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استخدام تقنيات صدى القلب للكشف عن امراض القلب لمرضى التهاب المفاصل الرثوي ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC MANIFESTATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

اسم المؤلف: سرى عدنان رحيم
اسم المشرف: هلال بهجت شوقي الصفار
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: صدى القلب
الدرجة: دبلوم عالي
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تعتبر امراض القلب والاوعية الدموية من اهم الاسباب التي تؤدي الى تدهور الحالة الصحيه والوفيات للمرضى الذين يعانون من التهاب المفاصل الرثوي. لذلك، الكشف المبكر للمرض بالاعتماد على التقنيات الحديثه المستخدمه لتشخيص امراض القلب والاوعية الدموية لها دور كبير وفعال في اعطاء العلاج المبكر والذي بدوره يؤدي الى تفادي امراض القلب بشكل عام .اهداف البحث : يهدف هذا البحث الى اجراء فحص صدى القلب لمجموعه من المرضى الذين تم اختيارهم عشوائيا والذين يعانون من التهاب المفاصل الرثوي . الاساليب : اخترنا خمسون مريضا يعانون من التهاب المفاصل الرثوي وتم اجراء فحص صدى القلب لهم. حيث تم قياس سمك عضلة القلب، الابعاد الداخلية، قياس وظيفتي البطين الايسر الانبساطي والانقباضي، وظيفة البطين الايمن الانقباضي، حساب ضغط الشريان الرئوي الانقباضي والكشف عن وجود ارتجاع او تضيق الصمامات.النتائج : اظهرت نتائج فحص صدى القلب ان هناك نسبه 82% من مرضى التهاب المفاصل الرثوي يعانون من حالات مختلفة من امراض القلب والمتضمنه 24%من المرضى مصابون بتشوهات في الصمام التاجي.بالاضافه الى ذلك, اشارت النتائج الى وجود اعتلال في عضلة القلب الانبساطي بنسبة 18% وعدم كفاءة الصمام الثلاثي بنسبة 18%. اما بالنسبه للصمام الابهر فكانت نسبة التشوهات الحاصلة فيه 16% و6% من المرضى مصابون بتثخن في عضله البطين الايسر. الاستنتاج : اظهرت دراستنا ان الاصابة بامراض القلب يعد امر شائع في مرضى التهاب المفاصل الرثوي وخاصة تشوهات الصمامات ويليها اعتلال عضله القلب الانبساطي. | Cardiovascular disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in rheumatoid arthritis patients. So, early disease detection with the use of noninvasive cardiac and vascular diagnostic technology.is important especially in the setting of therapeutic advances, resulting in longer life expectancy,Objective : To study the prevalence of echocardiographic findings in unselected population of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Methods : We selected fifty RA patients the study group underwent echocardiographic examination using 2D, M Mode, Pulsed Doppler and Tissue Doppler imaging. Examination involved left ventricular septal and posterior wall thicknesses, internal dimensions, left atrial size, ejection fraction and E/A ratio measurements, also Tissue Doppler derived waves velocities e', a'. Right ventricular internal basal and mid diastolic dimensions, right atrial size, TAPSE, PASP. Assessment for any evidence of LV regional wall motion abnormalities, presence of valvular regurgitation and stenosis.Results : Two - dimensional echocardiography demonstrates that Cardiac abnormalities in rheumatoid arthritis patients in this research equals to 82% that includes : 24% mitral valve abnormalities, Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and tricuspid regurgitation accounts for 18% for each abnormality, 16% Aortic valve abnormality and 6% of them showed left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH).Conclusion : Our study demonstrated that cardiac involvement, particularly of valvular heart diseases is the most common finding in RA patients followed by diastolic dysfunction.

اتجاه سرطان القولون والمستقيم في العراق من 2003 - 2011 Trend of Colorectal Cancer in Iraq from 2002 - 2011

اسم المؤلف: صفاء الدين عبد الرحمن الدهان
اسم المشرف: فارس حسن اللامي
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الوبائيات التطبيقية
الدرجة: دبلوم عالي
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Background : Colorectal cancer is a very heterogeneous disease that is caused by interaction of genetic and environmental factors. It is the third most common cancer in men and the second in women worldwide and affects men and women of all racial and ethnic groups and most often found in people aged 50 years or older.Objectives : Since there is no published data about its trend in Iraq. This study is to identify the pattern of Colorectal Cancer, to calculate the incidence; and to determine the demographical and geographical distribution of cancer in Iraq from 2002 - 2011.Methods : Descriptive cross - sectional study design, data were collected from Iraq Cancer Board and Directorate of planning and human resources /Ministry of Health Iraq from 2002 - 2011 and from Al Amal national hospital for cancer management in Baghdad include; basic demographic /clinical data, and data on histological types, site and grade, stage of tumor, Microsoft excel sheet and epi info software used for data entry and analysisResults : Total of 7246 cases of Colorectal Cancer were registered from the 2002 to 2011, The mean age was (53.9) years for males and females Male was more affected than female in all age groups and male to female ratio varied from 1.17 : 1 in 2002 to 1.28 : 1 in 2011.The peak age group affected was (40 - 59) year from 2002 - 2011 with the exception of 2006, 2010 and 2011 were the highest age group affected was 60 years &above.The Highest incidence rate was in Kirkuk, Najaf and Baghdad while the lowest incidence rate was in Salah Aden, Erbil and Wasit. The commonest site of cancer was Rectum, Adenocarcinoma was the most frequent histological type of Colorectal Cancer (84 %), most was of moderate differentiation. 26% were localized and 16% with distant metastasis.Conclusions : IRAQ is considered a country with a low Colorectal Cancer incidence particularly for older individuals. However, Colorectal Cancer incidence has been steadily increasing in the country over the period from 2002 to 2011.

تقييم مصل الابلين في المرضى الذين يعانون من المتلازمة التاجية الحادة Evaluation of Serum Apelin in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome

اسم المؤلف: بشار جواد حسين
اسم المشرف: زينا حسن عبد القهار
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2015
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: يشير مصطلح المتلازمة التاجية الحادة الى اية مجموعة من الاعراض السريرية المتوافقة مع اقفار عضل القلب الحاد والتي تتضمن الذبحة اللامستقرة واحتشاء عضلة القلب غير المرتبط بمقطع ST ((NSTEMI وكذلك احتشاء عضلة القلب الناجم عن ارتفاع مقطع ST (STEMI).بالاضافة الى تقييم النتائج السريرية ونتائج مخطط كهربائية القلب, فقد تم تقييم العديد من الواصمات الكيميائية الحيوية لدى المرضى الذين يعانون من الام الصدر من اجل تشخيص اقفار عضل القلب; فيما لايزال باقي الواصمات تحت البحث.ان الابلين (apelin) هو احد الببتيدات المستحدثة داخلية المنشا التي تمتاز بخصائص تؤثر في التقلص العضلي وفي توسيع الاوعية. ظهر من خلال الفحص الكيميائي الهستولوجي المناعي بان الابلين يصنع في خلايا العضلات الملساء وفي خلايا الارومة الليفية (الفايبروبلاست) للشرايين التاجية. وعلى نحو مماثل, وجد مؤخرا بان مستوى الابلين في مصل الدم كان مماثلا لمستواه في الفحص الكيميائي النسيجي داخل الاوعية الدموية وانسجة القلب.الاهداف : لتقييم مستويات مصل الابلين فيما يتعلق بالانواع الفرعيه من المتلازمة التاجية الحادة.المرضى والمواد وطرائق العمل : اجريت هذه الدراسة خلال الفترة من شهر ايلول 2014 الى شهر اذار 2015. اشتملت الدراسة على 59 مريضا يعانون من المتلازمة التاجية الحادة وكالتالي (30 منهم يعانون من الذبحة اللامستقرة و15 من احتشاء عضلة القلب غير المرتبط بمقطع ST ((NSTEMI اضافة الى 14 ممن يعانون من احتشاء عضلة القلب الناجم عن ارتفاع مقطع ST (STEMI). اشتملت الدراسة ايضا على (28) شخصا سليما ظاهريا حيث تم استخدامهم كمجموعة ضابطة. تم الحصول على عينات الدم لقياس كل من (الابلين والتروبونين وانزيم كرياتنين كاينيز CK - MB وكذلك صورة الشحوم) لكافة الاشخاص المشتركين في البحث.النـتائـــجاظهرت نتائج قياس الابلين في مصل الدم انخفاضا احصائيا لدى كافة مرضى المتلازمة التاجية الحادة (1846,1±320,9 ng/ml) بالمقارنة مع المجموعة الضابطة (2719,4±272,5) (p<0.05). فيما يتعلق بالمجاميع الثانوية من المرضى, كان مستوى الابلين في المصل الاقل لدى مرضى احتشاء عضلة القلب غير المرتبط بمقطع ST ((NSTEMI (1729±480) و(1816±289) لدى مرضى احتشاء عضلة القلب الناجم عن ارتفاع مقطع ST (STEMI) و(1916±224,4) لدى مرضى الذبحة اللا مستقرة عند مقارنتهم مع المجموعة الضابطة.كان مستويات الكوليستيرول والبروتين الشحمي خفيض الكثافة LDL لدى المرضى اكثر من مجموعة الضبط ولكنها لم تكن فروقات معنوية. بينما وجدت فروقات ذات دلالة معنوية في نتائج كل من ثلاثي الغليسريد والبروتين الشحمي عالي الكثافة HDL والبروتينات الشحمية وضيعة الكثافة VLDL بين المرضى والمجموعة الضابطة على التوالي.سجلت نسبة توزيع عوامل الاختطار في مرضى المتلازمة التاجية الحادة اعلى مستوياتها بالنسبة للسمنة (< 80%), وارتفاع ضغط الدم (~ 70%) بينما تم تسجيل النسب الاقل بالنسبة للتدخين وتضخم البطين الايسر ونقص تروية القلب وكذلك شذوذ شحوم الدم (Dyslipidemia). | The term acute coronary syndrome (ACS) refers to a group of clinical symptoms compatible with acute myocardial ischemia including unstable angina (UA), Non - ST - segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) & ST - segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).In addition to clinical and electrocardiogram (ECG) findings, several Biochemical markers are considered in patients with chest pain to diagnose myocardial ischemia.Apelin is a novel endogenous peptide with inotropic and vasodilatory properties, immunohistochemically it was hown to be synthesized in smooth muscle cells and fibroblast cells of coronary arteries. it was recently reported that serum measurements of apelin were similar to its immunohistochemical data in vessels and heart tissues.Objectives : To evaluate serum levels of apelin in relation to the subtypes of ACS..Patients, Material & Methods : The present study was conducted during the period from September 2014 until March 2015. Fifty - nine patients with ACS are included as 30 unstable angina (UA), 15 non ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), & 14 ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients. The study included also (28) apparently healthy persons served as control. Blood samples were obtained for measurements of (apelin, Troponin, CK - MB, & Lipid Profile) for all participants.Results : Serum apelin levels were significantly decreased in total patients with ACS (1846.1±320.9 ng/ml) compared to control (2719.4±272.5) (p< 0.05). Regarding patients' subgroups; serum apelin was lowest in STEMI (1729.0±480.0), NSTEMI (1816.0±289.0), & UA (1916.0±224.4) when compared with control.Total cholesterol and LDL levels were higher in patients compared to control although the difference was not significant. While there were significant differences in TG, HDL and VLDL between ACS patients and control group.The percentage of risk factors' distribution in ACS recorded the highest for obesity (>80%), hypertension (~80%), and DM (~70%); while lesser percentages were recorded for smoking, left ventricular hypertrophy, ischemic heart disease, and dyslipidemia.Conclusion : Data obtained revealed a reduction in serum apelin levels in all patients groups especially STEMI. Since apelin acts as an indicator for the efficiency of heart function and coronary circulation, it could be used as a indicator for assessment of severity of ischemia in ACS patients.

دراسة تجريبية لانزيمات البروتييز للزائفة الزنجارية المعزولة من المرضى العراقيين المصابين بتقرح القرنية ودورها في علاج تقرح القرنية المتسبب عن المكورات العنقودية Experimental Study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Proteases Isolated from Corneal Ulcer of Iraqi Patients and Their Role in the Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus Keratitis

اسم المؤلف: عائدة حسين ابراهيم
اسم المشرف: جاسم محمد كرحوت منيرة جلوب اسماعيل
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الاحياء المجهرية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: One - hundred and twenty samples ( corneal scraping) were collected from patients diagnosed to have microbial keratitis (corneal ulcer) who attended Ibn Al - Haitham Teaching Eye Hospital from the period between May 2013 and November 2013, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was reported 26 (21.6%) from the total cases. All bacterial isolates were diagnosed by conventional and biochemical tests, and confirmed by Vitek 2 Compact System.The role of proteases enzymes ( Elastase ( LasB), LasA, Alkaline protease and Protease IV ) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the corneal ulcer was studied by using genetic and molecular biological method by real time PCR, and the results indicated that three bacterial isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa possessed elastase gene (LasB) (11.5%), and only one bacterial isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa harbored LasA protease gene ( 3.8%). All bacterial isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were harbored alkaline protease gene (100%), and twenty bacterial isolates were harbored protease IV (76.9%).The results of real - time PCR analysis indicated that four bacterial isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.3%) were harbored more than one gene of different proteases enzymes ( elastase, alkaline protease, and protease IV).On the other hand our results showed that one bacterial isolates (3.8%) harbored both LasA protease and alkaline protease genes, and twenty bacterial isolates of Pseudomonas aerugenosa (76.9%) were harbored alkaline protease and protease IV genes.The LasA protease was extracted from Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate by cooling centrifuge and precipitated supernatant by ammonium sulfate at saturation (80%). The resulted extracted crude enzyme concentration was 60 μg/ml. Then the crude enzyme was partially purified by dialysis and gel filtration chromatography by using Sephadex G - 100. The concentration of partial purified enzyme reached 40μg/ml.IIISummaryThe results of the experimental treatment of bacterial keratitis ( in vivo) of infected eyes rabbits caused by Methicillin Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus showed that the efficacy of LasA protease was effective was as Lysostaphin in eradicating Methicillin Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus from the infected corneas after approximately 15 h after giving the drug at dose 100 μl ( concentration 1μg / ml ) . While Vancomycin gave us very little potency in eradicating S. aureusfrom corneas in comparison with potency of LasA protease and Lysostaphin duringthis time but showed good potency very late approximately after 3 days of applicationof treatment.The results of the experimental treatment in vitro (in the test tube ) that is caused by Methicillin Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus showed that the efficacy of LasA protease was similar to that of Lysostaphin drug in the killing of Methicillin Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus in the bacterial broth.

