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دراسة نظرية للخواص النووية للانوية السوجية - السوجية 198 - 208Po و200 - 210Rn و218 - 228Ra و218 - 228Th و226 - 236U ا بسثعمال انموذج البوزونات المتفاعلة بنسختيه IBM - 1 وIBM - 2 == Theoretical Study for the Nuclear Properties of the even - even 198 - 208Po,200 - 210Rn,218 - 228Ra, 218 - 228Th,226 - 236U by using the Interacting Boson Model IBM - 1 , IBM - 2

Author name: علي فاخر حبيب
Supervisor name: عبد الرضا حسين صبر
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Nuclear and Environmental Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This work aims to study the details the nuclear structure of selected heavy nuclei 198 - 208Po ,200 - 210Rn, 218 - 228Ra, 218 - 218 - 228Th and 226 - 236U, due to the important of nuclear structure of these nuclei in applied nuclear physics. In this study two IBM version have been used, IBM - 1 and IBM - 2. The versions of model used to described the ground band, quizi - beta and quadruple reduced transition probability B(E2) for selected transition. Also, the IBM - 2 version has been used to calculate the magnetic reduce transition probability B(M1) and mixing ratio for group transition emitted from ground band, quazi - beta and quazi - gamma band . the mixed symmetry states and the effect of majorana parameters of the energy of these state have been studied extensively .the potential energy surface of each isotope has been produced as contour lines using the output of IBM - 1.From the result calculation it is found that there is an agreement between the available experimental data and the calculated results of both IBM - 1 and IBM - 2 . The agreement concerns the energies of ground band and less in the beta and gamma band for 198 - 208Po isotopes. Also we have agood agreement in values of B(E2) and B(M1) from the results of the two version. It is noticed that all the studied isotopes are belong to the vibrational U(5) limit.The result of 200 - 210Rn isotopes show closed to the vibrational U(5) moving toward the O(6) . the calculated values are very closed the experimental data for the positive parity states of the ground, beta and gamma bands with increasing of energy value near the closed shell.The variable position of 218 - 228Ra isotopes between the three limits of IBM - 1 ((SU(3), O(6), U(5)) ,where is; these isotopes moving towards rotational away from the closed shell . We notice the excellent agreement between calculated values and available experimental data for energy level and other nuclear properties. The value of E41/E21 for 218 - 228Th isotopes decreases with moving away from the closed shell, in the same time; the values of level energies decreases also. The agreement between the experimental and calculated values of energy level is very clear for energy level and B(E2) and B(M1) values.All studied 226 - 236U are belong to the rotational SU(3) limit and both versions of the model succeed in producing such limit and found agood agreement for all the bands specially the IBM - 2. It is found that the change in the Majorana parameter FS has an effect on the energy of the mixed symmetry state in studies isotopes . The B(E2) values also calculated and compared with experimental data.In the comparison between all the studied nuclei it is found that systematic of energy level of single nucleus and all isotopes it is found that the energy of the first excited state is different for such isotope and also the ratio of E41/E21 found to be moving toward rotational limit with increase of atomic number. In the present work we found that the ratio N/Z is always agree when we used different isotopes in the studied nuclei

دراسة الخواص البصرية والكهربائية لصبغات عضوية == Study of optical and electrical properties of organic dyes

Author name: علي ستار جبار الصيمري
Supervisor name: وليد علي حسين | فرات احمد مهدي
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Laser Physics and Electro-optics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In this study, thin films of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) doped with Orange G , Safranin O , and Crystal Violet dyes , have been prepared by using casting method after dissolving the dyes with distilled water .The linear optical parameters of the prepared thin films such as absorption coefficient (α) , extinction coefficient (k) , refractive index (no) and energy gap (Eg) , in addition to Urbach tails (Eu) , both real (εr) and imaginary (εi) parts of the dielectric constant , optical conductivity (σopt) , and electrical conductivity (σele) have been studied. The non linear absorption coefficient (β), non linear refractive index (n2) and the susceptibility of the third order (χ3) have been studied too .It is found that the absorption spectra of the prepared thin films are characterized by a clear absorption peaks in the visible range of the light spectrum . For Orange G two absorption peaks were appeared at the wavelengths (325 nm) and (490 nm) , where as one absorption peak is observed for each of Safranin O , and Crystal Violet at the wavelength (540nm) and (600nm) respectively. It is worth noting that the different concentrations of the dyes have an obvious traces on the absorption intensities of the thin films , which may be related to the extended Urbach tails as a result of increased dye concentration and (π - π*) transition .The estimated energy gaps gave an indication that an indirect allowed electronic transition take place and it is inversely slightly affected by the concentration of the dyes.The non linear optical properties for the prepared thin films were studied using Z - scan technique . Three different cases in which the materials are ; thedye solution consist of the dye dissolved in distilled water , the dye solution mixed with the polymer , and the dye doped thin polymer film , were studied using continuous wavelength (532 nm) solid state semiconductor laser type (SDL - 532 - 100T) .The results indicated that the calculated (β) and (n2) increases as a results of increase in the concentration for all the three mentioned cases . Defocusing due to thermal distribution through the samples which were accompanied with a changes in non linear refractive index were shown , that is , the samples behave like a thermal lens that distort the phase of the propagated beam in it .The (I - V) characteristics for all thin films give an indication of Ohmic behavior and the DC electrical conductivity (σele) increases as the temperature increase . The activation energies (Ea) were found to be decrease at higher dyes concentrations .

تحضير ودراسة بعض الخصائص الفيزيائية للمتراكب بولي انلين طين الكاؤولين العراقي == Preparation and study of the Some physical properties of imbricated Polly Aniline - IraqiAlca?lan clay

Author name: عباس عبد سويف البديري
Supervisor name: غفران محمد باقر شبيب
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Polyanilin/Alcaulan Iraqi clay was modify by mecanochemical method with ideal condition and temperature range (0 - 5)0c after distillation Aniline (monomer) well.Several techniques have been used such as FT - IR ,X - ray to determine the crystalline ,scanning electron microscope (SEM) and finally (FAM) in order to study the surface roughness mediated .Many of physical properties such as mechanical properties which represented by hardness curves at different temperature which proved in hardness values range (2 - 7) for Alcaulan clay and (3 - 9.5) for PAni/Alcaulan while the results of tests fracture resistance (according to Brazilian way ) in different temperature was (2.9 - 4.92) for Alcaulan clay and (3.1 - 5.01) for PAni/Alcaulan .Optical properties show the type of electronic transition which found indirect transition and the optical energy gap about 2.15 eV.PAni/Alcaulan films was prepared by adding hydrochloric acid HCL after dissolved it in DMF as well as with addition to sulfuric acid H2SO4.The value of electrical conductivity of PAni - HCL/ Alcaulan are (0.4*10 - 7, 0.6*10 - 7, 0.7*10 - 7, 0.8*10 - 7, 0.9*10 - 7) s/cm. The value of PAni - H2SO4/Alcaulan are (4*10 - 7, 6*10 - 7, 6.5*10 - 7, 7.3*10 - 7, 9.1*10 - 7) s/cm.Also the value of electric conductivity of PAni - HCL/ Alcaulan with Iodine are (2*10 - 7, 6*10 - 7, 8*10 - 7) s/cm , and of PAni - H2SO4/Alcaulan are (19*10 -

تضمين البرم في ليزرات اشباه الموصلات (ليزرات البرم) == Spin Modulation in Semiconductor Lasers (Spin lasers

Author name: ضیاء جبار عكوش
Supervisor name: حسن عبد الله سلطان
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Laser Physics and Electro-optics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The introducing of electronic spin with its charge is the key of many applications which uses the electrical and magnetic properties of the electron , (spintronics )and semiconductor lasers.This concept gives led to the newest type of semiconductor lasers called ( Spin Lasers ).In the present thesis a numerical study of the effect of the carriers spin on the semiconductor lasers described by VCSEL using Matlab and Runge - Kutta method .The study includes the effect of the spin polarization in terms of the polarization injection and the injection current also to find the two thresholds of right polarized light circularly and the left circularly polarized one.The effect of the spin relaxation time on the dynamics of spin - VCSEL such as the steady state time evolution and direct modulation of the injection current and the polarization injection were studied also is presented too.The study shows that the spin VCSEL strongly affected by the injection current , polarization injection and spin relaxation time.The present results show that the laser threshold can reduced to quarter than that of conventional laser.

تحضير ودراسة بعض الخواص الكهربائية والبصرية للبوليمر الموصل بولي (انيلين اوكزالك) - وامكانية تطبيقاته في الخلايا الشمسية == preperation and studying some of the electrical and optical properties of conducting polymer poly(aniline - oxalic) and the possibility of its applications to solar cell

Author name: صفا نزار رمضان
Supervisor name: غفران محمد باقر شبيب
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Solar Energy Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: We present in this study away of preparing Poly(aniline - oxali) (PAni - ox) by a Chemical polymerization with an ideal environment and temperature (5 - 0)0C. The Optical properties have been studied included the absorbance and transmitance measurements and calculations of the energy gap for (PAni - ox), which was found equal to (2.6eV). Electrical properties of (PAni - ox) have been also studied. The electrical conductivity for these materials was ( 8.22x10 - 2S.cm - 1) at room temperature.Thin films of titanium dioxide TiO2 of particle size (50 nm) and (25 nm) have been prepared and then deposited on a conductive glass bases Fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) to study the optical properties.The materials under study have been diagnozid by using several techniques including X - rays (XRD) technique to determine the crystalline structures , Infrared (FT - IR) to determine the effective groups ,and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) to determine the surface roughness and the regularity range of the nanoparticles compositions. Optical Anode was prepared by adding (PAni - ox) to TiO2, and the efficiency of the solar cell was calculated Two types of pigments alpha - Naphtholbenzein and EOSIN Y were added to TiO2 films and the prepared polymer is (PAni - ox). The pigments absorbs the solar energy and converte it to free electrons that are injected into titanium dioxide, which works as a collector for electrons. Electro solution was added to compensate for the loss electrons from the organic dye molecules. Thereafter, the electrode for the solar cell was prepared from carbon which has been obtained from candle flame.After preparation, the individual parts of solar cell have been collected by multi - layeres method . The (carrent - voltage) feature for cells by electrical properties have beem measured device and Light source.From this measurement , we calculate the open circuit voltage Voc and closed - circuit current Isc ,maximum power Pmax ,filling factor F.F, cell efficiency η, and Parallel resistance Rs and Resistance respectively Rsh.

