العلم العراقي
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مدينة الناصرية منذ 1869 - 1921 : دراسة تاريخية == The city of Nasiriyah from 1869 - 1921 Historical study

اسم المؤلف: مسلم عوض مهلهل الخزعلي
اسم المشرف: مؤيد شاكر كاظم مخيلف الطائي | علي حسين الاسماعيلي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة ذي قار - كلية الاداب - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The study of the local history of the cities of Iraq is a historical necessity. In order to shed light on this important and bright historical chapter in the study of the local history of its cities, this study of Nasiriyah came as this city has historical roots and is worthy of study and attention. But it did not receive a scientific academic study, while we find that the depth of civilization and its heritage of science and intellectual dictates to us a lot of effort and giving in writing the history of this city, especially during the period (1869 - 1921), which has undergone historic transformations and important political events, The Presbyterian L And the establishment of administrative units as well as the variables of international policy that came under the occupation of Britain to live under the table, and began the history of resistance against the occupier at the time it became called the House of Jihad after To be called the Mujahid Mujahid Muhammed Muhammad Said al - Haboubi as the Mujahideen sat in their folds to launch their convoys to resist the occupier in the battle of Shuaiba, and this historical importance of the city on the political side, as for the economic and social situation was not less ah Mia before it, which took the first economic position in the brigade after the city occupied the economic status through the river and maritime trade as a mode of transport between the cities of the south and center and the north, and on the other hand, we find the social side of this city floating to the surface is full of poetic and intellectual, A class of bourgeoisie and merchants who took over the management of the city's commercial affairs.The research was divided into four basic chapters, followed by the preparation of a set of appendices as well as the introduction of the importance of study and the development of frameworks to determine their content and conclusion. The conclusions of the thesis showed a summary in English.The preface to give a geographical overview of the nature of the region and a historical glimpse of the city, which was founded on the legacy of the ancient civilization and in the prelude to the political conflicts that have already been founded on the city of the Presbyterian side and with the Ottoman government on the other.The first chapter of the study was devoted to the establishment of the city of Nasiriyah in 1869 and the subsequent circumstances of the establishment, where we discussed the personality of Prince Nasser Pasha Al - Saadoun and a course in the establishment of the city conditions that approved the establishment stage. The second section, which highlighted the political developments towards the deceased in the era of Medhat Pasha, who established the guardian of Iraq that the establishment of the city, and what are the most important events that accompanied the stage of incorporation at the time came the third section to show the objective reasons for the establishment of the city and what is the grandeur of that establishment and the importance of political, economic and social matter for the side Eight of the fourth chapter of the chapter was a reflection of the families that lived in the city during the establishment, which played an important role in the management of public life.In the second chapter of the study of the general conditions of the city of Nasiriyah after the establishment to shed light in the first section on the administrative structure of the city and the most important formations and laws that worked to organize life in the city through the introduction of administrative units.The third chapter is devoted to highlighting the city of Nasiriyah in the late Ottoman period and the beginning of the First World War in 1914 to study the developments and conditions that plagued the city. The first topic was the British attitudes towards the region. It shows the British ambitions before the war and the policy followed by the British government before intervening with the tribes. The second topic explains the circumstances of the First World War 1914 in the city of Nasiriyah, entering a new phase of domination and injustice, as was the city of Dar al - Jihad to stand up and address the occupier and the resistance against him, while the third section came the city of Nasiriyah The repercussions of the British occupation Here the city enters the framework of the occupation officially and lives in a state of stability not to mention the role of its children at this critical stage and the difficulty of the situation for the people of the city, and also the fourth section of the secret conference of officers in the city and they seek to establish a national government and independent military establishment and seek the British side in that. The fourth chapter, which shed light on the most important events in the city under the city of Nasiriyah under the British occupation 1915 - 1921 was the first section, which illustrates the resistance of the sons of Nasiriyah and tribes against the British presence and the most important battles fought by the tribes on the outskirts of the city, Nasiriyah through working on the establishment of the State Departments in accordance with the interests required and required by their actions, and worked on the appointment of officers and political rulers in accordance with a systematic policy and give positions to loyalists without consideration of the interests of the city, Of the city of Nasiriyah under the British administration focused on the process of laying the foundations and the foundations of the British administration through the establishment of devices in the service of the establishment of the Shabana, ie, the police from the tribes and they are playing the role of maintaining security as well as work on the establishment of municipal departments, health and education and lightning, The third stage to highlight the role of the city of Nasiriyah from the revolution of the twentieth and it reveals the extent of the suffering suffered by the people until the people rose up with a revolution in spite of the results that were not within the military ambition and lack of success in the City at the time was the coronation of the king of Iraq, the result of this revolution and the positions of the sons of the city from the coronation process.The conclusion summarized the main findings of the study in the light of its contents, and we worked in annexes to document statistics and maps related to the history of the city of Nasiriyah.Before the establishment of the city of Nasiriyah, the Emirate of Al - Mustafir witnessed a state of clandestine and tribal conflict. It was managed by the Ottoman administration to weaken its status and military strength as it represented a danger and a source of concern for the Ottoman government, as well as supporting one side without the other. On collection taxes easily.The establishment of the city of Nasiriyah, carrying a political side as well as other aspects of its economic and social contrary to what has been circulated, because it came personal desire or a result of bargaining, and the Ottoman authorities aimed to bring a new policy in the region as a result of developments and has also weakened the authority of the Church through The number of symbols of the tribal and restrict the cities, and then replace the Presbyterate function, which is Sheikh subordinate to the authority in contrast to the former, as well as the resettlement of tribes in a region defined geographically for control while being outside the will of the government and this is what happened after the decision to settle tribes and impose Guan The recruitment and dispossession of lands intended to subject all to power.The city witnessed armed resistance continued against the British side of its arrival to the city of Baghdad, which led to the depletion of the efforts of their sons to take into account the city from the British side, especially the imposition of economic siege on the people of the city.The institutions of the state began to appear even if only by the British administration of the city of Nasiriyah when the police and the rest of the state institutions.The people of the city had a prominent role in the revolution of the twentieth and stand in the face of the British occupation and meet the call of reference in Jihad for two phases in Shuaiba and the Revolution of the twentieth

سياسة اليابان الاقليمية : دراسة تاريخية في قضايا الجزر المتنازع عليها في شمال شرق اسيا (1951 - 1978) == Japan Regional Policy : A historical Study of the Disputed Islands in the East - north Asia 1951 - 1978

اسم المؤلف: لـــؤي ثجـيــل جمعة الاســدي
اسم المشرف: كاظم هيلان محسن السهلاني
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: After the Second World War, the second part of the 20th century witnessed the cold war. Till now, there are some border disputes resulted from that war. This war was a reflection of that cold war through diverse sites in Asia, centering on the East - north of the continent. In accordance with San Francisco treaty in Japan for peace in 1951, there rose the cold war and how the USA contributed to that strife. As a result of the new regional situation of the former Japan Empire, the islands are (the Southern Kuril islands / Northern Territories), (Dokdo / Takeshima), and (Senkaku / Diaoyu).The history of the challenges on these islands goes back to different periods. These were confirmed by the regional expansion conducted by Japanese policy from 1879 to 1939. These challenges got complicated by the USA during the cold war in the east and north of Asia. This conflict was affirmed by San Francisco treaty for peace in 1951. This case is seen as an important one which has been still sustained. This conflict affects directly the economic and diplomatic relations between Japan and the other disputed countries. This also has an influence upon the social and cultural relations among the peoples of those countries at various levels, besides, these conflicts also affect the settlement and peace in the north and east of Asia. This may lead to armed conflicts. The current study focuses on the occurrence of those conflicts after the Second World War, as a result of San Francisco treaty for peace in 1951 and how these conflicts affect the diplomatic relations between the disputed countries from 1951 up to 1978, besides the role played by the USA in affirming these conflicts, and the historical roots for each case concerning these islands. These conflicts are enhanced historically rather than politically. The dissertation is, thus, divided into an introduction and four chapters. The first chapter is about the policy of regional expansion and its effect upon the Japan foreign affairs (1951 - 1979). It includes three sections : the first one is about the occurrence of Japan colonial tendency and the policy of expansion. Section two is concerned with the entrance of Japan into the Second World War and being under the USA occupation. The third section exposes the session of San Francisco in 1951 in the north east of Asia in affirming the Japanese regional conflicts. Chapter two is devoted to the study of Japan - Soviet conflict over (the Southern Kuril islands / Northern Territories) in (1951 - 1960). This chapter is also composed of three sections. The first on is about the historical roots of the conflict over these islands. The second one focuses on the case of these islands and how these affect the Japanese - Soviet relations and the USA position from the conflicts (1951 - 1960). The third section addresses the claims of the disputed powers over the dominance over the disputed islands. Chapter three shows the Japanese - Korean conflicts over (Dokdo / Takeshima) islands (1951 - 1978). It also includes three sections. The first section is about the historical background about these two islands. The second one is concerned with the reflection of these disputes over the Japanese - Korean relations and the position of USA from them. The third one shows the Japanese claims about the dominance over these two islands and how Korea responded. Chapter four is specified for the Chinese - Japanese dispute over (Senkaku / Diaoyu) from 1951 to 1978. It is composed of three sections. The first one is about the historical background of the dispute (1885 up to 1951). The second section is devoted to the Japanese - Chinese relations in response to the dispute over these two islands and the USA position from this conflict. The thirds section is concerned with the claims of China about the dominance over these two islands and how Japan responded to this claim. The conclusion is a summary of what the researcher has found about these various aspects of disputes.

دور جورج كينان في تخطيط السياسات الاستراتيجية الامريكية 1947 - 1953م == George Kennan's Role In Planning The American Strategy Policy 1947 - 1953

اسم المؤلف: قاسم نمر جلوب السعيدي
اسم المشرف: اميرة رشك لعيبي الزبيدي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The Study Aims To Explain The Strategic Role Played By Kennan And Its Impact On The American Foreign Policy Between (1947 - 1953). During The Time, Kennan Exercised His Greatest Influence In Implementing The Policy Of Containment. The Study Endeavours To Expose Kennan's Comprehensive And Coordinate Role In The Cold War. Kennan's Long Telegram Which He Prepared In 1946 Drew The Attention Of Such Major American Policy Makers In Washington D. C. As The Secretary Of Navy James Forrestal. The Telegram Offered Reasons And Justifications To Change The Aims Of The American Foreign Policy In Relation To The Soviet Union. Kennan Stated In His Evaluating Reports That The Communist Soviet Expansion Threatened The American Interests And Security. It Is Worth Mentioning That Kennan Did Not Name A Specific Strategy When He Wrote His Long Telegram. However, His Ideas Began To Clarify When He Gave Lectures At The National Defense University. These Lectures Made Clear His Ideas And Opinions In Relation To The American Foreign Policy. In The Meantime, Kennan Started To Outline What Is Termed As The Containment Strategy. Though His Ideas Did Not Design The Formal Strategic Line Of The State Department, They Had A Great Impact On The American Public. Therefore, The Long Telegram And The Lectures That Kennan Gave At The National Defense University Were Helpful Factors In Understanding Some Of His Ideas And Explaining Their Influence In Redefining The Concepts Of The Soviet Threat.The Conclusion Lists The Main Results Of The Study

بناء الدولة بين فكر الامام علي بن ابي طالب (عليه السلام) ومنهج ابن خلدون (ت808هـ) : دراسة تحليلية == The construction of the state between the thought of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him) and the methodology of Ibn Khaldun (T 808 e) analytical study

