence of 21 fungal isolates included 12 isolates for the fungus Aspergillus niger by frequency amounted to 57.14 % and 5 isolates for the fungus Trichoderma viride by frequency amounted to 23.8 % and 4 isolates for the fungus Mucor spp. by frequency amounted to 19.04 %, were excluded from the study some fungal isolates which showing the ability to produce aflatoxins. The screening 16 local fungal isolates of fungi A. niger, T. viride and Mucor spp. it appeared that the fungal isolate A. niger 5 was the most efficient in the production of citric acid, and also the results showed a single two bands of DNA with a molecular size 480 and 66 base pairs at using RsaI restriction enzyme and that the genotype of the A. niger 5 is of the type A Some optimum cultural and environmental conditions for the production of citric acid from the selected isolate were studied. It was obtained the highest production of citric acid which amounted to 28.947 g/l at the clarifying molasses medium and 30.015 g/l at rice husks filtrate medium using 15 % reducing sugars, 0.25 % ammonium sulfate, 0.1, 0.2 % KH2PO4, 0.025 % MgSO4.7H2O, adjusted primary pH of medium to 3.5, 4 inoculated with 4 % from the initial inoculation which it concentration 1 x 106 spore/ml and incubated under shaker conditions at 200 rpm at 30 C for 8, 9 days for the clarifying molasses medium and rice husks filtrate medium respectively. The results of detected of citric acid using HPLC showed two peaks for both standard citric acid and citric acid under study at retention time amounted to 12.637 and 12.641 minutes respectively.

دراسة علاقة سم Ochra. A بحالات الفشل الكلوي غير معروف الاسباب في محافظة القادسية == Study The Relationship of Ochra.A With Kidney Failure of Unknown Case In Al - Qadisiya Governorate

Author name: هدى رحيم هاشم الموسوي
Supervisor name: بهيجة عبيس حمود الخالدي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Fungi
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Qadisiyah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسة لتحديد العلاقة بين السموم الفطرية وحالات الفشل الكلوي غير معروف الاسباب لدى المرضى المراجعون الى مستشفى الديوانية التعليمي للفترة من اذار/2012 الى كانون الثاني/2013 والذين تم تشخيصهم من قبل الاطباء المختصون. اظهرت نتائج فحص عينات الادرا | This study was designed to detection the Relationship between some fungi and it’s toxin with Renal falier in patients suffer from Renal falier attended to Al - Diwanyia teaching hospital in period from March/ 2012 to January/ 2013, These patients were diagnosed by physician in above hospital. By using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) the results showed 23.07% from patients blood specimens had Ochratoxin A, 19.23% from patients urine specimens had Ochratoxin A 38.46% from patients had Ochratoxin A in blood and urine where only 59.61% your blood and urine were clear from above toxin, So healthy persons were had Ochratoxin A in your blood and urine by rate 20% 40% respectively and 10% from them had Ochratoxin A in your blood and urine and only 65% from them don’t had Ochratoxin A in their blood and urine.the concentration of Ochratoxin A in blood were ranged between 6.2 - 25.8 ?g/kg from weight boody and 4 - 10.3?g/kg in urine and in healthy reach concentration of Ochratoxin A in blood 2.3 - 3 ?g/kg from weight boody and 4.3 - 4.6 ?g/kg in urine.The data of this study showed the male highly infected 87.5% with ocratoxin while in female 70% and 71 - 80 years age had highly infected 92.85% with ochratoxin A. The results of study of biochemical parameter in patients showed highly raised in WBC and urea and Keratinin to reach to 12000 corpuscle /ml3 310 mg/dl, 12.2 mg /dl respectively and lowed the activity of alkaline phosphates enzyme and albumin into 2.2 u/l, 1.5 gm/dl, respectively and suger 120 mg /dl. The results of isolation and diagnosis by depending on Morphological, Microscopical and Biochemical characters showed there were two species of fungi belong to Aspergillus sp, include A. ochraceaus 25.42%, A. niger 12.71% and A. candidus 15.25% and Candida albicans 46.61% were isolated from urine patients where only C. albicans and C. krusi were isolated from blood of patient by percentage 66.66% and 33.33% respectively. So the results of single PCR method selected to detection the OCR and PSK genes in Aspergills spp which responsible for ochratoxin A production , showed 83.33% from A. ochraceaus isolates had OCR gene (907 bp) and 66.66% from A. nger had PSK gene (584bp)Also the results of this study showed A. ochraceus and A. niger had ability to produce metabolic compounds when grow on yeast - extract broth and these compounds had significant toxic effects(P?0.05) in biochemical parameters in albino rats represented raised number of white blood cells (WBCs) into 10610 cell/µm3, urea into 228 mg/dl and Keratinin into 15 mg/dl in blood of animals which treated with 5000 ?l/kg from metabolic products of above fungi respectively, comparative with control groups 10100 cell/µm3. in other side, these metabolic products caused in same dose lead to lower of albumin and activity of alkaline phosphatase enzyme into 2.8 mg/dl and 3.7 u/l respectively where normal level for this parameter in control groups.Histological study showed the dose of metabolic products 500 - 5000 µl/kg for both fungi caused pathogenic changes in kidney represented by, atrophy highly proliferation of cells in endothelial layer of Bowman's capsules in addition to hemorrhage and Focal agrgregate inflammatory cells.In other side, study of toxicity of ochratoxin A which extracted by using thin layer chromatography (TLC) teqnique from urine and blood of patients and yeast extract broth media that had growth of A. ochraceus and A. niger showed signification effects(P?0.05) for this compound in physiological and biochemical parameters also caused significant effects in histological parameters similar to these effects which occurred in previsious experiments while these effect don’t appear in control groups.

توصيف عزلات الفطر Alternaria alternata المنتجة للسم Alternariol في ثمار الطماطة ودراسة تاثيراته السمية الوراثية == Characterization of Alternaria alternata Isolates That Produce Alternariol in Tomato Fruits and Study It?s Cytotoxic Effects

Author name: فاضل سامي زغير
Supervisor name: بـن طه محمـد | ســعـد محمد ندا
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Fungi
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Karbala
First pages:
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