عرض: 25 50 75 100 النتائج

نتائج البحث: 25 من أصل 5,034

مدى سلطة القاضي الاداري في توجيه الادارة العامة == Authority Over The Administrative Judge In Directing Public Administration

اسم المؤلف: عماد محمد شاطي هندي
اسم المشرف: عمار طارق عبد العزيز العاني
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الاداري
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: لطالما كانت العلاقة بين الادارة والقضاء الاداري محكومة وفقا لمبدا الفصل بين السلطات الذي يقتضي ان لا تتدخل اي من السلطات في عمل السلطات الاخرى اعتمادا على التفسير السائد لذلك المبدا لذلك فان هذه الدراسة تهدف الى مدى امكانية التوفيق بين متطلبات مبدا الفص | For as long as the relationship between the administration and the elimination of administrative and governed according to the principle of separation of powers requires that does not interfere with any of the authorities in the work of other authorities

الحماية الدولية للقائمين بالخدمات الانسانية اثناء النزاعات المسلحة == The International Protection For The People Who Are Dedicated For Humanitarian Tasks During The Armed Conflicts

اسم المؤلف: احمد رحيم خضر
اسم المشرف: طيبة جواد حمد المختار
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدستوري
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: In its stages of the long history, the humanity witnessed wars which had disastrous effects on the innocent people. Since the beginning of history, the war is the event that accompanies the human beings in their time. Fierce wars have been taken place - s

حرية التظاهر السلمي في العراق : دراسة قانونية == Freedom To Demonstrate Peacefullyin Iraq, A Legal Study

اسم المؤلف: صالح علوان ناصر النايلي
اسم المشرف: مازن ليلو راضي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدستوري
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: النجف
الصفحات الاولى:

حدود حل البرلمان : دراسة مقارنة == Restriction of The Parliament‘S Dissolve Comparative Study

اسم المؤلف: علي سعد عمران
اسم المشرف: رافع خضر صالح شبر
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدستوري
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Every Act would done by a person, whether a natural, moralperson must be organized in a manner consistent with thesubject matter of the act on the legal relationship of the partieswhich may affect this act. Perhaps this is the legal organizationof the

الرقابة الادارية للمفتش العام على عقد الاشغال العامة في العراق == The Administrative Inspection For Public Inspector on Contract of General Works In Iraq

اسم المؤلف: عبد الحسين عبد نور هادي الجبوري
اسم المشرف: اسماعيل صعصاع غيدان البديري
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدستوري
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The administrative inspection for the general inspectors offices on the contract of general works occupies more importance which taken from the aims to be achieved the inspection can be found in every rule of the constitution that draws the public from an

Administrative Dispute Arbitration In A Comparative Study

اسم المؤلف: عدنان ضهير علي
اسم المشرف: عمر طارق عبد العزيز
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الاداري
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The theme of this study is arbitration in administrative disputes I which we showed the concept of each arbitration and disputes. We referred to the defined the arbitration in general and in the administrative disputes in particular that is the agreement

استرداد المتهمين والمحكوم عليهم في جرائم الفساد == Recovery of The Accused And Convicted of Crimes of Corruption

اسم المؤلف: حسين معن ابراهيم
اسم المشرف: فخري عبد الرزاق صلبي الحديثي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: اصول المحاكمات الجزائية
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تعد الجريمة اھم ما يھدد الكيان الاجتماعي للدولة، لذلك فان الدول تحاول في قوانينھا واجراءاتھا الحد منھا من خلال معاقبة فاعليھا ومنع الاخرين من اقتراف السلوك الاجرامي، وفي الاونة الاخيرة تفشت انواع من الجرائم وھي جرائم الفساد الاداري والمالي على نطاق واسع و

جمعية الهلال الاحمر العراقي 1932 - 1954 : دراسة تاريخية == Iraqi Red Crescent Society (IRCS) (1932 - 1954) Historical Study

اسم المؤلف: محمد جدعان عبد الله
اسم المشرف: قحطان حميد كاظم
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ديالى
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The idea of founding humanitarian societies and organization has been found since the mid of the twentieth century by the Swiss Henry Dunant and his effort in alleviating the soldiers' pain who have been left wounded in Solferino battle 1859. Iraq, as other Islamic countries ,witnessed the birth of such humanitarian societies particularly after establishing the national governance in Iraq in 1921 and having its political independence in 1932 by dint of many national figures' efforts in humanitarian concerns. The society received the royal family's support and favor. As the society had fulfilled many meritorious humanitarian services to the Iraqi society as well as the international society in different circumstances and crises in war and peace times. Because of the absence of specialized studies , this topic has been selected to investigate and show the importance of this association role in an important period of time of the contemporary history of Iraq ,moreover the period of the study has been identified between 1932 - 1954 as the first date represents the date of the establishment of the association as well as for the political independence of Iraq.Also, the study has identified the end of the study after 1954 because of the floods of Tigris and Euphrates exposing the association activities and effectiveness of it about that event.The researcher has depended on Iraqi unpublished documents specially the Iraqi Red Crescent documents which represent 85% of the thesis sources.Accordingly, the thesis is divided into four chapters with prologue and epilogue.Chapter one deals with the historical background of the international red crescent societies establishment and the aims and humanitarian tasks in 1859 - 1932 classifying the chapter into three sections.The first section sheds light on the red crescent societies and the red cross societies establishment and their humanitarian tasks till 1929,whereas the second sections studies the reasons of establishing these international societies. The third section tackles the tasks of the red cross and red crescent societies and the establishment of the first Aids 1863 - 1932.Chapter two discusses Iraqi Red Crescent Society referring to its establishment and its tasks in 1932 - 1936 ,hence, this chapter divided into five sections. Section one deals with the foundation of the Iraqi red crescent society and the identification of its significant tasks.When on the other hand , the second section deals with the basic system and the administrative units of the society identifying its aims and targets. The third section tackles the Iraqi Red Crescent Society (henceforth IRCS) logo with its descriptions and uses. Then ,to come after , section four sheds light on the establishment of these administrative societies and their manuals and tasks in 1932 - 1933 ,whereas section five deals with the activities of this human society from 1934 - 1936.Then, the third chapter discusses the Iraqi Red crescent society and its humanitarian activities in 1937 - 1946 whose material is divided into two sections : the first one is the humanitarian society activities in 1937 - 1941,while the second section deals with the activities of the society during the second world war(1942 - 1945)and the flood in 1946. Then , the fourth chapter examines the development of the activities of IRCS in 1947 - 1954 shedding lights on two sections, the first one talks about its activities in 1947 - 1950 while the second section tackles with the IRCS and its activities in 1951 - 1954.Finally, the conclusions have been drawn as in : 1 - The IRCS was established in the midst of internal and external crucial circumstances and events to fulfill the needs of founding human society taken upon itself giving hands to the needy people especially those who are in the lower class of the Iraqi society and also to be on track with the international RCS activities which half of the nineteenth century.2 - The IRCS attempted to reduce the Iraqis ' sufferance as well as the needy people in other countries without any discrimination in treatment in times of war and peace and it deepened on the volunteer work without any connection with the Iraqi Government to be considered as one of the pioneer civil societies in Iraq in the monarchy time. 3 - The researcher has set down the IRCS influential effect in the internal as well as the external field as it worked hard to fulfill the needs of the poverty - stricken people humanly, physically, and morally since 1932 till 1954.The society has worked consistently and with a great effort to deliver the aids to all segments of the Iraqi society in all the circumstances of disturbances and natural disasters experienced by Iraq throughout its historical era.4 - The society has various tasks in the 1940s of the twentieth century confronting the different effects of the second world war courageously, that is why it established many administrative units in the Iraqi governorates and generated new organizations as the women 's organization and society for children rights to provide the best humanitarian services to all Iraqi society classes. 5 - The society has not been confined to Iraq only it goes out the Iraqi borders to include Asian and European countries reflecting the noble human effect of this society to show the Islamic morals which make human brother ship the base of human relations.6 - The society has received a great deal of support from the Iraqi politicians particularly ,the royal family, ministers and senior civil servants ,so this shows the awareness of the importance of in building the Iraqi man ,spreading the principles of justice, rescuing the distressed, and helping them in all circumstances in spite of their religious, ethnic ,regional tendencies inside or outside Iraq.7 - The society has put the aim of helping people and fulfilling their daily needs and fundamental humanitarian aids which left a clear imprint in the history of Iraq during the monarchy as well as the aids provided within the country because of the natural disaster as : floods ,fires ,earthquakes and diseases trying to help the new generation of children and take care of their health. Besides, the society has spent more effort to train the Iraqi mothers how to do the following : taking care of their children ,and general cleanliness ,moreover ,the helps that the society provided during the war times that the Iraqi community suffered from during the monarchy. The society provided many aids and in all aspects whether(physical or moral)and in all circumstances whether(political, economic, and social ). In fact, it is one of the civil human societies in Iraq whose works and activities deserve all thanks and respect from both the Iraqi government and nation.
الملخص:
المصادر:

