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اسرة الزياني ودورها في تاريخ البحرين حتى نهاية القرن العشرين : دراسة تاريخية == Al - Zayani Family and its Role in the History of Bahrain Until the End of the Twentieth Century (Historical study)

اسم المؤلف: ياسر ماضي كاظم الغانمي
اسم المشرف: عبد الرسول شهيد عجمي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة ذي قار - كلية الاداب - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Despite of the number of historical scientific studies that dealt with various issues and issues of the Gulf region, and its various aspects and conditions, the researchers did not give any attention or little attention to the study of one of the important topics is to delve into the history of non - ruling families, And the role of the ruling families, especially in the establishment and formation of these Emirates or countries, has effectively contributed to the strengthening of its status and the height and deepen its existence, something not previously heard by researchers as we thought This is why we chose to study the history of an important family that played a leading role in the formation and establishment of the State of Bahrain. It also contributed to its history and its present time alongside the ruling family. This family was the family of Al - zayani, who took the title of head of our study (Al - zayani family and its role in the history of Bahrain until the end of the twentieth century) historical study. The researcher divided the subject of his study on introduction, preface and three chapters, as well as the conclusion of the subject. The introductory section was divided into two sections that included giving a brief picture of the country in which most of the family members settled, namely Bahrain. The second topic is entitled (An overview of the history of Bahrain from the earliest ages until independence) ) The first chapter deals with (the first historical roots of this family). In view of the difficulty in dealing with all the details and the names of the tribes and their branches from the subdivisions of them, we decided to divide the chapters of the topics according to the vision Historians represented the four stages of history (ancient, intermediate, modern and contemporary) with some overlapping between them. The first section was entitled "The Adnanites and the Sons of Adwan." The Adnanites represent the history of the ancient Al - zayani family, while the sons of Adwan represented the intermediate history of this family. Ml address (the sons of Khalid and Al - zayanih) as the sons of Khalid representing the history of Al - zayani family in the modern era, while contemporary history such as Al - zayanih her. Since the Al - zayani family has been famous for centuries as a business family in the Gulf and India regions, the second chapter of the study was devoted to the most important contributions to the economic renaissance of Bahrain. The study of the most prominent pearl traders from the family, while the second section entitled (Al - zayaniyah between pearl and car dealerships) as the researcher touched on the stage of trade transition passed by the Al - zayani family between the pearl and car trade as the signs of that move began from the beginning of the nest Rinat of the twentieth century, which was interrupted by difficult conditions experienced by the Al - zayani family and suffered from many difficulties until it almost lost its commercial status, but the family quickly grasped its difficult situation and began to revive its business again by opening several shops to sell various materials, but This trade did not last long, as was mentioned the most prominent names of traders from the family in this subject, some of whom experienced the commercial movement of the family between the pearl trade, shops and trade cars, the third topics of the chapter is devoted to talk about the first beginnings of Al - zayani to agencies. The company has also reviewed the most important commercial branches for the sale of cars which were opened by Al - zayani in the Gulf and the Arab region, as well as a review of the most important problems faced by Al - zayani Family Company and attempts to find suitable solutions for them. The aggravation eventually led to the collapse of the family company, specifically the end of the twentieth century, when the company was divided into more than one branch took each one of them works like him after the partners shared the property of the parent company. The third chapter of the study was titled "The contributions of the Al - zayani family in the political, scientific and social fields", which included two topics, the first of which was devoted to studying the contributions and activities of the family in the political field, especially in the Bahraini national movement, with the most prominent political positions recorded by the members to support the issues In Bahrain and abroad. The second part of the chapter covered the contributions of the Al - zayani family in the field of education and the most prominent social services provided. The study included two main points. The first focused on the contribution of the Al - zayani family to the establishment of formal education in Bahrain. Dating back to the twentieth century. In addition, the study included a conclusion in which the researcher reported the most important findings concerning the subject of his study, which was the most prominent that the Al - zayani family has passed through its history in several roles, it was the first role purely economically when it was practicing pearl trade and diving behind this role Has started in the old and continued until the twenties of the twentieth century, that is, their role was one - sided until the twentieth century, and then start their role, which is a role of political - economic Some members of the family went to the national movement, while others went to business, A double role, either Aldo The latter had three dimensions or aspects : political, economic and social, as this role was characterized by development and expansion through the establishment of the Al - zayani family to take care of many fields that have become widespread and the complexity and continuity of these roles to the present

فاروق صالح العمرسيرته ونشاطه الوظيفي ودوره السياسي ومنهجه في التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر حتى عام 2018 == Farooq Salih Al - Omer and his Method in Writing History

اسم المؤلف: محمد ساجت محول الظالمي
اسم المشرف: متعب خلف جابر الريشاوي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة المثنى - كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: المثنى
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Recently, the academic personals in the field of history have got the interest of the Iraqi universities as they had great effect in revealing several historical facts. They have prominent role in shaping the track of history writing in Iraq. Dr. Farooq Salih Al - Omar is considered as a one of those who presented many participations to the contemporary school of history in Iraq through his scientific carrier that lasted for about sixty years.The present study has included an introduction, four chapters, and conclusions . Chapter One is concerned with the social life of Farooq Salih Al - Omar and his scientific and carrier background. It includes a glance of his social life and the nature of his study from the primary stage going through completing his Ph.D. in Egypt ,and his carrier in the Ministry of Knowledge in 1959 to the time of the present study.Chapter Two, on the other hand, is devoted to study the political activity of Farooq Salih Al - Omar in which the researcher explores what happened to Al - Omar during changing the ruling system from Kingdom to Republic in 1958 which has affected his political ideas and got him to join Al - Ba'ath Arabian Communist party in 1959.Chapter Three deals with his administrative participations and his scientific and educational efforts. It explores his contribution in establishing Al - Basrah Documents center in 1990 in the Universityof Basrah and establishing the college of Historical studies in the University of Basrah in 2000, and investigates his relationships with the chancellors of the University of Basrah since moving his services to it in 1969 until his retirement in 2009. In addition, it notify his scientific and educational efforts and his method of teaching and supervising.Chapter Four investigates the method of Farooq Salih Al - Omar in the writing of history which is based on the analytical study. It views five of his publications as living samples to know his method in writing history. In addition, three of his published books in the scientific periodicals were analyzed. The study also has included some appendixes which document the life of Al - Omar.Throughout the study, the researcher has concluded several things about Al - Omar, most importantly the following : 1. He is descended from a family which was known by its social and scientific position.2. The environment that he grew in has affected his cultural and political ideas.3. His study in the Teachers institute is considered as his real turning point in his scientific, cultural, political, and ideological life 4. Changing the ruling system in Iraq from kingdom into republic in 1958 has participated in his joining to Al - Ba'ath Arabian party in 1959.5. His writing method has been characterized as being simple ,smooth , and strong. It was empty of complex words. His method was scientific and accurate, and his ordering of the events was logical. Finally, his analysis was scientific and he refused the explanations that are based on self - measurements

دور العائلات الفارسية السياسي والفكري في الدولة المغولية في الهند 1526 - 1859 م == The Political and Intellectual Roles of Persian Families in the Mughal Empire into India (1526 - 1859)

اسم المؤلف: سكينة بجاي محسن
اسم المشرف: اسعد حميد ابو شنة
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة المثنى - كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: المثنى
الصفحات الاولى:

حميد احمد حمدان التميمي سيرته واسهاماته العلمية == Hamid Ahmed Hamdan Al Tamimi His biography and scientific contributions

اسم المؤلف: كرار حسين كاظم الفتلاوي
اسم المشرف: متعب خلف جابر الريشاوي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة المثنى - كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: المثنى
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: After studying the biography of Professor Hamid Ahmed Hamdan Tamimi and his scientific achievements through the four chapters of the letter, there are important conclusions reached by the study is as follows : - The facts presented in this study allow us to say that the environment in which Dr. Humaid Ahmad Hamdan al - Tamimi came out has a great impact on his intellectual and scientific orientations, especially his family, his professors and his surroundings, like the second generation of Iraqi historians who still had their clear impressions in the field of historical studies . Al - Tamimi, like other Iraqi academics, did not rely heavily on the former Baathist governments, which kept him away from the classroom and in training. Not only did he open his doors to others who were close to her, And his broad knowledge that he possesses the qualifications and expertise distinguished by others. Dr. Hamid Ahmed Hamdan Al - Tamimi is based on a broad base of accumulated knowledge of historical events as well as comprehensive knowledge of the basic aspects of Iraq's modern and contemporary history, the history of the Arab world and the modern and contemporary Arabian Gulf, . The scientific methodology of Tamimi seeks to reshape the historical event as it was signed with the utmost precision and clarity committed to the scientific secretariat is high, and so is interested in all the particles and details to the comprehensive view of the historical treatment, the topics and studies are overflowing with a lot of historical scientific information, based on the abundance of knowledge and diversity The multiple interpretations of the historical event document what he went through the basic and primary sources of each and every aspect of historical research. Dr. Hamid Ahmed Hamdan is a living example of scientific persistence and intellectual giving. He is one of the few who gave birth to the University of Basrah, and from the first generation, which is rarely repeated in terms of the richness ofhis knowledge and his flowing contribution, which has been harvested for many years in research, studies, readings, writings and scientific participations. At the level of the interior and abroad, and supervision of the letters and scientific messages and the adoption of administrative and scientific positions - Professor Hamid Ahmed Hamdan Tamimi, through this study looked a brilliant man in his specialty and a historian of glory in his books Rsina in his proposals, loyal to his country to the point where the promotion of non - specialized work in the Ministry of Transport and Communication to the level of idealism.