اسم المؤلف: فاطمة عبـد سعيد شلال المالكي
اسم المشرف: شكري ناصر عبد الحسن المياحي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: يعد التخطيط الاستراتيجي( ) العنصر الاساسي في الفكر السياسي لبناء الدولة, لكونه يحدد الرؤية والفلسفة الخاصة المراد بناء الدولة على اساسها ويحيط بالاهداف المرسومة والمتناسقة المراد تحقيقها لفترة زمنية محددة ومن الممكن تنفيذها , ووضع البرامج والاليات المحكمة لتنفيذ هذه الاهداف وفق الاستراتيجية المرسومة لها سلفا. وقد اعتنى موضوع البحث ( بناء الدولة بين فكر الامام علي بن ابي طالب(عليه السلام) ومنهج ابن خلدون (ت808ه) دراسة تحليلية) بدراسة نموذجين في بناء الدولة تمثل النموذج الاول بناء الدولة في فكر الامام المعصوم من خلال الولوج في فكر الامام علي () واستخراج اهم الاليات والتخطيط المحكم في بناء الدولة وكيفية تنظيمه وتسخيره امكانيته وقدراته الفكرية الروحية السياسية والدينية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية لتنظيم الدولة وبناءها على اساس هذه المستويات المذكورة وتنظيم امر بنائها بشكل متناسق محكم ودقيق لبناء دولة قوية ومستمرة وقادرة على حملة رسالة الاسلام الانسانية وتجسيد مبادئها تطبيقيا عمليا واقعيا. ومثل النموذج الاخر بناء الدولة في منهج ابن خلدون حيث بنى اسس نظريته على اساس اطلاعه على اخبار الدول وما عايشه من الاحداث والتي دونها في مؤلفه ( العبر وديوان المبتدا والخبر في ايام العرب والعجم والبرر ومن عاصرهم من ذوي السلطان الاكبر ) الذي درس فيه ابن خلدون معطيات بناء الدولة واسباب انهيارها والتي اكد عليها ابن خلدون وعدها من الثوابت التي لا يمكن تجاوزها وانها من السنن الطبيعية التي لا تتغير وهي حاكمة على بناء الدولة وان حكومات الدول لا تملك بدلا الا ان تسير على وفق هذه المعطيات وكذلك عبر فيه عن فكره الذي تبلور لدية نتيجة عمله الاداري والسياسي في الاندلس والمغرب ومصر ونتيجة قراءته للواقع والتاريخ من وجهة نظره وتحليله( ) . وقد تم اختيار موضوع البحث لعدة دواعي منها ما ياتي : - 1. ان تحديد نموذجي البحث بفكر الامام علي ومنهج ابن خلدون لكون الامام علي مثل بناء الدولة التي مثلت فكر المعصوم في وضع استراتيجية بناء الدولة ولما عبر فيه ابن خلدون عن دراسة شاملة لجميع الدول لمساحة مترامية الاطراف من الشرق الاسلامي الى المغرب والاندلس وكذلك امم الروم والمجوس فصل في اخبارها وعوائد بناء الدول فيها مما يجعلنا امام نموذجين مثل الاول الفكر المعصوم في البناء ومثل الثاني الفكر البعيد عن فكر الائمة المعصومين فاثارنا دراستهما معا لمعرفة نقاط الضعف والقوة في كليهما ومدى الاصالة والمعاصرة التي تتمتع بها فكر بناء الدولة على اسس اسلامية دون الحيد عنها والثبات عليها مهما حدث من متغيرات وظهرت من مستجدات , ومدى دستورية الاسلام في اسس بنائها من حيث تشخيص مدى تلازمية الدين والاخلاق في استراتيجية بنائها ,فمثل النموذج الاول فكر الامام علي () الذي يعكس صورة منهج الاسلام الكامل في التخطيط الاستراتيجي لبناء الدولة الذي جاء ترجمة وتطبيقا متكاملا لمباديء الشريعة الاسلامية من خلال الخطب والرسائل التي عرفت عنه () والتي ارسلها الى ولاته وعماله وغيرهم بالاضافة الى حكمه القصار التي جمعت في مؤلف (نهج البلاغة) وفي غيره من المصادر الاخرى وتناولناها بالدراسة المقارنة مع النموذج الاخر وهو فكر ومنهج ابن خلدون الذي مثل الاتجاه الواقعي لدراسة الواقع التاريخي للدولة الاسلامية كمصدر لافكاره ونظريته ومنهجه في دراسة ظاهر قيام الدول وزوالها في التاريخ الاسلامي فقدم صورة الدولة العصبية التي تقوم على العامل القبلي (العصبية) والعامل الديني وفق منهج ومبدا القوة المادية المتمثلة بالعصبية الى جانب العامل الديني الذي سخره لتبرير سياسات هذه الدول وجعل من سياستها وتخطيطها في بناء وادارة الدول بانها حقيقة لابد منها ولا يمكن تجاوزها حسب فكره ومنهجه الجبري الذي يفسر به الظواهر التاريخية ,فقدم لنا صورة منهج بناء الدولة التي ابتعدت عن التاسيس الاسلامي للدولة التي تحمل بذور مرضها وانهيارها المحتم في اسسس واستراتيجية بنائها عندما اعتمدت مبدا القوة المادية والشهوات النفسانية وانحرفت عن المبدا الاسلامي .2.عدم وجود دراسات تناولت هذا الموضوع من قبل فاغلب الدراسات الاكاديمية ان لم نقل جميعها وحسب اطلاع الباحثة انها شملت جانب معين من بناء الدولة في فكر الامام علي () كالجانب الاداري او السياسي او الاقتصادي منها الدراسة الاكاديمية التي حملت عنوان "الفكر الاقتصادي في نهج البلاغة)( ) للباحثة ذكرى عواد ياسر العامري التي اختصت بالفكر الاقتصادي عند الامام علي () .واما في الجانب الاداري جاءت دراسة الباحثة هدى ياسر سعدون بعنوان ( الفكر الاداري عند الامام علي () في نهج البلاغة) ( ),وهي دراسة اهتمت بالجانب الاداري فقط . واما الدراسة الشاملة التي تعرضت لهذا الموضوع فهو كتاب بعنوان( اسس بناء الدولة في فكر الامام علي () ). وهذا الكتاب هو رسالة ماجستير منشورة وهو جهد يشكر عليه الباحث لكونها اول دراسة شاملة لبناء الدولة في فكر الامام علي () الا انها دراسة مختصرة جدا ولم تعط جميع الجوانب حقها من الدراسة فلم تتعرض لمزايا القيادة المعصومة ولم يعط للاساس الاجتماعي في بناء الدولة حقه من الدراسة والبحث لما يمثله هذا الجانب من قاعدة اساسية مهمة فاقتصر دراسته على مكانة الاسرة في فكر الامام علي واثرها الاجتماعي, ولم يبين الاثر الاستراتيجي الكبير للقاعدة الاجتماعية التي تمثل الرعية بعنوانها الواسع في بناء الدولة وقيمة المجتمع في نظر الدولة ايضا والتي يعتمد عليها في كونها مخزن الطاقات الكامنة البشرية التي استفاد الامام من توظيفها في كل مراحل وجوانب بناء الدولة . اما الدراسات التي تناولت بناء الدولة عند ابن خلدون فانها , ( فكر ابن خلدون العصبية والدولة معالم نظرية خلدونية في التاريخ الاسلامي) لمحمد عابد الجابري كانت دراسة تحليلية لنظرية العصبية في بناء الدولة و( الدولة في فكر ابن خلدون ) لتوفيق خلف زيدان احمد السعيدي وهي رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة, فجميع الدراسات جاءت منفرده في الجانبين وكان لهذه الدراسة الريادة في عقد المقارنة بينهما. وتمت دراسة الموضوع في اربعة فصول ومقدمة وفي نهايتها خاتمة تضمنت اهم النتائج التي توصلت اليها الدراسة وقائمة المصادر والمراجع جاء الفصل الاول بعنوان القيادة واثرها في استراتيجية بناء الدولة .تضمن عدة مباحث الاول ضرورة وجود القيادة الحاكمة للدولة .والمبحث الثاني مسميات القيادة في فكر الامام علي() وفكر ابن خلدون ,والمبحث الثالث مؤهلات وصفات القائد واثرها في استراتيجية بناء الدولة واما المبحث الرابع طرق اختيار القيادة واثرها في استراتيجية بناء الدولة من كونها اختيار بالنص الالهي عند الامام علي() ومزايا قيادة اختيار النص الالهي ومقارنتها بطرق اختيار القيادة عند ابن خلدون. والفصل الثاني بعنوان قيمة المجتمع واثرها في استراتيجية بناء الدولة تضمن عدة مباحث المبحث الاول روابط بناء المجتمع واثرها في استراتيجية بناء الدولة, والمبحث الثاني دور المجتمع واثره في بناء الدولة والمبحث الثالث نظام العلاقة بين القيادة والشعب واثرها في بناء الدولة والمبحث الرابع انفتاح الدولة على المجتمع والمبحث الخامس التاسيس الفكري لمفهوم المعارضة واثره في بناء الدولة. والفصل الثالث تلازمية الدين والاخلاق واثرهما في استراتيجية بناء الدولة وتضمن مبحثين؛ الاول اثر الدين في بناء الدولة والمبحث الثاني اثر الاخلاق في بناء الدولة. اما الفصل الرابع استراتيجية بناء المنظومة الادارية للدولة بثلاثة مباحث الاول هيكلية النظام الاداري وبناء مؤسساته ونظام عملها واثره في استراتيجية بناء الدولة من حيث الولايات والية ادارتها والوزارة والكتاب وتشخيص صفات اختيار موظفي الدولة, والمبحث الثاني هيكلية النظام الاقتصادي واثره في استراتيجية بناء الدولة من حيث توزيع الاقتصاد وتطوير الانتاج من الزراعة والصناعة والتجارة والمبحث الثالث استراتيجية الرقابة الحكومية واثرها في بناء الدولة وما تثمره هذه المؤسسة من نتائج تؤدي الى تنفيذ الواجبات وتادية الحقوق ورصانة عمل الاداريين في الدولة .والمبحث الرابع استراتيجية بناء المنظومة الامنية من حيث مرتكزات بنائها واسس هذه المرتكزات, وبيان محور مهام المنظومة الامنية والمبحث الخامس استراتيجية بناء المنظومة القضائية من حيث اهمية القضاء في نظام الدولة وشروط القاضي ومدى الحرص على استقلالية القضاء وتنفيذ احكامه . واعتمدت الدراسة على جملة من المصادر والمراجع العلمية في مقدمتها كتاب( نهج البلاغة ) المصدر الاساس للدراسة الذي حوى منهج الامام علي () ومشروعه الحضاري لبناء الدولة بما تضمنه من خطب ورسائل وحكم ,الذي جمعه الشريف الرضي (ت406ه /1015م),وكذلك شروحات نهج البلاغة التي تناولت خطب النهج ورسائله بالشرح والتوضيح .ومنها منهاج البراعة في شرح نهج البلاغة لقطب الدين الراوندي ابي الحسين سعيد بن هبة الله (ت 573ه/1177م ـ) وشرح نهج البلاغة لابن ميثم البحراني (ت ق6ه/ق12م) .وكذلك المصدر الاساسي الاخر الذي كان محور الدراسة كتاب ( العبر وديوان المبتدا والخبر في ايام العرب والعجم والبربر ومن عاصرهم من ذوي السلطان الاكبر ) لابن خلدون ت808 ه موضع الدراسة, والذي كان موضوع الدراسة بما احتوى لفكر ابن خلدون ونظريته في بناء الدولة وطبيعة العمران البشري. واغنت التفاسير بما حوته من احكام واراء كانت لها الكلمة الفصل في المواضيع التي تم توظيفها فيها منها تفسير جامع البيان عن تاويل اي القران القران للطبري (ت 310ه/922م),وكذلك تفسير ابو الليث السمرقندي (ت383ه/993م) وتفسير الفخر الرازي (ت606ه / 1209م ). والتي كان لها حضور محوري في موضوع الدراسة لما تضمنته من تفسير بعض الايات القرانية الكريمة التي استشهدنا فيها في بعض محاور الدراسة ومنها التي تخص موضوع البحث في الفصل الاول في اختيار القيادة واثر هذا الاختيار في بناء الدولة. وكان لكتب الحديث والاخبار فائدة مهمة للدراسة لما تضمنته معلومات واحاديث كثيرة عن النبي محمد( ) واهل بيته المعصومين (عليهم السلام) فيما يخص النظم الادارية والسياسية لبناء الدولة منها كتاب الكافي للكليني (ت329ه/940م ), وكتاب الاختصاص للمفيد (ت413ه/1022م) , وكتاب دعائم الاسلام للقاضي النعمان(ت 363 ه/973م ). وكذلك كتب التاريخ كان لها الحضور والاولوية في مقدمتها كتاب تاريخ الرسل والملوك للطبري محمد بن جرير (ت310ه/922م), وكتاب الكامل في التاريخ لابن الاثير(ت 630هـ/1232م). وكذلك كتب الطبقات والتراجم ومنها كتاب الطبقات الكبرى لابن سعد محمد بن منيع (ت230هـ /941م), وكتاب سير الاعلام للذهبي ت748ه/1347م, وغيرها من المصادر التاريخية الاخرى. اضافة الى المراجع الحديثة التي اغنت البحث ببعض الاراء التي عضدت الدراسة منها كتاب منطق ابن خلدون لعلي الوردي ,والفكر الاجتماعي عند الامام علي () دراسة في ضوء نهج البلاغة لعبد الرضا الزبيدي. وغيرها من المراجع الاخرى. وكذلك جملة من الاطاريح والرسائل العلمية اهمها رسالة الماجستير الدولة في فكر ابن خلدون, لتوفيق خلف زيدان احمد السعيدي والتي اغنت الاطروحة بما تضمنته من اراء ومعلومات. وكذلك رسالة ماجستير( الفاظ الدولة وشؤونها في كتاب نهج البلاغة للامام عليّ بن ابي طالب (عليه السلام) - دراسة دلاليّة –) لعلي شعلان سلطان الساعدي, التي اغنت معلوماتها بعض مواضيع الفصل الاول وخاصة مسميات القيادة وهناك جملة من الاطاريح والرسائل الاخرى والبحوث العلمية التي افادت الدراسة والتي يطول المقام بذكرها اثرنا ذكرها في قائمة المصادر والمراجع. واخيرا نود ان نشير الى ان كل دراسة مهما بلغت لا يمكن لها ان تدعي الكمال فالكمال لله وحده لانه جهد بشري يخطئ ويصيب ولكن هذا لا يمنع من الدراسة والبحث على قدر الوسع والاجتهاد ومن الله العون وله الحمد اولا واخرا | The study included a study entitled "Building the State between the Thought of Imam Ali Ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him) and Ibn Khaldun's Method (808 AH) Analytical Study." The curriculum and the strategy of state building were studied by Imam Ali Ibn Abi Talib and Ibn Khaldun at all levels The selection of leadership qualities and conditions of leadership qualifications as well as the methods of selecting the leader and the impact on the building of the state and touched on the study of the value of the community and its impact on state building and was also briefed on the issue of employment religious image and moral impact in the construction of the state. As well as the study of the strategy of building state administrative, security, judicial and supervisory institutions and referring to the characteristics of both approaches in building institutions. The first chapter, entitled Leadership and its Impact on the Strategy of State Building, was presented. The first discussion included the necessity of the existence of the ruling leadership of the state. The second topic is the names of the leadership in the thought of Imam Ali and thought Ibn Khaldun, and the third topic, the qualifications and qualities of the leader and its impact on the strategy of building the state. The fourth topic is the methods of selecting leadership and its impact on the strategy of building the state from being a choice in the divine text of Imam Ali and Ibn Khaldun. The second chapter deals with the value of the society and its impact on the strategy of state building. The first topic deals with the building of the society and its impact on the strategy of state building. The second topic is the role of the society and its impact on building the state. Fifth, the intellectual foundation of the concept of opposition and its impact on state building. And the impact of religion on the building of the state, and included the study of the impact of religion and its centrality in the sources of legislation to build the institutions of the state, and the extent of the state's commitment to them, and the implementation of the priority of the preservation of Islamic teachings in the construction strategy, And the stability of intellectual reference. The second topic is the impact of ethics in building the state, which includes a statement of the impact of ethics in the policy of building the state and the ratio of the symbiosis between construction and ethics in terms of the fact that this correlation is constant and continuous or temporary. The fourth chapter is the strategy of building the administrative system of the state in three aspects. The first is the structure of the administrative system and the building of its institutions and its work system and its impact on the strategy of building the state in terms of states, state administration, ministry and writers. And the development of production from agriculture, industry and trade. The third topic is the strategy of government control and its impact on state building and the results produced by this institution which lead to the implementation of duties and the performance of rights and the integrity of the work of administrators in the state. Fourth Study of building the security system in terms of building the foundations and the foundations of these pillars, and the statement of the security functions of the system axis and fifth section building the judicial system in terms of the importance of the judiciary in the state system and the conditions of the judge and the extent of ensuring the independence of the judiciary and the implementation of its provisions strategy strategy