الجاحظ واراؤه الاقتصادية في ضوء كتابه التبصر بالتجارة == Aljahedh And His Economic Views In Light Of His Book ( Al - Tabassur Bel Tijara )

اسم المؤلف: رفعت فيصل ابراهيم العزي
اسم المشرف: عبد الباسط عبد الرزاق حسين
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ديالى
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Glory be to Allah and peace and bless be upon our ProphetHistory studies is used to introduce a lot of researches and theses which focus on the political and military. Some of these studies are dealing with societies and their components , customs and traditions. Some researches focus on the study of the economics of these societies. This study deals with economic book which is specialized in commerce entitled " Aljahidh and his economic views on light of his book ( Altabassure Bel Tijara ) ". In spitd of the little size of this book but it's very rich with information. In which all pros and cons of commerce where shown. It also contains instructions and advices for those who work in commerce.The current study consisted of five chapters.Chapter One Studies of Aljahidh's life and his scientific position.Chapter two Introduction of the book and its importance among the economic books which appeared in the first Islamic ages.The introduction includes personalities , tribes , cities and other different subjects.Chapter three introduces some metals like gold , silver and some precious stones.Chapter four introduces trade of perfumes , weaves , drugs , paintings and some kinds of clothes.Chapter five studies the commercial characteristics for cities and its most famous goods and some commercial rules and Aljahidh's sayings which showed the economic incomes. It also contains conclusion and a list of resources.
الملخص:
المصادر:

المبالغات في الروايات التاريخية لعصري النبوة والخلافة الراشدة : دراسة نقدية

اسم المؤلف: امينة عبد الكريم عبد الستار الخفاجي
اسم المشرف: عبد الخالق خميس علي التميمي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ديالى
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: H - Book Albuldanyen : As for the sources of geographic , this study relied on some books Albuldanyen to identify some places and cities contained in the letter , as well as what information it contains historical value is indispensable to the researcher about them ( Lexicon what Ostagam names Albuladoualmoada ) for Bakri (d. 487AD/1094AH)) , and ( Lexicon countries ) of sapphire Hamwi (d.626AD/1228AH). X - modern references : In the area of recent studies have reported the study of some Arabic references , as well as some of the theses , research and articles published in magazines. It took some of them information about the reason that lies behind some historians exaggerations in some reports , while according to some books and theses methodology used by some historians authored books and resources including : . Arab history and historians ,Shakir Mustafa . Flags of Zrcell 2) 3) the date when the Muslims aware of the Orientalist Franz Rosenthal. 4) Journal of the Orient. 5) Journal of the word. In conclusion, I put my humble hands of our teachers and I hope to obtain acceptance of them. AD and finished authoring the year( 915AH/ 303AD) AD and its sources and clear because it scored in assigning news.W - wrote a local history : including ( News city of the Prophet ) to the son of rubbish (814AH/199AD) known for his weakness in speaking , so we did not find a reference to a study of his life in various aspects ; notes on the book of Ibn rubbish free some texts from Sindh and especially with regard to the news of the city and its plans in his time due to the fact that most of his information was derived from his observations and his personal information , and with that we find it does not neglect the male elders who transport them in the rest of the text , (1)) reported in the study took the novel weak and employ them in the message. And book (the date of Baghdad ) to Ahmed bin Ali al - Khatib al - Baghdad(d.463AD/1070AH) And is one of the most celebrated books of translations in the field of Arab - Islamic culture which he addressed the history of the city of Baghdad, and built and rivers and their homes and coming out of the companions and translations of the caliphs and nobles and Men of science and literature , who were born in Baghdad or other countries and Nzloha , and of moved them to the town of others and died there. arranged all along the alphabets in the first name without circumvent character second of the structure of the name. began by mentioning the name Muhammad blessing of the Prophet ( Allah bless him and his family and him). It also singled out in the final section of the book, who knew by his nickname or his name. As well as biographies of women with science and thought. C - biographies : including a book ( classes ) of Mohammed bin Saad ( d,230AD/844AH) addresses two main themes the first biography of the Prophet ( Allah bless him and his family) and the second Translations companions and followers and has served folders remaining , but the last reserved for women , and Book ( classes ) for Khalifa bin tailor (d.240AD/845AH) , according to the study in the translation of some of the historical figures and some of the narrators and Sindh so as to know the trustworthy narrators of the weak. 1)sa lama , Salah Abdul Aziz Zain , City News prophetic son from the date of garbage collection and study of curriculum texts , (Master unpublished ). Umm Al Qura University.Mecca.1321AD/2000AH.pp 40 - 46. readings , and take care of him and display the faces of the language as well as the opinions and jurisprudential Ajthadath deposited by the book in question... , and mentions months of statements , and cites to say what affects from his companions and followers, and then exposed to the likelihood of words , and subject to terms of the Bedouins , and the development of provisions taken from the verse , and the likelihood of what he sees , but nonetheless we find it is marketed in the interpretation of news stories from Israel , which still need to cash examiner , said the study contained in the news from the Messenger of Allah ( Allah bless him and his family and him).B - The books hadith : them ( SahihBukhari ) Muhammad bin Ismail bin Ibrahim Al - Bukhari (d. 256AD / 869AH ) , was modernists interested mainly biographies people talk , did not know about it Bmeulh to a specific destination , he heard talk of scholars of Mecca and City and scientists from Egypt (1)) , that his ( correct) familiar with the book , and a recent book and jurisprudence , in order to follow the way that distinguishes them from Imam Muslim in his Saheeh , and it cut conversations and dispersed and its proceeds under the doors in order to infer their what translates it, and repeat with the conversations in multiple locations not cleared primarily of interest Brachytherapy or parenchymal and has stated in the study cited some hadith to refute some news incorrect and Established(2). T - wrote the general history : including ( Date Yacoubi ) to Ahmad ibnIshaqibnJa'far (d. 292AH / 905AD ) , his book A Brief History regulator deals with world history since the creation until the year 259AH / 872AD , follow the approach neglecting the grounds because it was settled at that time and may aided the spread of blogging on that stability. Then he rarely mentions its source because it would only give the basic sources at the beginning of his book , but his style of presentation of the material is the sequence of the covenants and yearbooks. And sometimes came by the uniqueness of the historical information. And book (the date of the apostles and kings ) of Muhammad bin Jarir al - Tabari (d. 310AD / 922AH ) Department of his book into two main pre - Islamic and beyond , Section I discuss the creation and start and fall of Adam ( peace be upon him ) and ends up talking about grandparents the Prophet ( Allah bless him and his family and him) as a prelude to the era of the message, and the second section deals with Islamic history since the era of 1)Mustafa Shakir , Arab history and historians study the development of the science of history and knowledge of his men in Islam ,T1, ( Beirut : Dar al - Ilm Ah1398/AD1978),c1,p236. 2)Haji khalifa ,Mustafa bin abdullahHanafi Constantinople Rumi, (d,1067AH/1656AD), Asami, revealed suspicions about books and the arts, ( Beirut : Dar scientific books 1413AH/1992AD),c1,p363. And it must be noted that the approach taken in this study was a critical historical approach , and the meaning of the monetary approach , is a critique of assets or primary sources using external or virtual cash , which aims to prove the text in the document , and internal criticism or internist is intended to indicate intention of the author of the document in his words , and then figure out sincerity in the novel. A - your search : The study consists of an introduction and three chapters and a conclusion and proven sources and references , each chapter is divided into two sections , devoted the first chapter to the study of the political side and the military , taking the battles that appeared in novels some exaggerations throughout the eras of the Prophet and Rashidi , with an indication of the degree of risk in numbers armies and the dead of both sides and prove some of the facts of each battle , too, for taking the first section novels amounts in the reigns of the Great Prophet ( Allah bless him and his family and him) and Abu Bakr ( may Allah be pleased with him ) , and the second section novels amounts in the covenants caliphs Omar ibn al - Khattab and Othman IbnAffan (may Allah be pleased with them ) and Imam Ali bin AbiTalib ( peace be upon him). And the second chapter in the economic side of the novels exaggerated , as it has been criticism and prove what they are , the first research to ensure the financial resources of the State of the Arab - Islamic and expenditures , and the second part, the risk in the numbers of funds. The third chapter dealt with the historical novels set and divided it into two sections also with respect to the first novels set in the era of the Prophet ( Allah bless him and his family and him) and Abu Bakr ( may Allah be pleased with him ) , and the second covers every era of the Caliphs Omar bin kattab and Othman IbnAffan (may Allah be pleased with them). B - Display sources : The study relied on a number of ancient sources , which have a key role in enriching and modern references , and will be referred to some of them which is as follows : A - written explanation : which ( inclusive statement about the interpretation of the Koran ) , known as ( Tabari ) Muhammad bin Jarir al - Tabari (d. 310AD / 922AH) , which is one of my interpretations and most comprehensive , as it did not depend on the color of one of interpretation , but included a many colors lifted when scientists would, Vatabra despite its reliance on interpretation Mathur mainly in his book collection to it by the side of the novel know - how and assigned the book on it , and I care a lot Koranic Praise be to God and prayer and peace be upon the best of creation Muhammad bin Abdullah and on The God of the good and virtuous. After : That record the events of history _ the capacity and the details _ tainted many exaggerations and fillers and superstition in some cases , and all because history is the product of human beings so accompanied by shortages and imbalances and the situation , and multiple reasons include historical novels such as this imbalance , including what relation to the psychology of the news and the narrator and of and love in inflating the event to give it the importance and highlighted among other events , and some of which also relates to shift the news and what accompanies Blogging Tsahev and distortion , and which highlight the bright side of the historic event to add to exaggerate it , and also try to give them success from the presence of the history of his people or his nation Vigolh that goes on in the news story and the novel , and paired with this success, divine providence or the fact that his nation has sponsored these people care. And hardly devoid history of any nation of exaggerations in historical novels , and will try this study shed light on this aspect of historical writing on the duration of Islamic historical mission , and is the era of prophecy and caliphate so carried this title ( exaggerations in the historical novels of the modern prophethood and caliphate critical study ) and study comes within the field of historical studies concerned with the disclosure of historical fact and proved, and particularly in the Islamic history. From here came the desire to study the subject, and from the presence of my teachers encouraged in the Department of History. It is well known that the study of history and events and factors affecting it , and his feature known only to the person who is engaged in this kind of knowledge and science , and had to historians Arabs and Muslims preferred to identify the events of the past , but some of them are mentioned historical events without criticism , and transferred at face value and some of the lies and oodles , others convey the truth. But it is necessary to raise the important question in this aspect and what is the reasons. why some historians to exaggerate ? , And how to be detected?. This study may open a new door for the study of the same subject in the Islamic eras other because our study was limited to a period of early Islam and is the era of the Prophet Muhammad ( may Allah bless him and his family and him) and the era of the Caliphs ( may Allah be pleased with them ) , as the Islamic eras differ from each other because each has its advantages and its events , so the door exaggerations in novels and wading in it stays open for the study of later ages.
الملخص:
المصادر:

المشروع الالهي في الخلافة والسقيفة == The Goddess Project In Al Khilafah And Saqeefah

اسم المؤلف: جاسم حسن جابر الموسوي
اسم المشرف: مصطفى جواد عباس
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: A viewer to the reality of the Islamic nation may notice the high level of problems that aggravate and statuses that decline till reaching the killing of its people to each others; giving themselves the right to shed the blood of others using justifications that are unauthenticated by any other law or convention on Earth. Being distracted and servile to their enemies and using fake fatwa, they claim the victims to be unbelievers. Despite the fact that the Islamic nation possesses the factors of strength and the bases of development on the level of human resources, wealth, geography, history, religious and knowledge system; there is a fundamental case and a central problem that makes it unable to arise and proceed. This problem is the main reason for all what the nation suffers and it is inculcated in the conscience and existence of the nation. It is the dispute that busied the nation and made it feeble to overpass to deal with any other problem till it rotted all its structure and killed it. From the depths of suffering, arise the visions and cures through the unification of standards to reach some satisfactory results. From here comes the causes and objectives of this study as an abstract, daring and objective refinement to the reasons of the fundamental dispute in the history of the Islamic nation, its present and future. The dispute is represented by the incident of 'Al Saqeefah' along with the regimes it established, and the associations and shades it provided which had its influences and effects up to date.The researcher worked on the unification of the research approach between the two disputed parties through what is agreed upon from what is said, done and authorized by Prophet Mohammed (Allah blessings upon him and his A'll) along with the sound Soras of the Holy Quran for the purpose of standards unification and accept what agrees with them and reject what disagrees. The purpose here is to stay in line with the goddess project and not to give the judgmental projects a corona of holiness to show them in different pictures rather than their real pictures or to take them as religions and cut off any thought contradicting them. The researcher uses the analytic method for narrations and the accumulation of evidences for the incidents and subjects along with debate and conclusion. The researcher proposed his subject in three chapters; chapter one entitled 'The goddess project for the human being… its dimensions and goals; chapter two entitled 'Events pre - Saqeefah that is attached to Al Saqeefah incident' and finally the third chapter entitled 'The event of the martyr of Prophet Mohammad (Allah blessings upon him and his A'll) and the events of Al Saqeefah. The researcher concluded that the event of Al Saqeefah is a judgmental project that did not go the same direction as the goddess project and did not follow the parameters of the goddess project. On the contrary, it established new visions that are different from the visions of the goddess project and did not follow the goddess method through the separation between the Holy Quran and 'Al Etrah'; the two factors recommended by prophet Mohammad to grasp them tightly according to the collective viewpoint of the Islamic nation. Furthermore, the event of Al Saqeefah did not establish a clear - cut methodology in terms of politics and authority neither in economy. Every Khalifa has his own judgment which was different than his antecessor's till eventually we reached to an armed conflict amongst the comrades. The conflict developed with the feed of the political and financial authority of governors. Consequently the nations divided into different nations and parties and into different intellectual and sectarian schools clashing and considering the results of Al Saqeefah a red unapproachable line, despite the fact it is merely a judgment of the mistaken or a mistake of a judging entity, which is void of any legal document or any attribute from the Holy Quran or Sunnah. It was merely a claim that Quraish has made a choice which is a good one! So, let us take what is agreed upon and work on it and forget about our disputes and let us forgive each other because we cannot make any step forward unless being unified.
الملخص:
المصادر:

مشكلة المان السوديتفي تشيكوسلوفاكيا 1938 - 1946 == Sudeten Germans Problem In Czechoslovakia 1938 - 1946

اسم المؤلف: علي عبود محمد
اسم المشرف: فرقد عباس قاسم المياحي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This research dealt with the problem of Sudeten Germans in Czechoslovakia from the conference of Munich of 1938 up to 1946. This topic is very important. This research divided into introduction, preface, three chapters and a conclusion. The introduction dealt with the historical background of the Sudeten Germans - Czech relations from early times up to September 1938.The first chapter focused on the conference of Munich of 1938 and its effects on the Sudeten Germans problem, establishment of the second state of Czechoslovakia, the attitude of Sudeten Germans towards the German occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1939,the Czech political efforts in exile to get a recognition of the great powers of the Czech new state in exile, and their efforts to persuade the Great powers to deportation of Sudeten Germans from Czechoslovakia after the end of war. The Second chapter discussed the problem of Student Germans from March 1945 up to May 1945.This chapter explained the liberation of Czechoslovakia by Soviet and American troops, and its effects on the Sudeten Germans in Czechoslovakia. The chapter dealt with the attitude of new Czech state towards the Sudeten Germans during this period. The third chapter discussed the problem of Sudeten Germans from June 1945 up to 1946.This period witnessed operations of deportation of Sudeten Germans by Czech peoples and government. The chapter dealt with the Potsdam conference and its effects on the Sudeten Germans
الملخص:
المصادر:

جمعية عمر المختار 1943 - 1953 == Society Of Omar Al - Mukhtar 1943 - 1953

اسم المؤلف: ياسمين محي عبد الرحيم الكناني
اسم المشرف: ايمان جواد هادي البرزنجي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The study of parties and associations is regarded as historical studies task, where it has a major role in the study of a State or a community of communities in addition to the detection of many important facts that were hidden by most historians, through documents unpublished maintained by ther privatecod by Assembly itself. In addition to give it a profile about personalities to the Assembly. Who joined the Society of Omar AL - Mukhtar is one of associations that have contributed significantly to change the course of the Libyan state, by their great effort in order to achieve the independence and the unity of the Libyan state in all its mandates, which rejected the major powers such as Great Britain and the United States as well as Italy, which tried hard to keep these States under control over all of Libya. The reasons for my choosing this subject is that Association in is different in its disciplines because it was Athletic Association, cultural, detective, out did not it become a political association, unit moving to Benghazi. In addition to its relationship with the Prince Sanusi, who became Honorary Prince and accepted all orientations in spite of the differences in some things, so the timeframe for a message is from 1943, where it travels to Benghazi and end in 1953 with the end of the secret work after it passing within stages and events and by Prince Sanusi, letter included four chapters in addition to the introduction and conclusion. The first chapter is dealt with parties and associations which were participated by most of the Libyan dignitaries in the Ottoman era and its impact on the birth of the Society of Omar Mukhtar, the most important associations are Freedom Party and the Alliance and the Association of the Covenant and the Committee of Union and Progress, as well as the associations that emerged in Syria and Egypt, led by Libyan dignitaries. The second chapter the researcher talked about the beginning of the origin of the Society of Omar al - Mukhtar in addition to its most important members, as well as the work of Al - Watan newspaper, and the basic law which was written in two phases. The third chapter focused on the attitudes of the Assembly upon referendum commission which visited Libya in addition to its position upon project Bevin - Sforza, who appeared after the Second World War, as well as the rule of Idriss on Cyrenaica and the chapter discussed the position of the Chapter Assembly towards the Arab issues. In the fourth chapter the researcher talked about sports and cultural activity for the Association of Omar Mukhtar from 1943 until 1953 and the main business carried out by the Assembly in all branches of the Libyan States. So proved this study proved that the idea of founding the Society of Omar al - Mukhtar had begun during World War II, particularly by immigrants who are in Arab countries, an idea that occurred to Mr. Asaad Arabi, which is based on the containment of young Libyans who are in Cairo, particularly after of non - objection by the Egyptian authorities. As the study revealed that the Assembly were not limited to sports and cultural activity, but beyond it to the political activity in addition to its categorical rejection of any contract treaties with major countries and the treaty in 1947, was a clear example of the rejection of the colonial policies. This study confirmed the unity of Libyan territory, without distinction between the States non independence of price state from the rest of the states. But its demand for independence and unity under its leader, Sanusi.
الملخص:
المصادر:

العلاقات العثمانية الفارسية في عهد القاجاريين 1795 - 1896 == Ottoman - Persian Relations During Qajareen Period (1795 - 1896)

اسم المؤلف: نوران برهان علي
اسم المشرف: فردوس عبد الرحمن كريم
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: When studying the international relations between two countries, there are three possibilities : either cooperation or struggle or combination between them. Dealing with historical facts of the subject of the study lead us to explain the Persian - Ottoman relations within the third section.This relation is struggle one and three is no cooperation according to the circumstances of the stage. There is no doubt , that the relation has special importance , not because the importance of the two countries and their political momentousness in the region but because their interchangeable influence in political reality for each one and generally on the region sphere.The progress of relation indicates that each development whether internal or external in the politics of one of them may effect the other country directly or indirectly. For the significance of the study and lack of the studies that deal with Ottoman - Qajareen relations (1795 - 1896) , in this study we try to deal with all the development from all sides. The thesis is divided into introduction and three chapters. The first chapter deals with Persian - Ottoman relations during (1795 - 1823) consisting the most important disputed cases that are the reason for firing the war between the two sides. These cases are the attacks of Whabiya on Kerbella and the difficulties that the visitors and Pilgrims face when they pass through Ottoman lands in their way to holly shrines the tribes there and their role in breaking out the conflict,Al - Bapanin family , Persian - Ottoman war in (1821 - 1823) , signing the, Arthroom treaty and the role of European countries in first signing it. The second chapter deals with relations during (1823 - 1847) and the problems which are the reason for renewed the conflict among Al - Bapanin Princes, campaign of Ali Rudha against Muha mera, attack of Nejeeb Pusha on Kerbella and Prince - Persian discussions to solve the problems between two countries and sign second Arthroom treaty. The third chapter deals with Persian - Ottoman relations during(1847 - 1896).It includes cooperation and coordination with greatest countries regarding boundaries problems attitude of Persian from the Qerem War, visit of Nasar Aldean Shah to Baghdad and signs brcaties with Ottoman, calling of Sultan Abdel Hameed to form Islamic league. It is referred to rebellion of Abdella Al - Sheri and it's affect on politics. It also refers to Shat al - Arab problem and the role of European countries to fire the dispute inorde to serve their interests. It is depended in this thesis on number of documents which not published, documentary books, University theses and number of Arabic books and translated books into Arabic. In this thesis , the researcher reaches to number of results which are as following : The Persian - Ottoman relations are distinguished by prominent struggle which it is rooted to Jaldeeran battle in sixteen Century.This battle is the real beginning to this struggle. The area of this struggle extends from South of Basrah - Baghdad towards Hamadan or Bedra - Jasan to Sherezoor and inters Atherbeajan land Armenian land. The depth of this line extends from the West and reaches Basrah - Baghdad - Kirkuk - Arbil - Mosul then inters Diyar Bekar then Arthroom - Diyar Bekar Tbkis - This is the area of Persian - Ottoman struggle. The most important factor that contributes to continuity of dispute is violating the boundaries. There is violation , whenever signs treaty from the first Arthrooim treaty in1893 and second Arthroom treaty in 1847 to map out the boundaries and plan to the dispule. No side obligates in spite of interference of the greatest countries of the greatest Countries such as British and Russian. The British - Russian competition has impact on the relation between Persia and Ottoman especially the British interests which are very active through diplomatic efforts to again privileges which are granted as interference right to proleed its interest.
الملخص:
المصادر:

اخبار الامام الحسين (عليه السلام) في كتاب انساب الاشراف للبلاذري (ت279هـ) : دراسة مقارنة == Imam Al - Hussein (Peace Be Upon Him) In The Book Of Ansaab Al - Ashraf By Al - Balatheri (D. 279 A.H./ 892 AD) : A Comparative Study

اسم المؤلف: نادية عبد اللطيف داخل
اسم المشرف: عكرمة كامل محمد الساعدي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Thank Allah almighty with goodness and blessing for his greatness and generosity and prayers be upon the best of prophets and messengers Abu Alqassim Mohamed Bin Abdullah and on Virtuous family. Allah Said (Allah wants to keep impure away from you the(Prophet )family and purify you).( )Yes purify them and make their likeness the way to approach Allah the almighty.It is well known the highness of Imam AL Hussein ( P B U H) and his great degree in spirits and minds of Muslims in all the times of Islam history.The greatness of Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) accompanied by wide writing movement. Some of it takes the biography which are featured by the Muslim and non Muslim writers writings.Some modern studies approach to introduce the values of Al Hussein reawakening as expressional method in Islamic history. With all this greatness, expansion and variety, the critical and comparison sense method was absent somehow in this writing movement.The importance of this subject is that the revolution of Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) is one of the most important revolutions that occupied the human thinking, because it was not normal event but important event in history.The historian whatever his believes and doctrine have to refer to it in brief or in details according to his point of view and to his thinking knowledge. If we look at all who wrote the revolution AL Hussein (P B U H), we find them felt little before its greatness except little individuals who their spirits full of hate towards the prophet family and sell their conscious by money and high positions.The subject of the research is Al - Balathery's (Ansab Alashraf) who lived in third century of Hijra. This century was one of the most flourishing times in Islamic history.The Arabic culture was flourished by appearance of greatest scholars and Al - Balathery was among them. Great historians appeared whose historic narration had matured since the time of the prophet and Ommiad age. Al - Balathery is well known historian famous in confidence, great knowledge, truth several travels. His book was taken by more than narrative historian who investigate it scientifically. We followed this book in the part of Ameer Almomneeen Ali bi Abi Talib (PBUH). When Al - Balathery mentioned the family of Aqeel Bin Abi Talib he tells the important information of Muslim Bin Aqeel and his role in Al Hussein revolution.For all these reasons I choose this book. It attracts me for what it introduced of information about Imam AL Hussein (P B U H), where I find the precise narration and enrich in in science As well as the confidence narrators and references. This gives me strong motive and great well in close this subject. The research and the researcher faced some difficulties because the subject of Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) is not easy subject. Thus the researcher depends on Al - Balathery's (Ansab Alashraf) book basically ,then make comparison of Al - Balathery's book with other references that discussed the subject of Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) revolution. That means the researcher puts Al - Balathery's book before his eye that reduced his free movement and study what theses resources contains. The other difficulty is to the difficulty to have other resources from public libraries because theses libraries faced robbery. I asked Allah help to remove these difficulties, thus I could perform The research (Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) in Al - Balathery's (Ansab Alashraf) book - (comparative study).The nature of the study necessity oblige the research be in introduction, five chapters and conclusion. The first chapter is about Al - Balathery and it is divided in three inquiries. The first inquiry is dedicated to study Al - Balathery character : his name, nickname, surname, family, growing, his scholars, his students, his travels, his writings and his death. The second inquiry is about Al - Balathery time, his method in introduce the subject of Imam AL Hussein (P B U H).The third inquiry is studying the scientific life of Al - Balathery.The second chapter is about the life of Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) and his attitude from pledge of allegiance to Yazied. This chapter include two inquiries.The first inquiry studies the personal life of Imam AL Hussein (P B U H).The second inquiry studied the attitude of Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) from the piece of Imam AL Hassan (P B U H) with Muaiaa Bin Abi Sufian and from pledge of allegiance to Yazied in his father rule.Third chapter is about Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) in Medina and Mecca. This chapter includes four inquiries. First inquiry is about Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) in Medina.The second inquiry discussed Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) travel from Medina to Mecca and the places he passed by. Third inquiry is about the correspondence between Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) and people of Kufa.The fourth chapter is titled (Murder of Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) - Altaf Battle - . This chapter includes four inquiries. The first inquiry is about Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) travel from Mecca to Iraq.The second inquiry discussed Alhur Bin Yazied Al - Reahy in confront Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) and Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) correspondences with Kufa People. Third inquiry is about Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) in Karbala. The fourth inquiry is about murder of Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) in Altaf Battle.Then comes the conclusion which the researcher reaches to. It includes the brief of all the discussion of the research and it is followed by the resources and references.
الملخص:
المصادر:

كورش الاخميني 559 - 530 ق.م سيرته ومنجزاته == Cyrus Of Achaemenid 559 - 530 B.C His Biography And Achievements

اسم المؤلف: مرتضى جاسب مثنى العوادي
اسم المشرف: حسين سيد نور جلال الاعرجي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ القديم
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: I have seen the Iranian plateau births personal (he King Cyrus) as one of the most prominent historical figures that have passed on the history of Iran, the old, those personal, which lasted nearly twenty - nine years and have seen through the country to form a wider empire in history, as do the King efforts "significant expansion and preservation and has been quite evident "through activities and military conquests which recorded significantly victories continued on most of the countries of the Near East and the old, which was a result of the political and military genius enjoyed by Cyrus. Because of "the importance of these military activities enable this king of the establishment of an army" strong "and great" and orderly, "as well as" it has a promising founder of the first administrative system dubbed satrap (governor), as well as "the genius of the King in his policy which used and marked by a policy of religious tolerance, as was the policy of a great role in subjecting a lot of people and was one of the key factors in the stability of his empire at a time when the religious factor a great impact on the hearts of those peoples. So it was Cyrus the right of the Emperor and King did not leave anything during his life cert, as follow with nationals made it a policy to check all aspire, they were the results have been obvious in the regions belong to him, as it encouraged the freedom of worship in all parts of the Persian Empire, and allowed the residents who have been displaced to return to their homelands, as found in the religious factor greatest impact in the subordination of those peoples for control of the Achaemenid, especially since Cyrus has tolerated them in the exercise of their religions, which have had a clear impact in maintaining the subordination of the regions open, as well as "for keeping empire of rebellions and revolutions in order to save its internal security., as well as "it was the first model for the state based on diversity and tolerance between different cultures and religions. So readied personal Cyrus of historical figures that were not as important as the rest of the characters who witnessed the ancient Near East (Achaemenid Cyrus 559 - 530 BC), which had a prominent role in the history of Iran, in particular, and the Near East in general. Due to the diversity of material study and effort "to cover everything related to the subject study was divided in four chapters singled out each chapter a set of Detectives harmonious in terms of form and content. Devoted the first chapter to the study of Cyrus the Achaemenid his career and his personal life and has divided the chapter into three sections, devoted First research for the birth of and upbringing, either the second section of the study of Cyrus king of Anshan, and the third section was devoted to the study of the events before the accession of Cyrus the throne of the Achaemenid Empire, as it was accompanied by Cyrus ascend to the throne important events was the fall of the Median empire. As well as "all the dedicated study of the second quarter to show the achievements of Cyrus the administrative and military and urban, and the department also into three sections. Dealt in First research organizations, administrative, either the second section was dedicated to the study of military organizations, and the third section dedicated" to study the achievements Urban. The third chapter dealt with the religion of Cyrus and the policy of tolerance, and it was on two themes, as allocated First research to the study of religion and beliefs of Cyrus and what the importance of this subject Aferdna his Study of special, and was the second section was devoted to the study of the policy of religious tolerance, as it was for such a policy role big translate a lot of events. While eating in the fourth quarter and the expansionist policy of Cyrus section to chapter two sections, we dealt with in the first section to the policy direction of Cyrus Asia Minor and eastern provinces, while the second section has been interested in studying the country's western provinces of Babylon and Cyrus Return to the east and death.
الملخص:
المصادر:

الحزب الوطني الصيني ودوره السياسي في تاريخ الصين 1912 - 1949 == Chinese Nationalist Party And Its Political Role In The History Of China 1912 - 1949

اسم المؤلف: صلاح حسن ربيح الربيعي
اسم المشرف: نادية كاظم محمد العبودي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Under the imperial regime that ruled China since the third century BC, and the proliferation of secret societies as a key tool in opposing the Government system, the concept of a stranger political parties remained about China's traditional political thought to the Republican system of Government in 9191, the founding of the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang). The first glimmer of overt political activity on Western contexts. Hence the importance of this study is focused on the application of the first democratic experience in China and noted by the circumstances.The KMT is a product of Western influence on China, the first China animation Association nucleus (hisngh Jong Hui) which was formed as a reaction to humiliate China by Western countries. In the light of that uploaded the entire Manchu Assembly. Although the founders of this Association are Chinese intellectuals affected by Western culture and their aim is to establish a Republic on the Western theme, but they didn't they Slough radically from traditional style in politics within the framework of the traditional closed secret organization.And the evolution of the political activity of the ancestors of the Kuomintang through their quest to form an expanded political alliances against the Manchus in the context of the so - called Alliance Assembly (Eltingh Ming hui) which appeared to be abandoned in its political traditions and customs that prevailed in China for the Chinese society more concepts and political outlooks, especially the three principles which were the product ofthought San Yat - Sen. They changed the first of its kind in the modern history of China, which was termination of the bigotry of successive Governments to rule China and represent that the overthrow of the Manchu dynasty.Represented the period 9191 - 9191 transition is unstable in modern political history of China in General and the history of the KMT, while Western influences in the meantime to climax in a shift in the political organizations of its secret to the political public public parties especially the KMT, the Republic Government attempts to build a Western theme. Traditional powers emerged again to return to China to imperial and reflected clearly the constitutional institutions of governance and the Yuan Shi kai himself emperor, and the KMT, and his return to form a secret political organization (National Revolutionary Party). The news of the end of the Chinese experience based on the Western model.And resulted in the failure of the democratic experiment in9191 from the dominance of conventional principles of party ideology and its emphasis on the concept of trusteeship and the importance of loyalty to the leader.At the end of the first world war was the issue of the KMT's control of power and a constitutional Government is elusive, especially with the start of the rule of the warlords as proves the idea of forming a party of partisan coalitions in the political sphere as a result of an ideological disagreement. And the reputation of the party and advocated the principles of commitment to silence about the 19 demands made by Japan.I raised the issue of reorganizing the party of 9111 to the KMT and entered in countless problems, especially aftertaking the nucleus of a growing Communist Party within the Kuomintang itself. It has divisions in its ranks. As the latter failed to subjugate the Communists for his orders because they basically were associated with the implementation of the orders of the Comintern, especially within the context of unsettling the KMT and pounce on it.Resulted in the reorganization of the Party (the third phase) and accepted Soviet aid for putting it under supervision of the Soviet Union through a cadre of advisers in various disciplines and in all civil and military bodies, in preparation for submission to CPC.Despite the fact the party after the death of Sun Yat - Sen from internal conflicts but Jiang Kai - shek had resolved to strengthen his power by the Kuomintang military forces and paramilitary Fascist group known as the (blue shirts). Although the formal authority of the KMT Central Executive Committee and the Kuomintang but it seems in fact that Jiang Kai - shek hold absolute power over the party.Payment of Soviet and Japanese intervention in China, and in different contexts to the Kuomintang and Communist parties to enter into an Alliance. Let us resist the Japanese intervention in China a Comintern and the reality of Soviet interests in China, the Communist Alliance with Kuomintang in a United Front against Japan. Although this Alliance was fragile but he lasted the length of the Sino - Japanese war (9111 - 9191).Enjoy the KMT in the period 9111 - 9191 popular support, but lost this support and the Chinese Communists won due to the growing ranks of corruption and political repressionof students and intellectuals, not interested in issues of peasants.The spiral began economic and political failures appear prominently on the Kuomintang government in 9199 - 9191. Government institutions were not eligible for unemployment and high food prices. All this push to pull the rug from under the feet of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party's favor.United States diplomatic mediation failed, as well as important strategic aspect within the context of a stronger position of the Communist Party. Which is a lot of balance of power and resolve the consequences of the conflict for the Communist Party in the war.Both sides suffered heavy losses in lives and equipment, but the biggest loser was the Kuomintang decided at the end of 9191 under the leadership of Jiang Kai - shek to Taiwan island 911 miles from China's southeastern coast.
الملخص:
المصادر:

الفرد النقاش ودوره السياسي في لبنان 1887 - 1971 == Alfred Al - Naqash And Political Role In Lebanon 1887 - 1971