الموقف الباكستاني من الغزو السوفيتي لافغاننستان 1979 - 1989 == The Pakistani Attitude From the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979 - 1989)

اسم المؤلف: ايمان محبس مدلول الطاهر
اسم المشرف: اسعد حميد ابو شنة
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة المثنى - كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: المثنى
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Afghanistan has undergone many major transformations on all of the political, military, economic and social levels that had a significant impact on its local and regional status. Due to its geographical position, Afghanistan had a special significance because of its proximity to the crossroads of three different civilized centers; Central Asia, The Indian sub - continent and the Middle East, which became controversial over the years between the major powers dominating the world at the time. Since the beginning of its modern history, the location of Afghanistan represented for the Soviet Union an important strategic position that made the Soviet Union aspire to polarize Afghanistan towards it, despite the fact that Afghanistan, after getting rid of the British dependency in 1919, had taken the non - aligned policy as a slogan of the state and became far from interventions that took place in the outside world, including alliances of the two World Wars I and I.But the major and regional countries neighboring Afghanistan had another opinion, the most prominent of which are the Soviet Union and Pakistan. the Soviet Union, being geographically adjacent to Afghanistan thought that it was necessary to control this country and manipulate it, then take control of Pakistan to ensure they were not dragged into the Western camp. The Soviet Union began to politically, economically, and even socially contain Afghanistan by spreading communist ideas to extract Afghanistan from its religious enclosure so that it could dictate its conditions upon it. In economic terms, the Soviet Union bound Afghanistan to many treaties in order to vigorously link the Afghan economy to the Soviet one. Therefore, Afghanistan embraced countless treaties that made the Soviet Union the sole controller of the Afghan economy. Culturally, the Soviet Union brought to Afghanistan the means of education and ideas that went in line with the Communist Party, which was rapidly spreading in Afghanistan ahead of the invasion.Pakistan's close proximity to Afghanistan and the social, linguistic, cultural and religious ties between the two countries had played a major role in moving the Afghan society to the desired destination of Pakistan and its allies, as the allies of Pakistan, especially the United States of America, knew how to approach Afghanistan under the umbrella of religion and Islamic Jihad since the Islamic religion in Afghanistan has the upper hand. Hence, Pakistan had been at the forefront of what was going on in Afghanistan - the Soviet invasion of it in 1979 .This in itself did not appeal to the other anti - Soviet forces, i.e., the US, which felt that Afghanistan had been dragged to the Eastern Camp.Through the above study we have highlighted the position of Pakistan from the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan and have come to conclude the following results : The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 - 1989 represented an important event on the regional and international scene. Major and regional countries were unable to stand still because of the very important effects they had on manyBcountries, especially in Asia. Pakistan was one of the most affected countries for several reasons, some were related to its foreign policy and regional relations with its neighbors, especially India and the unsettled issues between them, while other reasons were related to its relations with major countries - the United States and the Soviet Union - and Pakistan's need for a strong ally to support it in the face of the regional challenges, as well as the challenges of internal building and the advancement of the country's economy. There were many things that manifested Pakistan's hostile attitude towards the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan : Pakistan considered the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan as the greatest threat to its security and may be greater than the traditional Indian threat, besides the fear of Pakistan that the Soviet Union might take use of its borders to reach their desired goal, i. e., warm waters. The Soviet invasion did not serve the interests of Pakistan, especially on the internal, social, and economic levels, because of the effects that resulted from the invasion such as the social problems and economic losses that had increased the burden of the emerging Pakistani economy. The advanced Indo - Soviet relations had a significant impact on directing Pakistan's position towards the Afghan issue. Pakistan felt that it had become politically and ideologically hostile to both countries. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was a strategic security threat to the Pakistan national security as the Soviet forces were coming closer to the Pakistani borders. Pakistan's rejection of the Soviet invasion was based on maintaining Pakistan's national security, including India's threat. Pakistan had not been able to determine the appropriate bases in the face of this great challenge due to its limited economic, political and military capabilities compared to the Soviet Union, so it had to rely on the great powers that would be an adversary to the Soviet Union and diverging in ideological goals; the United States represented this type of force.Hence, both Pakistan and Afghanistan mattered in the Cold War, and turned to have an important role in the eyes of the US, just as the Soviet Union had presence in Afghanistan, the United States had to be close to it, and Pakistan represented the most appropriate place for that presence. Pakistan was the base of financing, training, and equipping the Afghan resistance factions against the Soviet forces in Afghanistan, besides the great political and intelligence presence of the United States. Pakistani territory was the most important base for all of the young people, who wanted to fight the Soviet forces, coming from various regions of the Islamic world.

ال الحرفوش في بعلبك 1497 - 1865م : دراسة تاريخية

اسم المؤلف: زهرة محمد حلو الشيباني
اسم المشرف: متعب خلف جابر الريشاوي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة المثنى - كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: المثنى
الصفحات الاولى:

العلاقات المصرية - الهندية 1952 - 1970 == Egyptian - Indian relations 1952 - 1970

اسم المؤلف: هشام نعيم غليم الكعبي
اسم المشرف: ايلاف عاصم مصطفى
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: الجامعة المستنصرية - كلية التربية الاساسية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The political relations of the countries are complex and multifaceted aspects and dimensions as they represent the goals and self - interest of each state to other countries or movements or revolutions or international events and others, and the Egyptian - Indian political relations of those relations affected by the international events that occurred in the Middle East, and the interventions and projects launched Countries . Egypt and India are major countries with weight and influence in the regional and international affairs. They both have great demographic and economic weight, and are based on ancient civilization and cultural components. They are therefore receiving regional and international attention. The subject of the Egyptian - Indian relations was divided into an introduction, a preface, three chapters and a conclusion. Each chapter contains several topics according to the subject unit and the historical sequence. The study is devoted to studying the roots of Egyptian - Indian relations for the years prior to the time period of the letter. The first chapter studied the Indian - Egyptian relations (1955 - 1952), and this era is full of political events in the Middle East. The chapter included four topics. The first came to study : India's position on the revolution of July 23, 1952 in Egypt. The Egyptian - British evacuation in 1954. The third topic dealt with the Egyptian - Egyptian position of the 1955 Baghdad Pact. The fourth topic focused on the Egyptian - Indian role at the 1955 Bandung Conference. The second chapter is devoted to the study of Egyptian - Indian relations (1956 - 1961). It includes three topics. The first is the position of India on the nationalization of the Suez Canal in 1956. The second section deals with the official and popular Indian position on the tripartite aggression against Egypt 1956, Addressing India's position on Egyptian - Syrian unity and separation (1958 - 61).The third chapter deals with the Egyptian - Indian relations in light of the regional developments 1962 - 1970. It also includes three topics. The first topic is the Egyptian position on the Indo - Chinese conflict 1962 - 1963. The second section deals with Egypt's position on the death of Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. 1964, and the third topic dealt with the role of Egypt in the Indo - Pakistan war on Kashmir 1965, and the fourth section dealt with the position of India of the Arab - Israeli war 1967. He pointed out that Egypt and India are two major regional states and are based on a long - standing civilization, a distinct strategic position, and the population and civilization. The Egyptian - Indian relations have not experienced any problems or tensions during their history because of the absence of geographic borders, regional competition or ideological conflict. On the contrary, relations have always improved, developed and converged views and interests at all levels. Egypt and India pursued a liberal policy aimed at freeing their countries from British hegemony. These efforts culminated in India's independence. This led Egypt to cancel its treaty with Britain and to demand that Britain withdraw from the Suez Canal. India also announced its support for Egypt, promised nationalization of the Egyptian sovereignty supplements and it is an internal issue. He also described the tripartite aggression against Egypt as an aggression against peace and a flagrant attack on the resolutions of the United Nations (General Assembly). Egypt has used its political and diplomatic relations with India to develop relations with the convergence of viewpoints in political positions in international forums. These approaches are converged through the conferences of the Non - Aligned Movement and strive to unify political efforts to make the region a permanent peace zone free of weapons and military bases. - Egypt's position on the issue of Kashmir between India and Pakistan and its neutral stance on regional and international issues from India's point of view are positive positions that push the bilateral relations between Egypt and India to the best and the best.