الخواص البصرية اللاخطية ومحدد القدرة البصري للصبغات العضوية في المحاليل والاغشية البوليمرية باستخدام تقنية مسح حزمة الليزر على المحور z == Nonlinear Optical Properties and Optical Power Limiting of Organic Dyes in Solutions and Polymer Films Using The Laser Beam Z - Scan Technique

Author name: سيف الدين عبد الكريم قاسم
Supervisor name: عماد الدين حسين علي السعيدي
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The research in this thesis is concerned with our extensive study of the spectral properties, the nonlinear optical properties, and the optical power limiting effect, for three organic dyes : Leishman, Giemsa, and Brilliant Cresyl Blue. Three different solvents were used to dissolve each dye : Chloroform, Ethanol, and Dimethyl(formamide) (DMF).We prepared dye solutions at four different concentrations : 0.03 mM, 0.05 mM, 0.07 mM, and 0.09 mM. Dye doped polymer films at concentration 0.09 mM were also prepared by mixing the dye with the polymer poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) which already dissolved in the chloroform and using the casting method to obtain the desired polymer films.The linear absorption spectra of the dye solutions and the dye doped polymer films for different concentrations were analyzed by using the double - beam spectrophotometer in order to find the spectral range for each dye .2Our study was focused mainly on the nonlinear optical properties of the dye solutions and the dye doped polymer films. We employed in this study the laser beam z - scan technique and the solid - state laser (SSL) operating with the continuous wave (CW) at wavelength 532 nm and with variable output power over the range 0 - 100 mW .We have also studied the effect of the laser beam intensity on the nonlinear optical parameters of the dye solutions prepared by dissolving each dye in the Dimethyl(formamide) (DMF) solvent. Two values for the laser beam intensity were used for irradiating the samples (The dye solutions), these are : 1.11 kW / cm2 and 2.22 kW / cm2.Our obtained results from the present study reveal that all solutions of the three dyes and the dye - doped polymer films have a negative value for the nonlinear refractive index (n2 < 0) (occurrence of the self - defocusing effect) and also a negative value for the nonlinear absorption coefficient (β < 0) (saturable absorption).The values of the nonlinear optical parameters for each dye were calculated, these parameters are : The nonlinear refractive index (n2), the nonlinear absorption coefficient (β), and the absolute value of the nonlinear optical susceptibility (|χ(3)|). The solvents effect on the values of these optical3parameters was studied, and we find that the solvent plays an important role on the variation of these values.We also studied the optical power limiting for the dye solutions and the polymer films by using the laser beam z - scan technique. Good optical power limiting properties were obtained. The values of the optical power limiting threshold for the dye solutions at different concentrations and also for the dye doped polymer films were determind. We note that the value of the optical power limiting threshold depends on the kind of the used solvent for dissolving the dye. The smallest value for the optical power limiting threshold is 6.7 mW for the Brilliant Cresyl Blue dye doped polymer in chloroform at concentration 0.09 mM, while the smallest value for the power limiting threshold for the Brilliant Cresyl Blue solution in the same solvent at concentration 0.09 mM is 7.8 mW. The value of the power limiting threshold depends the kind of the used dye or the kind of the used solvent in preparing the sample and also on the concentration of the dye.The results that we have obtained from our present study show that the three dyes, Leishman, Giemsa, and Brilliant Cresyl Blue exhibit large nonlinear optical effects, suggesting that they are good promising materials for applications in the nonlinear photonic devices, the optical power limiting, and other optical devices.

تحضير اغشية رقيقة من اوكسيد الخارصين ZnO النقي والمشوب بالالمنيوم باستخدام تقنية المحلول ودراسة خواصها البصرية (Sol - Gel) الغروي وتطبيقها كمتحسس غازي == Preparation of Pure and Doped with Aluminum Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Thin Films by Using (Sol - Gel)Technique and the Study of Optical Properties and Applications as A Gas Sensor

Author name: سعد عبد الله جبر الفاضلي
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In this study, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) thin films are prepared by using Sol - Gel technique . The samples are prepared with different thicknesses (58,69,77)nm . Different weight ratio of Aqueous aluminum chloride (AlCl3.6H2O) are added to the Sol - Gel ZnOwith percentage (0.345%, 0.824% , 1.703% and 2.146%). These solutions are deposited by using spin coating on glass substrate .In order to investigate the sensitivity and the response of these samples for the detection about different vapors and gases (ethanol , methanol , acetone and nitrogen ) , pure and (AlCl3.6H2O) doped ZnO films are prepared by using the same technique but by adding Aluminum electrodes on these films with dimensions (2.5x0.5)cm2 .This preparing is followed by thermal treatment for these films by using oven with temperature reaches to 450 oC.The structure properties of these films are studied by using X - ray diffraction (XRD) and the results show that these films are polycrystalline and the calculated lattice constant are close to the standard values . The samples are analyses by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopic (FESEM) and the results show that the grain arrangement are regular and these structures are packed and the grain shape is as spherical . But for the AZO films , we notice that the increasing of the doping percentage reduces the gra in size .We also study the optical properties of these films such as Absorption (A) , Transmission (T) , Reflection (R) , Absorption coefficient (α) , extinction coefficient (k) , the energy gap(Eg) , refractive index (n) , with its complex and real dielectric constant( ) , dissipation factor (tanδ) , Optical Dispersion Parameters (Eo , Ed) and optical conductivity ( ) . The effect of the films thickness on the optical properties of the ZnO films for the over mentioned parameters . The results we get are discussed and compared with other studies . This work elucidates and analyzes the studying of the effect of adding (AlCl3 . 6H2O) o Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and the results are with standards agree with the results of many other researchers . The optical constant are tabulated and compared with , the results of other . And in order to determine the electronic transitions type , Absorption coefficient is calculated and it shows that ZnO and AZO films have transition of direct type because the values of α > 104 . The energy gap of the ZnO films with different thickness (58,69 and 77) nm is calculated , since it is found that the increasing of the film thickness gives slight increasing in the energy gap . The experimental results show that the increasing of doping percentagein ZnO film increases the energy gap with very little amount . In the electronic application field , the study also included design and fabrication of gas sensor system from local materials , which contain of chamber that made of plates polymer that contain of base for install the sample , electrodes to link the sample the measurement circuit , glass flask with three holes , heater , N2 gas cylinder , glass tubes , valves and the measurement circuit electric .The study also includes the ability of responding of the films for the thicknesses (58 , 69 and 77 )nm , to these gases , and it is found that the highest response was at vapor ethanol at the thickness 58nm. The effect of chloride Aluminum on the response of these percentage (0.345% , 0.824% , 1.703% , 2.146%) is studied for the mentioned gases , and it is found that the highest response we get is 45% at the concentration 2.146% for methanol gas . The results are tabulated , discussed and compared with precedent studies.

دراسة تراكيز الرادون والثورون والراديوم ومعدلات الانبعاث الكتلي والتبخر السطحي للرادون في البقوليات الجافة والعسل الطبيعي == Study of Radon , Thoron , Radium concentrations ,as well as the mass and surface exhalation rates in dry legumes and natural honey

Author name: سارة عبد اللطيف كديمي
Supervisor name: عيسى جاسم محمد الخليفة
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In this study a sample of 50 different dry legumes and honey used (local and imported), the number of dry legumes samples under study were 21, including 5 samples of local and imported 16 samples collected from the Governorate of Basrah markets - Iraq. 29 samples of honey collected from local markets and apiaries in Iraq. The number of local honey 8 samples while the number of imported honey were 21 sample.Two methods in this research for various measurements and comparison between them. It is a method of (Misdaq and Satif.,1996) and the method of (Azam., 1995). Both methods are considered long - term methods for measuring the concentration of radon and thoron in various materials, Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTDs), a closed cylinder technique method. Results in the first part of the samples dry legumes have shown that radon concentration ranges between a higher value (698.9Bq / m3) in thesample (Turkish lentil (imported)) and less valuable (69.0Bq / m3) in the samples (Iranian Homs and Chinese beans (imported)),and the concentration of thoron between the highest value (865.0Bq / m3) in the sample (Chinese beans (imported)) and the lowest value (86.45Bq / m3) in the sample (Canadian lentil (imported)), and that the radon concentration rate and thoron for samples local dry legumes (3551.1Bq / m3), (364.1Bq / m3), respectively. For samples imported dry legumes the radon concentration rate and thoron (333.0Bq / m3), (420.8Bq /m3 respectively For the results of the honey samples in the first part has found that the radon concentration between the highest value (826.7Bq / m3) in the samples ( AL - noor Honey (Basra - Seder) (Local)) , (Honey AngizaGerman (imported)) and less value (242.9Bq / m3) in the sample (Honey Mount Haj Omran (Local)), and the concentration of thoron between a higher value ( 538.4Bq / m3) in the sample (Turkish Honey) and the lowest value (115.2Bq / m3) in the sample (Honey Mount Haj Omran (Local)) , and that the concentration of radon and thoron samples of local honey rate (457.5Bq / m3), (297.0Bq / m3), respectively. For samples imported honey, the radon concentration and thoron rate(469.0Bq/m3) , (314.1Bq/m3) , respectively. Results obtained in the second part of the samples dry legumes note that the concentration of radium between the highest value of a (2.4489Bq / Kg) in the sample (Indian Homs (imported)) and less valuable (0.4030Bq / kg) in the sample (Indian Mash (Imported )), and that the concentration of radium samples local dry legumes rate (0.8941 Bq / Kg). For the samples dry legumes imported, the concentration of radium rate (0.9270Bq / Kg), the results obtained in the second part of the samples honey note that the concentration of radium ranges It is among the highest value (1.7270Bq / Kg) in the sample (Honey fall Karbala (Local)) and less valuable (0.2111Bq / Kg) in the sample (Honey Mount Haj Omran (Local)), and that the concentration of radium samples of local honey rate (0.7441 Bq / Kg). For the samples of imported honey, the concentration of radium rate (0.6141Bq / Kg).Results mass emission rates of radon samples dry legumes, ranging from the highest value (0.4442Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1) in the sample (Indian Homs (imported)) and the lowest value (0.0731Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1) in the sample (Indian Mash (imported)) , and the arithmetic average of the mass emission rate of the samples the local dry legumes (0.1540 Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1), and for dry legumes imported (0.1681 Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1), and the results of area emission rates radon samples dry legumes, ranging from the highestvalue (2.0405 Bq.m - 2.d - 1) in the samples (Indian Homs and Turkish lentil (imported)) and the lowest value (0.5681Bq.m - 2.d - 1) in the sample (Indian Mash (Imported)), and the arithmetic average of the rate of the area emission rate of surface samples local dry legumes (1.0865 Bq.m - 2.d - 1), and for samples of imported dry legumes (1.1589 Bq.m - 2.d - 1). Results mass emission rates of radon samples of honey, ranging from the highest value of ( 0.3132 Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1) in the sample (Honey fall Karbala (Local)) and the lowest value (0.0383Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1) in the sample (Honey Mount Haj Omran (Local)), and the arithmetic average of the mass emission rate for samples of local honey (0.1359 Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1), and for samples of imported honey (0.1114 Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1), and the results of area emission rates of radon samples of honey, ranging from the highest value (3.1286 Bq.m - 2.d - 1) in the sample (AL - noor Honey (Basra - Seder) (Local)) and the lowest value (0.6257 Bq.m - 2.d - 1) in the sample (Honey ount Haj Omran (Local)), and the arithmetic average of the rate of area ssion samples of local honey (1.4828 Bq.m - 2.d - 1), and for samples of imported honey (1.1670 Bq.m - 2.d - 1).