مشاهدات فحص الرنين المغناطيسي وتحديد دقتها بالاعتماد على ناظور الركبة في تشخيص اصابات الرباط الصليبي الامامي لمفصل الركبة MRI FINDINGS VERSUS ARTHROSCOPY IN ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT TEAR INJURIES OF THE KNEE JOINT

اسم المؤلف: لميس عبد الحسين عزيز
اسم المشرف: ليث احمد خلف
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الاشعة التشخيصية
الدرجة: دبلوم عالي
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: فحص الرنين المغناطيسي لمفصل الركبه هومن الفحوص اليومية والمتكررة في قسم الاشعه .ان مفصل الركبة من المفاصل الكبيرة في الجسم ومع ذلك فان ثباته واستقراره يعتمد على مجموعه من الاربطه والعضلات لاسناده وخاصة الاربطه الصليبيه وتعد اصابات الرباط الصليبي الامامي اكثرها شيوعا خاصة في الحوادث الرياضية والتدريب العسكري وحوادث السيارات والدراجات النارية ومنها ما يترتب عليها من تعويضات مادية وقضائية.في الاونه الاخيرةان لفحص الرنين المغناطيسي دور متزايد في تشخيص امراض واصابات الجهاز العضلي الهيكلي نظرا لقدرته علي ابراز تباين الانسجة وتميزها عن بعضها وكونه خالي من مضار الاشعاع المؤين لذا فانه يشجعنا دراسة امكانيات استخدهمه في اصابات الرباط الصليبي الامامي. الهدف من الدراسة : لتحديد دقة فحص الرنين المغناطيسي في تشخيص اصابات الرباط الصليبي الامامي لمفصل الركبه بالاعتماد على ناظورالركبه التشخيصي والعلاجي .حيث ان اصابات اربطة الركبه تعتبر من الاصابات الشائعه التي توءثر على حياة ومماراسات المريض اليومية .لقد تم عمل هذه الدراسة خلال سنة 2014 - 2015 على 65 شخص متعرضين لاصابات في الركبه مع احتمال وجود تمزق في الرباط الصليبي الامامي تم فحصهم سريريا من قبل طبيب استشاري متخصص في امراض العضام والكسور بعد ذلك تم فحص الركبه باستخدام جهاز الرنين المغناطيسي في معهد الاشعة ثم تم التاءكد من نتيجة فحص الرنين باستخدام ناظورالركبه الذي يعتبر تشخيصا نهائيا وهو طريقة جراحية تتيح للطبيب المعالج مشاهدة ومعالجة الرباط الصليبي بشكل مباشر وباقل نسبة خطا ممكنه. الا ان الناظوريعد طريقة جراحية لها مخاطرها وغير سهلة للمرض مقارنة بالرنين المغناطيسي .وتم التوصل للاستنتاج التالي : لقد اظهرت الدراسة دقة عاليه لفحص الرنين المغناطيسي في تشخيص اصابات الرباط الصليبي الامامي (90.7 % ) وحساسية (91%) مما يمكن استخدامه كفحص اولي وبدقه عالية في اصابات اربطة الركبة ممه يغني عن دور التدخل الجراحي التشخيصي لناظور الركبة | Aim of the study : The study was done to analyze the validity of our MRI interpretation in the diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear injuries which is a common problem in many peoples impending their daily activities. Material and method : All patients presented to orthopedic consultation clinic with history of knee trauma and suspected anterior cruciate ligament tear injuries during 2014 - 2015 underwent knee joint MRI examination that followed by diagnostic and therapeutic arthroscopic knee surgery. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed during this procedure. From 65 patients MRI diagnose 58 patients as anterior cruciate ligament tears .The accuracy, sensitivity & specificity of MRI were calculated in correlation to arthroscopic finding. Results : our study showed high MRI accuracy (90.7%) , high sensitivity(91%) and specificity(100%) versus arthroscopy. Conclusion : Magnetic resonance imaging is an accurate non ionizing, multiplaner, non - invasive modality, it can be used as first line investigation in patient with soft tissue trauma to the knee & ligamentous injuries confidently that can replace diagnostic arthroscopy

تقييم كفاءة بطانة الاوعية الدموية باستخدام الفحوصات ASSESSMENT OF ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION BY NON INVASIVE INVESTIGATIONS IN CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