العلاقات الايرانية اللبنانية 1953 - 1979 == Iranian Lebanese relations 1953 - 1979

اسم المؤلف: احمد طعمة جعفر الموسوي
اسم المشرف: جميل موسى النجار
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: الجامعة المستنصرية - كلية التربية الاساسية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The study of the Iranian - Lebanese relations is considered an important topic, because Lebanon for the Iranian government is one of the most essential countries in the Middle East. Hence, good relations between these two countries through different periods of times cannot be ignored especially during the era of the Safavid state which invited Shiite scholars from Jabal Amel to support and strengthen state in Iran. The most prominent of these scholars were Sheikh Ali bin Abdul Aali al - Ameli, who died in 1533, known as the “Al - Karaki the editor”, and Sheikh Hussain bin Abdul - Samad al - Amali, who died in 1576. The children of these scholars are still living in Iran, and thus the roots of the religious relations between the two countries became a reason for the development of political, economic and cultural relations in later periods.Yet, the first action in the political relations between the two countries dates back to the period of the Lebanese President Camille Chamoun (1952/1958), who is considered the first Lebanese friend to Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza, and who is credited for setting up political relations with Iran through his government's first treaty of friendship and cooperation between the two states in 17 October 1953. After that, the relations evolved to change the title of the Iranian Commission operating in Beirut to the rank of embassy and Rahmat Atabaki became “Ambassador of Iran” instead of “Minister Plenipotentiary”, while Lebanese President Camille Chamoun paid an official visit to Iran on 17 October 1956 for the purpose of rapprochement between the two countries, especially in the issue of Baghdad Pact. These relations were reinforced by joining the American policy through the accession of Iran and Lebanon to the Eisenhower project in March 1957, until President Chamoun ordered on March 5, 1957 to upgrade the Lebanese Commission working in Iran to Embassy, for the purpose of rapprochement with Iran due to the fear of the policy of President Abdel Nasser, the enemy of the Shah’s regime at that time, as President Chamoun was reluctant to the influence of Nasser in Lebanon. As a result of Chamoun’s pro - Iranian and pro - Western policy, an internal pro - Nasser opposition emerged in Lebanon in 1958 to topple Chamoun’s government, and this let to the outbreak of the 1958 uprising which was almost able to reach its goal but the interference of the Marines plus the military and financial support provided by the Shah of Iran to Chamoun’s prevented realizing this goal, and the crises ended up by electing Major General Fuad Shehab as President of "Lebanon in 1958" as successor to President Camille Chamoun.As president Shehab became in office, the Iranian - Lebanese relations cooled due the new Lebanese government's inclination towards Egyptian policy against Iran and its allies, and because of the positions of Iranian Ambassador Ali Fattouhi in Lebanon and his statements against President Gamal Abdel Nasser which led to expelling the Iranian ambassador in Beirut by the Lebanese government, and hence Lebanon broke its relations with Iran in January 1966 for 16 month until April 1967.After the re - establishment of relations, another development took place in the course of the Iranian - Lebanese relations, and this time relating to the arrest of the former head of the Iranian Savak, General Timur Bakhtiar, whose return to Iran was demanded by Tehran government because of judicial files against him. However, the Lebanese judiciary refused to send him back to Iran, and was released from Lebanese prisons after the end of the sentence. The Iranian government announced the breaking of its relations with Lebanon on April 1, 1969, which lasted until July 16, 1971.After the re - establishment of relations, Iran exploited the sectarian religious factor in Lebanon by supporting some charitable projects for the Shiite community in Lebanon, but this work did not last long until the dispute with the presidency of the Supreme Shiite Council in Lebanon, specifically with Imam Musa al - Sadr arouse due to the presence of Mustafa Jimaran (the head of the Iranian opposition) in South Lebanon which made the Iranian government neglect the affairs of the Shiite community in Lebanon, and instead it consolidated its relations with the Christian community especially with the The Lebanese Phalanges Party (Al - Kataeb) led by Pierre Gemayel and The National Liberal Party (Ḥizb Al - Waṭaniyyīn Al - Aḥrār) led by Camille Chamoun. When the Lebanese civil war broke out the Iranian government sided with the Christian factions while the Iranian people and its religious establishments supported the Muslims through offering humanitarian aid to those affected by the civil war.Economic relations were an important aspect of the relations between the two countries. For that reason, the Iranian government held an economic treaty with Lebanon on 5 July 1956, and thus trade between the two countries increased. As for touristic relations, these were also present in the course of relations between the two countries, where a tourism treaty was signed on December 9, 1973, which led to the prosperity of the economic life of Lebanon as Lebanon depends on tourism in support of its economic budgets. In the field of cultural relations, Iran supported the cultural aspect because it viewed Lebanon as the heart of the Arab world of the cultural domain, which accelerated in the conclusion of a cultural treaty on October 17, 1956. These were the relations between the two countries at all levels during 1953 - 1979

نوبار باشا ودوره السياسي في مصر حتى عام 1895 == Nubar Pasha and his political role in Egypt until 1895

اسم المؤلف: لؤي جمعة فاضل
اسم المشرف: عماد نعمة العبادي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: الجامعة المستنصرية - كلية التربية الاساسية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: After studying the personality of Nubar Pasha and his political role in Egypt we can say that he was considered one of the prominent figures and active and influential in the course of the events of Egypt during the nineteenth century and although it is Armenian, but his memory remained stuck in the memory of the Egyptians has launched several labels on as many as possible His name included a street in the name of Nubar Pasha in Cairo, the Nubaria region, the Nubaria canal, the Nubari plow, the Nubari cotton, the Nubari cotton, and the Egyptian father of the peasant, let alone the most influential government positions he was assigned to, which required the experience and political skill of Nubar Pasha. The names mentioned above and the positions he has assumed reflect the fact that he had an active and influential role in the modern history of Egypt. He also received the respect of the successive governments, which did not change any of the names that confirm their appreciation for his efforts in the service of Egypt. Several factors contributed to the formation of his personality, On the political performance, including He grew up in an Armenian family that had considerable experience in administrative and commercial affairs. He studied in the schools of France and Switzerland, where he learned a lot of Western culture and foreign languages. He was married to Folek Hanim, daughter of Kevork Bek, one of the most famous Armenian families in Astana, Which facilitated Nubar Pasha's many tasks entrusted to him in addition to his good relations with foreign communities and consuls of foreign countries And then included in the functions from the time of Muhammad Ali Pasha until the reign of Abbas Hilmi II All these factors helped Nubar Pasha to form a broad knowledge of the country's political conditions, which gave him the hard ground and facilitated the performance of his functions well and able Nubar Pasha was internationally recognized as a representative of Egypt in many foreign conferences and his important international negotiations, especially during the reign of Khedive Ismail. He was fluent and spoke in many foreign languages. He was able to influence those who dealt with them and the possibility of convincing them of his point of view. Extensive experience in various administrative and political affair In spite of the great political role played by Nubar Pasha, he was criticized for establishing mixed courts. However, correspondence between him and Khedive Ismail (1863 - 1879) about its establishment confirms that his negotiations with the privileged countries were based on the wishes of Khedive Ismail and his orders And his advice to reform Egypt's deteriorating judicial system. Thus, Nubar Pasha alone is not responsible for establishing mixed courts In spite of these criticisms, Nubar Pasha considered that Egypt's independence does not depend on a concession from the high door that costs the country a heavy price, but on the strength and good management of Egypt, which in his opinion is very difficult as long as there are seventeen consulates, For the power of Khadio himself, so he started to proceed Judicial reform on the basis of unity in legislation, justice and implementation to ensure the achievement of justice for all And include the Europeans and Egyptians alike and thus prevail justice and the power of Khedive Ismael and the power of consensual consuls, but his project was not achieved because of the aspirations of European countries The courts have been subjected to numerous criticisms because their laws differ from Islamic law and are used in French, English and Italian instead of Arabic, and the presence of European judges, often characterized by favoritism to their citizens, leading to dishonesty. Moreover, most Egyptians were ignorant of the laws of these courts, which left them prey to blackmailing European moneylenders. Although these courts were manifestations of foreign influence, Therefore, Nubar Pasha is considered one of the most important figures who were characterized by nostalgia for the Egyptians, compassion for them, attention to their interests, care for their affairs and guardianship of their affairs when they confronted tyranny, corruption, nepotism, forced labor, privileges, taxes and other things. I weighed on them

الاوضاع الاقتصادية والاجتماعية في المملكة المتوكلية اليمنية 1926 - 1962 == The Social and Economical Situations in the Yemeni Mutawaqli Kingdom 1926 - 1962

اسم المؤلف: ماهر محمود صالح الجبوري
اسم المشرف: كريم طلال مسير الركابي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: الجامعة المستنصرية - كلية التربية الاساسية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The Yemeni Mutawaqli Kingdom is considered the important part of Yemeni which lies on the northern part of it. It was occupied by the Ottmon State. Many radical events took place in the time of First World War (1914 - 1918). It supports to form a political entity. So many social and economical status (1926 - 1962) is considered the natural outcome to the political of the Emam Yahya Hameed and his successive son Al - Emam Ahmed which had great effect on the nature of the Yemeni society. The following study has concluded the following findings : • The Mutawakly kingdom has founded after the fall of the Ottman kingdom (1914 - 1918)• Economically, the area of the kingdom has characterized with a fertilizing land, having availability of grains and crops that help make strong economy.• The kingdom has relied on traditional and primitive industry such as pottery dyeing colors and textiles, leather industries and sesame oil and making mats, scooping and getting little oil - drilling depending on the foreign capitals.• The trade had been deteriorated during the area of Al - Emam Yahya due to many reasons such as lack of transportation and lack of banking transactions. • The study reveals that Al - Emam Ahmed had made many reforms in the field of economical and social life and hold many contracts with Russia and Japan and some other Arabian and European countries and some American companies for the purpose of developing economy

الاوضاع الداخلية في كركوك 1958 - 1968 == The internal situations in Kirkuk 1958 - 1968