العلاقات التركية المصرية 1980 - 1993 : دراسة تاريخية == Turkish - Egyptian Relations 1980 - 1993 (Historical study

اسم المؤلف: عمار عبد الرضا ماهود الزبيدي
اسم المشرف: طيبة خلف عبد الله
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: الاقليمي في المنطقة, وتجمع بينهما مجموعة صفات متقاربة او مشتركة, فمن حيث الموقع الجغرافي يتمتع البلدان بموقع جغرافي ممتاز, له اهميته الجيوسياسية في منطقة مهمة واستراتيجية من العالم, هي منطقة الشرق الاوسط, وهما البلدان الوحيدان في المنطقة اللذان لهما امتدادات في قارتين؛ فاراضي تركيا تتوزع بين اسيا واوربا, وتشكل حلقة اتصال بينهما, وكذلك مصر التي تمتد اراضيها في قارتي افريقيا واسيا, كذلك يمتلك البلدان سواحل طويلة على البحر المتوسط, كل ذلك جعل البلدين يتمتعان باهمية بالغة في الشرق الاوسط. ان النظام السياسي في كلا البلدين نظام جمهوري, تلعب فيه المؤسسة العسكرية دورا بارزا, وتولى ضباط الجيش منصب رئاسة الجمهورية, مع وجود رئيس للحكومة عادة ما يكون مدنيا, يتولى ادارة شؤون البلاد الداخلية والخارجية, فضلا عن انهما من البلدان النامية, وتشكل الزراعة فيهما النشاط الاقتصادي الرئيس للسكان, وانهما يعانيان من مشاكل اقتصادية متشابهة متمثلة في التضخم, وزيادة المديونية الخارجية, لذلك اتبعا مجموعة نظم واجراءات اقتصادية, من اجل التخلص من هذه المشاكل, فضلا عن ذلك هنالك تماثل في التكوين الاجتماعي, وفي عدد السكان في البلدين, والتداخل الديموغرافي بين ابناء الشعبين (التركي والمصري), فهناك مصريون من اصول تركية, وهناك اتراك من اصول عربية مصرية. اضف الى ذلك كون البلدين يرتبطان بعلاقة متميزة مع الولايات المتحدة الامريكية طيلة المدة التي هي قيد الدراسة, وكانا اكثر بلدين يتلقيان مساعدات اقتصادية منها بعد "اسرائيل" من الولايات المتحدة الامريكية, كذلك يرتبطان دون غيرهما من البلدان الاسلامية, بعلاقات دبلوماسية جيدة مع "اسرائيل" في هذه المدة. كل هذا التشابه بين البلدين وغيره, دفع الباحث الى اختيار الموضوع, فضلا عن افتقار المكتبات في الجامعات العراقية والتركية والمصرية, الى دراسة اكاديمية تتناول بحث العلاقات التركية المصرية, وتحليلها في المدة 1980 - 1993, تقف على نقاط التشابه التي تم ذكرها, ودورها في تنمية العلاقات بين البلدين في مختلف الجوانب. اما سبب تحديد عام 1980 لبدء الدارسة فيكمن في ان العلاقات التركية المصرية شهدت الانطلاقة الحقيقية نحو التطور في هذا العام, بعد تسلم كنعان ايفرين رئاسة الجمهورية التركية, على اثر الانقلاب العسكري في الثاني عشر من ايلول 1980, وسعيه الى توثيق علاقات تركيا مع الدول العربية, والدور الذي لعبه توركوت اوزال في توجه تركيا نحو مصر وباقي الدول العربية, سواء عندما كان رئيسا للوزراء على دورتين (1983 - 1989), ام بعد توليه رئاسة الجمهورية (1989 - 1993), وقد توقفنا في البحث عند عام 1993؛ لانه يمثل سنة وفاة توركوت اوزال الذي كان له دور الرئيس في تطوير سياسة تركيا الداخلية والخارجية, وعلاقاتها السياسية والاقتصاد مع مصر وباقي الدول العربية, وبذلك انتهت الحقبة الاوزولية التي امتدت من عام 1983 حتى عام 1993. وقد اعتمد الباحث في تقسيم الدارسة على وحدة الموضوع, مع مراعاة المنهج التاريخي بما يتطلب من تتبع للاحداث والوقائع المختلفة، حسب التسلسل التاريخي, مما يجعل التعمق في بحث الاحوال والمؤثرات التاريخية امرا ضروريا؛ لفهم تطور العلاقات التركية المصرية, ولذا كان ترتيب الفصول على الشكل الاتي : الفصل الاول, تناولت فيه طبيعة العلاقات التركية المصرية قبل عام 1980, وهو فصل تمهيدي, يعرض بالبحث والتحليل العلاقات التركية المصرية منذ قيام النظام الجمهوري في مصر عام 1952, واسباب توتر العلاقات التركية المصرية في هذه المدة حتى عام 1965, ثم دراسة العوامل التي دفعت تركيا الى تغيير سياستها تجاه مصر وباقي الدول العربية, ومراحل تحسن العلاقات بين البلدين, وصولا الى عام 1980, كذلك تناول الفصل تطور العلاقات التركية المصرية في المجال الاقتصادي, والعلمي, والثقافي, والصحي, في هذه المدة. اما الفصل الثاني فقد تناول تطور العلاقات السياسية بين البلدين في المدة 1980 - 1993, والعوامل التي ادت الى هذا التطور في العلاقات, وتبادل الزيارات الرسمية بينهما على اعلى المستويات, في مدة حكم كنعان ايفرين (1980 - 1989), ومدة حكم توركوت اوزال (1989 - 1993). اما الفصل الثالث فقد تناول مجالات التعاون بين تركيا ومصر (1980 - 1993), التي اشتملت على خمسة محاور هي : المحور الاول, ويناقش المجال الاقتصادي والمسوغات التي ادت الى انفتاح البلدين نحو بعضهما, من اجل زيادة مجالات التعاون الاقتصادي بينهما في مختلف المستويات، سواء التجاري منها ام السياحي، او في مجال الصناعة (المدنية, والعسكرية), وكذلك في مجال الانشاءات والمقاولات. اما المحور الثاني فقد تناول جانب التعاون في مجال النقل البحري والجوي بين البلدين. في حين يرصد المحور الثالث التعاون في مجال مشاريع الطاقة الكهربائية وغيرها. وعاين المحور الرابع التعاون في المجال القضائي، واحكام المسجونين, والمعتقلين, اما المحور الاخير فقد رصد التعاون في المجال الثقافي والعلمي، وكذلك مجال الاذاعة والتلفزيون. اما الفصل الرابع فقد وقف فيه الباحث على موضوع مهم, كان له انعكاساته على تطور العلاقات بين البلدين في مختلف المجالات, وهو موقف تركيا ومصر من القضايا الاقليمية, وقد ركزنا فقط على القضايا الاقليمية التي شهدت اهتماما مشتركا من قبل البلدين, وكان لهما موقف مشترك او متباين منها, ومدى تعاونهما مع بعضهما؛ لايجاد حلول لبعض هذه القضايا, واهم هذه القضايا التي تم تناولها هي : حرب الخليج الاولى (1980 - 1988), والصراع العربي "الاسرائيلي", المتمثل في هذه المدة بتطورات القضية الفلسطينية, والاجتياح "الاسرائيلي" للبنان في عام 1982, وتطورات القضية القبرصية, اضافة الى ازمة الخليج (1990 - 1991), واخيرا الحرب في البوسنة والهرسك عام 1992, وعلى الرغم من ان هذه الموضوعات هي موضوعات سياسية, الا انها تعد خارجة عن موضوع تطور العلاقات السياسية بين البلدين؛ لانها تمثل قضايا اقليمية كان لتركيا ومصر موقف منها, لذا تم تناولها في فصل خاص, ولم تدمج مع الفصل الثاني من الاطروحة. ثم تلت هذه الفصول خاتمة, ضمنها الباحث اهم النتائج التي تمخضت عنها الدراسة. اعتمدت فصول الدراسة على مجموعة كبيرة من المصادر الاصيلة، ياتي في مقدمتها عدد غير قليل من الوثائق التركية غير المنشورة، المحفوظة في ارشيف الدولة التركية في انقرة (Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü), فضلا عن مجموعة من الوثائق التركية المنشورة في الجريدة الرسمية التركية (Resmi Gazete)، وهي جريدة معنية بنشر الاتفاقيات الدولية والقوانين بعد مصادقتها من قبل رئيس الجمهورية, هذا فيما يخص الوثائق التركية التي اعتمدتها الدراسة، اما الوثائق المصرية فقد اطلعت على الاتفاقيات والبروتوكولات بين مصر وتركيا, المنشورة في الجريدة الرسمية المصرية, والتي تصدر عن مركز المعلومات والتوثيق ودعم اتخاذ القرار في الهيئة العامة لشؤون المطابع الاميرية في امبابة في محافظة الجيزة، اذ تنشر هذه الجريدة جميع الاتفاقيات والبروتوكولات التي توقعها مصر مع دول العالم بعد مصادقة رئيس الجمهورية عليها، وموافقة وزير الخارجية على نشرها, فضلا عن التقارير الصادرة عن المؤسسات الرسمية مثل الامم المتحدة, والبنك الدولي, وتقارير السفارات. كذلك اعتمدت فصول الاطروحة على عدد كبير من الكتب العربية والمعربة والكتب الاجنبية, التي رفدت الاطروحة بمعلومات مهمة, ومنها كتاب (التطورات المعاصرة في العلاقات العربية التركية) لمؤلفه خليل ابراهيم الناصري, ويعد من المصادر المهمة, اذ اعتمد المؤلف على عدد من المؤلفات التركية، والاجنبية, والكتاب في الاصل رسالة ماجستير في العلوم السياسية, ومن الكتب الاخرى المهمة كتاب (العلاقات العربية التركية) بجزئه الاول الذي كان من منظور عربي وصدر عن معهد البحوث والدراسات العربية التابع لجامعة الدول العربية عام 1991, اما في جزئه الثاني فقد كتب من منظور تركي, وصدر عن معهد البحوث والدراسات العربية, بالتعاون مع مركز الابحاث للتاريخ والفنون والثقافة الاسلامية باسطنبول عام 1993, والكتاب عبارة عن مجموعة بحوث تناولت مختلف جوانب العلاقات التركية العربية, وما يؤخذ على الكتاب ان بعض تواريخ الاحداث الواردة فيه غير دقيقة, وكذلك بعض الاسماء, الامر الذي دفع الباحث الى الرجوع للجرائد؛ من اجل التاكد من تواريخ الاحداث. ومن الكتب المهمة مؤلفات الدكتور جلال عبد الله معوض, منها كتاب (صناعة القرار في تركيا والعلاقات العربية - التركية), وهو كتاب يوضح كثيرا من خبايا وتوجهات السياسة التركية, على الرغم من ان معظم فصول الكتاب تقع خارج نطاق البحث، وكتاب (قضايا العلاقات المصرية التركية), وهذا الكتاب ذو طبيعة سياسية, اعتمد فيه المؤلف على التحليل السياسي للمواقف, الا انه ذكر بعض الجوانب التاريخية في العلاقات بين البلدين, وكذلك مؤلفات الدكتور احمد نوري النعيمي, ومنها كتاب تركيا وحلف شمال الاطلسي، وهو كتاب يتناول بالبحث والتحليل موقع تركيا في حلف شمال الاطلسي واسباب انضمام تركيا لهذا الحلف, وكذلك مؤلفات الدكتور عوني عبد الرحمن السبعاوي، ومؤلفات الدكتور ابراهيم الداقوقي, وغيرهم، وتاتي اهمية هذه الدراسات في كونها مؤلفات متخصصة في عدة مجالات من شؤون تركيا. واستعان الباحث بعدد من الرسائل والاطاريح الجامعية، كانت في مقدمتها اطروحة اميرة محمد كامل الخربوطلي، الموسومة بـ(العلاقات المصرية - التركية 1952 - 1971), والتي نوقشت في كلية الاقتصاد والعلوم السياسية - جامعة القاهرة عام 1979, ومنهج كتابة الاطروحة كان منهجا سياسيا وليس منهجا تاريخيا, لكني افدت منها في معرفة خلفيات العلاقات التركية المصرية, واستعنت برسالة احمد نوري النعيمي (السياسة الخارجية التركية بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية) وهي رسالة ماجستير اعتمدت على الصحافة بالدرجة الاساس وتصل لغاية عام 1975، وكذلك اطروحة احمد جاسم الطائي (موقف تركيا من قضايا المشرق العربي 1967 - 1978), فقد اشار فيها الى جوانب يمكن الافادة منها؛ لفهم العلاقات التركية المصرية, ورسالة الماجستير للباحث زياد عزيز حميد الجلبي، (السياسة الخارجية التركية 1973 - 1983) وغيرها, وقد افاد منها الباحث في الفصل الاول من الاطروحة فقط. كما شكلت البحوث المعتمدة في المؤتمرات العلمية والبحوث المنشورة في الدوريات العربية، مرتكزا اخر افاد منه الباحث في كتابة اطروحته, اذ قدمت الابحاث والدراسات معلومات قيمة عن العلاقات التركية العربية بشكل عام, وتاتي في طليعتها البحوث المنشورة في مجلة السياسة الدولية الصادرة عن مركز الاهرام, كذلك اعتمد الباحث بشكل كبير على الشهريات الموجودة في مجلة السياسة الدولية, كدليل لمعرفة الزيارات المتبادلة وتواريخها للبحث عنها, وعما دار فيها من مباحثات في الجرائد والمصادر الاخرى, كما ان مجلة السياسة الدولية كانت تعنى ايضا بنشر بعض الملفات الوثائقية عن بعض الاحداث المهمة. اما الجرائد والمجلات العربية والتركية والاجنبية, المحفوظة في دار الكتب والوثائق القومية في القاهرة, او في المكتبة الوطنية (Milli Kütüphane) في انقرة, او في دار الكتب والوثائق الوطنية في بغداد, او في مركز الدراسات الاستراتيجية في بغداد, فقد شكلت رافدا مهما من روافد الاطروحة؛ اذ اعتمد عليها الباحث اعتمادا كبيرا في توثيق الزيارات والمباحثات التي جرت بين البلدين, فقد كانت هذه الجرائد حريصة على متابعة الاحداث والمواضيع وتطوراتها, وما نتج عنها, وقد اعتمد الباحث في اغلب المواضيع على اكثر من صحيفة, ومن مختلف التوجهات؛ من اجل الوصول الى دقة المعلومة, واهم هذه الجرائد هي جريدة الاهرام المصرية, واضواء الانباء التركية, و(Milliyet) وغيرها من الجرائد. وكان للمواقع الالكترونية الموثقة اثر مهم في تزويد الاطروحة ببعض الوثائق والمعلومات, مثل موقع الامم المتحدة, وموقع مقاتل من الصحراء, وموقع عالم المعرفة وغيرها من المواقع الالكترونية . وفي الحقيقة ان هذا الجهد الذي بذل من قبل الباحث قد واجه عدة صعوبات, متعارف عليها عند اغلب الطلبة والباحثين, منها عدم اهتمام وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي في تذليل العقبات امام الطلبة؛ من اجل الحصول على الوثائق والمصادر من خارج العراق, فيبقى الطالب معتمدا على جهده الذاتي وعلاقاته الشخصية؛ من اجل الحصول على وثيقة, او كتاب نادر. ولم يدخر الباحث جهدا او مالا في سبيل ذلك, اذ قام بعدة سفرات في داخل العراق وخارجه, شملت عددا من المدن التركية والمصرية لاكثر من مرة, فضلا عن المدن العراقية, يقتفي اثر المعلومة؛ من اجل سد الثغرات, وكنت اعمل بشكل دؤوب في المكتبات التركية والمصرية لساعات طوال, باحثا في صفحات المجلات والجرائد وناقلا منها, اذ ان بعض المكتبات تمنع استعمال تقنية التصوير بكل انواعه, اما الوثائق المصرية غير المنشورة فلا يحق للباحث الاطلاع عليها, الا بعد الحصول على موافقة وزير الخارجية حصرا, وبتزكية من احد الاساتذة الجامعيين المصريين, وبعد مدة انتظار قد تصل الى اكثر من خمسة شهور, لا يتمكن الباحث من الاطلاع على جميع الوثائق التي يرغب في الحصول عليها. والشيْ الاخر الذي يدعو الى الاسى هو وجود عدة تقارير وجرائد تخص علاقة تركيا مع الدول العربية, كانت متوفرة في مكتبة مركز الدراسات الاقليمية في جامعة الموصل, ولكنها فقدت او اتلفت بعد سيطرة (داعش) على المدينة عام 2014, وعلى الرغم من كثرة الاتصالات مع بعض الاصدقاء لم اتمكن من الحصول الا على نزر يسير منها . وختاما فعلى الرغم مما بذله الباحث من جهد في اعداد هذه الدراسة، ومهما بلغ حرصه على دقتها, فانه لا يدعي الكمال فيما كتب, فالكمال لله وحده، وما اضافه من نتائج اعتمد فيها على ما توفر عليه من وثائق ومصادر علمية. وغاية ما يرجوه ان يكون قد وفق في متابعة موضوع بحثه, وان تحظى الاطروحة برضا الاساتذة الكرام، وان تكون جديرة بان تحتل مكانتها في المكتبة التاريخية العراقية ... والله الموفق . | Turkey and Egypt are considered among the most important countries in the Middle East. They share a common set of characteristics, in terms of the geographical location, the nature of political regime and economic system, the social formation, the population and so on. Both have an excellent geopolitical location which have an important geopolitical Area. Whereas the Turkish grounds lay between the continents of Asia and Europe it form a link between them, Also Egypt in which its grounds lay in Africa and Asian Areas and it forms as an important link between the ancient continents of the world (Asia, Africa, and Europe). As well both have long beaches on the Mediterranean sea. All of what mentioned above makes both countries among the most important countries of the Middle East . The political regime in both countries is a republican, and in such regime, The position of presidency should be assumed by Army officers with a head of government usually a civilian, manages the internal and external affairs of the country. As both countries are related to the growing countries in which agriculture is the main source of economy of their peoples, And both countries are suffering from economic problems, such as inflation and increasing external indebtedness. Both countries have a special relationship with the USA in the period of studied, and they were getting great economic support from the USA. The support comes in the second class, after "Israel" In addition both countries have a good diplomatic relationship with "Israel'' - that the other Islamic countries. All that similarity between the two countries, pushes the researcher to choose such a subject, to find out the similarity which has been mentioned, above and its role in growing the relation between the two countries. The researcher has divided the study depending on the unity of the subject, with observance of historical method, which is required to follow different events and attitudes according to historical sequence. And this is what makes going deeply into conditions and influences is very necessary to understand the development of Turkish - Egyptian relations. Therefore, the order of the chapters is as follows : Chapter I : The nature of Turkish - Egyptian relations until 1980Chapter II : Development of Turkish - Egyptian Political Relations 1980 - 1993Chapter III : Areas of Cooperation between Turkey and Egypt 1980 - 1993Chapter IV : The Attitude of Turkey and Egypt form The Regional Issues 1980 - 1993. The most important conclusions which have been reached by the researcher are that relations between both countries have developed relatively since 1965 and until the end of seventies, But the relations between them haven't reach advanced stages and the stage of coordination in attitudes and trends, only in the eighties and early nineties of the last century, This is reflected in the frequent visits between officials of the two countries at the highest levels, cooperation in the economic fields, the field of transport, the field of justice, the field of culture and other fields, as well as in the coordination of positions, either individually or through the Organization and the Conference. The Islamic, the United Nations. Turkey's drive towards Egypt was mainly due to two factors : the first is political; Turkey's attempt to obtain a supportive position in the Cyprus issue from the Arab and Islamic countries and the Non - Aligned Movement. Turkey was an important gateway to Egypt; to influence the positions of these countries, The economic factor was a major factor in the development of Turkish - Egyptian relations during this period. It was also the most active in the relations between the two countries because of the problems Economy Suffering from both countries. However, the economic relations between Turkey and Egypt have not reached an advanced stage compared to other Arab countries, Iraq, Libya and Saudi Arabia were the most economically connected countries with Turkey. The reason for this is that Turkey and Egypt were competing in some Economic fields. It is clear here that the process of making foreign political decision in the Turkish state has been subject to several variables internal, regional and international, has been determined the process of issuing in accordance with Turkey's political relations and economic interests with those determinants