اسم المؤلف: صبا فوزي صالح
اسم المشرف: نجيب حسن محمد عباس ناجي مسلم
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الفسلجة
الدرجة: دبلوم عالي
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Arterial endothelial dysfunction is one of the key early events in atherogenesis, even preceding the structural atherosclerotic changes that might developed in systemic arteries. However, endothelial function can be assessed through flow mediated dilatation of brachial artery using an ultrasound - based method (Doppler) before and after the shear stress test which causes endothelium - dependent dilatation induced by endothelial Nitric Oxide release.Thus, flow mediated dilatation of brachial artery; the noninvasive endothelial function testing has provided valuable insights into an early atherogenesis and constitutes a helpful test in the detection of coronary atherosclerosis when compared with that of invasive testing of coronary endothelial function. On the other hand, an impairment of flow mediated dilatation in Brachial artery is related to the presence and / or extent and severity of Coronary Artery Disease. While, arterial stiffness index (SI) is widely used as a very sensitive indicator of endothelial dysfunction , arterial intima media thickness which reflects the structural vascular damage is established as a marker of atherosclerosis and has been associated with both incident and prevalent cardiovascular disease. This study was designed to : (1) Assess the role of flow mediated dilatation of brachial artery as a marker of systemic endothelial function,(2)Correlate between flow mediated dilatation of brachial artery with the presence, extent and severity of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD),(3)Find out the association between stiffness index (functional vascular damage) and intima media thickness (structural vascular damage) with the severity and extent of CAD,(4)Evaluate the effect of body mass index, waist to hip ratio and lipid profile on vascular endothelium.Sixty nine (69) patients with chest pain of either sex (46males, 23 females), in addition to 31 control subjects (15males, 16 females) with negative coronary CT angiography findings, all with an age range of (40 - 65years) were involved in this study. In addition to Demographic data and physical measurements, each subject was submitted to medical history, clinical examination, estimation of lipid profile, shear stress test, high - resolution external vascular Doppler ultrasound for brachial and carotid arteries (FMD%, stiffness index, intima media thickness), in addition to the computed tomography angiography (CT) scanning for the coronaries. The shear stress test involves occlusion of brachial artery in the upper arm for 5 minutes using a pressure cuff inducing reactive hyperemia after the cuff is released. However, this study was carried out in the Radiology Department at Al - Yarmook Teaching Hospital, Baghdad from October 2013 till March 2015.According to the coronary CT angiographic findings, patients were classified into three groups : single coronary lesion (SCL), multiple coronary lesion (MCL) and control groups. The results revealed that the FMD% in patients groups (SCL, MCL) is significantly lower than that of control group( P≤0.001, P≤0.01) respectively and it is inversely correlated with percentage of coronary artery stenosis in SCL group (P≤0.01, r=0.433) and with that of SI of both brachial and carotid arteries in both SCL, MCL groups, while a significant difference in SI is noticed between the MCL group and that of control regarding the carotid artery (P≤0.05). A positive statistical correlation is observed between the SI of brachial and carotidarteries among the studied groups, whereas a significant positive statistical correlation is found between the SI of carotid, brachial arteries with the percentage of coronary artery stenosis in SCL group (P≤0.05). Arterial IMT are significantly higher in MCL when compared with SCL (P≤0.0s) which is again significantly higher than control (P≤0.001). A positive correlation is observed between the arterial IMT with the percentage of coronary artery stenosis in SCL group(P≤0.05). Left anterior descending artery showed higher frequency of involvement by atheromatous stenosis (47%) when compared with that of Left main artery with a fequency of (13.72%). However, in MCL group, there was a higher frequency among males (88%) in respect to females (12%).In conclusion, the data of this study revealed that FMD is a useful, non invasive test for the assessment of vascular endothelial dysfunction. Arterial SI which reflects functional vascular damage is a good indicator of coronary artery disease. In addition, arterial intima media thickness can be used as a screening tool for coronary artery disease as it is sensitive indicator of structural vascular damage.

حدوث الاصابة بهشاشة العظام في مرضى الانسداد الرئوي المزمن في مستشفى بغداد وعلاقته بمختلف العوامل الخطره Occurance of Osteoporosis in COPD Patients in Baghdad Teaching Hospital and Its Relation to Varios Risk Factors

اسم المؤلف: عباس مصطفى حسن
اسم المشرف: عدنان محمد الجبوري
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الامراض - الصدرية
الدرجة: دبلوم عالي
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Background : Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a syndrome of progressive airflow limitation caused by the abnormal inflammatory reaction of the airway and lung parenchyma. Osteoporosis is one of the major extrapulmonary manifestations of COPD. The, prevalence of osteoporosis in COPD patients in Iraqi population is unknown.Objectives : To study the incidence of osteoporosis among COPD patients and its relations to various risk factors.Materials and Methods : The study was done in Baghdad Teaching hospital.All the diagnosed cases of 70 COPD patients according to the GOLD guidelines were included in this study. The present study was a cross sectional study during a period of August 2014 - Octoper 2015 . A brief history of the patients was taken, especially regarding duration of illness, number of exacerbations in the past 3 years, smoking in pack years, and history of steroid use (both systemic and inhaled steroids) after which cumulative dose of steroids was calculated. Spirometry was done in all these patients to stage the severity of COPD according to GOLD criteria. DEXA scan of the lumbar spine was done using bone densitometer to determine osteoporosis. (WHO) criterion for definition of osteoporosis was applied and patients with T - score of below −2.5 standarddeviation (SD) were diagnosed to have osteoporosis, −1 SD to −2.5 SD were diagnosed to have osteopenia and more than −1 SD as normal.Results : A total of 70 COPD patients were included in this study, Among these, 36 patients (51.4%) had osteoporosis and 23 patients (32.8%) had osteopenia.Majority (94.4%) of the patients who had osteoporosis had stage III and stage IV COPD disease. It was observed that as the severity grade of COPD increased , the risk of osteoporosis also increased. The bone mineral density (BMD) showed a significant difference among different stages of COPD. It was also observed that patients with lower body mass index (BMI) had higher prevalence of osteoporosis (91.7%) as compared to overweight patients. On univariate analysis, it was observed that risk factors for osteoporosis were female sex, higher number of exacerbations, BMI, and severity of COPD. After using multivariate analysis, stage IV COPD , number of acute exacerbations >3 in the previous 3 years , and steroid cumulative dose >1000 mg were observed to be significant risk factors for osteoporosis in COPD patients.

ازدياد تعبيرالمعلمة الجزيئية miR - 21 التي تتوسط هبوط منتظم لجين PTEN في سرطان الثدي ومصاحبتها مع عوامل التنبؤ المعروفة MicroRNA - 21 overexpression mediated phosphatase with homology to tensin (PTEN) downregulated in breast cancer in association with clinicopathological status