اسم المؤلف: مريم محمود عيدان الجبوري
اسم المشرف: حسين علي فليح الخزرجي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: الجامعة المستنصرية - كلية التربية الاساسية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The Kirkuk Brigade is one of the most important Iraqi brigades, occupying an important strategic position in northern Iraq, making it a North - South link, As well as containing the black gold (oil), which is the greatest wealth in the world, in addition to the fact that the brigade is an important agricultural area, It includes a colorful social structure composed of different nationalities and spectrums of Turkmen, Arabs and Kurds, As well as the different religions and doctrines in which Muslims, Christ and Jews previously, all of them live together as brothers and lovers are linked with the bonds of friendship, marriage, love and brotherhood, All of this made the brigade of Kirkuk the focus of everyone's attention is the heart of Iraq's spring. During the period 1958 - 1968, the Kirkuk Brigade witnessed clear developments in all its political, social and economic situations, As the revolution of 14 July 1958 and the subsequent political events had a positive and negative impact on the brigade in particular, The political events and the political struggle for power that the country experienced during the study period had a negative effect on the Kirkuk Brigade. The results were clear in 1959 as the worst massacre in the history of the brigade, Moreover, the revolution of July 14, 1958 had positive effects on its behalf if the government undertook many urban projects in order to promote and raise the social, cultural and economic level of the country. The researcher reached the following conclusions : • As a result of a new republican regime, administrative changes were required, as some administrative units moved on the one hand, and new areas of the brigade were created as a result of the expansion of some administrative units and the increase in the number of its inhabitants.• The researcher realized that the powers of the military ruler were during the rule of Abdul Karim Qasim far more than the powers of the administrator and became all civil matters in his hand as well as that the local administration has become subject to his supervision, which made the military rule until 1963 when the arrival of Abdul Salam Aref to power canceled the post The military ruler and expanded the powers of the executive.• In the field of education and education in the brigade, the government took care of this aspect a lot and worked hard to raise the level of cultural and during the period of study and the opening and restoration of several schools within the Kirkuk Brigade, and encouraged the education of women and opened secondary schools for girls and received primary education luck, Primary schools in the brigade, This is due to the large numbers of people and the importance of education, As well as the availability of all educational services, including free education, which was an encouraging factors that prompted families to send their children to school, We also note that the number of schools opened during the reign of Abdul Salam Aref was less, as we compared in the preparation of schools opened during the reign of Abdul Karim Qasim, This is due to the lack of government allocations for the budget of education and directing it to another area to carry out other projects because of the government's sense of self - sufficiency in the preparation of schools.• In the health field, it has also received great attention from the government as many hospitals, health clinics and maternity and childhood centers were opened during the study period to raise the level of health in the brigade, The researcher also found that the number of hospitals has decreased during 1967, due to the cases of integration and cancellation of the hospitals in the brigade, as well as the government's sense of self - sufficiency in the number of hospitals opened in the brigade reduced the health budget and turned it into the military establishment.• The transport and communications sector witnessed a remarkable development within the Kirkuk Brigade as the government took care of it. It established a passenger transport service as a result of the increase of the population of the brigade during that period. It also opened many bridges and roads and provided all social services to cope with development and change to raise the social level.• Agriculture in Kirkuk was characterized by the development of the republican era as a result of modern irrigation projects, including the introduction of modern agricultural means, including mechanization, as well as the construction of dams and dams, which raised the agricultural reality, as well as the agricultural environment of Kirkuk helped improve the quality of production.• The industry, along with traditional industries, found other handicraft industries that led to the establishment of factories and factories that concentrated in the main cities of the brigade. This led to the development of the internal trade of the brigade. Kirkuk became the center of the brigade, a commercial center, which led to the emergence of commercial markets which diversified in diversified commodities and industrial products. What distinguishes the study period is the establishment of an industrial bank that took upon itself the financing of industrial projects, which resulted in the emergence of civil projects in Kirkuk

التطورات السياسية في اليمن الشمالي 1968 - 1978 == Political developments in North Yemen 1968 - 1978

اسم المؤلف: سارة مكي عبد علي عباس الشمري
اسم المشرف: كاظم حسن جاسم
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة كربلاء - كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: كربلاء
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The tribe was one of the most powerful elements in the Yemeni cause. It had power and authority that exceeded the authority of the central government. Saudi Arabia exploited this matter and turned its attention to them because of the importance and location of Yemen to them and several regional and international countries intervened in Yemen after the fall of the monarchy. The people who took the leadership of Yemen، since the reign of the Imam and until the fall of the last leaders، were soldiers and not civilians، which had the result that they were in a clash and a permanent conflict with the authority of the tribe. The government was composed of the Presidential Council (the Revolutionary Command Council)، the ministers and the Advisory Council. The Advisory Council speaker was the elder Abdullah Bin Hussein Al - Ahmar and this had always made the government and the council in a permanent conflict. The conflict was between the government، the tribes and the elders. The elder Al - Ahmar was always the one who represented the conflict. In 1973، the Yemeni authority entered a dark path due to internal political disputes and conflicts. Abdul Rahman Al - Iryani decided to resign and agreed with the Advisory Council chairman that he would also resign. Yemen then entered a new phase، the stage of President Ibrahim Al - Hamdi. During this period، the power of the tribe was withheld and its influence removed from the army، which made the elders in enmity to Ibrahim Al - Hamdi. He was seeking to establish a civil state rather than a tribal state. When Ibrahim Al - Hamdi became the president، he took care of the army and the military rank and turned down the power influence of the tribes. The issue of unity with the South was of great interest in order to declare unity between them، but because of this policy was assassinated in a treacherous and ugly way and because of this regional and international intervention، the Yemeni people have never enjoyed the results of the revolution against the monarchy.In view of the importance of this historical period of the life of the Yemeni people from its political history، a topic was chosen for this message، which consisted initially of a prelude to Yemen's political، social and economic history before and after the revolution. The first chapter examined the period from 1968 - 1972، before Abdul Rahman al - Eryani stepped down from power to Ibrahim al - Hamdi، and the conflict between the republicans and the monarchists until the announcement of national reconciliation and the developments that took place after the declaration of reconciliation. The second chapter focuses on the causes of the conflict between the political forces and the coup done by Ibrahim al - Hamdi as well as meetings of the unity committees between Sana'a and Aden and the political differences between them، the coup of Ibrahim al - Hamdi or the June 13 corrective movement and the political parties in the era of Ibrahim al - Hamdi.The third chapter is about the political developments in 1975 - 1978 and what happened during that period، which is represented by some important events and the most important was Hamdi's assumption of power and the crime of assassination in a treacherous and ugly manner and the repercussions of the internal situation. The authority overtake of Hussein al - Khashmi and his assassination and Abdul Karim al - Arashi who overtook the power for 40 days to run the government and gave it up to Ali Abdullah Saleh.

الوزارات المستحدثة واثرها في الواقعين الاقتصادي والاجتماعي للعراق 1958 - 1963 == The Effect of Created Ministries on the Economic and social Aspects in Iraq 1958 - 1963

اسم المؤلف: سعد عبد الواحد عبد الخضر
اسم المشرف: حسن علي عبد الله السماك
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة القادسية - كلية التربية - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: القادسية
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The newly formed ministries in Iraq for the period from 1959 to 1963 represented the most comprehensive changes in the economic and social aspects. Thus, we can say that the July 14 th is a real revolution and not a military coup through its achievements in the advancement of the society. When laws were enacted, No. 74 of 1959, which included the creation of seven ministries, namely the Ministry of Agrarian Reform, the Ministry of Industry, the Ministry of Oil, the Ministry of Planning, the Ministry of Works and Housing, the Ministry of Municipalities and the Ministry of Commerce and The Ministry of Agrarian Reform came to implement the Law of Agrarian Reform No. 30 of 1958, which resulted in the identification of agricultural property, seeking to raise the level of agricultural farmers, establishing agricultural associations and agricultural cooperatives. In order to address the housing crisis in cities, following the increase of migration from rural to urban, the Ministry of Works and Housing In the cities and the need for different services, the Ministry of Municipalities was established. In order to follow up the factories and factories that the agreements with the Soviet Union and the socialist countries undertook to establish in Iraq, the Ministry of Agriculture, In order to control the oil wealth and exploit its revenues to increase national income and provide social services such as health, education, housing and raising the standard of living for individuals, the Ministry of Oil, which entered into negotiations with foreign oil companies operating in Iraq, issued Law No. 80 of 1961, which freed 99.5% Iraqi control of foreign companies.The government followed the policy of economic planning to achieve balance in all sectors of the national economy. The Ministry of Planning, after the abolition of the Ministry of Construction and the Ministry of Economy, and for the purpose of regulating the import and export process and make it consistent with the philosophy of the state and was serious in converting the citizen to a product more than consumer and limited consumption on the necessary materials and Iraq's trade with thecountries of the world, introduced the Ministry of Commerce, which sought to protect the citizen from exploitation when the adoption of the Government Sales Authorityand welfare.Department of research to the introduction and four chapters and conclusion, the first chapter dealt with the Iraqi Republic and directly the ministries of the Royal Covenant, The second chapter deals with the rapid social developments and their impact on the development of new ministries. The third chapter deals with agreements of technical and economic cooperation with the former Soviet Union and the countries of the socialist camp and the development of ministries to follow up their implementation. The fourth chapter sought to examine Iraq's foreign policy and its effect in developing new economic policies. The results of the study and analysis of the work of the ministries in the period of research, The researcher relied on a variety of sources, including unpublished documents kept in the library and documents of files of the royal court and the files of the Council of Sovereignty and administrative reports and the files of some ministries, then the published documents, the government publications issued by the ministries and publications of the Ministry of Guidance and publications of the Ministry of Justice, Industry and the Secretariat of the Capital, And then come letters and university papers and memos and many books of Arabic and Arab and some foreign books as well as the use of several periodicals, especially magazines and newspapers issued during that period, which was filled by the thesis and the list of sources and has been used for the researcher analytical approach as a method of work and I put the finishing touches in my dissertation, I did not claim that it is free of lapses and delusions because the perfect God only and finally put this dissertation in the hands of my distinguished professors and members of the discussion committee. I hope that their corrections will have a great role to reach the dissertation