دراسة حركيات ليزر النقطة الكمية بوجود البرم == Study of Dynamics of Quantum Dot Laser with Spin

Author name: حكمت عبد الحسين ابراهيم
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The dynamics of VCSE QD spin polarized laser is studied based on asix equations model that takes into account the effect of number ofcontrol parameters on populations in the wetting layer for bothpolarized components and those in the quantum dot .The carrier density in the wetting layer and the quantum dot vary indifferent manner although the former lends to the later . Also thedynamics of carriers in the quantum dot shows varieties of dynamicsthat range from simple to complex one while the dynamics of carriersin the wetting layer are always simple .The polarized field related to the spin up and spin down cases sufferseffects in different manners due to the variations of these controlparameters . the intensities of both two polarized components behavioralso range from simple and end up chaotically.It appears that output ellipticity can be used as a new tool to assess the dynamical state of the laser wither it in stable , periodic , aperiodic or chaotic .The modulation of the injection current for both components or for either one led to new dynamics , the system was not able to show when it work autonomously although the model has five degrees of freedom .

خصائص نقل الالكترون العابر لانظمة نقاط كمية متعددة == Transient Electron Transport Properties of Multiple Quantum Dots Systems

Author name: حسه ابراهيم عسكر
Supervisor name: شاكر ابراهيم عيسى
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Electronics Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Laser Physics
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: We presented a theoretical study for the electron transportcharacteristic, within a system of multi - quantum dots coupled tothe three metallic leads (right lead as an electron reservoir andtwo left leads as an electron source). We take into account twoarrangements for the scattering regions, one composed of twoquantum dots and the other is composed of four quantum dots.The study concentrated on the system parameters that has itseffect on the characteristic of the electron transfer process andhow these characteristic are affect by the number of the quantumdots in the scattering region in the both arrangements for thescattering regions.The theoretical formulism depends on the one - electron model.Where, we assigning a single effective level for each quantumdots and by taking the effects of the leads continuum levels intoaccount which are show within the wide band gap approximationto produce an imaginary quantity add to the energy levels of thequantum dots, representing the broadening in each effectivelevels.The related basic equation of motion for all the correspondinglevels eigen function probability amplitudes are solvedanalytically by using Laplace transform technique. We calculatethe occupation probability for the right lead, the instantaneouscurrent and the average instantaneous current that passes throughthe right lead.Our calculated results for the time - dependent dynamical electrontransfer offered a general features that takes into account thefollowing effects :  Energy levels position changes with respect to the leadFermi level. A suitable applied bais voltage on the right and left leads. Changes of the coupling amount among the quantum dots levels and in between them and the leads levels. Change of the leads temperatureThe characteristic of the time - dependent charge transport in the system are shown through the relation between the average instantaneous current passes the right lead and the applied baisvoltage, which we show as follow :  For the case of the scattering region arrangement that compose of two quantum dots it is an Ohmic behavior. For the case of the scattering region arrangement that compose of four quantum dots it is a non - linear (non - Ohmic) behavior.

دراسة تركيز البورون في مياه محافظة ذي قار وتربتها باستخدام طريقة الكارمين وجهاز اللوفي بوند == Study of Boron Concentration in Water of Thi - Qar Governorate and Soil Using Carmine Method and Lovibond Device

Author name: تغريد عبد الحسين شاكر
Supervisor name: ثائر منشد سلمان
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In this study , we measured the boron concentration in the water and soil of Thi - Qar Governorates, where were collected (45) Sample Water also were collected (66) Sample soil from the districts of Thi - Qar and its environs province of southern Iraq , and we used that analogy chromatography Al carmine method (colorimetric carmine method) . we got the highest concentration of boron (0.801 ppm) in Garmat Bani Said area - Al Greej and the lowest value for the concentration of boron measured Al carmine manner of samples of clay in said Dhkeel - Al Ibrahim (2) area (0.368 ppm) . The concentration of boron has been in samples of mud rate in the province of Thi Qar was (0.614 ppm) also were measured exponent pH and ranged results between (7.208 - 8.368 ) and an average of (7.890) . As well as we used measurement chromatography Al carmine to measure the boron concentration in water samples way . We got the highest value for the concentration of boron water sample (1.057 mg / L) in Garmat Bani Said area - center (1) and the lowestvalue for the concentration of boron measured Al carmine way in water samples in Al Fuhood zone - Amayreh(1) (0.251 mg / L) . Boron concentration of water samples in the province of Thi Qar rat was (0.592 mg / L) .The boron concentration of water samples located within the normal allowable ratio globally but some are relatively high . As well as the measured pH and the results were pH ranging between (7.435 - 8.277) and an overall average of (7.885) .It was also some water samples to measure the soil by a device (Spectro Direct Lovibond) we got the highest value for the concentration of boron in the water samples (1.4 mg / L) in Al Fuhood zone - Amayreh area (3) , and the lowest value for the concentration of boron in Al Nasiriya - Al shuhada zone (1) (0.4 mg / L) . The soil samples were measured by a device (Spectro Direct Lovibond) has the highest value for the concentration of boron we got them in Al Tar - Al hareb area (1.1 ppm) and the lowest value for the concentration of boron in Al Tar - Al Ebrat (0.2 ppm) .

دور تذبذب الجسر في نقل الالكترون خلال نظام مانح - جسر - قابل == THE ROLE OF BRIDGE VIBRATION ON ELECTRON TRANSFER THROUGH DONOR - BRIDGE - ACCEPTOR SYSTEMS

Author name: بهاء علي طالب
Supervisor name: شاكر ابراهيم عيسى
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Electronics Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: موضوع الرسالة هو دراسة تاثير اهتزاز الجسر وتكوين البولارون الصغير على عملية انتقال الشحنة بين المانح والقابل في الانظمة الجسرية الجزيئية. ولهذا الغرض تعاملنا مع اقتران الكترون - فونون قوي. واستخدمنا لهذا الغرض معادلات الحركة لسعات الدوال الكمية للنظام الجسري مع معادلة نمط الاهتزاز الديناميكي الكلاسيكي للجسر. بخصوص التعامل مع تقريب الحالة المستقرة والتقريب الساكن تم اعطاء صيغة لحساب طاقة البولارون وتقدير تاثيرها على عملية انتقال الشحنة الديناميكية بين المانح والقابل وبارامترات النظام التي تؤثر فيها. اذ لاحظنا ان الصفة العامة في منحنيات احتماليات الملء يكون اعتمادها على طاقة الجسر المؤثرة |∆(u)| اذ بزيادتها تقل احتمالية ملء مستوى الجسر ويقل عدد التذبذبات. ان وصفنا عملية منح البولارون بواسطة نظرية البولارون الصغير طورت لوصف الترابط القوي بين الالكترون والاهتزاز ضمن مفهوم البولارون الصغير، اي ان كل جسر يمكن ان يتذبذب (شبه) غير معتمد على تذبذب جيرانه من الجسور، او كل موقع جزيئي يتذبذب غير معتمد على تذبذب موقع جزيئي اخر. فضلنا المعالجة العددية في حل المعادلات والابتعاد عن الحل المستقر وتم حل معادلة النمط الاهتزاز الكلاسيكي حلا تحليليا بحيث يكون تاثير ترابط الكترون - فونون واضحا من خلال جعل مستوى طاقة الجسر معتمد على الزمن ويكون مسيطرا على احتمالية ملء مستوى الجسر. كما ان تاثير مستويات الطاقة المستمرة للقطبين المعدنيين على كل من مستويي المانح والقابل قد اخذ بنظر الاعتبار. وكان واضحا ان احتماليات ملء المستويات تضمحل بمرور الزمن وتتضاءل سعات التذبذب في المنحنيات، وان احتمالية ملء مستوى القابل هي الاكثر تاثرا بزيادة التعريض في المستويات. وايضا لاحظنا ارتباط تصرف احتمالية ملء مستوي الجسر مع تصرف احتمالية ملء مستوى المانح وذلك لان مستوى المانح هو مصدر الالكترون لتكوين البولارون مع الجسر.V وطبقت الصيغ الرياضية على عملية انتقال الشحنة خلال جزيئة الـ DNA. اذ تعاملنا مع نظام جسري ذي جزيئة اساس واحدة ونظام جسري ذي جزيئتين من الجزيئات المتسلسلة خطيا من جزيئات الحامض النووي الـDNA. اذ لاحظنا وجود اختلاف بسيط في احتماليات ملء المستويات بوجود القاعدة G/C او القاعدة T/A، او بوجود قاعدتين جزيئيتين، اذ لاحظنا ان التصرف الهام في منحنى احتماليات الملء هو عند زيادة ترابط الكترون - فونون نلاحظ تاثير تصرف منحنى احتمالية ملء مستوى مصدر الالكترون (المانح) على تصرف منحنى احتمالية ملء مستوى الجسر الاول (القاعدة الجزيئية الاولى) التي تكون على ترابط مع المانح وذلك لحدوث تشكيل البولارون الاول. بينما يكون تصرف منحنى احتمالية ملء مستوى الجسر الثاني مع تلك للجسر الاول غير متطابق بالتصرف وذلك بسبب ضعف اصرة الترابط بينهما. ويكون تصرف احتمالية ملء القاعدة الجزيئية الثانية مترابطا مع تصرف منحنى احتمالية ملء مستوي القابل وذلك لشدة الاصرة بين مستوياتهما. | The subject of thesis is the effect of bridge vibration and small polaron formation on the electron transfer (ET) in D - B - A system. For this purpose, we dealt with strong electron - phonon coupling. And we used for this purpose the equations of motion for quantum amplitudes and the equation of classical - dynamical vibration mode of the bridge system. For the case of steady state approximation and static approximation we gave a formula to calculate the polaron energy and estimate its effect on the dynamical ET between the donor and accepter and the parameters involved. where we note that the general feature of the occupation probability curves are depend on the bridge effective energy |∆(u)|, when it increases, the occupation probability and the number of vibration decreases. The description of polaron hopping by the theory of small polaron was developed to describe the strong coupling between the electron and vibration within the concept of small polaron, i.e. every bridge vibrates (semi) independently from neighboring bridges. we preferred the numerical treatment in solving the equations and get away from the static solution, we solved the equation of classical - vibrational mode analytically such that the effect of electron - phonon coupling became obvious by putting the bridge state in a time - dependent form, and controlling the occupation probabilities of the bridge. The effects of the continuous energy levels of the metlic electrodes on the donor and acceptor states is taken into account. And it was obvious that the occupation probabilities of levels vanish in time and so as the amplitudes of vibration, and the most obvious effect of continuous levels of electrodes is on acceptor state, also we note that the behavior of the bridge state occupation probability is related with the occupation probability behavior of the donor state, since the donor state is the source of electron for polaron formation in bridge site.We applied the mathematical formulae on charge transfer through DNA molecule. Where we dealt with bridge system as a single base molecule or two liner consecutive molecules bases of DNA molecules. Where we note there is a small difference in occupation probabilities of G/C base or T/A base or between that of two bases. The important feature in occupation probabilities curves is that when electron - phonon coupling increases, we note that the effect of the occupation probability behavior curve for donor state on the occupation probability behavior curve of the first bridge which is connected with the donor because of the formation of the first polaron, while the behavior of the occupation probability of the second bridge and that of the first bridge is not coincide because of the weak interaction between them, but the occupation probability behavior of the second bridge state is related with that of the acceptor because of the strong interaction between them