الصراع السياسي في الصين 1966 - 1976 (الثورة الثقافية) == Political conflict in China, 1966 - 1976 (Cultural Revolution

اسم المؤلف: حسين عبد الكاظم عودة الحسيناوي
اسم المشرف: فرقد عباس قاسم المياحي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The present study focused on the Cultural Revolution in the Republic of China 1966 to1976. Primary aim of this revolution was to take possession of the state authority by power, to get hold of things and to crush the resistance of old elites in the Party after Mao and his followers realized that the totalitarian regime and conflict over the authority is endless in the central committee of the communist Party in China. Broadly, this cultural revolution embodied a series of general and political crises that republic of China tolerated during the 20th century. Mao and his group focusing on the central function of this revolution which was to prevent China from turning into being Capitalistic and to adopt Mao's ideas Besides, this revolution aims at flourishing the ideological awareness so that people can free themselves through class struggle. Mao believed that manipulating the political, ideological and public and public processes of the revolution, Mao's proponents could accomplish their revolutionary goals and also make their economic and social improvement. But this resulted in heightening the political turmoil accompanied by sustained ideological struggles, swept through the whole state. Mao thought Leo Shao Shi and his fellow, Ding Shiow Beeing were adopting capitalism in their support of some groups and instigation against the cultural revolution which, accordingly, resulted in a distortion of their interior affair in the face of the Party and the people of China. This struggle was known as "conflict between two link". Although this type of struggle was not over between the president and Mao at the beginning, the latter was able to exert his sovereignty as a leader to the communist party in China, for he believes the Chinese communist party was the dominant power that had ruled for a long time during bureaucratic leadership that made it lose its communist values and revolutionary spirit. In response, communist China witnessed some accusations and criticism oriented towards the great political and military. Majors, even different categories of people as well as conflict movements. In addition, China witnessed the formation of a number of organizations and armed groups coincided these divisions and the armed conflicts, even within one organization or one group. The conclusion shows that throughout this study one can comprehend the final version of the cultural revolution in that it was a huge risk to Chinese policy since it was exploited by Mao who succeeded in eliminating the communist party on the inside and dismantling it. Mao and the group of the central revolution took the advantage of the unsettled situation in China in order to distort the reputation of those who work for the president, Leo, Which is part of their political attempt to disrepute the party leaders and their system. Further, Mao was able, via this revolution, practiced communist totalitarian and to spread hatred throughout the state. At the same time, he succeeded in accomplishing his primary aim which is to control the authority under the rule of his power. Though he progressively attempted to turn China into being socialist and communist based upon Marxism, these attempts reached a resounding failure

العلاقات السياسية الالمانية - اليابانية 1933 - 1941 == German - Japanese political relations 1933 - 1941