تاريخ الاسلام في كتاب تاريخ مار ميخائيل السرياني الكبير بطريرك انطاكية حتى نهاية العصر الراشدي == History of Islam in the book of ‎the history of St. Michael the ‎ Great Syriac Patriarch of ‎Antioch until the end ‎ of the Rashidi era

اسم المؤلف: فاطمة يوسف عباس السعدي
اسم المشرف: زمان عبيد وناس | نـعـيـم عـبـد جـودة
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة كربلاء - كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: كربلاء
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Despite the contemporary Syriac historical events and recorded them in time, but we note many gaps and errors in the transfer of the historical event of St. Michael, some were deliberate and others inadvertently, and we will highlight the most important results we reached through this study : 1. Writing his book was motivated by religious, he addresses the audience of Christians of the East in the first degree and the audience of his church in the second degree.2. Adoption of the patterns of Byzantine yearbooks, followed by a special method in the classification of his book, combining the history of religious as stated in the Bible and the Byzantine yearbooks.3. Dry construction methods are not adopted.4. Michael was influenced by the Arab methods, and he quoted the methods of arranging the articles of his history and limiting them within specific years confined to the rule of the King, Khalifa or Sultan.5. The attribution was not mentioned in the events and replaced by the church fathers, scientists and historians.6. It is not based on Arab historians.7. Adopt the short and direct method of narration without going into details.8. History of the military aspect in the history of the Arab Islamic state, especially the Islamic conquests, and did not address the other aspects : civilization, culture, social status, economic situation and other aspects of life.9. The control of his saying of the divine punishment on his tendency to transfer the Syriac novel to the news of Al - Futuh.10. Accusing Islam of being a religion borrowed from Judaism and Christianity.11. Michael attributes the establishment of the Islamic state to war, murder, pillage and vandalism, and that Islam is based on the sword, and then we see it contradicts itself from this aspect in its history. We see elsewhere in his book that the Islamic religion and other religions did not interfere In matters of faith.12. He deliberately concealed many facts about certain things such as the tribute imposed on the people of Dhimah, which he referred only to its imposition, and did not mention its reasons, purpose and conditions, in order to emphasize that Islam is a religion of greed and greed whose purpose is material benefit.13. A comparison between Islam and Christ, and we see it sometimes in his presentation of the view of Islam to Christ and sometimes make mistakes.14. Many of the topics he talks about directly and without giving introductions to clarify the subject, we refer to the death of the Prophet  directly and without any introductions, and without mentioning the year of his death  or any other events in this regard, (7 years), and did not succeed in that years of the rule of the Prophet  more than seven years.15. He did not mention the old caliphate, its details, and how it was established at the time. It merely states that Abu Bakr is behind the Prophet in the ruling, and then mentions the death of Khalifa and another ruling.16. He addressed the Islamic conquests and the battles that took place during them, without mentioning the name of the battle, merely mentioning the events and the place where they occurred.17. Most of the names of the leaders of the Islamic armies did not mention them correctly, because it tells the events of the conquest of the Byzantine side.18. He referred to natural phenomena such as earthquakes and eclipses, but he did not succeed in mentioning them correctly and often see him exaggerating the story of events.19. He referred to the translation of the Gospel in the time of Caliph Umar ibn al - Khattab, but we found no reference to that translation in the Arab historical accounts, which may be an attempt to translate and not complete.20. Michael concluded his talk about the Rashidi era by referring to the scene of the fire in the reign of Ali bin Abi Talib, for the purpose of stating that Islam is only a religion of fighting and wars

الحيوان في الفكر العربي حتى عام 11 هجرية/ 632 ميلادية : دراسة تاريخية == Animals in the Arabic Thought up to 11 Hijri

اسم المؤلف: عماد عمران عبيد ابو حديدة
اسم المشرف: انتصار لطيف حسن السبتي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة كربلاء - كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: كربلاء
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Animals had a great value to the Arabs when compared with anything else if the horses excluded, for it was called the fortune. The word fortune' that Arabs used meant the camels. They measured the tribe's power and dignity with the number of camels obtained by the tribe. The more number means the more importance to the tribe. It was at the same time, cost to happiness sadness. The bride's dowry was a number of female camels and her value is measured with their increasing camels number Abla's story is well known for all when her father limited one hundred female camels to her dowry. Thus, camel were cost stop blood and to pay unintended killing according to what the people decide or agree at that time. Camels were the Arabs companion since a long time. They were the desert ship and life artery as well as they were basis to his poem, oration, poetry, living source, transportation means, and the war equipment. Camels were mentioned in the old holy books. In the Bible, we find that Sheba's queen came to Salmon in a very great convoy o camels carrying perfumes, gold, and precious stones. Due to the animals importance in the holy Quran, we mention according to the time priority : 1) The wisdom behind mentioning crow in the Adam's prophet story save other animals2) The cow : the cow was mentioned in the holy Quran. It is the longest sura and named by this name 3) The wolf : it is the story of our prophet Yousif.4) The hoopoe, it is the Sheba's queen story and the prophet Salmon 5) The prophet Salih's story and his she camel.6) The story of Salmon' ant 7) The story of Mose's stick 8) The story of the seven sleepers of Ephesus and their dog 9) The story of Younis whale10) The story of Cave's spider11) The story of Ibraham's bird 12) The elephant story 13) The story of the prophet Mohammed's she camel, Al Qeswa'a The camel was mentioned in the holy Quran when this comparison followed by raising the heaven. This refers to the high creativity of this creature There are suras in the holy Quran named by animals names and their private attributes indicating to them save other beasts as ( carriage, beds, body, riding, sacrifice). In the Cattle sura (verse 143) " And of the cattle (He produceth) some for burdens, some for food. Eat of that which Allah hath bestowed upon you, and follow not the footsteps of the devil, for lo! he is an open foe to you.". In the Pilgrimage (verse 36)" And the camels! We have appointed them among the ceremonies of Allah. Therein ye have much good ". so, the camels is the plural of camel which is the camel. It was named so for its great body In the Folding Up "And when the camels big with young are abandoned" The word " the camel" was mentioned in seven Ayas in the Quran, three times in the Cow Sura (Aya 196), three times in the Table Spread (Ayas 95, 97), and in one time in the Victory (A ya 25), the Camels were also mentioned. The first thing that calls sight in the chaste prophet biography is the prophet saying camels are pride to its owners" The prophet recommended the care with camels when he said "if you pass through green land, let camels take their chance and if you pass throughr mountainous land try to accelerate" Thus, this clear case that green land is for grazing while in dryness it should not stay for long time. History mentioned some famous camels such as 1) Al Besous she camel.2) Khelou Bin Rouhi : has a famous story that Arabs described in their tales( if it becomes pregnant, it will be heavy; if it walks, it has long steps; if it is slaughtered, it satisfied; and if it is milked, it quenches the thirst) The prophet was true when he said ( camels are pride to its owners, sheep are blessing, and the good is within horses till the doom day).Islam honored horses and camels mentioning their great importance as a symbol. Power, and a means to declare the divine message and conveying sciences and knowledge to the liberated lands. Thus, horses, camels, and other animals became a means where muslims knights rode to liberate the world Finally, I could prove with this modest effort through my study and research for this topic (Animals in the Arabic Thought up to 11 Hiji) the decisive evidence between the readers and generations that Arabs and Islamic nation could enrich humanity with science and support with schoiars. This was a decisive answer with Quranic proofs and prophet speeches implying images of creation and Quranic miraculous of the animals sura which form the basic significance in the human life till our present time Arab nation and Islamic nation, through holy Quran suras and the prophet speeches preceded the animals right in the Quran and the prophet speeches that indicates the Arabs and muslims preceded the west in the animals right. In this concern, poets wrote poems, proverbs were established, with many military, economic, commercial, and psychological uses. The current paper is also an answer to those who deny the Arab nation as a nation of the holy Quran that descended in their Arabic language as anilliterate nation that has no science and scholars. By this modest effort, I prove through my study and searching this topic, the Arabs and muslims role who preceded all nations in their sciences including zoology. This was stated before time and history witnesses this mentioning the advanced construction of science and scholars llah to raise troubles from my nation and to save my country from occupation I ask a which targeted sciences, scholars, and culture, that zoology is a colour among others. I ended this by Allah sura Iraham : Deem not that Allah is unaware of what the wicked do He but giveth them a respite till a day when eyes will stre (in terror),(42) As they come hurrying on in fear, their heads upraised, their gaze hearts as air. (43) And warn mankind of a day when the doom will come upon them, and those who did wrong will say : Our Lord! Reprieve us for a little while. We will obey Thy call and will follow the messengers. (It will be answered) : Did ye not swear before that there would be no end for you? (44) And (have ye not) dwelt in the dwellings of those who wronged themselves (of old) and (hath it not) become plain to you how We dealt with them and made examples for you? (45)

الموالي في العراق دراسة في احوالهم العامة حتى سنة (132 هـ) == The pro - Iraq study in their general conditions until the year (132 AH