اسم المؤلف: شروق محمد عباس التميمي
اسم المشرف: سالم رشيد حمودي العبيدي علي حسين الخفاجي
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الامراض النسيجية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: الخلفية : - سرطان الثدي هو الاكثر شيوعا في النساء في كل انحاء العالم . الموروث ( PTEN) هو الموروث المثبط للسرطان ,وهو منظم عكسي(اي مثبط)لاهم طريق لحدوث نمو وتكاثر الخلايا .المعلمة الجزيئية مثل ( miR - 21) هي الجزيئة الاولى التي تم اكتشافها التي تساعد على نمو وتكاثر الخلايا النامية وتمنع موت الخلايا ,اي تطيل من عمر الخلايا النامية. اذا حدث تغير في جزيئة ( miR - 21) وازداد عملها عن الحالة الطبيعية تؤدي الى حدوث نمو مستمر بدون موت الخلايا النامية مما يودي الى حدوث الخلايا السرطانية بالاضافة الى تاثيره على الموروث المثبط لنمو السرطان وهو (PTEN )الذي يعتبر موروث مستهدف له, بحيث يستطيع منع عمل هذا الموروث لذلك يؤدي الى حدوث سرطان الثدي .الهدف من الدراسة : - قياس تعبير المعلمة الجزيئية ( miR - 21) والموروث ((PTEN لمعرفة (زياده او نقصان) على اعتبارهم متغيرات حقيقية عن النسيج الطبيعي وعوامل التنبؤ لسرطان الثدي . المواد وطرائق العمل : - هذه الدراسة هي دراسة تجريبية من الشهر الاول سنة 2013 الى الشهر الاول سنه 2015.تم اخذ خمسين زوجا من العينات, وهذه العينات تؤخذ من سرطان الثدي ومن النسيج الطبيعي للثدي من النساء اللواتي تم استئصال ثديهن بسبب السرطان وهذه العينات تم اخذها في صالة العمليات وكانت العينات طازجة. تم استخلاص شريط ال RNA ثم بعد ذلك تم فحص جزيئة ال (miR - 21) وموروث(PTEN) . وتم تطبيق الواسم المناعي النسيجي الكيمياوي ((IHC لهرمون الاستروجين والبروجستين معher - 2 في العينات التي تم وضعها في بلوكات الشمع وبعد ذلك تم اختيار الحالات الموجبة ل(her - 2)وفحص تضاعف الموروث ( HER - 2) بواسطه تهجين موضعي ذي لونين .النتائج : - معظم الحالات كانت جزيئة ال( miR - 21) مرتفعة في النسيج السرطاني عن ماهو في النسيج الطبيعي وكانت احسن قيمة له (2.940 ) كدليل على ان الجزيئة تغيرت عن قيمته الطبيعية ,وكانت احسن قيمة له (4.156) في حالات انتشار السرطان في العقد اللمفاوية ,وقيمة (6.340 ) كدليل على المراحل المتقدمة من سرطان الثدي .بينما الموروث ( PTEN) كان في جميع الحالات منخفض عن النسيج الطبيعي واحسن قيمة له (0.210) كدليل لتغير تعبيرالموروث عن النسيج الطبيعي , وكانت القيمة) 0.175) دليل انتشاره الى الغدد اللمفاوية, وقيمة (0.098) تمثل المراحل المتقدمة من سرطان الثدي . هنالك علاقه عكسية بين جزيئة ال( miR - 21) والموروث ( PTEN) ولايوجد اي علاقة احصائية بين هذه المتغيرات وبين بقية عوامل التنبؤ الاخرى المعروفة في سرطان الثدي . الاستنتاجات : - التغير في التعبير كل من جزيئة ال ( miR - 21) والموروث (PTEN ) في جميع حالات سرطان الثدي وهنالك علاقة احصائية مع انتشار المرض الى العقد اللمفاوية ومع المراحل المتقدمة من سرطان الثدي . هنالك علاقة احصائية عكسية بين ازدياد التعبير للجزيئة (miR - 21) وانخفاض التعبيرللموروث (PTEN) في عينات سرطان الثدي . | Background : - Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in worldwide. The phosphatase and tensin homolog gene is a tumor suppressor gene, and a key negatively regulator of cell signaling pathways that regulate growth and survival signaling pathways . More recently, microRNAs are small non protein coding RNAs involved in gene regulation. MicroRNA - 21 was one of the first oncogenic microRNAs and as an anti - apoptotic factor, to be characterized, being up - regulated in numerous tumors including breast cancer. The phosphatase and tensin homolog gene is one of microRNA - 21target genes Aim of the study : - To assess the validity of microRNA - 21 and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene expression as a diagnostic tool for gene alteration .Patients and Methods : - A prospective study , from January 2013 to January 2015. Fifty - pairs of fresh tissues from both breast cancer of invasive ductal carcinoma "NOS" and apparently normal adjacent tissues (from modify radical mastectomy) were by patients were recruited at the Surgical Department /Al - Diawania Teaching Hospital in Al - Diawania city . Total RNA extraction and real - time quantitative polymerize chain reaction technique were used for assessment of microRNA - 21 and phosphatase and tensin homolog gene expression. Tissue sample present in the paraffin embedded blocks belonging to tumor and normal adjacent tissue were used for Immunohistochemistry staining for (estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor - 2) and dual color - chromogenic insitu hybridization technique for positive human epidermal growth factor receptor - 2 by Immunohistochemistry.Results : - Majority of cases 48(96%) ,were up regulated of microRNA - 21, indicating cancer tissue fold change of microRNA - 21 was significantly higher than that of normal adjacent breast tissue, and the best cutoff value for microRNA - 21 fold change in breast cancer tissues was (2.940)for diagnosis of gene alteration , (≥ 4.156) for positive lymph node involvement and (≥6.340) for higher stage (III,VI).All patients 50(100%) exhibit phosphatase and tensin homolog gene expression down regulation, indicating fold change of cancer tissue for phosphatase and tensin homolog gene expression was significantly lower than that of normal adjacent tissue and the best cutoff value for gene expressional alteration in breast cancer tissues was (0.210) for diagnosis of gene alteration, (≤ 0.175) for positive lymph node involvement and ( ≤ 0.098) for higher stage (III,VI) .Up - regulation of microRNA - A21 and down regulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog gene expression show no significantly correlate with other patients criteria like (age , grade ,size of tumor ,( estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor - 2) by Immunohistochemical technique and human epidermal growth factor receptor - 2 gene amplification by dual color - chromogenic insitu hybridization technique . Identified significant negative correlation of up - regulation microRNA - 21 and down regulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog gene expression in breast cancer tissues.Conclusion : - gene expression of both microRNA - 21 and phosphatase and tensin homolog was significantly alterated in breast cancer tissues . It has been associated with positive lymph node involvement and higher tumor stage (III,VI)

تقييم وظائف البطين الايسر والبطين الايمن باستخدام معامل كفائة عضلة القلب في مرضى انسداد الشعب الهوائية المزمن Assessment of left and right ventricular functions by myocardia performance index in patients with chronic pulmonary disease