اسم المؤلف: حسام طعمة ناصر
اسم المشرف: حميد احمد حمدان التميمي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: After the First World War (1914 - 1918), the history of the international relations has witnessed many conflicts, some of them were born from the womb of the mitigations that were founded by the victorious countries. And the return of Germany and Japan to the cycle of the conflict, during the thirties of 20th century was one of the results of those mitigations, after they both have suffered from the oppression of the Allies Forces. The yield of Japanese policy to the army influence early thirties decade of the 20th century, and seizing the rule by Nazi in Germany in 1933, was an announcement to start a huge transition in the international relations.In the light of those conditions, the research of Germany - Japan political relations has acquired unique position for history study of the international relationships between the two World Wars. This thesis specifically addresses (1933 - 1941) era, during which, particularity in 1933, the Nazi headed by Adolf Hitler took power, with all the changes that took place in both the internal and external policy of Germany and the giant transition towered Japan. The study is concluded in 1941, where Japan officially involved in the second World War beside Germany, specifically during the bombardment of American Pearl Harbor in December of that year.The methodology of the thesis addresses both events chronologically, and at the same time maintains subject cohesion. The thesis includes a preface and four chapters, beside this introduction, conclusion, and bibliography. The preface is dedicated to research the history of the Germanys - Japanese relations advancement, up to 1933. It focused on Germany’s role in building the modern Japan, and the colonial competition between the two countries in the Middle East area. The research consists of two themes, the first has discusses the ideological elements and the political circumstances that effected the rapprochement, while the second theme discusses Germany - Japan political relations during the 1935 - 1936 period and the ratification of the anti - communism agreement on October 1936.The second chapter studies the impacts of Japan’s expansion in China on Germany - Japan relationships from 1937 to 1938. This chapter includes three themes : the first one discusses the Germany’s policyGerman - Japan political relations 1933 - 1941 toward the Far East prior to July - 1937 China - Japan war. While the second theme follows up the Germany’s attitude toward Japan - China war, and the third theme explores the internal and external factors that forced Germany to stand beside Japan, sacrificing its economic interests in China.The third Chapter is divided into three themes; the first one studies the attempts of the Japanese army to consolidate the military alliance with Germany. While the second theme discusses the impact of Germany - Soviets nonaggression treaty on the tripartite alliance negotiations. The third theme highlights the Japan’s attitude toward the Second World War in the period from September 1939 until July 1940.The fourth chapter in its three themes unveils the political relations of the two countries in light of the tripartite alliance in 1940 - 1941. The first theme focusses on the agreement discussion of the Germany - Italy - Japan tripartite alliance. While the second theme discusses the Japan - Soviet neutrality agreement in April 1941, and the Japan attitude toward the attack of its own ally, Germany, on the Soviets territories. The third theme focuses on Germany’s attitude toward America - Japan negotiations, and the Japanese attack on the American Pearl Harbor on 7th December 1941, Japan’s evolvement in the war beside its allies the Axis against the United States and Brittan.The thesis is counted on a group of sources and references; the most significant ones are collections of German, Britain and American documentations, in addition to a number of foreign specialized books, researches, and academic studies concerning Japan and Germany.The thesis concludes that the Germany - Japan relationships were not fully harmonious, they were rather characterized by hesitancy, perhaps due to the domination sole interests of each country over the common goals of the alliance.

موقف الاردن من اتفاقية كامب ديفيد واثره على العلاقات مع الولايات المتحدة الامريكية 1977 - 1979

اسم المؤلف: اسعد كاظم جابر الغزي
اسم المشرف: اميرة رشك لعيبي الزبيدي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The reason for choosing the subject was to know the Jordanian position regarding the Camp David Accords and its impact on US relations with Jordan from 1977 until 1979, which marks a turning point in Arab - American relations in general and Jordanian - American in particular. US Presidency .The importance of the study comes from the specificity of the stage covered by the conflict, which witnessed the intensification of the Arab - Israeli conflict and the entry of the parties into crises and wars. The Arab parties and the Jordanian side resorted in particular to seek the support of the United States, which strongly entered the Arab region to resolve disputes and to settle the settlement Both American and Israeli, because of the strategic relationship between the United States and Israel, which is the cornerstone of American foreign policy in the region .The Camp David Accords were an important turning point in history in the history of the Arab - Israeli conflict. The agreement, which was accompanied by protracted negotiations for nearly a year and a half, paved the way for the signing of a formal peace treaty on March 26, 1979 between Egypt and Israel. This led to close ties with the United States and a profound change in the strategic map of the Middle East .The Camp David Agreement is one of the issues affecting the two countries because of the Jordanian interests' ties with the United States of America through the active role of Jordan in the Arab region and its international relations with the major countries. Especially with the United States .The interest of the United States and its support for Jordan stemmed from the general interest of the United States in the Middle East. The Middle East was an advanced front for the West in a possible confrontation with the Eastern bloc. It contained vast reserves of raw materials needed by the West, most importantly oil, and at the same time a market for Western products Thus, the American perception centered on the statement that the one who controls the Arabian Peninsula and the Middle East controls the European continent. Therefore, the key to interpreting the US policy in Jordan was the result of his opposition to the Soviet threat and the associated elements Because of its geographical location and because of its interest in peace in the region. Jordan is a small country with few major economic resources, which has made it rely heavily on US foreign aid to compensate for the scarcity of resources and its need for economic and social programs to support growth. Great Population .ABSTRACTBThe United States has considered Jordan as the qualified party to take positions in support of US peace initiatives, but rather to call for a key role in the peace process .The United States views Jordan as a major party in its political vision of the nature and dimensions of the conflict, seeking to ensure its security and stability, which is thus reflected in ensuring Israel's security. In contrast, Jordan has taken advantage of the US interest in highlighting its regional role towards peace .The first chapter was entitled "Negotiations for the Settlement of the Arab - Israeli Conflict and its Impact on US - Jordanian Relations 1973 - 1977". The first topic focused on the October 1973 war and the Jordanian - American contacts. The American attempts to settle the conflict and the Jordanian position, 1973 - 1974, are also discussed in the third article; following the decisions of the Arab summit on the Jordanian position on the peace talks 1974 - 1976 .While the second chapter dealt with the direction of the administration of US President Jimmy Carter to settle the Arab - Israeli conflict and the Jordanian position in 1977. In the first part, he focused on the Jordanian position on American mediation until October 1977, and in the second part, the Jordanian position on the joint Soviet - American statement and Sadat's visit to Jerusalem .The third chapter explains the role of the United States in the Camp David talks, the signing of the 1978 - 1979 Egyptian - Israeli peace treaty, the recognition of mutual visits prior to the agreement, the details of the Leeds Castle Conference in July 1978, the transition to the White House announcement to call the Camp David Conference, The Camp David Summit, during its thirteen days, monitored and analyzed the proposed projects, which were presented to the agenda of the negotiations, and what was reached at the end of the conference, embodied in the Camp David Agreement and the Egyptian - Israeli Treaty. And the Egyptian - Israeli negotiations until September 1978. The second topic was the US hosting the Camp David conference and its role in the Egyptian - Israeli peace treaty 1978 - 1979 .The fourth chapter was entitled : The Jordanian Position on the Camp David Accords and the Egyptian - Israeli Treaty and its Impact on American - Jordanian Relations. The first topic dealt with the Jordanian reservations to the Camp David Accords and the American position on them. David at the Ninth Arab Summit in Baghdad, and the latter dealt with the impac

المسارات الوسطية في فكر الامام علي (عليه السلام) : دراسة في نهج البلاغة == The Moderation Trends in Imam Ali's Intellect : A Study in Nahjul - Balagha

اسم المؤلف: اروى عبد الواحد رحيم
اسم المشرف: حميد سراج جابر الاسدي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: In the middle of the challenges that the Islamic nation passes through during the modern times which affected the presence of the communities and their future, moderation appeared as an important approach to build a sound society. The intellectual visions of the Prince of Believers (peace be upon him) described moderation as a vital cure. This thesis entitled (The Moderation Trends in Imam Ali's Intellect : A Study in Nahjul - Balagha) is divided into three chapters preceded by an introduction and followed by conclusions. The prelude is entitled (The Concept of Moderation and Its Intellectual Implications), it defines moderation and shows its linguistic and terminological significances. It also shows intellectual accommodation of the concept of moderation and then studies the developing expression of moderation from Islamic perspective which basically depends on the Holy Qura'n and prophetic sunnah and its application by the Imams of Ahlu - el - Bayyt (peace be upon them).Chapter one is devoted to the study of (The Perfection Paths in Belief and Intellect). Including the status of integration, whether in ideological thought and knowledge or legislation or educational rules that the Imam shows in the worship paths in order to move to the path of integration and perfection through moderation. Section two studies the importance of moderation in the belief in the position of Imamship and its dimensions of loyalty.Chapter two which is entitled (Organizational Paths and Strategic Orientation) is divided into three sections. Section one studies the organizational path of the social framework and its sort of philosophy. Section two deals with the economic path. While section three deals with the organization of the military framework and its relationship with the leadership. Chapter three displays (The Educational Paths and Their Inclusive Nature). Imam Ali (peace be upon him) put some protective regulations, this is studied in section one. In section two, the guiding rules, as they were proposed by Imam Ali (peace be upon him), are displayed. In section three, the philosophical purpose, which emphasizes the concept of comprehensive education, is studied. The thesis ends with the most important results that the study concluded. The study consulted many resources that enriched it with the sufficient and beneficial information it its different aspects. The

سياسة الولايات المتحدة الامريكية تجاه كوريا الجنوبية (1961 - 1974) == Policy of the United States of America toward South Korea (1961 - 1974)

اسم المؤلف: طارق مهدي عباس الجبوري
اسم المشرف: فؤاد طارق كاظم العميدي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة بابل - كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The Study of the Foreign Policy of the United States of America is a vital and vital studies in the field of modern and Contemporary history as a Policy of divergent and fixed priorities, and the other variable and the importance of this study being linked to one of the most prominent pillars of national security in the North East Asia and the Pacific, Which represents the greatest threat to the safety of the United States of America in the Korean Peninsula, as the Most dangerous Nuclear Weapons Can still explode at any time, in addition to what contributed to the US Policy to find a State of Modernity and development in the Spring Political, Economic and Military generated in the Southern Part of the Korean Peninsula and transforming society from a society of poverty and Underdevelopment to innovation and community regeneration.can be described as poor for such important studies that combine the American orientations with the South Korean developments, Therefore, one of the reasons that led the researcher to choose is placed in the US - South Korean affairs. In addition, the post - Korean period is the beginning of the emergence of the modern South Korean state. It represents a pivotal stage for the beginning of the new history of the US - South Korean alliance, its role in building the South Korean people and its Contemporary historical development. It was in this sense that the subject of the study was chosen under the title "The United States Policy Towards South Korea (1961 - 1974)." John Kennedy first assumed the presidency of the US Administration, accompanied by internal transformations in South Korea and the coming of Park Chung. The end of the administration of Richard Nixon, and what has seen the reign of his administration of the effects of South Korean reality. The thesis consisted of introduction, introduction, three Chapters, a conclusion and a list of sources and references : The preamble entitled "The US Policy Towards South Korea1953 - 1960" included three aspects : The Political aspect concerns Washington's Policy toward South Korea, its Political issues, Diplomacy from the end of the war and its Military operations, with the signing of the truce on July 27, 1953 to 1960, the internal Political change in South Korea following the student revolution, the removal of the Sangman Re regime and the advent of the interim government Led by Chang Miyun. The Second aspect dealt with the role of the United States in rebuilding the economy and infrastructure of South Korea during the years 1953 - 1960.The Third aspect was the activation of the role of the United States Military Forces in South Korea and their use in civil and Economic activities, as well as in the development and assistance of South Korean Military forces during this period. The first chapter dealt with the Policy of the administration of John F. Kennedy towards South Korea 1961 - 1963, divided into five sections : The First part is the John F. Kennedy administration's policy on the internal political developments in South Korea, 1961 - 1962, following the Military Coup and the nature of the US position and Policy. The Second Part discusses John F. Kennedy's Administration's Policy towards the democratic transition in South Korea after Washington's Conditional acceptance of the South Korean Military Council on November 14, 1962, 1963, and the transformation of South Korea into a democratic approach. The Third topic addresses the efforts of the John F. Kennedy administration to normalize bilateral relations between South Korea and Japan, 1961 - 1963. The Economic dimension in the fourth topic, under the title : The role of the United States of America in guiding and developing the South Korean economy from 1961 to 1963, as the main factor in saving South Korea economically. The fifth topic dealt with the Military dimension of policy, John Kennedy, entitled : The Policy of John Kennedy's Military administration towards South Korea 1961 - 1963. Which was characterized by weakness and did not rise to advanced situations between the two countries in this area that the political factor is still in the process of maturation. The second chapter is entitled : Strategic Options for US Policy on South Korea during the Lyndon Johnson Administration 1963 - 1969. The First topic is the administration of President Lyndon Johnson and its success in the normalization of the South Korean relations of Japan 1964 - 1969, which constituted a major and strategic demand for Washington at this stage. The second topic : South Korea and the US strategy in Asia 1963 - 1969. And discussed two important points : First, the South Korean move towards the regional states in Asia and the American position from 1963 to 1969. This was a success for South Korean diplomacy and with the blessing and support of Washington, which led to the convening of the Asian Regional Council's conferences to support the American orientations.II. The nature of US policy towards South Korea in the wake of Pyongyang's provocations, 1966 - 1969.And discussed the third topic : the impact of the economic policy of the United States of America in the development and construction of the South Korean economy during the administration of President Lyndon Johnson 1963 - 1969, where it witnessed the most delicate stages of laying the foundations of the modern economy and renewed South Korea, as well as the best US in providing Economic Assistance and consultation Miscellaneous. He discussed the Fourth Section_ Lyndon Johnson's Military Policy Toward South Korea 1963 - 1969 : First, Lyndon Johnson's policy on the issue of reducing and regulating the status of US military forces in South Korea 1964 - 1969. Second, the alliance between the United States and South Korea in the Vietnam War 1964 - 1969. These aspects have been key factors in increasing the momentum of harmony, understanding and cooperation between Washington and Seoul and opening new horizons for their alliance in the region. The fourth chapter examines Richard Nixon's policy toward South Korea, 1969 - 1974. Three investigations included : The first part was devoted to the study of the Nixon administration's policy on Pyongyang's provocations against South Korea (1969 - 1974), which showed US adherence to the option of escalating Positions with North Korea and pushing all forces toward appeasement and containment of crises. While the second topic discussed the political impact of the Nixon Doctrine on South Korea, 1969 - 1974, which affected several internal and external political aspects, which constituted a real Challenge to the US - South Korean Relations, led to cracks that almost died in harmony between the two sides, South Korean Political reality. The third topic : Nixon's Economic Policy towards South Korea, 1969 - 1974, also set up in some of its stations a climate of mistrust and divergence of views, but remained where the US funds are the biggest hand in supporting the South Korean Economy. The last topic is : The Military Impact of the Nixon Doctrine on South Korea, 1969 - 1974. Where the military transformation of the large and reduce the presence of US forces in South Korea and the resulting Military implications for the Modernization of the military capabilities of the South Korean forces, in addition to government intersections between the executive and legislative US and the impact of its results on Seoul's acquisition of military modernization required, as well as the Korean disengagement South of the Vietnam War following the cessation of Military escalation and acceptance of the truce and foreign withdrawal.