اسم المؤلف: سوسن عباس حسين الجابري
اسم المشرف: انتصار لطيف حسن السبتي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة كربلاء - كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: كربلاء
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The Mawali (non - Arab Muslim allies) represented one influential factor in the Arabic - Islamic community. The significant intellectual achievements they left in diverse sciences and arts, especially the religious and the literary, made them a salient signpost.The term "Mawali" appeared before Islam due to the circumstances that prevailed as a result of the wars that swept the Arabian Peninsula. However, it prevailed after non - Arabs converted to Islam; those came to be known as "Mawali". The Arabic singular "Mawla" also referred to an Arab alley, a usage that diversified the meaning of alliance. There is a significant amount of research on the Mawali. Researchers investigated the social and economic aspects of their life as well as their political role, in addition to their intellectual achievements. The Gharrawi study put a detailed bibliography on the names of authors who tackled the intellectual influence of the Mawali during the Ummayad Era. The study included the Mawali all over the Arab Islamic State. In this study, the researcher investigates their intellectual influence in Iraq; shedding light on their contribution as a group which was said to be marginalized and whose simple humanitarian rights were denied, as such, they resorted to make up the inferiority by excelling intellectually. The researcher presents a positive picture of the Mawali's intellectual activities since the Early Islamic Era until the end of the Umayyad Era.The study consists of five chapters with an introduction, conclusion, and a list of bibliography. The meaning of the term "Mawali" is explained in chapter one, with the Mawali's social and economic life. Chapter two is entitled The Influence of the Mawali in the Religious Sciences, these sciences include the sciences of the Quran, interpretation, Quranic readings, prophetic tradition (Hadith), and Kalam (Islamic scholastic theology). In chapter three tackles the Mawali's contribution to the military, while chapter four examines their achievement in the social sciences like the Arabic language and the science of Qasas (Quranic stories). And chapter five focuses on the Mawali's most important administrative positions after the Umayyads policy change because of their need for the Mawali's services, administrative and leadership skills. This had led to the Ummayads assigning important and critical roles to them; roles which were assigned only to the loyal members of the Ummayad house.

اثار الثورة الصناعية في اوضاع الطبقة العاملة بالمدن الصناعية البريطانية 1837 - 1901 == The effects of the Industrial Revolution on the conditions of the working class in British industrial cities (1837 - 1901)

اسم المؤلف: هديل حسن قاسم الياسري
اسم المشرف: حيدر صبري شاكر الخيقاني
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة كربلاء - كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: كربلاء
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This thesis dealt with the study of the effects of the industrial revolution on the conditions of the working class in British industrial cities during the Victorian era (1837 - 1901), and was divided into an introduction, a prelude, four chapters and an end.The prelude to the emergence of industrial revolution in Britain during the second half of the eighteenth century, showing the theories of the pioneers of economic thought and its impact on the growth of consciousness of the working class before 1837.The first chapter examined the effects of the industrial revolution on the working class conditions until 1837, and included three aspects : The first topic dealt with the challenges faced by the working class in industrial cities prior to the Victorian era. The second section explained the exploitation of workers by employers, While the third topic is devoted to highlighting the role of trade unions in demanding the rights of workers.The second chapter deals with the role of the working class in establishing the documentary movement and the government's position on the struggle of workers and their suffering until 1848, and divided into three sections. The first topic explained the factors that led to the establishment of the working class by the working class. (1839 - 1848), and the third section of the British government's legislation to improve working class conditions (1842 - 1848).IIThe third chapter deals with the economic and social effects of the industrial revolution on the working class and the reactions thereof during the period (1848 - 1881). It included two topics : The first topic dealt with the study of the suffering of workers from the hardships of living and working conditions during the period (1848 - 1881) The laws of factories issued during the period (1850 - 1881) and their effect on improving working conditions.Chapter Four traces the economic and political developments on the ideology of the working class and its political orientations during the period (1881 - 1901). It included three aspects : The first topic dealt with the role of the working class in the formation of the Socialist Unions and Societies during the period 1881 - 1893. Who worked on the establishment of the Independent Labor Party (1893). The third topic explained the role of the working class in the establishment of the British Labor Party and its political activity during the period (1900 - 1901(.The conclusion highlighted the most important results achieved through the study, including the role of the working class in the development of industry in Britain during the Victorian era, the great suffering suffered by the working class due to exploitation by the owners of factories and capitalists, and the establishment of the working class to establish trade unions and socialist unions and political parties In order to demand their rights and success in forcing the legislative and executive authorities to respond to their demands.

جبل عامل في لبنان : دراسة تاريخية 1918 - 1943 == JABAL AMIL AREA In Lebanon Historical study 1918 - 1943

اسم المؤلف: لقاء سامي سعيد الكناني
اسم المشرف: ايلاف عاصم مصطفى
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: الجامعة المستنصرية - كلية التربية الاساسية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: JABAL AMIL AREA" in Lebanon ( Historical study , 1918 - 1943" JabalAmil " has been considered one of the historical cities in the Arab world in respect to political , social and economic levels . Historically , this area is linked to the modern and contemporary history of Lebanon , especially the period lying between 1918 - 1943) as being described as an important historical area in the contemporary history of Lebanon; besides , this area has submitted sublime political and intellectual figures that depicted the historical reality for all the late ages . The year 1918 has been witnessed as the French 's occupation to Lebanon and the end of the second world war having a great effect upon changing the historical conditions in JabalAmil area . The period has been ended in 1943 that being witnessed the independence of Lebanon. The thesis is divided into an introduction, and four chapters an conclusion; the chapter one includes the general conditions of the over mentioned area until the year 1918 and it has been considered as a preface for the study. The chapter two includes the political conditions in JabalAmil area during the period lying between 1918 - 1926, while the chapter third includes the role of those specializing into the political conditions during the period between 1926 - 1936. The chapter four the political developments in this area between 1936 - 1943 , along with the attitude of the political figures therein. In conclusion, the thesis has reached to historical conclusion , most importantly that the JabalAmil area is represented as a civilized area in respect to the cultural and intellectual domain and not in the stage of the study only , but rather in all historical stages . It has concluded that the concerned person refused the French occupation that was relaying on dividing Arab world since they was believing into the Arabic Unity , especially Levant. In addition, the concerned persons resisted French occupation with all means including the military and political one for their believe into the unity of Home and its independence.Most importantly of what has been mentioned above , that the concerned persons have submitted a political example having connection with the national attitudes and with national figures that imposed its status in the historical reality in JabalAmil area , most prominent figure was " Abdul Hussein Sharaf Al - Din Al - Amili and others . Besides, that any researcher writes about the history of Lebanon , he should not neglect to write about the history of JabalAmil area intellectually and politically for being described as Lebanon 's vital area and its national domain that will be remained prominent across ages.

التطورات الاجتماعية في الحلة 1958 - 1968 == The Social developments in Hilla 1958 - 1968

اسم المؤلف: سجاد مهدي عرين
اسم المشرف: سهيل صبحي سلمان الخزرجي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: الجامعة المستنصرية - كلية التربية الاساسية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The study of "The social developments in Hilla - from 1958 - 1968 " is one of the topics that deserve to be studied because academic studies did not pay much attention to the social history only recently. The attention was limited to the political and economic aspects despite the great importance of the social aspect as it touches the social life in its details clearly and directly. Therefore, I chose the study (The Social Developments in Hilla 1958 - 1968) as the subject of my thesis in order to study certain aspects of the history of social status of Hilla. The reason for making the duration of the research starts in 1958 was the revolution of 14th of July of the same year, which ended the reign of the monarchy, which lasted for 37 years. The revolution came with social, economic and political laws and reforms in the interest of the people by improving the status of the peasants and reducing feudalism and standing by students and workers and improve their living conditions in addition to the cultural and urban development witnessed by the city during that period. The reason for ending the search in 1968 was the white coup on July, 17 of the same year by Baathi leaders and headed by Ahmed Hassan al - Bakr.The thesis consisted of an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter deals with the general situation in Hilla before the revolution of July 14, 1958, the first section includes the social life of the Hilli community. The second section deals with the economic life while the third section includes the position of the political forces from the economic and social conditions.The second chapter is devoted to the study of the social relations in rural areas. The first section deals with the social relations in rural areas. The second section includes the social customs and traditions. The third section includes the role of women in society. The fourth section referred to the law of agrarian reform, while the fourth section is about the agricultural associations. The fifth sections deals with the migration from the countryside to the city.The third chapter was entitled the social developments in the city. The first topic dealt with the role of the middle classes in Hilla. The second topic dealt with the role of the labor movement. The third topic dealt withthe religious and archeological milestones. The fourth topic dealt with the role of culture in the development of the society. The fifth section addressed the urban development and recreational facilities in Hilla. The fourth chapter reviewed the social services in Hilla. The first section deals with educational services. The second section is devoted to the health services and its development, and the third section deals with the communication and transportation services.We concluded that the social life in Hilla during the period 1958 - 1968 witnessed important developments and changes that moved the Hilli society from the recession that existed during the royal era (1921 - 1958) to the state of an open and developed society on the world, which was witnessed by the Western world. The revolution of July 14, 1958 confirmed that its mission is to provide social services to the deserving Iraqi people in cities, villages and rural areas, in addition to the development of educational institutions due to the state interest in the education sector and increasing its expenditure on educational services. That led to educational development and the increase in the number of students at all levels, as well as for teachers, and the disappearance of old fashioned ways of teaching during the period of research due to the spread of schools, and applying of compulsory education, free books and stationery as well as the promotion of cultural and scientific level through scholarships outside Iraq. The Scientific and literary meetings played a role in the social and human development through social and cultural associations. They provided various services to the community. Several newspapers and magazines also participated in raising awareness, the advocating of reformation as well as addressing negative situations and improving social conditions for better. Health conditions during the period of research have been developed due to the expansion of the establishment of health institutions like hospitals and clinics, in addition to the concern for maternal and child health. This is reflected in the Institute of Motherhood and Childhood in Hilla. Life and health statistics showed an increase in the number of live births at the expense of the dead. A significant proportion of children's diseases and obstetrics for women had been dealt with also