اسم المؤلف: ازهر عباس ناصر
اسم المشرف: باسل نجيب سعيد الدليمي
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: صدى القلب
الدرجة: دبلوم عالي
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: انسداد الشعب الهوائية المزمن هو كيان شائع في الممارسة السريرية. ان حدوث تضخم البطين الايمن للقلب وعجر القلب اليمن هو شائع في مثل هؤلاء المرضى. ومع ذلك يحدث بعض الاضطراب في وظيفة البطين الايسر بين هؤلاء المرضى.الارتباط بين انسداد الشعب الهوائية المزمن وعجز القلب قد تم وصفه سابقا. غير ان الارتباط بين مرض انسداد الشعب الهوائية المزمن والخلل الوظيفي للبطين الايسر بدون وجود اعراض هو اقل فهما.تاثيرات مرض انسداد الشعب الهوائية المزمن على وظائف البطين الايمن الانقباضية والانبساطية وعلى وظائف البطين الايسر الانبساطية ,قد تم اثباته. في حين ان معامل كفاءة عضلة البطين الايسر للقلب ، الذي يتضمن زمن قذف البطين وزمن الانبساط وزمن الانقباض ,هو مؤشر وظيفة البطين الشاملة، لم يتم تقييمه في مرض انسداد الشعب الهوائية المزمن.المرضى الذين لديهم ضغط مفرط في البطين الايمن غالبا ما لديهم فشل في وظيفة البطين الايسر الانبساطية.الهدف من الدراسة : تهدف هذه الدراسة الى تقييم الوظيفة الشاملة للبطين الايسر والبطين الايمن للقلب في المرضى الذين يعانون من مرض انسداد الشعب الهوائية المزمن مع او دون ارتفاع ضغط الدم الرئوي باستخدام معامل كفاءة عضلة البطين لمعرفة العلاقة بين نتائج ايكو القلب وشدة مرض انسداد الشعب الهوائية ، اذا كان هناك اي منها.المرضى وطريقة العمل : 60 مريضا يعانون من مرض انسداد الشعب الهوائية المزمن وغير مصابين بامراض القلب [30 مريضا لديهم مرض انسداد الشعب الهوائية المزمن بدون ارتفاع ضغط الدم الرئوي (المجموعة 2), و30 مريض لديهم مرض انسداد الشعب الهوائية المزمن مع ارتفاع ضغط الدم الرئوي (المجموعة 3)] و30 شخص سليم ومطابق للعمر والجنس تم ادراجهم في هذه الدراسة. خضع جميع المرضى للتقييم السريري، فحص وظائف الرئة، تخطيط القلب وفحص ايكوالقلب القياسي والدوبلر النسيجي. مختلف قياسات الايكو الخاصة بوظيفة البطين الايسر والبطين الايمن تم مقارنتها مع مؤشرات وظائف الرئتين وضغط الشرياني الرئوي. تم قياس معامل كفاءة عضلة البطين الايمن ومعامل كفاءة عضلة البطين الايسر للقلب باستخدام الدوبلر النسيجي النبضي.النتائج : 60 مريض قد تم ادراجهم في الدراسة. كان اعمارهم بين 56 - 68 سنة. كان متوسط العمر 61.47 عاما والانحراف المعياري ± 7.47 سنوات.كان هناك 83% ذكور و17% اناث في الدراسة. 19 مريض (63.3 %)من الذين لديهم مرض انسداد الشعب الهوائية المزمن مع ارتفاع ضغط الشريان الرئوي و15 مريض (50 %) من الذين لديهم مرض انسداد الشعب الهوائية المزمن دون ارتفاع ضغط الشريان الرئوي كان مرض انسداد الشعب الهوائية المزمن شديد بينما 11مريض (36.7 %) من الذين لديهم مرض انسداد الشعب الهوائية المزمن مع ارتفاع ضغط الشريان الرئوي و15 (50 %) من الذين لديهم مرض انسداد الشعب الهوائية المزمن دون ارتفاع ضغط الشريان كان مرض انسداد الشعب الهوائية معتدل. كان الانسداد القصبي شديد في المجموعة 1) حجم الزفير القسري49,973±5,303%) والمجموعة 2 (حجم الزفير القسري 44.58 ± 7.45% ) وليس هناك ضعف في فعالية التهوية في مجموعة الاشخاص السليمين.معامل كفاءة عضلة البطين الايمن كان اعلى في المجموعة 2 (0.57 ± 0.11) والمجموعة 3 (0.96 ± 0.05) من المجوعة 1 (0.42 ± 0.043001) (. P <), وكان اعلى في المجموعة 3 من المجموعة 2 (P <.001).معامل كفاءة عضلة البطين الايسركان اعلى في المجموعة 3 (0.7 ± 0.083) من المجموعة 1 (0.5 ± 0.034) والمجموعة 2 (0.56 ± 0.037) (P< .001).للمرضى المصابين بمرض انسداد الشعب الهوائية المزمن ، كان معامل كفاءة عضلة البطين الايسرمرتبط بعلاقة طردية مع العمر ,معدل نبضات القلب, ضغط الشرياني الرئوي الانقباضي ومعامل كفاءة عضلة البطين الايمن ويرتبط بشكل سلبي مع السيوح الانقباضي للمستوى الحلقي للصمام الثلاثي وحجم الزفير القسري في الثانية 1. في تحليل الانحدار الخطي المتعدد , (R=0.674) معامل كفاءة عضلة البطين الايسر ترتبط بصورة مستقلة بحجم الزفير القسري في ثانية واحدة(Beta =1.133, P = 0.007), ضغط الشرياني الرئوي الانقباضي(Beta= - 0.758, P=0.128) ومعامل كفاءة عضلة البطين الايمن (Beta=1.436, P=0.009). مؤشرات وظيفة البطين الايسر الانبساطية (A, E/A, and deceleration time of E) كانت ضعيفة في المجموعة 3 والمجموعة 2 بالمقارنة مع المجموعة1. نسبة السرعة الانبساطية المبكرة لحلقة الصمام الاكليلي الى السرعة الانبساطية المتاخرة(Em/Am) كانت اقل بكثير في مرضى انسداد الشعب الهوائية المزمن الذين لديهم ارتفاع ضغط الشريان الرئوي(0.77±0.066)،وكان وقت الاسترخاء للبطين الايسر اطول بكثير في المجموعة 3(105.43±4.21ms) والمجموعة 2(102.27±4.45ms) بالمقارنة مع مجموعةالسليمين(71.2±5.51ms).وظيفة البطين الايمن الانبساطية, نسبة السرعة الانبساطية المبكرة الى السرعة الانبساطية المتاخرة (E/A)اعلى في الاشخاص السليمين بالمقارنة مع مجموعات المرضى. وقد كان نسبة سرعات التدفق للصمام الثلاثي(نسبة السرعة الانبساطية المبكرة الى السرعة الانبساطية المتاخرة) اقل قيمة بكثير في مرضى انسداد الشعب الهوائية المزمن الذين لديهم ارتفاع ضغط الشريان الرئوي(0.84 ± 0.04) وكان وقت الاسترخاء اطول بكثير في المجموعة 3 (98.87 ± 8.41ms) والمجموعة2 (77.5 ± 4.57ms) بالمقارنة مع الاشخاص السليمين (75.37±5.2) . كان قطر البطين الايسر الانبساطي اقل بكثير في المجموعة 3 (40 ± 2.665) من المجموعة 1(46.2 ± 2.295) والمجموعة2 (44.2 ± 3.367). سرعة حلقة الصمام التاجي (s') كانت الاقل في المجموعة 3 . (9.64 ± 0.92) ولكن المؤشرات التقليدية للوظيفة الانقباضية وسمك الحاجزبين البطينين في الانبساط لا تختلف بين المجموعات.كانت اقطار البطين الايمن الانقباظية والانبساطية اعلى وكان التقصير الكسري للبطين الايمن اقل في المجموعة 3 من المجموعتين الاخريين. كانت حركة حلقة الصمام الثلاثي الانقباظية اقل بكثير في المجموعة 3 (16.07 ± 3.54) بالمقارنة مع المجموعة 1 (21.7 ± 2.71)والمجموعة2 (20.83 ± 2.69) ,ولكن الاختلافات بين المجموعة 1 و2 غير هامة احصائيا.الخاتمة : كانت كلا وظيفتي البطين الايسر الانقباظية والانبساطية عاجزة في مرض انسداد الشعب الهوائية المزمن خاصة في المرضى الذين لديهم ارتفاع ضغط الشريان الرئوي . هذا العجز يرتبط بصورة مستقلة بضغط الشريان الرئوي الانقباضي,معامل كفاءة عضلة البطين الايمن وحجم الزفير القسري في الثانية1.الوظيفة الانبساطية للبطين الايسر والبطين الايمن والوظيفة الشاملة للبطين الايسر والبطين الايمن تتاثر في مرضى انسداد الشعب الهوائية المزمن وخاصة مع تطور المرض. مرضى انسداد الشعب الهوائية المزمن والذين لديهم ارتفاع ضغط الدم الرئوي اكثر عرضة لعجز القلب الايسر والايمن الانبساطي والشامل من المرض الذين لديهم ضغط شريان رئوي طبيعي. دوبلر انسجة القلب هو اداة افضل في تقييم وظائف البطين الايسروالبطين الايمن | Development of right ventricular hypertrophy and eventual right side heart failure is common in patients with Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, some disturbance in left ventricular (LV) function has been observed among such patients.The co - existence between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and heart failure has been previously described. However, the co - existence between COPD and subclinical LV dysfunction, without the presence of heart failure symptoms, is less well understood.The aim of the study : The aim of this study was to evaluate global function of the LV and RV in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with or without pulmonary hypertension(PH) by using myocardial performance index (MPI) and find out the correlation between echocardiographic findings and severity of COPD.Patients and methods : Sixty patients with COPD without additional cardiac diseases [30 patients with COPD without PH (group 2), and 30 patients with COPD with PH (group 3)] and 30 age and sex - matched healthy subjects (group 1) were enrolled into the study. All patients underwent clinical evaluation, spirometry, electrocardiography and standard and tissue Doppler echocardiography. Various echocardiographic parameters of LV and RV functions were compared with indices of pulmonary function test and pulmonary arterial pressure. RV myocardial performance index (RVMPI) and LVMPI were obtained by pulsed wave Doppler tissue.Results : RVMPI was higher in both group 2 (0.57 ± 0.11) and group 3 (0.96 ± 0.05) than group 1 (0.42 ± 0.043) (P< .001), and was higher for group 3 than in group 2 (P< .001). LVMPI was higher for group 3 (0.7 ± 0.083) than in both group 1 (0.5 ± 0.034) and group 2 (0.56 ± 0.037) (P <.001). For patients with COPD, LVMPI was positively correlated with age, heart rate, pulmonary arterial systolic pressure and RVMPI and negatively correlated with tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and forced expiratory volume in 1 second. In multiple linear regression analysis (R=0.674), LVMPI was independently associated with forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) (Beta =1.133, P = 0.007), pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (Beta= - 0.758, P=0.128), and RVMPI (Beta =1.436, p=0.009).LV diastolic function parameters (A, E/A, and deceleration time of E) were impaired for groups 2 and 3 compared with group 1. Mitral early diastolic and late diastolic annular velocities ratio (Em/Am), were significantly lowest in COPD patients with PH(0.77±0.066), and the isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) was significantly longer in group 3(105.43±4.21ms) and group 2(102.27±4.45ms) in relation to control group(71.2±5.51ms).RV diastolic function, E/A ratio was higher in the control subjects compared with the patient groups. The tricuspid inflow velocities ratio (E/A) was significantly lowest value in COPD patients with PH (0.84 ± 0.04) and the isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) was significantly longer in group 3(98.87 ± 8.41ms) and group 2(77.5 ± 4.57ms) in relation to control group (75.37±5.2). LV end - diastolic diameter was significantly lower for group 3 (40 ± 2.665) than group 1(46.2 ± 2.295) and group 2(44.2 ± 3.367). LV mitral valve annular velocity (S') was lowest in goup3 (9.64 ± 0.92). However, conventional systolic function parameters and IVSd were not different among the groups. Systolic and diastolic RV diameters were higher and RV fractional shortening was lower for group 3 than the other two groups. TAPSE was significantly lower for group 3(16.07 ± 3.54) compared with group 1(21.7 ± 2.71) and group2 (20.83 ± 2.69), but differences between groups 1 and 2 was not statistically significant. Conclusion : Both LV systolic and diastolic functions are impaired in COPD, especially in patients with PH. This impairment is independently associated with pulmonary arterial systolic pressure, RVMPI, and FEV1. Left and right ventricular diastolic function and LV and RV global function are affected in COPD patients especially with progression of the disease. COPD patients with pulmonary hypertension are more liable to LV and RV diastolic and global dysfunction than normal pulmonary pressure COPD patients. Doppler tissue echocardiography is a better tool in the assessment of LV, RV function.