اسم المؤلف: حيدر رزاق راشد الطفيلي
اسم المشرف: خضير حسن سلمان
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The Arabic history in general and the history of the Levant in particular is need of an historical academic study to reveal much of its political, economic , social and administrative situations and their mutual influence eon the pan - Arab and international environment. The history of Lebanon and the subjection of that beautiful country and the attempt to tear the unity of the Greater Syria exploiting the sectarian and ethnic diversity by more than one European.The study of the biography of the political figures has got the attention of the scholars. This study open a window on the sum of the regional and international complex. Undoubtedly, going through this study requires basing on the historical methodology based on the objectivity in exposing the events and becoming as possible free of bias and deviation from objectivity.Perhaps the situation in Lebanon during the World war II and the succession of the French government of Vichy and then the Free France government of De Gaulle and the coming of more than one government in difficult times that need a deep study that tackle these characters and their role in building the Lebanese state.In the light of our understanding of the peculiarity and his political role in Lebanon and the period (1887 - 1971) for the role in saving Lebanon from mass destruction in World War II. His role has left a memory in the mind of Lebanese as well as their history. He assumed the office of the President of the Republic in 1941 - 1943, his responsibility increased specially that the country was not independent and the foreign powers were struggling to get it.The nature of the study requires the division to introduction, four chapters and a conclusion as well as of references and annexesChapter One : studied the political development in Lebanon until 1941. It falls into four inquiries : the first inquiry is about the Frenchoccupation of Lebanon; the second inquiry is about the Mandate and the state of greater Lebanon; the third is about the presidential elections and the political until 1939 and the fourth inquiry is about the World War Two and its effect on Lebanon (1941 - 1934).Chapter two tackles the Alfred George Al - Naqqash in four inquiries. The first inquiry is about his biography and his feature; the second about the assuming the office of presidency 1941, the third tackles the foreign policy in his era, and the fourth inquiry is about the interior policy.Chapter Three is about the foreign policy in his term in two inquiries; the first inquiry is about the Lebanese political relationship with Arab states in his term and the second is about the Lebanese political relationship with foreign states during his term. Chapter Four tackles the political activity and his assumption until since his resigning and death. It is distributed into four inquiries; the first inquiry is about the Lebanese Election Law in 1943 while the second is about the Council and independence issue in 1943. The fourth inquiry is devoted to the study f the Palestinian issue and the attitude of the Parliament from the Evacuation of British forces from Egypt, the fourth inquiry tackled Alfred George Al - Naqqash as forieng minister of Lebanon 1955.The study depended on a list of diverse sources in the first of which comes the unpublished documents and the royal documents in the House of Books and Documents in Baghdad the reports of the Iraqi consulate abroad. We also have access to the French documents and the foreign books that have studied many important issues as far as the history of Lebanon is concerned. In addition to the above, the research was diligent that he includes the writing of the Lebanese writers who were contemporary to thee ageand occupied a great part of the thesis. These were makers of events or part of it or a witness the events. The memoires of the Lebanese politicians like the presidents of the Republic Bichara Al - Khoury and the Kamile Chamoun and Sami Al - Soulh and former premier.
الملخص:
المصادر:

القنصلية البريطانية في البصرة 1764 - 1914 : دراسة تاريخية == British Consulates By Basra 1764 - 1914 Historical Study

اسم المؤلف: حلا مزهر جايد الحسيناوي
اسم المشرف: محمد داخل كريم السعدي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Basra, the second largest city in the Republic of Iraq and the center of the province of Basra, located in the far south of Iraq, on the west bank of the Shatt al - Arab, a crossing of water, which consists of the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates in Qurna, 110 kilometers north of the city of Faw, about Basra province, about 55 kilometers from the Gulf Arab and 545 km from the city of Baghdad, an area of maintaining 19,070 km 2, with a population of nearly three million people (according to 2010 estimates), its international borders with Saudi Arabia and Kuwait to the south and Iran to the east, and the local borders of the province of Basra, in common with all of the province of Dhi Qar, Maysan, north , Muthanna and west. uThe search dividing into four chapters and a conclusion right with a list of the names and sources are as follows : - Chapter One ( the historical development of Basra and the strategic importance ) And divided into two sections we dealt with in the first historical development of Basra until 1914 , and the form of this section an introduction to the study, where we dealt with Basra's history since it was founded by the Muslim Arabs in 635 AD at the time of Caliph Omar ibn al - Khattab until 1914 , and in the second section dealt with the importance of Basra for thought West , where he was the site of Basra, the strategic importance of the big in all the projects that were European countries covet in their implementation , and since it is located within the region , which is the shortest way leading to India has taken the UK interested in working for the D lines of communication using either ships in the collapsed Iraq or railway or telegraph line extending through it. - Chapter II ( the penetration of British interests in Basra )Divided this chapter into three sections , devoted First research him to take care of the orders growth of British interests until the establishment of the consulate and the activity of English East India Company , which was representative of the interests of the British in Basra , while the second section was about the founding of the British consulate and development of administrative , where she founded the East India Company English Mqimih in Basra since 1723 , turning the Residency to the agency , and Basra, the first rose which representation to a degree Guenaslh and that based on the Furman Soltani obtained by Henry Neville in 1764 , and designate which Robert Garden representative of the East India Company in Basra consul in this city , either section third we have offered the evolution of British interests after the establishment of the consulate , and try to promote British commercial and political influence in Basra , Iraq. - Chapter III ( political activity of the British Consulate and the local ties )Contains this chapter on the three sections , the first of it was the political activity of the British Consulate , and it reminded us that the functions of consuls Britons who are in Iraq are limited to two basic firstly take care of the economic interests of the state , particularly commercial in Iraq and the second Ashraf affairs nationals of their country in Iraq , and Pena how to move beyond them all the context of their work and performed another activity intelligence and political , while the second section dealt support Consulate for British interests , as was the Iraq of the areas of competing political, economic and cultural cooperation between European countries major in the nineteenth century and early twentieth century , and in the context that occurred upon consuls British in Iraq mission monitor the activities of the competing countries and inform their governments detail , with an attempt to thwart those activities and obstruction , either the third section has included social activity and local Guensbah Britain , where she was a relationship consuls British and the local authorities affected by several factors , most important of which are enjoyed by the consuls British in Iraq, the influence of the local.Chapter IV ( Protestant missionary activity and the role of the consulate( This included a chapter on the four sections , the first we had the thought of evangelization and development among Christian sects , and in the second section dealt with the missionaries Albroostantih , where thus missionaries Protestants appear in Iraq since the twenties of the nineteenth century , while the third section was about the relationship of missionaries with the British missionaries Other The rivalry between them, and the fourth section included other activities of the Protestant missionaries , Kalnchat medical and educational , and the difficulties faced by these missionaries.It has been dealt with as a single unit Thread. Pena Balkhatemh importance of the geographical location of the city of Basra and its port , and what was its impact on global trade and the greed of competing European countries seized upon to ensure its interests in the East, as well as the objectives of Britain in Iraq and how to begin to exert influence on Iraq commercially and then and then politically , followed by military control , and Basra are foothold foot them and drove them to the occupation of Iraq. As well as Pena role carefree played by consuls Britons who took advantage of their office and their powers to sow seeds of discord among the people , and get them to disobey the Ottoman state and provide them with weapons , which Atakznh Britain profitable business due to evade consuls weapons into Iraq and sell it on the Iraqi tribes.God is reconciling and payment
الملخص:
المصادر:

حزب الشعب 1925 - 1929 == Al - Shaab Party 1925 - 1929

اسم المؤلف: حسين جابر عبد الله علي
اسم المشرف: كريم صبح عطية
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Contemprary Iraq history witnessed emergence some parties supported to government and opposited for it , like " Al - Shaab Party " 1925 - 1929 that being opposite parlement party to the Iraqi ministries their work were practicing its political activity although it was never continue in opposition especially after its members enter in the administrative positions that followed establishing the party till 1929. Study divided into introduction, four chapters , conclusions and supplements. The first chapter included introduction about establishment " Al - Shaab Party " till 1925, then bigninngs the political activity in Iraq and appearing the organized party political activity and the Iraqi parties such as " The Iraqi National Party" , " Iraq Al - nahzaa party" , " Iraqi Al - hur Party" and " Natin Party " after that parties that appeared in Mousl to let the public opininoun know its case in front of Turks ambitions , and " The Al - Takadum Party" that mentioned here also, Body of esteblishment party and its intlectual, cultural and social backrounds , then ended by establishment the party on 3th of December 1925. The second chapter included the organized structure of " Al - Shaab Party" and its end. It researhed on approach of the party and its internal system , such that press thing that represented by " Nida'a Al - Shaab " that was the tongue of the expressed sound on its views with studying the conferences of party held on the period of its existence on the Iraqi political events stage to end to the fall of party and its collapse.The third chapter tackled stand of "Al - Shaab Barty" from the local cases by showing its stand from the political, economic and social cases and range of their effect on socitety , its stand from relation with Britain through his stand from 1926 and 1927 treaties , the two treaties refused by the party, concern with its stand from Abdul Muhsen Al - Saadoon fixed ministry that opposite for it and its stand from Jaafar Al - Askary second ministry especially in the two cases, the public debts and obligatory recruitment. The fourth chapter tackled stand of the party from Arab cases by clarifying its stand from Najid invasion that evoked border problems between Iraq and Najid that reflected on Iraqis resident near from it, its stand of the syrian revolution and its supported for it, clarifying also its stand from revolution of Abdul Karim Al - Khetabi and his struggle against spains and French troops , then ended by refering to its stand from Palestine case by introducing details of its stand from visit of British zionist Alfred Mond to Iraq and events accompanied that for example students demonstration and the government strict stand towards them
الملخص:
المصادر:

اليزيدية في العراق1921 - 1958 : دراسة تاريخية == The Yezidism In Iraq1921 - 1958 A Historical Study

اسم المؤلف: حسون عبود محيبس الجيزاني
اسم المشرف: حسين علي فليح الخزرجي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Iraq has different population's nature which we can find the religious sectarian and ethnic differences in. We can see the differ believes in hole Iraq, because the land of Iraq was the homeland for many religions, sects and ethnic groups. They lived in harmony. Every one of these religious, sects has it's ceremonies, habits, characters distinguishing them from each other, therefore the study of any one of them is very interesting and has it's features we can know the marking evidences of different historical periods by.The author of this paper tries to make an attempt to fix historical features of one of these sects - Yezidism. Yezidism is one of the oldest sects in Iraq. It considered the source of knowing huge historical information, but the nature of this sect made the ability of research so difficult, because the live in closed societies, and ruled by firm religious laws.The Yezidism - object of our research was differently called. There are many different opinions of its origin, the influences of political circumstances on this religion. It isn't outspreading religion, therefore it wasn't found in Iraq not by outspreading, but by the immigrants who came to Iraq from Iran. They lived in north of Iraq. In spite of their social religious specialty, their special habits, traditions and ceremonies, there was a mutual influencing between them and the societies that they live in. The study of sects and religions is still a rich field of research, needs big efforts, especially in the period of kingdom in Iraq, when the yezidists gained many achievements, considering them as members of religion, whose ceremonies are protected by constitution. The Yezidism wasn't studied deeply by researches because of the closed nature of the yezidic society, and the lived where the mountains are, therefore these travelers who wrote about the aspect of believing, social habits couldn't write about the political economic aspects of Yezidists. Therefore the author tries to write about the Yezidism when he is in their places, touching the circumstances of them, and knowing a real truth of them by being in their places. We researched this secret of this sect to discover unknown sides of this part of Iraqi social national society.
الملخص:
المصادر:

علي ممتاز الدفتري ودوره السياسي في العراق 1940 - 1958 == Ali Mumtaz Al - Daftary And His Political Role In Iraq 1940 - 1958

اسم المؤلف: حامد فرج عبد الحسين
اسم المشرف: عماد نعمة العبادي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The study of political characters had expanded in the field of historical researches clearly. This is attributed to the diligence to know the contribution of these characters in the time durations in which they live, simply because the person is the creator of the historical event. So understanding the nature of that personality in a scientific and objective way proved the saying that; roles done by some characters are reflection to the social environment they had lived and affected by.In consistence with these basis and principles, the choice of the person of Ali Momtaz al - Datfry and his role through the assumption of various positions as the minister in eleven Iraqi cabinets during the periods 1941 - 57, a member of the Iraqi parliament during the period 1941 - 50, then a member of the Notables Council 1953 - 58.All that has motivated the researcher to choose the character of Ali Momtaz al - Datfry for its important effect to study in an academic and scientific method after it was neglected by the researchers who did not study this and show his role in that historical period in the modern history of Iraq.The thesis included an introduction, four Chapters and conclusion.The first chapter was entitling (the Bringing up and Political Activity of Ali Momtaz al - Datfry in the Iraqi Parliamentary until 1950). While Chapter Two was entitled (Ali Momtaz al - Datfry As a Minister of the Finance between 1941 - 44).Chapter Three was entitled (His Ministerial Positions and Political activity between 1946 - 50). And Chapter Four was entitled (His Ministerial Positions and his Role in the Council of Notables 1953 - 58).It appeared through the study of the character of Ali Momtaz al - Datfry and tracing his activity and political role in Iraq in the period 1941 - 1958), the following : - Ali Momtaz al - Datfry was brought up in a well - known well - off family that worked in the trading which enabled him to live in prosperity. This facilitated for him to complete his study with excellence. - Ali Momtaz al - Datfry was explicit in expressing his opinions and in more than one occasion. He was not known as conservative. His opinions in total were realistic and flexible making it easy to apply. - He was a financial expert and a notable among the figures in the financial and economic issues in Iraq in the 1940s and 1950s. He had inherited the financial expertise from his famous family concerning money and finance. - Ali Momtaz al - Datfry proved that he was a lofty politician and sociologist. He did not show any affiliation to a certain sect or race, that had made him acquire the feature of dealing and communicating with the various successive governments that had ruled Iraq. His administrative and economical abilities also proved to be successful as He had managed to confront various positions in government and dealt with multiple crises with logic and ease that made him gain the admiration of even his confronters. - Ali Momtaz al - Datfry contributed to put the corner stone of the financial and economic institutions in the monarchy era. For example, He contributed to the foundation of Al - Rafdain Bank, the first Iraqi Bank, to be as the strong nucleus of the Iraqi economy. His traces were also clear in the foundation of the Construction Council and the ministry of the Reconstruction. - He entered the parliamentary life in 1941 after the resignation of Salih Jabur. He won the elections on the Dewaniya in its ninth round, and also the tenth and the twelfth rounds in Baghdad. He was known for his patriotic and nationalistic attitude. - His pan - Arab attitudes were summarized in his opinion regarding the necessity to accomplish the Arab unity by uniting Arab states' economics against the Zionist Entity. He also joined the Party of Ahrrar after the return of the political life in 1946, when Taweeq Al - Swedy, the second ministry in which Ali Momtaz al - Datfry was one of its corners, had allowed its return. - He was appointed in the Council of Notables for the period from April 1953 to July 1958. As Ali Momtaz al - Datfry has merits he also has demerits as he had no role in the October 1952 insurrection, perhaps his avoidance of political life in that period was the reason. - At the end, We are obligate to say that Ali Momtaz al - Daftry was one of the well known Iraqi political figures that started his work with love and sacrifice to his country and the Monarchy role.
الملخص:
المصادر:

علاقات العراق الاقتصادية مع جمهورية كوريا 1975 - 1991 == Iraq’s Economic Relations With The Republic of Korea (ROK) 1975 - 1991