موقف جريدة الاهرام من حرب الخليج الثانية 1991 == The position of Al - Ahram's newspaper against The Second Gulf War in 1991

اسم المؤلف: سدى محمد حسن مهدي الربيعي
اسم المشرف: حاتم راهي ناصر الزوبعي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة كربلاء - كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: كربلاء
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: In 1957, it witnessed a turning point in the march of the Al - Ahram newspaper, which flourished and developed during the period in which the writer and journalist Mohamed Hassanein was the editor - in - chief and became one of the most advanced newspapers in the world. The Iraqi - Kuwaiti relations (1961 - 1990) were characterized by recurrent crises as well as successive governments' claims in the royal era (1921 - 1958) for historical claims of Kuwait's right. The two countries entered into a cycle of futile negotiations. And discussions later to obtain the islands of War and Bubian, and Al - Ahram in turn supported the Arab efforts on the settlement of the Iraqi - Kuwaiti border, but it did not write these efforts success. These issues were raised between the two countries after the stalemate in the relationship between them during the period of the Iran - Iraq war, especially when the problem of Iraqi debt and the deterioration of Iraqi economy due to the increase in Kuwaiti oil production increased tension in the relationship between the two parties, and criticized the newspaper Al - Ahram news paper criticizes Iraq when the oil price issue Outside the OAPEC, but on the other hand it stood with Iraq when it was attacked media. Al - Ahram stayed with the Arab efforts, especially Egypt in containing the crisis .The invasion of Iraq to Kuwait on August 2, 1990.It changed the position of the newspaper from calm between the parties to the attack only and sharp criticism of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, and the newspaper focused on the impact of the invasion economically on the world. Al - Ahram news paper supported the broad Arab activity at the level of the Arab summit after the invasion in order to reach a solution to the crisis. It also praised the coordination of positions achieved by the GulfAbstractCooperation Council and endorsed the unified plans of the GCC armies in the face of possible developments. The newspaper did not overlook the regional position and indicated the Turkish position which was similar to Egyptian position in condemning the invasion as well as the position of Iran and Israel. Iran condemned the invasion and supported the Security Council resolutions. Israel, however, was cautious in its position, without specifying its position and showing its gains from the crisis. The newspaper gave great attention to the international position, starting with the position of the Security Council, where Al - Ahram New paper was in favor of international legitimacy and the sanctions imposed by the Security Council on Iraq, as well as the position of the United States. The position of the newspaper was in line with economic pressures. The international crowd in Saudi Arabia justified the pretext that Saudi Arabia wanted To preserve its entity from the Iraqi threat. Prior to the war on January 1 until the end of the deadline set by the Security Council on January 15, Al - Ahram News paper supported the Arab and foreign diplomatic efforts, especially the Egyptian efforts to contain the crisis before the war. The newspaper followed the facts of the air and ground campaign of coalition forces and maritime movements, To liberate Kuwait and announced its liberation on 28 February 1991

موقف الاتحاد السوفيتي من الحرب العراقية - الايرانية 1980 - 1988 == The Soviet Union's Position in the Iraqi - Iranian War (1980 - 1988)

اسم المؤلف: جاسم محسن عبيد
اسم المشرف: رحيم عبد الحسين عباس
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة كربلاء - كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: كربلاء
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The Iraqi - Iranian war (1980 - 1988) is considered as one of the greatest regional conflicts known to have continued for a long period of time. It continued because of certain internal and external factors coming from both arguing parties. This war broke out in the Arabian Gulf region, which is considered to be one of the most important regions where the most beneficial and energetic areas of many major nations lie. The Soviet Union was one of these nations, for it is known to be the leader of social military and plays therefore an essential role in international politics. This nation tried extremely hard to reach the area where the conflict was taking part before and after the war started, using thereby different strategies to spread and regulate its dominance in the area that is close to their borders from the south, not to mention that it also had riches of possessing many oil resources. That is why this thesis sheds light on the position of the Soviet Union in the Iraqi - Iranian war. Their position is considered to be one of the most important and influential positions over the course of this war, because it possesses significant political and economic relations with both sides.This thesis includes an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion. Chapter One, entitled (The Soviet Strategy in the Arabian Gulf and the Outbreak of the Iraqi - Iranian War), includes three sections. Section one entitled : The Soviet Strategy in the Arabian Gulf (1970 - 1977), has dealt with the interest the Soviet Union had concerning this region which borders their country from the south. Other rivals like the United States and its allies were also present in this area, revealing the ways the Soviet Union used to reach this area. Section two entitled : (The Relation of the Soviet Union with both Conflicting Sides) includes in its first part a discussion of the Iraqi - Soviet relationship after the coup that took place in 1968 until 1979 explaining the close relation that was created between these two sides. The second part has dealt with the Soviet - Iranian relationship, where Iran was an ally to the West because of its strong bonds with the Soviet Union on both economic and military levels. However, after 1978 and the success of the Islamic revolution in Iran, the Soviet Union started to support Iran fearing any coup they might start to show their loyalty to the United States.The third section entitled : The Iraqi - Iranian war, 1980 - 1988, considered the beginnings of the war and the media attacks and accusations between the two sides, unfolding the most important parts of this war and its stages. Chapter Two entitled : The Soviet Union's Position Concerning the Iraqi - Iranian War, 1980 - 1981, includes two sections. The first section has shed light on the Soviet Union's part in the war between the years of 1980 - 1981. This stand reveals how the Soviet Union took its stand with Iran, causing an increase in conflict between them and Iraq. These tensions increased until the Soviet Union accused Iraq of starting the war. That is why the Soviet Union refused to provide Iraq with weapons during this period despite an agreement of friendship and cooperation they had assigned. Chapter three entitled : The Soviet Union's Position in War from 1984 - 1988, includes two sections : the first section entitled : The Soviet Union's Position in War from 1984 - 1985, discusses the Soviet Union's position taking sides with Iraq due to the stands Iran had taken against the Iranian party named ''Todah'' that was devoted to the Soviet Union. This Soviet - Iranian bonds started to break apart due to the previous reasons mentioned. Iraq made use of these developments as the Iraqi president made a visit to Moscow on the 16th of December, 1985 in order to gain Soviet support. The second section entitled : The Soviet Union in War from 1986 - 1988, signifies the period where the Iranian - Soviet relationship started to strengthen despite the Soviet's warning against Tehran after they had invaded the Iraqi city of Foa in 1986. In addition to this, many important changes happened because of war tankers and the attacks done by the United States on the Iranian harbors, causing the destruction of an Iranian civil aircraft in 1987 and issuing decision 598 that continued during the maneuvers and international consultations for as long as one year that demanded the Soviet Union to consider the withdrawal of the European and American military from the Arabian Gulf region.Chapter four entitled : The Soviet Union Position to Initiate International Peace Stopping the War. This chapter includes two sections; the first section which is entitled : The Soviet Union's Position Concerning International Peace Initiatives, reveals that the Soviet Union had no real part in solving the on - going conflict. Their stand was only concerned with invitations and calls to stop the war. They also took a powerful stand in making decisions in the UN Security Council as an attempt to stop the war.The second section entitled : The Soviet Union's Position Concerning Decision 598, discusses the Soviet Union's participation in forming this decision. This section also discusses the Soviet's position in refusing decision 598 Iran has set and the attempts of the Soviet Union to take political benefit for their own sake.This thesis has depended greatly on many different sources, especially on unpublished Iraqi documents saved in the Iraqi National Library and Archives. They include the most valuable information concerning the topic of this thesis and helped covering most of its aspects. Documents from the Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and documents from the Islamic Iranian news agency have also provided valuable information. In addition to the previous mentioned documents, Iraqi and Arabic published documents have also further helped in covering many parts of this thesis, like the Arabian world files and records and the daily documents of Arabian Union 1987, and also documents from the Iraqi Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Iraqi communication.The academic studies of other theses and dissertations have also helped in providing necessary information essential to complete the work, from which the most important was the thesis with the title : The Soviet Foreign Politics in the Arabian Gulf Region in 1947 - 1987 by the researcher To'ma Mohammed Yusif and the thesis : The Iraqi - soviet Relationship 1962 - 1988 by Nadhim Yunis Al - Zawy, as well as the thesis : The Iraqi - Soviet Relationship 1980 - 1988 by the researcher Ali Khalid Hamad.