الخصائص الوبائية لحالات الحصبة المسجلة في محافظة النجف الاشرف للفترة من 2007 الى 2014 Epidemiological Characteristic of Reported Measles Cases in AL - Najaf province /Iraq 2007 - 2014

اسم المؤلف: عبد الامير حسين حسن الموسوي
اسم المشرف: احمد سمير النعيمي
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الوبائيات التطبيقية
الدرجة: دبلوم عالي
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Measles is worldwide, and still epidemic and highly infectious and threatened the life of all populations, but is preventable by full immunization.The importance of this study in AL - Najef government because of previous outbreak. And also a mixing of social due to internal displace populations and religious events during the year.Objective study : to describe the epidemiological characteristics of all reported measles cases in the public health of Najaf government during 2007 - 2014.Method of study : cross sectional for all suspected measles cases that are reported retrospectively in the public health section of directorate of health in AL - Najaf province during 2007 - 2014, and the data collected from the notification and investigation form of measles then entered and analyzed by using EPI - Info and SPSS 21. The result showed 582 of suspected cases, 359 0f them were confirmed, 56% female, the peak age group <5 years.The seasonal distribution of the cases appears in JAN - MAY. There was highly obvious association between the numbers of doses of vaccination with the confirmed cases,The Odd Ratio for having a confirmed case for those with a single dose of vaccination is 0.18 compared to those unvaccinated. and the risk of having confirmed measles for those with unvaccinated increased 5.6 time compared to those with protected a single dose, during the outbreak period (2007 - 2009).We recommend promoting the active surveillance and good collection of notification form and keeping for study in future, improving complete MVC with a good cold - chain and periodic campaigns before winter

دراسة الكشف المبكر لمرض الانسداد الرئوي المزمن في الذكور الخالين من الاعراض المدخنين والمدخنين السابقين Early Detection of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Asymptomatic Male Current Smokers and Ex - smokers By Spirometry

اسم المؤلف: حسام محمد علي صالح
اسم المشرف: عبد الله جنجر الفرطوسي
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الامراض - الصدرية
الدرجة: دبلوم عالي
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Background : Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is responsible for permanent morbidity, premature mortality and great burden to the healthcare system. The most commonly encountered risk factor is tobacco smoking. Without screening, patients usually overlook early symptoms of cough wheezes but commonly seek medical advice when they become dyspnic on mild to moderate exertion. By that time, half of their ventilatory reserves are lost. Spirometry remains the gold standard for diagnosing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and monitoring its progression.Aim of study : Early detection of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in asymptomatic male current smokers and ex - smokers by spirometry.Patients and methods : Consecutive asymptomatic male current smokers (n=100) and ex - smokers (n=100) were participated in screening. All Participants have no history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, chronic respiratory illness or active pulmonary symptoms. Also all of them not on bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, Montelukast, or theophylline.Results : A total of 100 asymptomatic male current smokers and 100 asymptomatic male ex - smokers were screened by spirometry according to the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society guidelines. Overall, airway obstruction was seen in 49 (49%) current smokers, mild obstruction was seen in 22 (22%) and moderate obstruction in 27 (27%) subjects, while in ex - smokers airway obstruction was seen in 52 (52%), mild obstruction was seen in 13 (13%) and moderate obstruction was seen in 39 (39%) subjects.Conclusions and recommendations : Early diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by spirometry will encourage smoking cessation and enable earlier interventions to help prevent exacerbations and hopefully preserve lung function, quality of life and decrease mortality