دراسة نظرية لبعض العوامل المؤثرة في سلوك دالة الموجة المستخدمة في تكثيف بوز اينشتاين

Author name: ايمان عبد الرضا موحي المالكي
Supervisor name: نوري حسين نور الهاشمي
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Laser Physics
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study entails some of the theoretical characteristics of Bose - Einstein intensification of the ideal gas properties, since the wave function behavior has been studied and analysed according to the effect three types of external potentials trapping that are used in the production Bose - Einstein condensation which are (harmonic potential, optical lattice potential , and double well potential) that have been used as individual or overlapping potentials, and the value of the non - linear has been confirmed according to fixed values in the whole study in order to the study the effect of the other elements. The effect anisotropy AL has been studied according to the behavior of the wave function and the distribution potential where the harmonic potential has individually at first, than it has been overlapped with the optical lattice potential in order to study this factor. Furthermore,the effect of this factor has been explained due to the distribution potential, function wave and relation type between the factor itself, chemical potential and energy. Additionally, we have used the intertwined harmonic potential with the optical lattice to study the effect of optical lattice potential factor q after confirming the harmonic potential AL at certain values, with exposition of it's effect the wave function behavior and distribution of potential with explanation to the nature of the relation between the chemical potential and energy with this factor. In addition to that, we have studied the influence of the center of double well potential coefficient A on the nature and behavior of the wave function and potential, and the nature of the relationship between this factor and chemical potential and energy. Noting the effect of these factors on the behavior of the wave function and the distribution of potential, therefore it has effect in Bose - Einstein condensation production.

خصائص نقل الالكترون لكيوبت مقترن بترانزستور الالكترون المفرد == The Electron Transport Properties of Qubit Coupled with SET

Author name: ايات طاهر ابراهيم
Supervisor name: جنان مجيد المخ
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Electronics Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Laser Physics
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In this work, the dynamics of electron transport through a system consists of qubit (two coupled quantum dots) electrostatically coupled with single - electron transistor (quantum dot coupled to leads). The time - dependent Hamiltonian, that is used to describe the system energy, includes the electrostatic coupling between the qubit and the single - electron transistor. The time - dependent equations of motion for all the creation and annihilation operators are expressed in Heisenberg representation to derive the differential equations of motion for the quantum dots occupation numbers of the qubit and the single electron transistor, the related equations of motion for the correlation functions and also the formula that calculates the current which tunnels from the left lead to the single - electron transistor quantum dot. The system of equations of motion are treated by using the wide band approximation, and are solved numerically by using six order Runge - Kutta method, where the error is calculated at each step of time. By getting use of the system of differential equations solutions, the qubit and the single - electron transistor quantum dots occupation numbers are calculated as a function of time, in addition to the current that tunnels from the left lead to the single electron transistor quantum dot as a function of time.The main goal of this study in to investigate the effect of the parameters that related to the qubit and the single - electron transistor and their role in determing the electron transport process features through the whole system. These parameters, that are related to the initialization, manipulation and measurement processes, are the qubit and the single electron transistor quantum dots energy levels, the coupling strength between the qubit quantum dots, the electrostatic coupling between thequbit and the single electron transistor in addition to the coupling strength between the single - electron transistor quantum dot and the leads as well as the leads properties such as tempreture and band width. The effects of quantum dots energy levels tuning and the symmetry of the coupling with leads on the electron transport through the system are also investigated.Our study highlights four important physical features that related to the initialization, manipulation and measurement processes, these are : 1. The occupation numbers of the quantum dots of the qubit and the single electron transistor and the current of SET at the final time of measurement.2. The charge accumulation on the qubit quantum dots, at the final time of measurement, on the far - removed quantum dot and the nearest one to the single - electron transistor, that can be controlled by appling bias voltage and gate voltage.3. The determination of the time - current dependence if it follows the dependence of the far - removed or the nearest qubit quantum dot occupation number on time.4. The role of qubit energy levels tunning and the asymmetric coupling with the leads in determining the suitable initialization and manipulation processes get the quantum measurement with high quantum efficiency.

اللااستقراريات والفوضى في الدوائر الالكترونية

Author name: ابو طالب يوسف عباس عبد الكريم الشامي
Supervisor name: نوري حسين نور الهاشمي | فرات احمد مهدي السيمري
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Electronics Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Laser Physics
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

دور مستارجات حشرتي الصرصر الامريكي Periplaneta mericana والبعوض Culex pipiens على فرط التحسس من النوع الاول وعلاقتها مع بعض الائل مستضدات معقد التوافق النسيجي من الصنف الثاني

Author name: هدى كاظم كريم الموسوي
Supervisor name: فوزية علي عبد الله | ضياء خليف كريم
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Life Science
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study aimed to verify the distribution of Periplaneta americana and Culex pipiens allergy and its association with some HLA class II alleles in asthmatic and allergic patients. 96 healthy (control ) and 96 suspected allergic individuals from the same geographical region ,paired by sex and age were included in this study. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay test (ELISA) was used to estimate the total and specific IgE antibodies in the sera of studied individuals. The detection of the HLA - DQB1*0602, HLADQB1* 0604 and HLA - DRB1*12 was performed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).The results of total IgE based ELISA which was conducted on 96 suspected allergic and24 healthy (control ) individuals revealed that there was extremely significant statistical association (P<0.0001) for total IgE concentration with being allergic or non allergic status of individuals. The overall frequency of higher total IgE antibody concentration ( IgE>200IU/ml) was observed in 72.9% of allergic patients and lower serum total IgE levels (IgE<200IU/ml) were associated with 87.5% of healthy individuals. According to the specific IgE based ELISA results the effect of allergic patients age on the IgE seropositivity against cockroach allergens was not considered to be significant(p>0.05),but the effect of sex was statistically significant)P<0.05(.There was no significant effect( p>0.05)for patients age and sex on the distribution of IgE antibodies against mosquito allergens. Out of 96 allergic patients, 59 (61.5%)and 62(64.6%)showed positive IgE antibody response against cockroach and mosquito allergens respectively. Concerning the PCR results the overall frequency of HLA - DQB1*0602 and HLA - DQB1*0604 alleles was %35.6 and %15.3 of cockroach allergic patients respectively and the HLA - DRB1*12 allele was not observed in these patients..Out of 62 mosquito allergic patients, 8(%12.9)showed HLA - DQB1 * 0602 positive results while HLA - DQB1*0604 allele was observed in 4(%6.5)patients and the HLA - DRB1*12 allele was not observed in these patients.The difference in the genotypig results was extremely highly significant(χ2 : 0.030;17.486; degrees of freedom(DF) : 3;p - value=0.00056136) between cockroach and mosquito allergic patients .The association between the presence HLA - DQB1 *0602 , HLA - DQB1 * 0604 and HLA - DRB1*12 and total IgE based ELISA results in allergic patients and healthy individuals revealed that the percentage of HLA - DQB1 * 0602, HLA - DQB1 * 0604 and HLA - DRB1*12 alleles presence in patients having total IgE lower total IgE )IgE<200 IU/ml) was higher than that of high )IgE>200 IU/ml) total IgE patients where HLA - DQB1*0602 appeared in high percentage(69.2%) followed by percentage (15.4 %( of HLA - DQB1* 0604 presence. . The relationship of HLA - DQB1and HLADRB1 alleles with the results of total IgE based ELISA was statistically significant in the least(χ2 : 60.756 and the degree of freedom (DF) : 5;p= P<0.00001) and greatest(χ2 : 11.806 ; the degree of freedom (DF) : 5 ; p = 0.037544) than 200 IU / ml, values .Depending on the association between the presence of HLADQB1* 0602 ,HLA - DQB1*0604 and HLA - DRB1*12 and positive or negative specific results of cockroach or mosquito allergens specific IgE based ELISA results in allergic patients revealed that the percentage of HLA - DQB*0602,HLA - DQB1*0604 and HLA - DRB1*12 alleles presence in cockroach allergic patients having positive results were higher than those ratios that have been observed in patients with negative ELISA results where HLA - DQB1*0602 appeared in high percentage)35.6%( followed by percentage( 15.3% )of HLA - DQB1*0604 . The relationship of HLADQB1and HLA - DRB1 alleles with the results of specific IgE based ELISA was statistically significant (χ2 : 10.412; DF : 3; p - value =0.01536989).Incontrast the percentage of HLA - DQB1*0602,HLADQB1*0604 and HLA - DRB1*12 alleles presence in mosquito allergic patients was found to be higher in negative ELISA results patients also the relationship of these HLA - DQB1 alleles with mosquito allergen specific IgE based ELISA results was not considared statistically significant (χ2 : 3.115 ;DF : 3 and p= 0.37423205).However HLA - DQB1 * 0602 allele was found in the highest percentage (20.6%), followed by allele HLA - DQB1 * 0604 (8.8%).Concerning the presence of HLA - DQB1*0602 ,HLA - DQB1*0604 andHLA - DRB1*12 in cockroach or mosquito allergic patients and healthy individuals,the HLA - DRB1*12 and HLA - DQB1*0602 allels were not found in healthy individuals.The genotyping results difference between cockroach allergic patients and healthy individuals was considered statistically extremely significant (χ2 : 74.485 ;DF : 5 and p =0) as well as the difference in the results of the genotyping of mosquitoes allergic patients and healthy people was statistically with very high significant (χ2 : 23.342 ; DF : 5 and p = 0.00029035).