اسم المؤلف: غيداق عبد المنعم محمد احمد
اسم المشرف: محمود عبد الواحد محمود القيسي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This thesis is a study of Iraq’s Economic Relations with the Republic of Korea (ROK) 1975 - 1991. It is a study of the beginnings of the Iraqi - Korean relations since 1975 up to 1991,when the United Sates and its coalition invaded Iraq after the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait in 1990.The economic relation of ROK with Iraq was a part of its relation with the world and Middle East after the establishment of ROK. On August 15, 1948, the Republic of Korea was formally established, with Syngman Rhee as the first president. With the establishment of Rhee's government, de jure sovereignty also passed into the new government. On September 9, 1948, a communist regime, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), was proclaimed under Kim Il Sung. The country now divided, the relationship between the two Koreas turned more antagonistic as time passed. The main policy of ROK was anti - communism and "unification by expanding northward". The South's military was neither sufficiently equipped nor prepared, but the Rhee administration was determined to reunify Korea by military force with aid from the United States. However, in the second parliamentary elections held on May 30, 1950, the majority of seats went to independents, confirming. The Korean war(1950 - 1953), and the deteriorating in Iraq and ROK were reasons affecting on the delay of the developments of Iraqi economic relations with ROK during the fifties and sixties ,and contributing to obstacle the economic and political cooperation during seventies and eighties. Although these complicating situations, the two countries could inaugurating the economic exchange since the second half of seventies, and the diplomatic and political relations at the dawn of the eighties.The thesis consists of four chapters, an introduction and a conclusion.Chapter one tackles (the internal developments in the Korean peninsula and its external relations up to 1975),chapter two studies ( The ROK relations with Middle East and the obstacles of the Iraqi - Korean approach a study of the delaying of the Iraqi relations with ROK),chapter three follows (Beginnings of Economic Relations between Iraq and ROK 1975 - 1991),and chapter four studies (Transformation Towards the Diplomatic and Political Relations for Enhancing the Economic Intetests1981 - 1991). Through study of the topic under consideration, we reached that the study of this period of the Iraqi relation with ROK clarify that it suffered of many obstacles which delayed the normal development of their relations. the influence of the United States and DPRK led to delay of Iraqi approach to ROK. The development of two countries relations was a part of ROK policy toward the Middle East and Arab World ,and the oil was a very important element for ROK relations with Middle East, Arab World and Iraq. Since the beginnings of seventies ,the Iraqi relations with ROK witnessed some development ,and "the Oil Shock " of 1973 after the Arab - Israel War of October led to change of East Asian perspective to the Arab World and inaugurating a new stage of mutual understanding of the Arab issues, especially the Palestinian Cause. This transformation contributed to the growing of relations of ROK and Japan with the Arab countries, such as Egypt, Iraq, Saudia Arabia and other Arab Gulf States. At the second half of the seventies decade, the Iraqi relations with ROK witnessed a dramatic transformation in economic aspect, and since the beginning of eighties ,the two countries attempted to expand their relation to diplomatic and political aspects, and they could to crown these efforts by opening the Iraqi and Korean embassies in Baghdad and Seoul respectively, but the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 and the American intervention of 1991 led to cutting of the diplomatic and political relation between the two countries.It is very important to point out that the Korean companies ,such as Hyundai, contributed to inaugurating the economic Iraqi - Korean relations and this company and its enthusiast staff hardly working to develop these relation to the diplomatic and political levels to serve the economic interests of the Korean companies in Iraq.Hyuandai succeeded in its efforts, and especially its executive director and the 10th president of ROK, Lee Myong Pak,who was working faithfully for Korean entering to the Iraqi markets. Anyway, the Iraqi relations with ROK suffered during seventies, eighties from many problems related to the conditions of the two countries and the affections of international relations in East Asia and the Middle East.The information of this thesis will contribute for more understanding of the two countries elites of the obstacles which confronted their approach ,and benefit from these problem to expand and enhance their political, economic and intellectual relations in the future.
الملخص:
المصادر:

عامر عبد الله ودوره السياسي والفكري في العراق (1924 - 2000) == Amer Abdullah And His Political And Intellectual Role In Iraq (1924 - 2000)

اسم المؤلف: غادة فائق محمد علي
اسم المشرف: اسامة عبد الرحمن نعمان الدوري
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Contemporary Iraq had witnessed several controversial figures in their political and intellectual attitudes, Subjected to many divergent assessments ,which made duality to understand such figures. This vision applied to the left - wing figures in particular, because of the history of communist party had seen conflicts and controversies, Strengthened by the unstable situations of Iraq, and the direct and indirect link to the Arab and international developments. This resulted in two different directions, the first condemns it, and the second appreciats its history and attitudes. One of the most important figures in communist party is Amer Abdullah, who played an active role, not inside the communist party only since he was one of its ideologists, but also in the contemporary history of Iraq as well. He was close to Abd al - Karim Qasim, and Minister of State in presidency of Ahmed Hassan al - Bakr, so he played An active part in two contradictory phases of the republican era.The thesis consists of an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter tackles, the early social, political and intellectual formation , and his early political career 1924 - 1949. This chapter includes two sections : the first deals with his social, political and intellectual life, and the second observe his early attitudes and political visions 1946 - 1949.The second chapter covers the political activity of Amer Abdullah 1949 - 1963. It consists of two sections, the first discusses the political activity of Amer Abdullah 1949 - 1958, and the second clarifies the political activity of Amer Abdullah 1958 - 1963, which was the first open work in the history of Iraqi Communist Party. The third chapter focuses on the political activity of Amer Abdullah 1963 - 2000, It is composed of three sections, the first handles the return of Amer Abdullah to the political bureau as a member. The second looks into his role in the negotiations with the Arab Ba'ath Socialist Party. The third section concentrates on the foreign role and activities of Amer Abdullah.The fourth chapter examines the intellectual activity of Amer Abdullah through his deeds. It is made up of four sections, the first treats the vision of Amer Abdullah to the socialist experiment of the Soviet Union and Cuba. The second investigates the vision of Amer Abdullah toward the concept of art, literature, social sciences and natural sciences. The third section displays his vision to the democratic thought and global peace with his efforts to achieve this slogan. The fourth section reviews some Arab issues like the evolution of Arab unity concept for Amer Abdullah.The thesis has reached several conclusions, the main important of which are : - Amer Abdullah has personal ambitions, strengthened by his ability and self - confidence, which led him to take important positions in Iraqi communist party, till he became one of its theorists. - It seems that Amer Abdullah has the ability to study the facts on the ground accurately with farsightedness, he was not right - wing or left - wing, but he was a balanced personality in his stands, inducing the reality of his country, and tried to cope with it. - Amer Abdallah built personal relationships with the leader Abd al - Karim Qasim (1958 - 1963) and President Ahmed Hassan al - Bakr (1968 - 1979) and won the trust of the two men and was very close to them. Interestingly, they consulted him not in political matters only, but also in multiple aspects, especially in the years of the rule of Ahmed Hassan al - Bakr, in spite of ideological differences between the two men, al - Bakr was military man holds a nationalist thoughts, and Amer Abdullah was a communist and the intellectual distance between them is not near.
الملخص:
المصادر:

سابور الثاني سيرته وانجازاته (309 - 379م) == The Shapur II : His Biography And Achievements (309 - 379 AD)

اسم المؤلف: اسيل مهدي كاظم محمد ال اسماعيل
اسم المشرف: عادل شابث جابر
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ القديم
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: With the aid of God, I have finished my thesis entitled (The Shapur II (309 - 379 AD) His Biography and Achievements) in which I concluded the following : The study is Sassanid state is an important theme because it coincided the Roman Empire in its prime. The Sassanid state has witnessed dangerous transformations whether from religious point or assuming the throne. The coronation of Shapur II which he was in his mother’s womb is an unprecedented phenomenon. Shapur II was the guardian of his kingdom since childhood. The Arab - Sassanid relations were aggressive since the early times of founding the Sassanid state. The aggressive policy of the Sassanid state was exemplified in the invasion of Hadar, and the defeat on the hands of Utheina the king of Palmyra. The Sassanid desired to maintain their western and south - western frontiers. They assisted the kingdom of Al - Heira Kingdom to be a separating state. The Sassanids managed to penetrate the western coast of the Arab Gulf. Their state extended to Oman and Bahrain, but their position in the region was hampered by the Arab tribes. The Sassanid policy was characterized by aggression against Arabs. That was exemplified by the oppression of Shapur II (shoulders) of the Arabs of Yamama, Hager, Kadhima and Bahrain and killing many of them in a brutal nonhuman manner by piercing their shoulders. Hence, his nickname. We also found that the Raman - Sassanid struggle was renewed in the regency of Ardsher. In the year 228 AD he invaded the Roman pockets in the East and achieved victory in Armenia which he managed to annex to the Sassanid empire. His son Shapur I (241 - 272 AD) had also fought the Romans and defeated them and captured their Emperor Valerian. But he was defeated by Utheina the kind of Palmyra in 260 AD, who recaptured all the territories lost in Syria. In the regency of Bahram I (276 - 293 AD) the war with Roman Empire broke out. while the armies of Bahram was involved in a war with the Romans his brother Mermozd announced mutiny and wanted to form a separate state which forced Bahram to end the war with the Romans. When Nercy son of Shapur came (293 - 302) to power the struggle between the Sassanid and the Romans renewed. The reason for this was the expulsion of Tredat the king of Armenia by Nercy because he had allegiance to the Romans. The Roman leader Galerius managed to inflict defeat to the Sassanid armies and all the family members even his wife. The defeat resulted in the cession for provinces in minor Armenia by Nercy to the Romans and the king is crowned as a king of Armenian. Iberia (Georgia) recognized the prevalence of the emperor when the Sassanid imposed their domination over the Coshinains by military force. They resorted to the relationship by marriage. The two states reached to a truce and peace treaty when they went to war. The struggle between the two states, Roman and the Sassanid, was focused on regions all the four centuries in areas like Armenia, which was important in the Parthian Age. The Roman attacks came as a reaction to the Sassanid campaigns like the attacks of Arshder be alexander Sferus and Valerian. The Romans regarded the Sassanid as their foils. They were addressing the king in their correspondence as brother. They likened some to the rising moon. The era of Shapur was a glorious era as far as the Sassanid state is concerned for his conquests. Hence he is called the Great Shapur. Shapur II called himself The King of East and West and Shahinshah.
الملخص:
المصادر:
1 ... 53 54 55 56 57 ... 202