سياسة انكلترا الخارجية 1307 - 1272 == England Foreign Policy 1272 - 1307

اسم المؤلف: محمد عبد الرضا موسى
اسم المشرف: كريم مطر حمزة الزبيدي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة بابل - كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تعد الدراسات في العصر الوسيط الاوربي من الدراسات التاريخية المهمة, اذ لم يسلط عليها الضوء بشكل كاف والغور في احداث ذلك العصر واشباعه بحثا وتحليلا. ولا شك ان لدراسة تاريخ انكلترا في العصور الوسطى اهمية بالغة نظرا لمكانة تلك المملكة في اوروبا والعالم في العصر الوسيط وما الت اليه تلك المملكة بعد ذلك, فهذه المدة التاريخية التي تناولناها في هذه الاطروحة (1272 - 1307) كانت بداية جادة لتوحيد الجزر البريطانية بقيادة انكلترا تحت مظلة مملكة واحدة موحدة فقد تمكنت انكلترا من السيطرة على ويلز بالقوة والحال نفسه ينطبق على اسكتلندا على الرغم من الصعوبات والتقلبات الي شهدتها السيطرة الانكليزية هناك, فضلا عن تبعية ايرلندا لانكلترا. ومن جانب اخر عد الملك ادوارد الاول الذي حكم انكلترا ابان تلك المدة من ابرز ملوك انكلترا في العصر الوسيط ان لم يكن ابرزهم على الاطلاق, كما تميز عهده الذي امتد طيلة خمسة وثلاثين سنة بوافر من الاحداث ولاسيما على المستوى الخارجي بدءا من الجزر البريطانية ومرورا بممالك اوروبا وصولا الى الشرق الاسلامي. ولعل ذلك من جملة ما دفعنا وحفزنا على البحث والكتابة في هذا الموضوع بعد توكلنا على الله تعالى لاختيار موضوع الاطروحة والموسوم ( سياسة انكلترا الخارجية 1272 - 1307). وقد تضمنت الاطروحة اربعة فصول مسبوقة بمقدمة وتحليل لما ورد في المصادر وتعقبها استنتاجات وملاحق وقائمة بالمصادر, وقد بحثنا في الفصل الاول دور الامير ادوارد في ظل حكم ابيه الملك هنري الثالث لانكلترا (1239 - 1272) اما الفصل الثاني فقد تناول السياسة الصليبية لانكلترا ودورها في حل النزاع الاوربي حول صقلية, وشرعنا في الفصل الثالث لتتبع النزاع والحرب ما بين انكلترا وفرنسا خلال المدة (1293 - 1303) وكان محورها دوقية جاسكوني ومحاولة المملكتين السيطرة عليها, وجاء الفصل الرابع ليوضح سياسة انكلترا تجاه اسكتلندا (1286 - 1307). شهدت انكلترا خلال النصف الثاني من القرن الثالث عشر وبداية القرن الرابع عشر الميلاديين جملة من الاحداث المهمة على الصعيد الخارجي, تمثلت في تطورات ملحوظة في مختلف جوانب الحياة السياسية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية, انعكست على مؤسسات المملكة على كافة الصعد التشريعية والتنفيذية والقضائية والعسكرية, اذ كانت السياسة الخارجية لانكلترا في ذروتها على الرغم ان اغلبها اتسمت بطابع الحروب والقوة والتوسع. ولا شك ان الحروب الكثيرة التي قامت بها انكلترا قد جعلت خزينة المملكة خاوية ومدينة في اغلب الاحيان, وبالتالي فان تكلفة تلك الحروب وقيامها تقع في معظمها على كاهل المواطنين الانكليز عبر فرض الضرائب او جنودا للقتال في تلك المعارك, وبالرغم من ذلك كان هناك قبولا ولو على مضض وهم يرون ان مملكتهم تتوسع رقعتها وتزداد هيبتها, فضلا عن رغبتهم بالحصول على الغنائم ان استطاعوا ذلك وهذا ما ينطبق ومنطق العصور الوسطى. سعى الملك ادوارد الاول في تكوين امبراطورية كان يتوق اليها عبر توحيد الجزر البريطانية تحت سلطة التاج الانكليزي فضلا عن سعي انكلترا للاحتفاظ باخر ممتلكاتها القارية وهي جاسكوني ونجحت في ذلك الى حد كبير, الا ان ذلك جاء نتيجة حروب وقتال راح ضحيتها الالاف من سكان تلك الجزر, وبذلك يمكن القول ان فكرة توحيد تلك الجزر ترسخت اكثر خلال عهده. | During the second half of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth century, England witnessed a number of important events on the external level. These were notable developments in various aspects of political, social and economic life, which were reflected in the Kingdom's institutions at all levels of legislative, executive, judicial and military. Of England at its peak, although most of them were characterized by the nature of wars, force and expansion. In the first chapter we discussed the role of Prince Edward under the reign of his father King Henry III of England (1239 - 1272). The second chapter dealt with the crusader policy of England and its role in solving The first was to trace the crusade of England from 1274 to 1291, and the attempts of King Edward I of England, to A crusade to the Middle Islamic and contacts Papacy other foreign powers to do that campaign, and the third section the role of England and its king Edward the first in resolving the European dispute over the Kingdom of Sicily for the period between the year (1284 - 1289). In chapter 3 we began to trace the dispute and the war between England and France during the period (1303 - 1303), centered on the Duchy of Gaskone and the attempt of the two kingdoms to control it. Chapter IV explains England's policy towards Scotland (1286 - 1307). From the above, we can deduce a number of points : - The Character of King Edward I was refined in a good framework and gradually with the stages of progress of his life, the responsibilities entrusted to him at an early age and his participation in the formulation of political events in England as well as personal involvement in battles The parliamentary institution under the reign of King Edward I witnessed a remarkable development by representing large sections of the English people, especially the Model Parliament in 1295, although the king's main purpose was to obtain funds by authorizing the Parliament to impose taxes. That On the other hand put another brick in the evolution of the legislative institution in England to be representative of all strata. King Edward I worked hard to carry out a crusade that would be reprisal and personal consideration after the failure of his campaign with the King of France Louis IX in 1270 - 1272. England and the other European kingdoms had the lead in it, but it did not succeed where the conditions and preparations were not appropriate. The Englishman comes first regardless of his strong desire to carry out this campaign. He can not risk his rule in England for the Crusaders in the East unless he is sure that this does not pose a threat to his rule. Proof of this is his confiscation of money and Crusader infidelity, She desperately needs to meet his expenses Internal or external wars. The Duchy of Gascone was the compass of Anglo - French relations, which was dominated by tension and attraction, especially with the ambition of French King Philip IV to annex the Duchy to his property and expand his influence at the expense of the King of England, which he was able to control already for nearly a decade, but King Edward was able to retrieve With great difficulty after losing a fatal mistake, to maintain at least the last part of English property in France King Edward I sought to form an Empire he longed for by unifying the British islands under the authority of the English Crown. He succeeded in doing so to a great extent, but this was the result of wars and fighting using iron and fire, which claimed the lives of thousands of inhabitants. The islands became more established during his reig.

الارمن في لبنان 1915 - 1975 : دراسة في اوضاعهم الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والسياسية == The Armenians in Lebanon 1915 - 1975 Study in their Social, Economic and Political Situations

اسم المؤلف: باسم ريحان مغامس الشميساوي
اسم المشرف: صالح جعيول جويعد السراي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة ذي قار - كلية الاداب - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The study of the history of minorities is a crucial issue because it has a significant impact on the events in the region in which it is located, particularly in Lebanon. This reflects profoundly on the Lebanese identity, which is characterized by ethnic, religious and sectarian diversity. Minorities in Lebanon's sectarian system have found a vital area for their social and political activities, their religious beliefs are much greater, less their counterparts in the region. On the other hand, the presence of large groups of refugees with a particular religious belief in a multi - ethnic country has a direct impact on social conditions Economic and political situation of the host country. The establishment of such refugees may lead to ethnic and religious tensions with local groups opposed to this emergency presence. Therefore, it is important to study the history of the Armenian community in Lebanon in all its aspects and dimensions, an academic study in depth, as it is one of the important communities that left a significant impression on the social, economic and political aspects of Lebanon, despite the recent existence in this country. In a miserable situation that is difficult to describe, they were stripped of everything, suffered the hardships of living in camps that lacked the basic elements of life, and in a country that differed with its inhabitants by customs and traditions, not to mention the language that was a major obstacle to their rapid integration into the new society. However, this minority community was able to preserve its national identity for a short period of time, and to have a great interest in Lebanon on the economic and political level, based on strong social ties. Accordingly, this study titled "Armenians in Lebanon 1915 - 1975 study in their social, economic and political situations" is chosen to highlight on the aforementioned issues of Armenian minority in order to revisit their histories and reach a new conclusions. The structure of the thesis is div ided into an introduction and five chapters and a conclusion.The first chapter examines the situation of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire up to 1915. Three sections are addressed here : the first of which included the Armenian origin, included the geographical location and historical development, while the second Armenian topic was presented during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II and the internationalization of the Armenian question. The third focused on the Armenians during the federal rule until 1915.The second chapter deals with the Armenian migrations to Lebanon from 1915 to 1939, so each migration is considered in a single section of this chapter. The first of which investigates the Armenian presence in Lebanon in 1915. The second section discusses entitled France's relinquishment of its mandate to Cilicia in 1920 and Armenian emigration Of which, while the third reviews the third migration under the title of Armenian immigration from the Alexandretta Brigade in 1939.The third chapter deals with the social and economic situation of the Armenians in Lebanon, and therefore divided into three sections. The first is the settlement of Armenian refugees in Lebanon. The second focuses on the religious establishment and the educational system. The third deals with the economic situation of the Armenians and their role in developing the Lebanese economy.The fourth chapter examines with the political situation of the Armenians in Lebanon during the French mandate of 1925 - 1946. This chapter is divided into two sections, the first one highlights the Armenian political parties in Lebanon, and the second discusses the participation of Armenians in political life under the mandate.The fifth chapter is devoted to examine the political situation of Armenians in Lebanon 1947 - 1975, divided into two sections. The first topic deals with the intensification of the conflict between the Armenian parties and their reflections on their political reality, while the second topic reviews the political development of the Armenians until 1975.In conclusion, the Armenians in Lebanon succeeded remarkably in the social, economic and political levels. They were driven to their unknown fate. Many were killed on the road of displacement. Others died as a result of sickness, hunger, and even those who remained alive were dead when they arrived in the diaspora. In the refugee camps in Lebanon, poverty was accompanied by their huts and tents. They lacked the most basic needs of a proper life. They were ulnerable to disease and epidemics, killing many, especially children, because of malnutrition. Except living in isolation in a different traditions, language, etc., but they were able to develop their social status to form an Armenian society in Lebanon that is in itself strong and cohesive, maintaining their national identity and positively integrated into Lebanese society. This also applies to the economic aspect in which they have become influential. The economic power of the Armenians in Lebanon has become an important political role. It is important that the Lebanese government refused to return to Soviet Armenia when the Soviet Union launched it for the second time in 1962 for fear of upsetting the demographic balance. It is possible to say that all of this would not have been possible without the extraordinary potential of the Armenian people to cling to life and to re - establish themselves as an significant community in Lebanon and to play a large role in social, economic and political aspects.