دراسة مظهرية وجزيئية وبيئية للدور اليرقي بعد المذنبة لمثقوبة العين Diplostomum على ثلاثة انواع من اسماك نهر كرمة علي في محافظة البصرة == Morphological, Molecular and Ecological Studies of the larval stage (metacercaria) of eye trematode Diplostomum on three fish species from Garmat Ali River, Basrah Province

Author name: هاجر رزاق منهل
Supervisor name: عبد الحسين حبش
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Life Science
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

الحساسية الغذائية للروبيان : دراسة وبائية ومناعية وجزيئية في محافظة البصرة جنوب العراق == Food allergy of shrimp : Epidemiological,Immunological and Molecular Study inBasra Province, Southern of Iraq

Author name: نور جاسم علي جودة
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Life Science
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A total of 210 human venous blood samples were collected from Basrah province ( 190 randomly collected from people living in different regions of Basrah province , 10 blood samples from people who did not have a history of shrimp consumption or dealing with it used as negative control group, anther 10 samples of people who are sensitive to shrimp used as a positive control group). The samples were serologically tested by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) to estimate the distribution of total and specificIgE in the sera of studied individuals . Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed to detect the HLA - DQB1*02 , *0302 , *0305 allels. The immunological study included the preparation of two types of Metapenaeus affinis allergens which are the raw allergens and the boiled allergens used in Indirect ELISA test to determin shrimp food allergies by serodiagnosis , while Direct ELISA test was used to estimate the distribution of total IgE by quantitative serological methods in the sera of studied samples. the concentration of protein in antigens extracts was estimated, the protein concentration in the boiled shrimp extract was less than its concentration in the raw extract.The results of direct ELISA test demonstrated a decrease in the level of total IgE antibodies in most of the studied samples , the level of IgE <100 recorded a significant high rate 98.4% which is more than the level of IgE > 100 which recorded apercentage of 1.6% and there was a significant difference between them. The Indirect ELISA test results revealed that the total percentage of IgE distribution of the raw and boiled shrimp antigens were 57.8% and 74.2% respectively and there was a significant difference between males and females .However , the difference was not significant between the age groups P>0.05.The molecular study was conducted to detect the presence of some alleles HLADQB1* 02, *0302, *0305 gene in the blood samples by using PCR . The current study showed that the association of the presence of these alleles and the level of total immunoglobulin is highly significant.Also the current study showed that a high significant difference was found between the positive samples to the studied alleles and the seropositive and seronegative results of raw and boild shrimp allergen specific IgE based on Indirect ELISA (P≤0.01).The results of PCR showed a high frequency ratio of HLADQB1 * 0302 97.2% in allergic patients of shrimp boild allergen and 56.9% in allergic patients of shrimp raw allergen .Also the current study showed a very high frequency ratio of HLADQB1 *0305 98.2% in the individuals who showed positive results for the raw allergen and recorded 65.2%. in the individuals who showed positive results for the boild allergen ,while HLADQB1*02 showed in one sample of studied samples which recorded positive results to raw and boild allergens of shrimp .The current study demonstrated also that the alleles frequency in some of studied samples which are seronegative by Indirect ELISA test , HLADQB1*0302 was 30.9% in raw antigens, while in the negative boild sample was not observed . HLADQB1*0305 was 1.23% in serongative of raw allergen and 16.32% in boild allergen. However, HLADQB1*02 was notobserved in seronagative to raw and boild shrimp allergen.

دراسة انتشار الديدان الحلقية وبعض الاحياء القاعية المتواجدة معها في منطقة القرنة / شمال محافظة البصرة

Author name: نور الهدى وليد عبد الرضا
Supervisor name: صبيح هليل المياح | مرتضى يوسف
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology - Invertebrates
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: درست اللافقريات القاعية المائية الكبيرة لنهر الفرات وشط العرب واختيرت ثلاث محطات للدراسة تقع المحطة الاولى تقع على نهر الفرات بينما تقع المحطة الثانية بعد نقطة التقاء نهري دجلة والفرات بحوالي 2 كيلو متر في حين تقع المحطة الثالثة بعد التقاء شط العرب ونهر الغميج. جمعت العينات شهريا ابتداء من تموز2013 - ولغاية حزيران2014 - بواقع ثلاث مكررات من كل محطة. تم خلال الدراسة الحالية قياس بعض العوامل للبيئة المائية (درجة حرارة الماء والملوحة والاس الهيدروجيني والاوكسجين المذاب) اذ تراوحت درجة الحرارة بين 32 ̊م و18.4 ̊م وتراوحت الملوحة بين 3.8 - 1.9 جزء بالالف والاس الهيدروجيني بين 8.13 - 6.96 والاوكسجين المذاب بين 16 - 7.6 ملغرام/لتر. درست ايضا بعض العوامل الخاصة بالقاع (نسجة القاع والاس الهيدروجني والملوحة والكالسيوم والفسفور والنتروجين والبوتاسيوم والمادة العضوية) وجد ان نسجة القاع كانت غرينية طينية مزيجية في المحطة الاولى بينما كانت غرينية في المحطة الثانية وغرينية مزيجية في المحطة الثالثة, وتباينت عوامل القاع الاخرى بين محطات الدراسة الثلاثة اذ تراوحت معدلات قيم الاس الهيدروجيني بين 7.55 و7.24 والملوحة بين 5.3 3.2 جزء بالالف والنتروجين 150 - 42 جزء بالمليون (ppm) والفسفور 53.3 - 29.8 جزء بالمليون والبوتاسيوم بين 346 - 226 جزء بالمليون والكالسيوم 986.6 - 480 جزء بالمليون والمادة العضوية 48 - 10 % . سجلت خلال الدراسة ثلاث مجاميع من اللافقريات القاعية ظهرت في محطات الدراسة جميعها وهي النواعم بطنية القدم Gastropoda والديدان الحلقيةAnnelida والحشراتInsecta , اذ سجلت 25 و16 و20 من المراتب التصنيفية في المحطات الثلاثة على التوالي, وسجلت 4 انواع من النواعم ومرتبة واحدة من الحشرات في كل من المحطات الثلاثة اما الديدان الحلقية فسجل منها 20 و11 و15 نوعا في المحطات الثلاثة على التوالي. وسجلت خلال الدراسة الانواع Potamothrix hammoniensis ( Michaelsen,1901) وPotamothrix bavaricus (Öschmann,1913) وPsammoryctides moravicus (Hrabe, 1934) من مجموعة ديدان النايدد الانبوبية وNais stolci (Hrabe,1981) وParainais frici Hrabe, 1941 من مجموعة النايدد لاول مره في جنوب العراق عموما بينما يسجل النوعين Nais raviensis Stephenson,1941 وHomochaeta lactea (Cernosvitov,1937) من مجموعة النايدد لاول مره في العراق. جمعت خلال فترة الدراسة 4497 عينة من اللافقريات القاعية (1692 و1169 و1636من محطات الدراسة الثلاثة على التوالي) مثلت الديدان قليلة الاهلاب نسبا كلية عالية في المحطات جميعها 90.6) % و85.2 % و87% على التوالي) اما ادنى النسب فكانت لعديدة الاهلاب وبلغت 0.15 % و0.2 % سجلت في المحطتين الاولى والثالثة على التوالي. ضمن مجموعة بطنية القدم اخذ النوع Melanoides tuberculata اعلى النسب (55.2 % و43.7 % و30.4 % سجلت في محطات الدراسة الثلاثة على التوالي) اما النسبة الاقل فبلغت 9.7 % وسجلت للقوقع Physa acuta في المحطة الثانية. فيما يتعلق بمجموعة الديدان الانبوبية وجد النوع Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri بنسب كلية بلغت 96.9 % في المحطة الاولى و98.6 % في كل من المحطتين الثانية والثالثة اما النسبة الاقل فبلغت 0.1 % وسجلت للنوع Tubifex tubifex في المحطة الاولى و0.2 % و0.5 % وسجلت للنوع P. moravicus في المحطتين الثانية والثالثة على التوالي. اما اعلى النسب بالنسبة للانواع العائده لمجموعة النايدد فبلغت 34 % و78.3 % وسجلت للنوع N. stolci في المحطة الاولى والثالثة على التوالي واما في المحطة الثانية فوجدت الدودة Pristinella sima بنسبة 30 % , اما النسبة الاقل من بين جميع المحطات فسجلت لكل من النوعين Pristina aequiseta وDero nivea وبلغت 0.8 % . درست الكثافة الشهرية للانواع المسجلة خلال الدراسة وبلغت اعلى القيم 5082 و2058 و5430 فرد/م2 في محطات الدراسة الثلاثة على التوالي وجميعها سجلت للنوع L. hoffmeisteri , اما ادنى القيم فبلغت 11فرد/م2 وسجلت في جميع المحطات لعدد من الانواع. درست ايضا النسبة المئوية لتكرار لظهور الانواع ووجد ان النوع L. hoffmesteria هو النوع الوحيد الذي ظهر خلال جميع الاشهر وفي جميع محطات الدراسة, كما ظهر باعلى نسبة تكرار (%100) في جميع اشهر الدراسة في المحطتين الثانية والثالثة ولثمانية اشهر في المحطة الاولى اما نسبة التكرار الاقل فبلغت 33 % وسجلت لجميع المحطات ولعدد من الانواع. قورنت المحطات احصائيا من حيث عوامل الحرارة والملوحة وpH والاوكسجين المذاب وكذلك كثافات النواعم وقليلة الاهلاب وعدد الانواع, ولم تسجل فروق معنوية سوى الاوكسجين المذاب الذي اختلف معنويا بين المحطتين الاولى والثانية من جهة والثالثة من جهة اخرى. اما فيما يتعلق بتحليل الارتباط فقد وجد ان معدل الحرارة ارتبط ايجابا مع كل من معدل الاس الهيدروجيني (r = 0.679) ومعدل الملوحة (r = 0.350 ). من جهة اخرى ارتبط معدل الملوحة ايجابا مع معدل كثافة النواعم (r = 0.331) وارتبطت الحرارة سلبا مع كل من عدد الانواع الكلية المسجلة (r = - 0.361) وكثافة قليلة الاهلاب الكلية. وارتبط عدد الانواع الكلية بشكل موجب مع كثافة قليلة الاهلاب الكلية (0.395 r=). | Aquatic macro - benthic invertebrate of the Euphrates and the Shatt al - Arab Rivers were investigated for the period from July 2013 until June 2014. Three stations were selected to execute the study the former is located in the Euphrates River, while the second is situated about two kilometers apart from the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates. The third station, however, is located after the confluence of the Shatt al - Arab River with Ghamaj canal. Three replicate samples were collected from each station. some environmental factors were measured ( i.e. water temperature , salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen ) water temperature ranged between 18.4ºC to 32º C during January and May respectively, salinity ranged from (1.9 - 3.8) ppt. during October and May respectively, pH between 6.96 - 8.13 during December, March and April respectively, dissolved oxygen between (7.6 - 16) mg/L during July and September respectively Some other factors concerning the bottom and substrate were also studied namely, bottom texture, pH, salinity, calcium, phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium and organic matter. The study found that the bottom texture was silty clay in station1 while silty in the second and silty mixture in the third station. Other bottom components varied between the three stations. However, pH ranged between 7.24 and 7.55, salinity between (3.2 - 5.3) ppt. Nitrogen from 42 - 150 ppm, PO4 (29.8 - 53.3) ppm, potassium (226 - 346) ppm and Ca+2 from 480 - 986.6 ppm., and organic matter from (10 - 21)%. Three categories of benthic invertebrates were encountered in the studied stations i.e. Gastropoda, Annelida and Insecta, as 25, 16 and 20 taxonomical orders of each respectively. four molluscan species and one order of insects in each of the three stations, while annelida a total of 20 , 11 and 15 species were found in the three stations respectively . the following species were collected during the study Potamothrix hammoniensis (Michaelsen, 1901), Potamothrix bavaricus (Öschmann, 1913) and Psammoryctides moravicus (Hrabe, 1934) of a group of worms Naadd tube and Nais stolci (Hrabe, 1981) and Parainais frici Hrabe, 1941 from Naadd group for the first once in southern Iraq, while generally registers types Nais raviensis Stephenson, 1941 and Homochaeta lactea (Cernosvitov, 1937) of Naadd group for the first time in Iraq. a total of 4497 specimens of benthic invertebrates were collected during the study period (i.e. 1692, 1169 and 1636 from three stations respectively) oligochaetes formed a high proportions in all stations (90.6, 85.2 and 87 %, respectively) and the lowest percentage was for polychaetes amounted to 0.15% and 0.2 % recorded in the first and third stations respectively . out of gastropods Melanoides tuberculata formed the highest proportions ( 55.2 % and 43.7 % and 30.4 % recorded in the three study stations respectively ), but the lowest ratio was 9.7% recorded for the snail Physa acuta in station 2. With respect to tube worm’s group Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri was dominant proportions accounted for 96.9 % in station 1 and 98.6 % in other stations. However, the lowest proportion (0.1 %) was recorded for Tubifex tubifex in station1 and 0.2 % and 0.5% recorded for the species P. moravicus in the stations 2 and 3 respectively. The highest species proportions belong to the group Naididae amounted to 34% and 78.3 % recorded for the species N. stolci in stations 1 and 3 respectively, while in the station2 the worm Pristinella sima was found by 30%. The lowest proportion among all stations was recorded for Pristina aequiseta and Dero nivea amounted to 0.8%. Monthly density of the species recorded during the study was calculated and reached the highest values of 5082, 2058 and 5430 individual / m 2 in the three investigated stations respectively , all recorded for the species L. hoffmeisteri, the lowest value, however, was 11 individual / m 2 were recorded in all the stations for a number of species. Percentage frequency for the species was also studied and found that the species L. hoffmesteria is the only one that occurred during all months in all study stations, as shown by the highest percentage of recurrence (100%) in all months in the stations 2 and 3 , and just eight months in stations1. the lowest frequency (33%) recorded for all stations for a number of species. Stations statistically compared concerning temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen, as well as densities of molluscs, oligochaetes and the number of species. Significant differences were not found except with dissolved oxygen, which differed significantly between the first and second stations on the one hand and the third on the other hand. Regarding correlation it has been found that mean temperature was positively associated with both pH (r = 0.679) and the mean of salinity (r = 0.350). On the other hand, mean salinity was positively associated with molluscs density (r = 0.331) and temperature was negatively associated(r = - 0.361) with both the number of total species recorded and density of oligochaetes . The total number of species was positively associated with oligochaetes density (r=0.395).