بول نابنشو ودوره السياسي في العراق 1932 - 1942م == Paul Knabenshue and his political role in Iraq (1932 - 1942 )

اسم المؤلف: مروة خضر عباس الخفاجي
اسم المشرف: حيدر طالب حسين الهاشمي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة كربلاء - كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: كربلاء
الصفحات الاولى:

روادف الكوفة ودورهم بالاحداث العسكرية والسياسية (17 - 84هـ / 638 - 703م) == Rawadf Al - Kufa and their role in Military And political events (17 - 84 AH)/(638 - 703 AD

اسم المؤلف: عذراء كاظم صالح
اسم المشرف: عمار محمد يونس الساعدي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة كربلاء - كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: كربلاء
الصفحات الاولى:

سياسة روسيا الخارجية في عهد القيصر الكسندر الثاني (1855 - 1881) == The policy of foreign Russia during the reign of Tsar Alexander II (1855 - 1881)

اسم المؤلف: علاء محمد جهاد الخفاجي
اسم المشرف: حيدر صبري شاكر الخيقاني
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة كربلاء - كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: كربلاء
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تناولت هذه الرسالة سياسة روسيا الخارجية في عهد القيصر الكسندر الثاني (1855 - 1881). وتالفت من مقدمة وخمسة فصول وخاتمة. بحث الفصل الاول سياسة روسيا الخارجية قبل تولي القيصر الكسندر الثاني الحكم في روسيا عام ( 1855) وقد قسم الى ثلاثة مباحث تناول المبحث الاول نظرة عامة عن طبيعة نظام الحكم في روسيا القيصرية في عهد ال رومانوف حتى عام (1801). في حين اختص المبحث الثاني بدراسة سياسة روسيا الخارجية في عهد القيصر الكسندر الاول (1801 - 1825). وتطرق المبحث الثالث الى سياسة روسيا الخارجية في عهد القيصر نيقولا الاول (1825 - 1855). وقد تناول الفصل الثاني سياسة روسيا الخارجية منذ تولي القيصر الكسندر الثاني الحكم حتى قمع الانتفاضة البولندية (1855 - 1865). وتم تقسيمه الى خمسة مباحث تناول المبحث الاول سياسة روسيا للتوصل الى تسوية لايقاف حرب القرم (1855 - 1856) . وتطرق المبحث الثاني الى مشاركة روسيا في حرب الافيون الثانية ضد الصين ( 1856 - 1858). في حين اختص المبحث الثالث بدراسة موقف روسيا من سياسة بيدمونت لتحقيق الوحدة الايطالية( 1859 - 1861). واختص المبحث الرابع بدراسة سياسة روسيا ازاء الولايات المتحدة الامريكية ( 1855 - 1865)، وتطرق المبحث الخامس الى سياسة روسيا تجاه الانتفاضة البولندية ( 1863 - 1865). وجاء الفصل الثالث بعنوان سياسة روسيا الخارجية تجاه اهم القضايا الدولية ( 1866 - 1874). وتالف من اربعة مباحث تناول المبحث الاول سياسة روسيا تجاه مساعي بروسيا لتحقيق الوحدة الالمانية ( 1866 - 1871)، وتطرق المبحث الثاني الى الدبلوماسية الروسية تجاه المانيواالنمسا - المجر وعقد عصبة الاباطرة الثلاثة ( 1872 - 1873) . واختص المبحث الثالث بدراسة التنافس الروسي - البريطاني على الخليج العربي وبلاد فارس وافغانستان( 1869 - 1873). اما المبحث الرابع فقد اختص بدراسة سياسة روسيا تجاه البلقان تحت ظل التنافس الدولي ( 1867 - 1874). اما الفصل الرابع فقد سلط الضوء على الثورات البلقانية وتاثيرها على علاقات روسيا الخارجية مع الدول الاوربية الكبرى(1875 - 1878)، وتكون من خمسة مباحث تناول المبحث الاول سياسة روسيا تجاه ثورة البوسنة والهرسك ضد الدولة العثمانية ( 1875). وتطرق المبحث الثاني الى الثورة البلغارية ونتائجها (1876 )، في حين تناول المبحث الثالث سياسة روسيا الخارجية تجاه ثورة صربيواثورة الجبل الاسود (1876). واختص المبحث الرابع بدراسة مؤتمر اسطنبول ونتائجه ( 1876 - 1877). وتناول المبحث الخامس اعلان الحرب الروسية العثمانية والموقف الدولي منها ( 1877). اما الفصل الخامس والاخير فقد اوضح سياسة روسيا تجاه التسويات الدولية التي ترتبت على نتائج الحرب الروسية العثمانية ( 1878 - 1881) وتالف من اربعة مباحث تناول المبحث الاول توقيع الدولة العثمانية على هدنة ادرنة ومعاهدة سان ستيفانو( 1878). واختص المبحث الثاني بتوضيح موقف الدول الاوربية الكبرى من معاهدة سان ستيفانو ( 1878)، وتطرق المبحث الثالث الى دراسة مؤتمر برلين واثره على علاقات روسيا الخارجية مع الدول الاوربية الكبرى ( 1878)، واختص المبحث الرابع بدراسة موقف روسيا تجاه عقد معاهدة التحالف الالماني النمساوي( 1879 - 1881). اما الخاتمة فقد تضمنت اهم الاستنتاجات التي توصل اليها الباحث على ضوء موارد في متن الرسالة من معلومات والتي بينت السياسة الخارجية التي انتهجتهراوسيا في عهد القيصر الكسندر الثاني لتحقيق طموحاتها التوسعية على حساب بعض الدول المجاورة لاسيما تجاه الدولة العثمانية من جهة، وموقفها من الحروب التي خاضتها دول البلقان ضد الدولة العثمانية من جهة اخرى، فضلا عن قيام القيصر الكسندر الثاني بمحاولات عدة للسيطرة على بعض المناطق في اسيا الصغرى وبلاد فارس، ويبدو ان تلك السياسة ادت الى حدوث خلافات كبيرة مع بريطانيا كادت ان تؤدي الى قيام الحرب بين روسيوابريطانيا، فضلا عن ذلك فقد حاولت روسيا انشاء الجامعة السلافية لضم سلاف البلقان جميعهم بزعامتها، وبالتالي تتمكن من فرض سيطرتها على المضايق العثمانية، لكن تلك المحاولات اخفقت في تحقيق هدفها بسبب تضارب المصالح بين الدول الاوربية الكبرى ووقوف معظم تلك الدول ضد مساعي روسيا. | The study covered Russia's foreign Policy during the reign of Tsar Alexander II (1855 - 1881). The first chapter Included with Russia's foreign Policy before the accession of Tsar Alexander II to Russia in 1855. The first section explained with the nature of the system of government in Czarist Russia during the Romanov Era until 1801, While the second section reveal with the study of Russia's foreign policy during the reign of Tsar Alexander I (1801 - 1825). The third topic dealt with Russia's foreign policy during the reign of Tsar Nicholas I (1825 - 1855). The second chapter dealt with Russia's foreign Policy since the reign of Tsar Alexander II until the suppression of the Polish uprising (1855 - 1865). It was divided into five topics. The first topic dealt with Russia's Policy of reaching a settlement to stop the Crimean War (1855 - 1856). The second topic dealt with Russia's participation in the Second Opium War against China (1856 - 1858). While the third topic deals with the study of Russia's position on the policy of Piedmont to achieve Italian unity (1859 - 1861). The fourth topic deals with Russia's policy towards the United States of America (1855 - 1865). The fifth topic deals with Russia's policy towards the Polish uprising (1863 - 1865). The third chapter entitled Russia's foreign policy towards the most important international issues (1866 - 1874). The second topic dealt with Russia's policy toward Russia's efforts to achieve German unity (1866 - 1871). The second topic dealt with Russian diplomacy toward Germany, Austria - Hungary and the holding of the Three Emperors League (1872 - 1873). The third topic deals with the study of the Russian - British rivalry on the Arabian Gulf, Persia and Afghanistan (1869 - 1873). The fourth topic was devoted to study Russia's policy towards the Balkans under the international competition (1867 - 1874). The fourth chapter sheds light on the Balkan revolutions and their impact on Russia's foreign relations with the major European countries (1875 - 1878). The first section deals with Russia's policy towards the Revolution of Bosnia and Herzegovina against the Ottoman Empire (1875). The second topic dealt with the Bulgarian revolution and its results (1876), while the third topic dealt with Russia's foreign policy towards the revolution of Serbia and the revolution of Montenegro (1876). The fourth topic deals with the study of the Istanbul Conference and its results (1876 - 1877). The fifth topic dealt with the declaration of the Russo - Ottoman war and the international position on it (1877). The Fifth chapter explained Russia's Policy toward the international settlements that resulted from the Russian - Ottoman War (1878 - 1881). The first part dealt with the Ottoman Empire's signing of the Edrana truce and the Treaty of San Stefano (1878). The second topic deals with the position of the major European countries on the Treaty of San Stefano (1878). The third topic dealt with the study of the Berlin Conference and its impact on Russia's foreign relations with the major European countries (1878). - 1881). The final conclusion included the most important conclusions reached by the researcher in the light of the contents of the letter, which showed the foreign policy pursued by Russia under the reign of Alexander II to achieve its expansionist ambitions at the expense of some neighboring countries, especially towards the Ottoman Empire on the one hand, The Balkan countries fought against the Ottoman Empire on the one hand, and the tsar Alexander II on several attempts to control some areas in Asia Minor and Persia. This policy apparently led to major disagreements with Britain that almost led to the War between Russia and Britain Moreover, Russia tried to establish the Slavic League to bring all the Slavs of the Balkans into their leadership and thus be able to impose its control over the Ottoman straits. However, these attempts failed to achieve its goal because of conflicts of interest between the major European countries and most of them against Russia's efforts.

النواب الشيعة في المجلس النيابي اللبناني (1943 - 1975) : دراسة في التمثيل والمواقف

اسم المؤلف: علاء رياض عبد الغانمي
اسم المشرف: باسم احمد هاشم الغانمي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة كربلاء - كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: كربلاء
الصفحات الاولى:
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