الوزارات المستحدثة واثرها في الواقعين الاقتصادي والاجتماعي للعراق 1958 - 1963 == The Effect of Created Ministries on the Economic and social Aspects in Iraq 1958 - 1963

اسم المؤلف: سعد عبد الواحد عبد الخضر
اسم المشرف: حسن علي عبد الله السماك
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة القادسية - كلية التربية - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: القادسية
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The newly formed ministries in Iraq for the period from 1959 to 1963 represented the most comprehensive changes in the economic and social aspects. Thus, we can say that the July 14 th is a real revolution and not a military coup through its achievements in the advancement of the society. When laws were enacted, No. 74 of 1959, which included the creation of seven ministries, namely the Ministry of Agrarian Reform, the Ministry of Industry, the Ministry of Oil, the Ministry of Planning, the Ministry of Works and Housing, the Ministry of Municipalities and the Ministry of Commerce and The Ministry of Agrarian Reform came to implement the Law of Agrarian Reform No. 30 of 1958, which resulted in the identification of agricultural property, seeking to raise the level of agricultural farmers, establishing agricultural associations and agricultural cooperatives. In order to address the housing crisis in cities, following the increase of migration from rural to urban, the Ministry of Works and Housing In the cities and the need for different services, the Ministry of Municipalities was established. In order to follow up the factories and factories that the agreements with the Soviet Union and the socialist countries undertook to establish in Iraq, the Ministry of Agriculture, In order to control the oil wealth and exploit its revenues to increase national income and provide social services such as health, education, housing and raising the standard of living for individuals, the Ministry of Oil, which entered into negotiations with foreign oil companies operating in Iraq, issued Law No. 80 of 1961, which freed 99.5% Iraqi control of foreign companies.The government followed the policy of economic planning to achieve balance in all sectors of the national economy. The Ministry of Planning, after the abolition of the Ministry of Construction and the Ministry of Economy, and for the purpose of regulating the import and export process and make it consistent with the philosophy of the state and was serious in converting the citizen to a product more than consumer and limited consumption on the necessary materials and Iraq's trade with thecountries of the world, introduced the Ministry of Commerce, which sought to protect the citizen from exploitation when the adoption of the Government Sales Authorityand welfare.Department of research to the introduction and four chapters and conclusion, the first chapter dealt with the Iraqi Republic and directly the ministries of the Royal Covenant, The second chapter deals with the rapid social developments and their impact on the development of new ministries. The third chapter deals with agreements of technical and economic cooperation with the former Soviet Union and the countries of the socialist camp and the development of ministries to follow up their implementation. The fourth chapter sought to examine Iraq's foreign policy and its effect in developing new economic policies. The results of the study and analysis of the work of the ministries in the period of research, The researcher relied on a variety of sources, including unpublished documents kept in the library and documents of files of the royal court and the files of the Council of Sovereignty and administrative reports and the files of some ministries, then the published documents, the government publications issued by the ministries and publications of the Ministry of Guidance and publications of the Ministry of Justice, Industry and the Secretariat of the Capital, And then come letters and university papers and memos and many books of Arabic and Arab and some foreign books as well as the use of several periodicals, especially magazines and newspapers issued during that period, which was filled by the thesis and the list of sources and has been used for the researcher analytical approach as a method of work and I put the finishing touches in my dissertation, I did not claim that it is free of lapses and delusions because the perfect God only and finally put this dissertation in the hands of my distinguished professors and members of the discussion committee. I hope that their corrections will have a great role to reach the dissertation

الموالي في العراق دراسة في احوالهم العامة حتى سنة (132 هـ) == The pro - Iraq study in their general conditions until the year (132 AH

اسم المؤلف: سوسن عباس حسين الجابري
اسم المشرف: انتصار لطيف حسن السبتي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة كربلاء - كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: كربلاء
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The Mawali (non - Arab Muslim allies) represented one influential factor in the Arabic - Islamic community. The significant intellectual achievements they left in diverse sciences and arts, especially the religious and the literary, made them a salient signpost.The term "Mawali" appeared before Islam due to the circumstances that prevailed as a result of the wars that swept the Arabian Peninsula. However, it prevailed after non - Arabs converted to Islam; those came to be known as "Mawali". The Arabic singular "Mawla" also referred to an Arab alley, a usage that diversified the meaning of alliance. There is a significant amount of research on the Mawali. Researchers investigated the social and economic aspects of their life as well as their political role, in addition to their intellectual achievements. The Gharrawi study put a detailed bibliography on the names of authors who tackled the intellectual influence of the Mawali during the Ummayad Era. The study included the Mawali all over the Arab Islamic State. In this study, the researcher investigates their intellectual influence in Iraq; shedding light on their contribution as a group which was said to be marginalized and whose simple humanitarian rights were denied, as such, they resorted to make up the inferiority by excelling intellectually. The researcher presents a positive picture of the Mawali's intellectual activities since the Early Islamic Era until the end of the Umayyad Era.The study consists of five chapters with an introduction, conclusion, and a list of bibliography. The meaning of the term "Mawali" is explained in chapter one, with the Mawali's social and economic life. Chapter two is entitled The Influence of the Mawali in the Religious Sciences, these sciences include the sciences of the Quran, interpretation, Quranic readings, prophetic tradition (Hadith), and Kalam (Islamic scholastic theology). In chapter three tackles the Mawali's contribution to the military, while chapter four examines their achievement in the social sciences like the Arabic language and the science of Qasas (Quranic stories). And chapter five focuses on the Mawali's most important administrative positions after the Umayyads policy change because of their need for the Mawali's services, administrative and leadership skills. This had led to the Ummayads assigning important and critical roles to them; roles which were assigned only to the loyal members of the Ummayad house.

المفسرون واثرهم في اقصاء الامام علي (عليه السلام) عن فضائله كتاب مفاتيح الغيب للفخر الرازي (ت606هـ) : دراسة تحليلية == commentators and their impact on the exclusion of Imam Ali for his virtues book mafatih alghayb of Fakhar al - Raazi (606) Analytical study

اسم المؤلف: احمد فاضل عبد زيد الشريفي
اسم المشرف: ماجد عبد زيد احمد الخزرجي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة كربلاء - كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: كربلاء
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The policy of intellect exclusion practiced a gainst Imam Ali (A.S) dated back to the early Islamic history and then be cam a policy based on poletical and ideological tramme work . The influence of this policy was on the narrators , tellers , commentators and historians , so they used to exclude Imam Ali (A.s) from every virtue and historians , then this issue was developed in the Abbasid period until it became as a normal issue Books of Quran interpretation were most important works that their auther practiced eaclusion gainst Imam Ali (As) and affected by the preceding tellers and narators .Alfakher Alrazi was not only one of them to show his exclusion because the previous of them relied on others in the tolling without expressing their opinions , but he was expressing his opinion which represent his clear and purposed exclusion. He was discussing the narration that concerns the virtues of Imam Ali (A. S) , and tried to attribute it to others . He compared the rirtues of Imam Ali (A.S) and others , then to diminish the impotance of these rirtues the search turned to make an analytieal Study dealing with exclusion he had done agniest Emam Ali (A - S) through his interpretation .He had serral methods in that attiude including : comparisision , participation,exclusion and disregarding for virtue.Imam Ali (A.S) was the point around which the objective of Alrazi werer to reduce the virtues of ALI (A - S),and to raise Abu Baker to be the best and the most worthy of Imamate and caliphate. These rirtues were the reason for establishing a debate about the Imamate and working on the exclusion of Imam Ali (A - S) in order to make Abu Baker the first ,the most right and the best . The researcher addressed these methods and opinions that Alrazi had launched .This thesis represented a debate between Alrazi and the researcher. The thesis entihed the interpreters and their impact on "the exclusion of Imam Ali(A - S) from His virbues, Book of Alrazi , who died in 606(A - H) " in an analytical study. Thesis also included four chapters one of Hem devoted for Alrazi biography and three for his exclusion study against Imam ali

اثر مدرسة الامام الرضا عليه السلام في الفكر الاسلامي حتى سنة 260هـ/873م == Effect of Imam Al - Ridha School on Islamic Thought Until the Year (260 A.H - 873 A.D )

اسم المؤلف: احمد عدنان عبود وتوت
اسم المشرف: عامر عجاج حميد
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة كربلاء - كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: كربلاء
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The purpose of the thesis is to explain the effect that Imam al - Ridha (peace be upon him) had left on human thought.The thesis starts with an introduction that shed light on the meaning of effect or influence in the doctrine of Ahl - Bayt, presented by what Imams (peace be upon them), had been mentioned. The introduction includes also the personality and biogrphy of Imam al - Ridha (peace be upon him) including his Imam as being crown prince of the Abbasid Caliphate.The thesis includes four chapters : Chapter1 consists of two Topics, the first of them deals with Imam al - Ridha's interpretation of the Holy Qur'an, where the Imam relied on the divine science and the interpretation of Qur'an by Qur'an.The second topic focuses on the effect of the Imam on the Hadith and correction of its narrations.He also addressed the prophetic Hadith in language and terminology.Chapter 2 deals with the effect of Imam al - Ridha (peace be upon him) on jurisprudence and theology. The Chapter consisted of two topics, the first is his effect on the jurisprudence in terms of act of worship and transactions, through prayeing, fasting in all its kinds, alimony, jihad, moneylending and the will before death. Second topic dealt with the effect of the Imam theology which flourshed in the Abbasid era.That was through debates of Imam al - Ridha (peace be upon him) with senior clergy of Christians, Jews and sabean in themes of monotheism, hereafter, prophecy, justice and Imamate.Chapter 3 deals with the influence of Imam al - Ridha (peace be open him) on other sciences through three topics, the first his impact on medicine where the (Golden Thesis) was a model for this theme.Second topic deals with his influence on languages, where there was clear evidence in the Arabic language through prose, debates and poetry.He was also fluent in other languages such as Indian, Persian, Turkish and Roman The third topic focuses on economics according to Islamic law and it's doctrine.Chapter 4 deals with effect of Imam al - Ridha (peace be upon him) on his companions, it also includes three topics, the first focused on the Imam influence on those companions through interpretation of Holy Qur'an and Prophetic Hadith, the second dealt with the Imam influence on them through jurisprudence and theology, and the third topic focused on the effect of Imam Al - Ridha (peace be upon him) on his companions through other sciences such as medicine, Arabic language and economics.

السياسة السوفيتية تجاه قضايا المشرق العربي فــي ضوء كتابات مجلة السياسة الدولية المصرية 1967 - 1990 == SOVIET POLICy TOWRDS ARAB Orinet ISSUES IN THE LIGHT OF WRITINGS OF THE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONL POLITICS EGYPTIAN 1967 - 1990

اسم المؤلف: فلاح مجيد حسون العارضي
اسم المشرف: عاصم حاكم عباس الجبوري
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة القادسية - كلية التربية - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: القادسية
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The dissertation deals with the politics of the Soviet Union from the issues of the Arab Mashreq. This region is of great importance to the Soviet Union because of its geographical proximity to the southern borders of the Union and its direct threat to its national security in the presence of American military bases in the region, and because of the Soviet dream of ever reaching the warm waters of the Mediterranean. Although the revolution of October in 1917 brought about significant changes to the Soviet politics, the Soviet attitude towards the Arab Orient about the Arab Orient focused on good - neighborly relations with the countries of the region. Until the end of the Second World War, the Arab Mashreq had no less interest in the Soviet policy. Internal building Sea. From the perspective of the Soviet politics, the Arab Mashreq has received little attention for its preoccupation with the internal construction process. In the midst of competition between the East and the West, especially the United States, the Soviet Union sought to find a foothold in the Middle East through the Arab - Zionist conflict, having vigorously sought the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, believing that it would be a soft instrument in the hands of the Soviets against the Imperialism politics and it would be a base for spreading the Soviet ideology in the Middle East. But they were disappointed after the Zionist entity directed towards the United States, which led the Soviet Union to strengthen its relations with the Arab countries in their conflict against the Zionist, represented by the Soviet weapons deal in 1955 after the West refused to supply the Arabs with weapons. The Soviet positions continued to stand by the Arabs in their conflict against rather than offensive, fearing that this would lead to a collision with the US, and the possibility of another world war.The Arab - Soviet relations deteriorated in the wake of the October 1973 war, and thousands of Soviet experts ran away from the Egyptian territories. Egypt also signed the Camp David Treaty with the Zionist after having the blessing of the United States of America. The Soviet Union sought compensation after losing its influence in Egypt by strengthening its relations with Iraq, Syria and Libya. However, the Soviet position was fluctuating in its support for Iraq during the Iran - Iraq war in 1980. With a neutral stance at the beginning of the war, the Soviet turned to support Iran and denounce the Iraqi aggression on the Iranian territory. Iran was an important strategic center in the Soviet politics for security considerations because it represented the southern neighbor of the Soviet Union, fearing that the Islamic thought of the Republic would be transferred to the Islamic republics of the Soviet Union.Then it supported Iraq after its withdrawal from the Iranian territory in 1982 and provided Iraq with defensive, rather than offensive, weapons and equipment without allowing Iraq to achieve a sweeping victory over Iran while the Soviet Union was satisfied with the policy of condemnation and denunciation in the wake of the Israeli invasion of Lebanon.The next stage witnessed many changes in the Soviet foreign policy. With the changing of the Soviet leadership in the mid - 1980s. After Gorbachev took power, the Soviet policy was confined to the internal reconstruction of the state, abandoning its public support for the Arabs, leaving its role to the United States and the West to be unique in solving the problems of the Middle East, leaving its role to the United States in the peace negotiations, and leaving its global role after the Soviet Union witnessed the experience of dying prior to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990.