حياتية القوقع الدخيل Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck, 1822 في شط العرب - محافظة البصرة == Biological of the Invasive Snail Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck, 1822

Author name: نادية جعفر كاظم البغدادي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Life Science
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study was concerned with some biological aspects of the invasive snail Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck, 1822) and for this purpose, monthly samples from Shatt Al - Arab banks in the area of Al - Salhia were collected during the period from October 2014 to September 2015. The study included the monthly variations in the density of snail , its egg masses and the population sizes. In the laboratory, the study included many aspects, these are the relationships between female weight with some measurements of its egg masses, embryonic development duration, hatching percentages under different temperatures, food consumption, salt acclimatization, growth under combined effect of salinity and temperature, effect of food type on growth of newly hatched snails and examine samples of snail to detect the infection with parasites if present. The density of the snail was ranged from four to 13 ind. /m2 recorded during January - February 2015 and October 2014 respectively, while the mean density of egg masses was from two to nine egg mass / m2 recorded during April 2015 and October 2014. The statistical analysis showed that the temperature had positive correlated with density of each of snails and its egg masses. On the otherhand, there are positive correlation between the density of each snail and its egg masses. The snails, which had been collected during the study period, were 19 - 68 mm in length, these measurements were classifying into five size classes. The size class 35 - 45 mm was dominanted for nine months, compared with the size class 55 - 65 mm that had less occurrence.The diameter of eggs varied from 2.5 - 4 mm. The 25°C is the most suitable temperature to get a high percentage of hatching and a short period of embryonic development. There was no significant correlation between the weight of the female and the number of its egg masses.The feeding experiment showed that the amount of food consumed lettuce mild during the study period 30 days by one individual ranged from 3 - 29g. The results of the acclimatization was referred to the ability of all size classes' snails to tolerate the low salinity 2.5 psu with 100% survival percentage, while the snails of size classes at least 10 mm and 10 - 25mm were able to tolerate the salinity of 11psu with 10% and 50% respectivly survival.There are variable effects of the combination of temperature and salinity on growth of newly hatched snails for 9 weeks experiment, these effects were reflected on the weight, length and width, and the highest of these measurements were recorded for snails of 2.5 psu - 27°C combination, while the lowest one was recorded in 7.5 psu - 10°C. The lowest survival percentage was 5% recorded for the individuals of 7.5 psu - 27 and 32°C, compared with 90% of distil water - 17°C. On the other hand, the optimum growth was in 2.5 psu all temperatures, while the optimum growth was in all salinities, and temperature of 27°C.The experimental study of five types of food fresh celery, fresh lettuce, fish food, mixed food and animal protein)on growth of newly hatched snails for 9 weeks. Showed that the mean weight, length and width of snails were depending on the food type. The mixed food gave significant increase in growth 382.1 mg weight, 10.10mm length and7.58mm width compared with the other types of food.The highest survival percentage 95% was recorded for the snails fed on celery, lettuce and fish food. The present study on the snail P. canaliculata does not record any infection by the larvae of parasites

دراسة المسببات الميكروبية الشائعة للاسهال لدى الاطفال دون خمس سنوات من العمر وتوصيف عاثية الامعاء

Author name: مروة محمود يعقوب
Supervisor name: كوثر هواز مهدي | حيدر عبد الحسين مكلف
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The purpose of present study was to detection of Rotavirus A and Escherichia Coli from diarrhea cases in children, and characterization of E.coli phag, in addition to study some of factors that influence on Diarrhea.Stool samples were collected between 15/11/2014 and 1/4/2015 from children 0 to 59 months of age who were hospitalized in Basra hospital for women and children, Basra/Iraq. A total of 300 children with acute gastroenteritis were enrolled, including 199 males and 101 females.In this study among children with Diarrhea was 93/300 (31%) Rotavirus positive cases by Immunochromatographic (IC) test as monoinfection (1.66%), coinfection (26.34%), and mixing infections (3%). Out of 50 IC positives fecal samples were tested using electronic microscope, 50(100%) were found positive. A total of 80 stools were examined for Rotavirus using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The overall agreement was 68/80(85%).Furthermore, regardless of the types of infection, monoinfection or coinfection or mixing, Bacteria was isolated, including; 277/300 (92.33%) children had infections with Escherichia coli, 39/300 (13%) cases with Salmonella spp., While, Shigella spp. was reported in 12/300 (4.01%) samples. The identification of bacterial pathogens was later confirmed by Api 20 Enterobacteraceae system. Also parasitic causes were found in 6/300 (2%) samples.Overall, this study recorded 182 /300 (60.66%) of monoinfection cases including; 5 /300 (1.66%) with Rotavirus, 163 /300 (54.33%) with Escherichia coli, 6 /300 (2%) with Salmonella spp., 2 /300 (0.67%) with Shigella spp., 3 /300 (1%) with Entamoeba histolytica, 3 /300 (1%) with Giardia lamblia. Coinfection with another microorganism was observed in 109/300 (36.34%) cases, coinfection with Rotavirus and Escherichia coli were the most common and occurred in 75/300 (25%) cases.Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed on Muller Hinton agar against five different antibiotics to 30 isolates of E. coli. The antibiotic resistance/susceptibility profile of E. coli isolates revealed that most of the isolates were resistant to three tested antibiotics (Trimethoprim, Ampicillin and Doxycyclin). The phage ɸEC - MH1 was isolation successfully from sewage. The phage titer was determined by serial dilution (10 - 1 to 10 - 9) of the sample by counting the number of plaque forming units (p.f.u.) for each dilution.Results revealed that dilution factor 10 - 2 was the best countable number of plaques. The statistical analysis was significantly decrease P≤ 0.05 in phage titer at the temperature 50C° and 65C° during different times comparing with phage titer at the temperature 37C°. Effects of chloroform on phage titer during different times were completely inactivated comparing with saline environments. Furthermore, regarding some clinical information; the present study showed that 66.33% of the males were more susceptible to the infection with highly significant (P<0.001) than females (33.67%). Mean age (mean ± standard deviation) of all positive cases was 11.02±12.3 months, and the age periods between (0 - 5) and (6 - 11) were significantly prone to the infection.Also, all cases were complained with diarrhea (100%), fever (82.34%), Vomiting (43%) then dehydration (2.67%). In addition, all positive cases become increased in December (32%) and city center (81%). This study showed positive cases increase (69%) of children with artificial feeding

قابلية بعض الطحالب الخضر - المزرقة المعزولة من بعض المسطحات المائية في محافظة البصرة / جنوب العراق على انتاج السموم == Capability of some blue - green algae isolated from some water bodies in AL - Basrah Governorate / Southern Iraq to the production of toxins

Author name: مروة عبد الكريم عبيد
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: plant - aquatic life
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الدراسة الحالية تشخيص وعزل وتنقية واكثار ثمانية انواع تابعة لثمانية اجناس من الطحالب الخضر - المزرقة من بعض المسطحات المائية لمحافظة البصرة جنوب العراق والتي تمثلت بكل من شط العرب ونهر العشار ونهر الخندق وهي كل من الانواع Merismopedia glauca وMicrocystis flos - aqueوNostoc commune وOscillatoria pseudogeminata واربعة منها عدت كتسجيل اول في العراق وتمثلت بكل من الانواع Lyngbya rubida وPseudanabaena limnetica وPhormidium laysanense وStigonema informe وقد شخصت قابليتها على انتاج كل من السم العصبي Anatoxin - a والسموم الكبدية Microcystins كما ونوعا لاول مرة محليا وعالميا. تم قياس منحنى النمو للانواع المعزولة والمنقاة بعد تنميتها في الوسط الزرعي السائل Chu - 10 كما قيس كل من ثابت النمو(k)Growth constant والذي بلغ 0.195 و0.197 و0.246 و0.25 و0.278 و0.29 و0.528 وزمن تكاثر الجيل (G)Generation time بلغ 1.543 و1.527 و1.223 و1.204 و1.082 و1.037 و0.570 يوم لانواع الطحالب M. glauca وM. flos - aque وP. limnetica وPh. laysanense وO. pseudogeminata وL. rubida وN. commune على التوالي. نقي السم العصبي Anatoxin - a والسموم الكبدية Microcystins من انواع الطحالب الخضر - المزرقة المعزولة والمنقاة خلال الدراسة الحالية وشخص كما ونوعا بواسطة تقنية الامتزاز المناعـــــي المرتبــــــــط بالانزيــــــم Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) وقـــد حددت تراكيز السم العصبي المنقــى من الانواع M. flos - aque وN. commune وL. rubida وS. informe وPh. Laysanense وO. pseudogeminata وM. glauca وP. limnetica والتي بلغت 0.357 و0.511 و0.598 و0.635 و0.705 و1.119 و1.156 و1.179مايكروغرام/ لتــــر علــــى الترتيب , اما فيما يخص قابليــة الانـــواع على انتاج السموم الكبدية فقد بلغت 0.973 و6.128 و1.309 و1.753 و6.209 و3.855 و1.733 و3.701 مايكروغرام/لتر على الترتيب . اوضح اختبار طيف الاشعة فوق البنفسجية امتلاك السم العصبي Anatoxin - a المنقى قمة امتصاص واحدة عند الطول الموجي 226 نانومتر, وكذلك اظهرت السموم الكبدية المنقاة قمة امتصاص واحدة عند الطول الموجي 240 نانومتر , كما بين اختبار طيف الاشعة تحت الحمراء احتواء كلا النوعين من السموم على معظم المجاميع الفعالة المكونة للسموم القياسية لها. حددت الجرعة نصف القاتلة (LD50) Lethal dose concentration للكتل الحية للانواع الثمانية تجاه يرقات الحيوان اللافقري القشري Artemia salina وقد اظهرت النتائج ان للطحالب المعزولة والمنقاة سميـــة عالية بدرجات متفاوتة تجاه يرقات الحيوان القشري وان الانواع المنتجة للسم العصبي Anatoxin - a وبتراكيز عالية كانت الاكثر سمية لليرقات مقارنة بالانواع الاخرى المنقاة خلال الدراسة ، اذ بلغت نصف الجرع القاتلة لها 29.183 و30.66 و30.716 و33.466 و34.566 و35.866 و36.933 و37.8 مليغرام/مليلتر لكل من الطحالب P.limnetica وM. glauca وO. pseudogeminata وS.informe وPh. Laysanense وN. commune وL.rubida وM.flos - aque على الترتيب . كما حددت الجرعة نصف القاتلة (LD50) للسم العصبـــيAnatoxin - a المنقى من الطحلب الاخضر المزرق P.limnetica تجاه يرقات الحيوان اللافقري القشري A. salina والتي بلغت 0.498 مايكروغرام/لتر ، وحددت ايضا الجرعة نصف القاتلة للسموم الكبدية Microcystins المنقاة من الطحلب الاخضر المزرق Ph. Laysanense والتي بلغت 2.59 مايكروغرام/لتر . درست التاثيرات النسجية للسم العصبي Anatoxin - a المنقى من الطحلب الاخضر المزرق السام P. limnetica لاول مرة محليا وعالميا على دماغ الفئران المختبرية البيضاء نوع Mus musculus L تحت تراكيز واطئة من السم العصبي هي 0.5 و1 مايكروغرام/لتر لفترة تعرض امتدت لخمسة عشر يوما وقد لوحظ ازدياد التاثيرات بازدياد التركيز, وقد اظهرت نتائج الفحص المجهري عند التركيز 0.5 مايكروغرام/لتر بداية حدوث كل من حالة التفجي Vacuolation والتنخر Necrosis في منطقة المادة البيضاء White matter بالاضافة الى تغلظ انوية الخلايا المساعدة Karyopyknosis وبداية احتقان الاوعية الدموية Congestion واضمحلال النسيج الطلائي المبطن لها , كما اظهر الفحص حدوث انكماش Shrinkage للخلايا العصبية المكونة لمنطقة المادة الرمادية Gray matter فضلا عن حدوث انحسارا في سمكها مقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة وقد ازدادت التاثيرات بازدياد التركيز الى 1مايكروغرام/لتر فقد لوحظ اضافة الى التاثيرات السابقة اضمحلال كبير في سمك المادة الرمادية وقلة نسبة الخلايا العصبية فيها مع ازدياد حالات الانكماش ، اضافة الى اضمحلال الخلايا المساعدة واختفاء الخلايا الاندوثيلية المبطنة للاوعية الدموية وانتفاخ بعضها وحدوث التوسع Dilation والاحتقان بشكل اكبر , كما لوحـــظ انه وبارتفاع التركــــيز ازدياد حالة التفجـــي وظهور المادة البيضاء بشكل اسفنجي Spongiform shape وازداد التنخر وظهور حالات فرط التصبغ Hyperpigmentation لسايتوبلازم الخلايا بازدياد التركيز مقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة. كما سجلت بعض التاثيرات السلوكية للسم العصبي Anatoxin - a على الفئران المختبرية اثناء فترات الحقن بالسم العصبي تمثلت بفقدان الوزن اذ وجد انخفاضا معنويا p≤0.05 في معدل اوزان الفئران المعاملة بالسم بعد خمسة عشر يوما لكلا التركيزين مقارنة مع فئران مجموعة السيطرة بالاضافة لحدوث فقدان البصر(العمى) وتساقط الشعر بشكل واضح بعد (7 - (10ايام من الحقن . | The current study included the identification, isolation, purification and cultivation of eight species belonging to eight genus of blue - green algae from some of the water bodies of Basrah Governorate/ Southern Iraq,These included Shatt al - Arab river, Al - Ashar and Al - kandak River. The algal species included Merismopedia glauca, Microcystis flos - aque, Nostoc commune , Oscillatoria pseudogeminata, Four of them were first recorded in Iraq : Lyngbya rubida, Pseudanabaena limnetica, Phormidium laysanense and Stigonema informe. Their ability to produce both anatoxin - a and microcystins was quantified and qualified determined for the first time locally and globally.The growth curve of isolated and purified species was measured after their development in the Chu - 10 liquid medium as measured the growth constant(k) which reached to 0.195, 0.197, 0.246, 0.25, 0.278, 0.29 and 0.528, and the generation time(G) which reach to 1.543, 1.527 and 1.223, 1.204, 1.082, 1.037 and 0.570 hour for the algal species M. glauca, M. flos - aque , P. limnetica, Ph. laysanense, O. pseudogeminata, L. rubida and N. commune , respectively. Neurotoxin (Anatoxin - a) and hepatotoxin (Microcystin) was purified from the blue - green algal species isolated and purified during the current study and quantified and qualitatively by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The concentration of purified neurotoxin has been identified as algae M. flos - aque, N. commune , L. rubida, S. informe, L. laysanense, O. pseudogeminata, M. glauca and P.limnetica, which were 0.357, 0.511, 0.598, 0.635, 0.705, 1.119, 1.156 and 1.179 μg/L respectively, While concerning the ability of the species to produce hepatotoxin (Microcystins) it has reached 0.973, 6.128, 1.309, 1.753, 6.209, 3.855, 1.733 and 3.701 µ/L respectively.The Ultraviolet spectrum test showed that the neurotoxin ( Anatoxin - a) had a single absorbance peak at a wavelength of 226 nm , and also the purified hepatotoxin (MCs) showed single absorbance peak at wavelength 240 nm. The infrared spectrum test showed that both types of toxins were present on most of the active constituents or active groups of their standard toxins.The half lethal dose concentration (LD50) of the biomass of the eight species of blue - green algae was determined towards the animal crustacean invertebrates larvae Artemia salina. The results showed that the algal species had high toxicity towards the crustacean animal larvae and that the algae that produce the anatoxin - a at higher concentrations compared to other algae in this study was the most toxic to the larvae as the LD50 reached 29.183, 30.66, 30.716, 33.466, 34.566, 35.866, 36.933 and 37.8 mg / mL for the algae P. limnetica, O. pseudogeminata, M. glauca and S .informe, L. Laysanense, N. commune , L.rubida and M. flos - aque respectively. The half lethal dose concentration (LD50) of neurotoxin(Anatoxin - a) purified from blue - green alga P. malimnica against the larvae of Artemia salina, which reached 0.498 μg/L, while the half - lethal dose concentration reach to 2.59 μg/L for purified hepatotoxin (Microcystin) from the blue - green alga Ph. Laysanense The histopathological effects of neurotoxin anatoxin - a purified from P. limnetica for the first time locally and globally on the brain of white mice type Mus muscules L. were studied under low concentrations of neurotoxin (Anatoxin - a) 0.5 and 1 μg / L for a 15 - day exposure period and increased effects were observed with increased concentration. The results of the microscopic examination at concentration 5µg/L showed begin of occurrence vacuolation ,necrosis in white matter in addition of karyopiknosis of glial cells nuclei, and the beginning of congestion of blood vessel and the decay of the epithelial tissue lining the blood vessel. As demonstrated by the examination the begin of occurrence shrinkage of neuron constituent of the gray matter area as well as less thickness of the gray matter compared with control group . The effects were increased with an increase in concentration to 1 μg/L. In addition to the previous effects, there was a significant deterioration in the thickness of the gray matter and the low percentage of neurons with increasing shrinkage in addition to decay of glial cells in white matter and disappearance or swelling of endothelial cells lining the blood vessel and the expansion dilation , greater congestion , vacuolation and appearance of white matter in spongiform shape, addition to increased necrosis, and hyperpigmentation compared to the control group.Some of the behavioral effects of anatoxin - a were recorded on laboratory mice during periods of injection of neurotoxin represented by weight loss. A significant decrease under probability level p ≤ 0.05 was observed in the weight of mice treated with both concentrations of toxin after 15 days compared with mice in control group , In addition to the loss of sight (blindness) and hair loss thick after 7 - 10 days of injection

حساسية وخصوصية تقنية تفاعل السلسلة المتبلمرة Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR وبعض الطرق المصلية في الكشف عن الاصابت بطفيلي Toxoplasma gondii في النساء المجهضات وازواجهن == Sensitivity and specificity of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Technique and some Serological methods in the detection of the infection with parasite Toxoplasma gondii in women with recurrent miscarriage and their husban