رعاية الرقيق في فكر وسلوك ائمة اهل البيت == Slavery Care in the Thought and Behavior of Ahlulbayt Imams (Prophet's Family) (PBUT)

اسم المؤلف: محمد احميد عبل الركابي
اسم المشرف: نزار عبد المحسن جعفر الداغر
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The phenomenon of slavery is a social, economic, political and legal phenomenon of civilizations, nations and States that preceded the emergence of Islam for centuries. It is one of the episodes of human development and has produced impressive results for the history of mankind. The concept of slavery denotes ownership and slavery, and making a man a slave for another person as a reason for, which is different according to the laws of the nations and their laws. The meaning of slavery and its essence is the loss of a person's liberty and a man becomes a commodity owned by another person called the owner. So the slave is vulnerable to the act deprivation of life through killing or punishment and torture. Slavery may be lied in the husband and his family of the slave and disqualifies him from owning and disposing without a warrant from the owner.Islam represents a stage of human transition that humanity has never known before in dealing with slaves as human beings, not as a commodity with a spirit, and presents a problem that Islam has not prevented slavery. It will not be fought or abolished slavery at the beginning. , which is contrary to the general philosophy of Islam, which is based on freedom and equality. Islam is a religion reconciled between the beliefs and customs inherited at the beginning of its appearance and its laws, despite being temporary.Thus, the abolition of slavery as a normal economic situation in societies before the advent of Islam in dealing with the slavery system explained an intention of Islam to drain the sources of slavery and resources until the end of this system - with time - to cancel and without a social unrest.As for the care of Ahlulbeiyt Imams (PBUT) of the slave, it was a humanitarian message whose chapters are integrated with the essence of Islam and its principles in the glorious Quran and the purified Sunnah. As far as its integration is concerned, it is accurate and comprehensive covering all walks of life in society. After the death of the Prophet (PBUH) and the covenants that followed and the rule of sons of Abbas and Umyyad, even if this message was formed and presented in normal social, economic and political conditions and without difficulties and obstacles and without sacrificing lives and lost their humanitarian impact, it would become meaningless.Its principles, conditions, philosophy, and objectives were formulated under harsh and painful conditions, which were paid by the Imams of the Ahlulbayt Family and their followers, who were killed, displaced and persecuted. Yet the bitterness of these circumstances produced good and promising results. These results preserved the essence and existence of Islam and proved the merit and competence of the Imams of the Ahlulbayt (PBUT). This revealed eligibility and leadership of Ahlulbayt Imams (PBUT) in leading the nation including slaves, who represent the most vulnerable social, poor and humiliated groups. So the whole care paid by Ahlulbayt Imams (PBUT) to slaves has become a wonderful example of the humanitarian deal from which the International Conventions of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law derived the content of its texts and practices in the context of International relations and the world

الفكر الاقتصادي الاسلامي بين النظرية والتطبيق حتى 14هـ

اسم المؤلف: احمد جايد بدر الحسناوي
اسم المشرف: زمان عبيد وناس
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة كربلاء - كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: كربلاء
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This thesis examined the Islamic economic thought between theory and practice in the most important era of Islamic history, namely the era of prophecy and the caliphate until 41 AH / 661 AD. The research hypothesis of the question : Is Islamic economic theory valid to work to date in terms of the system of ownership and philosophy of work and production relations between employees of Muslims and non - Muslims or not? Was the economic thought and application in the Islamic state in theera of the caliphate a continuation of the prophetic era or are they different from each other? Then I answered these questions through two part and four chapters and a preface in which I explained the linguistic and theological meaning of the words ofthe title of the research, The first part is devoted to the definition of Islamic economic theory as stated in the Holy Quran and the Sunnah. The first chapter examines the system of ownership and work in the era of the Prophet (peace be upon him), The secondchapter is the economic function of the Islamic state or the political economy in accordance with the work of the Prophet in the fields of economic security and the regulatory system and economic development, And the second chapter was written bythe economic thought in the era of succession through the first chapter of the research sources of economic thought and issues and goals, and the second chapter illustrated the impact of hybrid thought formed in the era of the Caliphate on the theory andeconomic applications presented by the Prophet

النبي محمد (صلى الله عليه واله وسلم) في مؤلفات مونتجمري وات عن السيرة النبوية دراسة تحليلية مقارنة == The Prophet Mohammed (P.B.U.H.) In Montgomery Watt's Authoresses, about Prophetic Biography, a Comparative Analytic Study

اسم المؤلف: ماهر جواد كاظم الشمري
اسم المشرف: عادل اسماعيل خليل العبود
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The oriental studies have been extended to include all the aspects of the eastern heritage in general and specifically the Islamic heritage . In these studies , the interest in the prophet 's life has been increased in an exaggerated way . Some of these studies were fair and agree with common opinions in the Islamic sources and some are not depending on the different oriental schools and according to opinions and beliefs of the orientalists. However , they used to use the weakest narrations in their writings to harm the prophet's character which was the subject for the studies of Muslims and orientalists. One of the most known orientalists in the twentieth century was the British Professor Montegmry Watt who devoted his life to study Islamic religion and the history of the prophet . He wrote about the prophet in his books ( Mohammed in Mecca , Mohammed in Al - Madina and Mohammed the prophet and the man of the country " the politician " ) . In this dissertation , these books have been studied , analyzed and compared with the Islamic sources . The dissertation has been divided into a preface , five chapters and the conclusion which included the findings of the study . The chapters are different in the number of pages according to the demands and the importance of each chapter . The first chapter which is entitled ( orientalism in historical glance ) has tackled the linguistic and terminological meanings of Orientalism , the stages of the development of orientalism and the reasons and aims behind it . It also gives a summary of the most known British orientalists , and their roles . Then it presents the life of Montegmry Watt from birth to death passing through his academic and ideological education in the church , the positions which he took up , his works , his way of writing about the prophet and the resources which he depended on . The second chapter is entitled (the prophet Mohammed's (P. B. U. H) Life before the Mission) . This chapter is devoted to study the prophet's life in an a chronological order and the opinions which Watt has presented , we agree with some of these opinions and disagree with others . The chapter started with the prophet's name and his honorable kinship . It tackles his birth , childhood , his work in trade , his marriage and his happy life with his wife Khadeeja ( piece be upon her ) who helped him before the mission and supported him after the mission . Then the chapter shows the role of the prophet in public life in spite of being young , when he took part in Al - Fujaar war , his presence in Hilf Al - Fudhul , presenting the solution to solve the dispute between the Qurashi people about raising the black stone and taking part in building Al - Ka'ba , the house of God . The third chapter sheds light on (the prophet Mohammed's (P.B.U.H) Summons in Mecca ) . The mission passed through two stages ; the secret stage and the public stage that witnessed the defeat of paganism and polytheism . The chapter starts with the stage when the prophet began to meditate in isolation in a cave called Hira and the opinions about the reasons behind that isolation . It also discusses the dispute whether the prophet Mohammed was ignorant or could read and write like other prophets . It also deals with the proof of the prophet's prophecy represented by the inspiration which Watt's deny . It also deals with specific verses ( ayyat )called satanic verses which Watt supports . The chapter presents the most important events that happened in Mecca like the apposition of Qureysh to the prophecy , the Muslim's migration to Al - Hebesha which Watt thinks that it took place for economic reasons , then the siege of the Muslims in the reef of Abi Talib . The siege ended by a miracle which God told the prophet about so that the idolaters believe in his prophecy . Watt ignores that miracle . Then the prophet's going to Al - Taef was an attempt to spread out the Islam beyond Mecca . Finally , the chapter ends up with the prophet's success in making an agreement between Al - Aws and Al - Khazraj in Yathrib which became the city of the prophet . The fourth chapter is entitled (the prophet Mohammed's (P.B.U.H) Summons in AL - Madina with Militarism and Political Sides) .This chapter is devoted to the transformational stage in Al - Madinah that starts by the Migration to Yathrib which became Al - Madinah Al - Munawara after the prophet's arrival . It witnessed the building of the honorable prophetic Mosque which was a distinctive sigh for the appearance of the Islamic cities , followed by writing the document which was the constitutional law that regulates the life of people in Al - Madinah and determines the relationship between the Muslims and other people in Al - Madinah , the Muslims themselves with each other , and the relation between the prophet and the Jews ( Bani Qureytha , Bani Al - Nadhir and Bani Qeynuqaa ) .To spread out the Islam , the prophet contacted the Arabic tribes in the Arabian Peninsula . Watt claims that the prophet contacted the tribes only in the northern part of the Arabian Peninsula . The prophet has also sent messengers to kings to inform them about the new religion . When the Islam has become a great religious and political power in the Arabian Peninsula , delegations came to announce their Islam . This made Watt raise doubts about the prophet ad minimize his role . Then he draw the picture of the prophet as a raider and he mixed the Arabian raids with Al - Jihad in the Islam . The fifth chapter ( The Prophet Mohammed's (P.B.U.H) Summons in AL - Madina with Sociality and Legislative Sides ) is specified to the works of the prophet in Al - Madinah . It starts with the fraternity between the supporters and migrants to help the migrants and lessen their feelings of bitterness of being away from home . In regard to the prophet's marriages , Watt explained them in terms of only one impetus and that is the political impetus . He tried to describe the prophet as a politician who cares for nothing except fulfilling his political ambitions . In fact , Watt ignored all the other impetus for the prophet marriages like the social , religious and social impetus . As for the last period of the prophet's life , Watt ignored a lot of its aspects in spite of its importance . Moreover , he ignored a lot of the prophet's innate peculiarities ,and raised doubts about the Qur'an and its collection and regards it as the creation of the Prophet Mohammed . The study has arrived at many conclusions like Watt's denial of the inspiration and regarding it as a kind of super consciousness , raising doubts about the Qur'an and saying that it was created by the prophet for some periodical demands , Claiming that the prophet has taken a lot from previous religions : Judaism and Christianity , saying that the prophet has a political impetus for his multi - marriages and accusing the prophet of taking Al - Jihad for the sake of God as a way to earn financial benefits and to spread beyond the Arabian Peninsula

توظيف نظام تخطيط موارد المؤسسة ERP لدعم النظرية الموقفية CT واثره في تحقيق الادارة الكفوءة للتكاليف : بحث تطبيقي في مصنع النسيجية - الحلة == Employment the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system to support the Contingency theory (CT) and its impact on achieving cost - efficient management Applied study in textile factory / Hilla

اسم المؤلف: عز الدين حسن كاظم الحسيني
اسم المشرف: حيدر علي جراد المسعودي
الموضوع العام: الادارة والاقتصاد
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: المحاسبة - التكاليف
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: اضحت التكنولوجيا احدى الركائز المهمة التي تستند عليها المؤسسات التي تسعى الى تحقيق النجاح في عملها فضلا عن التي تسعى الى ميزة تنافسية رائدة في مجال اعمالها، فبتطورها تواجه المؤسسات قرارات تحتاج الى معلومات صحيحة وبالوقت المناسب لكي تصيب القرار، لذلك يهدف البحث الى ‌دراسة الانظمة المحاسبية المحوسبة المعتمدة عالميا (انظمة تخطيط موارد المؤسسة ERP) بتوظيفها في السيطرة على العمليات الداخلية واحكام النظام المالي وغير المالي بشكل اكثر دقة ودعم القرارات الموقفية، فضلا عن ‌بيان مفهوم النظرية الموقفية في المحاسبة الادارية والعوامل المؤثرة فيهواامكانية حث الادارات العليا على تبنيهواتطبيقهواتوضيح اهميتها للمؤسسات وبيان اثرها في القرارات الادارية. لذا ان تشعب الاعمال وتعقدها يتطلب انظمة معلومات متشعبة ومعقدة تساعد على اتخاذ القرارات الادارية الرشيدة بشكل فاعل وكفء وتؤثر في النظام المالي وغير المالي بشكل ايجابي.وتوصل البحث الى ان نظام تخطيط موارد المؤسسة ERP يساعد على تنسيق الاعمال التجارية للمؤسسة باكملها، من تقييم المورد الى فواتير الزبائن، ويؤدي الى تبسيط العمليات التجارية في وحدة واحدة متماسكة، ويساعد في توفير المعلومات الضرورية لاتخاذ القرارت الموقفية المناسبة والملائمة للمعمل، بذلك ستعمل المؤسسة في مستوى اعلى، وسيؤدي ذلك الى مستوى اعلى من الانتاجية، وهو بدوره سيؤدي الى المزيد من الارباح، لذا لا بد من تبني المعمل عينة البحث قاعدة بيانات الكترونية متكاملة متمثلة بنظام ERP تحتوي على جميع المعلومات المالية وغير المالية التي من شانها ان تسهم في توفير المعلومات في الوقت المناسب والحقيقي لحاجتها. | Technology has become one of the important pillars of the institutions that seek to achieve success in its work as well as seeking a competitive edge in the field of its business. As they develop institutions face decisions that need accurate and timely information in order to hit the decision, So research aims to study the computerized accounting systems globally approved (Enterprise Resource Planning ERP systems) utilizing it in control of internal processes and the tightening of the financial system and the non - financial more accurately and support contingency decision, as well as the statement of the concept of contingency theory in management accounting and the factors affecting them and the possibility urged The higher departments to adopt and apply them and clarify their importance to the institutions and to show their impact on administrative decisions.Therefore, the complexity and fork of the work requires complex and fork information systems that help to make effective and efficient management decisions and affect the financial and non - financial system positively.The research results in an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system that seeks to coordinate the enterprise's entire business, from evaluating the supplier to the customers' bills, and simplifying the business processes in a single cohesive unit. The enterprise will operate at a higher level, In turn will lead to more profits, Therefore, it is necessary to adopt the laboratory sample research integrated electronic database represented by an ERP system containing all the financial and non - financial information that will contribute to the provision of information in a timely and real need
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