Author name: فيحاء نوري عبد الحسن
Supervisor name: صبيح هليل المياح | شيماء جبار ريسان
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Life Science
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Atotal of 300 blood samples were collected from abortifacients women and their husbands who consalted Al Sadr Teaching Hospital in Maysan province and private laboratories in Basra during the period from July 2015 to October 2015, In the same time 50 samples of uninfected males and femals were collected and used as a control groupAtotal of 300 blood samples were collected from abortifacients women and their husbands who consalted Al Sadr Teaching Hospital in Maysan province and private laboratories in Basra during the period from July 2015 to October 2015, In the same time 50 samples of uninfected males and femals were collected and used as a control group . The examination by Enzyme Linked Fluorescent Assay (ELFA) demonstrated that 160 (53.3%) of these samples were positive for toxoplasmosis , at rate of 53.3% , IgG antibody recorded an increase in percentage comparing with IgM and IgG + IgM together , IgG antibody recorded increase in the 138 samples at rate % In PCR technique two genes B1 and Tghsp70 were used to diagnose the same samples for the first time in Iraq and showed highest sensitivity (90.7%) . However age group 31 - 35 years recorded a high percentage of infection (90.5%) . The sensitivity of LAT test for detection of the toxoplasmosis was 80% , ELFA test recorded sensitivity 53.3% and PCR 90.7% with specificity were 60%, 53,3% and 70.7% respectively . Also the concentration of heat shock protein HSP70 in abortifacients of women and their husbands has been estimated , according to concentrations of 20, 40, 80, 160 and 320(ng/ml).II SummaryWhen examined used by ( LAT) test the results showed that males differ fromfemales with a significant difference P≤0.05 , the rate of males were 70% in theconcentration 160ng/ml , But it was observed that women with recurrent abortion, had higher rate 30.8% with high significant difference at the level of probabilityP≤0.01 in the concentration 80ng/ml , compared with males . The results of theage groups showed had highest levels of heat shock protein HSP70 were in theage group (>40) years at rate 66.7% in a concentration 320ng/ml and with highsignificant difference P≤0.01 compared with other age groups, While the agegroup (20 - 25) years had higher rate 11.4% in concentration 20ng/ml comparedwith other age groups , also the age group (26 - 30) years had higher rate 23.3%and 56.7% in concentrations of 80ng/ml and 160ng/ml respectively comparedwith other age groups.The results of estimated heat shock protein for the samples examined by ELFAtest showed that husbands were different from their wives and had higherrate75% with high significant difference P≤0.01 in concentration 160ng/ml .While the ratio of females were 37.5% in the concentration 320ng/ml higher thanthe males with a significant difference P≤0.05 , Also the result showed highsignificant difference P≤0.01 in concentration 160ng/ml and 320ng/ml betweenthe age groups , the age group (35 - 31) years had higher rate 66.7% inconcentration 160ng/ml and the age group (>40) years in concentration320ng/ml had higher rate 66.7%.As well the results of estimated heat shock protein HSP70 of the samplestested by PCR assay in the current study showed a significant difference P≤0.05between males and females , while the ratio of males at rate 59.4% higher thanthe ratio of women in a concentration 160ng/ml , but the rate of women understudy in concentrations 40ng/ml and 80ng/ml were at rate 11.8% and 27.2% ,respectively higher than the males with high significant difference P≤0.0 , onthe other hand no significant difference showed in this study between males andfemales in concentrations 20ng/ml and 320ng/ml , but the results showed thatage group (>40) years had higher rate 66.7% in the concentration 160ng/mlcompared with other age groups . While the age groups (20 - 25) years had higherrate 22.9% in concentration 80ng/ml compared with other age groups . So theage group (36 - 40) years had higher rate 14.3% in concentration 20ng/mlcompared with other age groups .Ministry of Higher Education University of Basrah Sensitivity and specificity of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Technique and some

التشخيص المظهري والتغاير الوراثي لذباب القرعيات Dacus frontalis Becker ,1922 في محافظتي البصرة وميسان == Morphological identification and genetic variation of cucurbit fly Dacus frontalis Becker ,1922 in Basrah and Missan provinces

Author name: فاطمة قاسم حمدان
Supervisor name: فائزة عبد الوهاب احمد
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Life Science
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study is identified (morphologic and molecular )for the population of cucurbit fly which is a destructive pest of cucumber ,honey melon and cantaloupe in Basrah and Missan .Sample were collected from different region from Basrah province including Qurna , Safwan , Zubair , Khor Al - Zubair . Al - Misharah , Kumate , Kalat Salih, Ali Al - Garbi in Missan province for the period October ,2014 till September 2015.Result of the identification study showed there is only one species infect cucurbits which is Dacus frontalis Becker ,1922,family Tephritidae ,Order Diptera in all studied regions. This species was classified according to femur color of the middle leg ,its color is orange at the apical half with dark black spot at the basal part of the antenna with the presence of basal diagonal line underneath the scutum behind the thorax. female were characterized by the presence of ovipositor at the end of the abdomen and male characterized by present s one line of hair at the third of the abdomen ring .For the sensitivity of the insect fly cucurbits towards our fruits of cucurbits (cucumber and water melon represented by the number of eggs laid down by the female as it appeared no significant difference in the number of eggs laid down by the female in the provinces of Basra, Maysan and was the highest rate of lay eggs on the fruits of cucumbers choice of six eggs and a difference of moral on water option, which amounted to one egg.Molecular study show the kit equipped Bioneer company and named Genomic DNA Extraction kit was highly efficient in DNA Extraction it was later used in the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA - Polymerase Chain Reaction which is one of the methods used in molecular identification .Used four primers for different sequence s. and electrophoresis results shows multiplied bands of different molecular weight for four different primers for both females and males .The number and molecular weight of bands was calculated manually comparative with DNA marker or ladder then used the number of bands in the following equation to find the genetic similarity and genetic distance between the different districts each primer for males and females .To find genetic similarity used the equation : Sfy=2Nfy/Nf+ Ny and to findgenetic distance used the equation : GD fy=1 - SfyAt the level of first primer for females it was less value of genetic distance is zero and this is evidence that one species and highest value of genetic distance is 0.9 on the second level of the primer for females it was less value of genetic distance is 0.2 and highest value of genetic distance is one at the third primer for females it was less value of genetic distance is 0.3 and highest value of genetic distance is one but the fourth primer for females it was less value of genetic distance is 0.3 and highest value of genetic distance is one .For males at the level of first primer of males it was less value of genetic distance is zero and highest value is 0.8 but the second primer of males it was the less value for genetic distance is 0.8 and on the level of genetic distance is zero on the level of third primer for males it was value of genetic distance is zero and highest value is 0.8 and fourth of males it was the less value of genetic distance is zero and highest value of genetic distance is 0.8

تقدير بعض العوامل البيئية والبكتريولوجية لمياه الصرف الصحي في محافظة البصرة / العراق == Assessment of some environmental and bacteriological factors of Wastewater in Basra Province, Iraq

Author name: سهى محمد علي محمد سعيد المظفر
Supervisor name: منال محمد اكبر | ميثم ايوب عبد القادر
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Life Science
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت الدراسة الحالية لمعرفة تاثير مياه الصرف الصحي على المحتوى البكتيري في محطة حمدان لمعالجة مياه الصرف الصحي /البصرة حيث تستلم المحطة مياه المجاري المنقولة عبر شبكة من الانابيب التي تستلم مياه المجاري من50% من مناطق مدينة البصرة. اختبرت ثلاث مواقع لاخذ العينات هي المحطة الاولى حوض التجميع الخارجي والمحطة الثانية حوض الترسيب الابتدائي اما المحطة الثالثة فهي المياه الخارجة من المحطة والتي تصب في شط البصرة.وشملت الدراسة ايضا قياس بعض الخصائص الفيزيائية والكيميائية لمياه المجاري وهي (الاس الهيدروجيني pH ودرجة الحرارة Temperature والملوحة Salinity والمتطلب الحيوي للاوكسجين BOD5 والفوسفات والمواد الصلبة العالقة الكلية TSS والمواد الصلبة الذائبة الكلية TDS والنتريت NO2 والنترات NO3) خلال الفترة من كانون الاول2014/ ولغاية ايار2015/.ويتضح من نتائج هذه الدراسة ان المتطلب الحيوي للاوكسجين BOD5 هو عامل مهم وله علاقة باعداد البكتريا الكلية الموجودة في مياه الصرف الصحي.كما شملت حساب كثافة المجاميع البكتيرية المتواجدة في مياه المحطات.ولحساب العدد الكلي للمستعمرات البكتيرية اخذت عينات مياه الصرف الصحي وزرعت على اوساط عامة وانتخابية وتفريقية مختلفة استخدم وسط الاكار المغذي Nutrient Agarكما واستخدم وسط المانيتول الملحي الانتخابي Mannitol Salt Agarلعزل المكورات العنقودية الذهبية Staphylococcusaureus ووسط اكار الماكونكي MacConkey Agar لعزل بكتريا القولون البرازية Escherichiacoli ووسط AgarXLD الانتخابي التفريقي (Xylose lysine deoxycholate Agar ) لعزل انواع البكتريا التابعة لجنس السالمونيلا Salmonella.تم ايضا دراسة حساسية العزلات تجاه المضادات الحيوية باستخدام طريقة الانتشار عبر الاقراص Disc Diffusion Test حسب طريقة كربي باور Kirby Bauer Method. ان دراسة حساسية عزلات E. coli توصلت الى ان العزلات البكتيرية ابدت نسب مقاومة عالية لاغلب المضادات الحيوية المختبرة في هذه الدراسة ، كذلك ابدت المكورات العنقودية الذهبية مقاومة عالية لاغلب المضادات الحيوية في حين كانت حساسة لكل من كلورامفينيكول (C) وسيبروفلوكساسين (CIP) ونورفلوكساسين (NOR) وكانامايسين (K). كانت عزلات السالمونيلا متباينة في حساسيتها تجاه المضادات الحيوية المختبرة في هذه الدراسة لكن ابدت عدم مقاومة او مقاومة واطئة للمضاد الحيوي CIP وNOR . ابدت المجاميع البكتيرية المختلفة قيد الدراسة انماط مقاومة مختلفة تجاه المضادات الحيوية اذ ابدت انماط مقاومة مختلفة. وكذلك ابدت العزلات البكتيرية المعزولة من مياه الصرف الصحي مستويات مختلفة من التحمل لتراكيز المعادن الثقيلة ،فيما يخص عزلات E. coliابدت العزلات مستوى عال من التحمل للنيكل بلغ 64% من العزلات كان MIC لها 4mg/Lوللكادميوم فان نسبة 93% من العزلات كان MICلها 0.8mg/L. اما بالنسبة للمكورات العنقودية الذهبية فان 89% من العزلات كان MIC لها 2mg/L لعنصر النيكلوبالنسبة للكادميوم فان 33% من العزلات كان MIC لها 0.4mg/L .وبالنسبة للسالمونيلا كان تحمل 100% من العزلات لعنصر النيكل هو عند 2mg/L في حين كان 50% من العزلات MIC لها 4mg/L كحد اقصى لعنصر الكادميوم. | The present study has been conducted to detect the effect of different parameters of sewage on microbial content at Hammdan for wastewater treatment in Basra city. The station receive sewage transported via net of pipes from different parts of Basra city .Three sites in the station for taking samples ,the first site is the external collection basin, the second site is primary sedimentation basin, the third site is water output that carry the water after treatment to flow at Shatt al Basra. Some characteristics of sewage were measured, these include pH, Temperature, Salinity, BOD5, TDS, TSS, Phosphate, NO2 and NO3 from period December/2014 to May/2015. In this study it is clear that BOD5 is an important factor related to total bacterial count in sewage. The bacteriological study of sewage has been done including measurement of total count of bacteria isolation and counting of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp. From different stations selective media is used for isolation including Nutrient Agar , MacConkey Agar , Mannitol salt Agar and XLD Agar . The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates towards selected antibiotics have been studied using disc diffusion test. In the present study E. coli isolates showed high percentage of resistance to most of antibiotics. Staphylococcus aureus also showed high percentage resistance to most of antibiotics studied and found susceptibility to Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin and Kanamycin. Variable suceptibility to tested antibiotics in the present study has been shown by Salmonella spp., Salmonella spp. were susceptible or show low resistance to Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin .Different Antibiotics Resistance Profiles has been shown by different bacteria groups studies. The bacterial isolates from sewage in this study have shown different levels of tolerance to different heavy metals (Nickel and Cadmium). E. coli tolerate high concentration for Nickel (%64) and for Cadmium (%93). High tolerance level for Cadmium has been shown for Salmonella spp (%50).
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