تاثير تدخين الشيشة الاركيله مقارنة بتدخين السكائر على اختبار وظائف الرئة بين الذكور في مدينة الناصرية The Effect of Water Pipe (Negril) Smoking on Pulmonary Function Test in compare to cigarate smoking among Males in Al Nasiriya City

اسم المؤلف: مهند عادل جايان
اسم المشرف: قاسم محمد سلطان
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الامراض - الصدرية
الدرجة: دبلوم عالي
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Background : Shisha (wp) smoking is becoming a more prevalent form of tobacc consumption, and is growing worldwide, particularly among the young generation in the Middle East especially among urban youth, college students, and young professionals. However there is limited data about the effects of water - pipe smoking. Publicly considered as aharmless entertainment. Many studies have shown that water pipe smoking associated with development of varying degrees of reduction in the lung function.Objectives : The aim of this study is to assess the effect of water pipe smoking on pulmonary functions with regard to the duration and amount of smoking among different groups of male smokers : water pipe smokers, cigarette smokers, and compare it with a control (nonsmokers) group. Methods : This is a comparative crosssectional study which conducted on 300 male subjects, subdivided into two groups of smokers : 100 water pipe smokers, 100 cigarette smokers and 100 nonsmokers as a control group, all participants were apparently healthy and matched for gender, they were selected from random cafes in al nassirryha city. Data were collected through structured questionnaire and pulmonary function test was performed by portable Spiro lab III spirometer after gaining the participant consent. Results : There was significant differences between the mean ages of the study groups (p value<0.05).water pipe smokers (35.44±10.79) cigarette smokers (46.09±10.54), and nonsmokers (35.55±11.07). The present study revealed that there was a significant reduction in the parameters of the pulmonary function test ( FEV1 ), (FVC )(FEV1/FVC),(PEF),(FEF25 - 75%)and(MVV)for the two groups of smokers as compared to the control group ( P < 0.01 ) .Lung function impairments were very severe in water pipe smokers as compare with cigarette smokers( P < 0.05 ). There were significant inverse correlations between all PFT values and duration and total amount of WP smoking and number of WP smoked per week(P < 0.01) .Conclusion : The results from this study showed that there was a profound effect of WP smoking on PFT values, which were more severe to the effects of cigarette smoking.Keyword : water pipe smoker ,pulmonary function test, nassiryha - Iraq.

مشاهدات الرنين المغناطيسي لدى المرضى المصابين بفرط هرمون الحليب في الدم MRI FINDINGS OF PITUITARY GLAND IN HYPERPROLACTINEMIC PATIENTS

اسم المؤلف: رنا علاء الدين حسين
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الاشعة التشخيصية
الدرجة: دبلوم عالي
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تحليل مشاهدات الرينن المغناطيسي للغدة النخامية لدى المرضى المصابين بفرط هرمون الحليب (البرولاكتين)في الدم وايجاد توجيها ت عمل للحدود الدنيا لنسبة هرمون الحليب في الدم والتي على ضوئها تكون صورة الرنين المغناطيسي للغدة النخامية مطلوبة 0اساليب الدراسة قمنا بدراسة وصفية استطلاعية شملت ستون مريضا يعانون من فرط البرولاكتين وقمنا باخذ صورة الرنين المغناطيسي للغدة النخامية لهم للفترة من الاول من كانون الثاني ولغاية الثلاثون من شهر اب للعام 2015.النتائجتم فحص ستون مريضا, منهم ثمانية وعشرون اي مايعادل نسبة (46.7%) كان تصويرالرنين المغناطيسي طبيعيا للغدة النخامية, وخمسة عشراي مايعادل نسبة (25%)مر يض لديهم ورم غدة نخامية مايكروي و3منهم ورم غدة نخامية ماكروي. بالاضافة الى تسعة منهم كان لديهم تضخم الغدة النخامية بدون وجود لاي ورم.وقد وجدنا ان قطع القيمة الامثل المصاحب لورم الغدة النخامية (ميكروي /ماكروي )لهرمون الحليب هو (102.5)نانو غرام / ملليتر بمستوى حساسية (77.8%) ومستوى نوعية (95.2%).الاستنتاجاتكان هناك صلة ذات اهمية احصائية بين المرضى الذين يعانون من فرط هرمون الحليب وصورة الرنين المغناطيسي .هذا يدعو الى اجراء صورة الرنين المغناطيسي لجميع الحالات المصابة بفرط برولاكتين الدم عندما تكون نسبة الهورمون مساوية او اكثر من (102.5.نانوغم/مل)بعد استثناء اي سبب ثانوي ممكن يؤدي الى ارتفاع هرمون الحليب. | To analysis the MRI findings of pituitary gland in patients with hyperprolactinemia and establish guidelines for a minimal serum prolactin level for which pituitary MRI imaging is indicated .Methods : A descriptive study was conducted at of a AL - Shaheed Ghazi Hospital and Radiology Institute from 1st of January 30 of August 2015. Sixty patients with hyperprolactinemia underwent magnetic resonance imaging of brain for pituitary gland .Results : The result were based on the analysis of pituitary MRI findings for 60 patients , almost half of the sample were diagnosed as normal 28 (46.7%) ,18 (30%) as pituitary adenoma with macro adenoma being the smallest part 3(5% only).Pituitary hyperplasia account 9(15%) and empty sella 5(8.3%).there was significant statistically association between serum PRL and pituitary adenoma .The optimum cut - off value for serum PRL for any positive pituitary findings (adenoma , hyperplasia and empty sella) was 55.1ng/mL. While the optimum cut - off value of serum PRL for pituitary adenoma (micro/macro) was 102.5 ng/mL.Conclusion : MRI of the pituitary gland was significantly associated with serum PRL levels in patients with hyperprolactinemia .The optimum cut - off value of serum prolactin to predict pituitary adenoma (micro/macro) was 102.5 ng/mL. Therefore pituitary imaging should be obtained for all patients with serum PRL ( equal or higher than this value)after exclusion of any secondary causes of hyperprolactinemia.

Epidemiological Characteristic of Multi - Drug Resistant Tuberculosis in Iraq July/2011 - July/2015

اسم المؤلف: قيس قاسم ابراهيم
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الوبائيات التطبيقية
الدرجة: دبلوم عالي
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Background : Multi - Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR - TB) is global and national public health problem that threatens the success of TB control programs.The aim of this study : To describe the epidemiologic characteristics of MDR - TB cases registered in Na0onal Tuberculosis Control Program (NTP) of Iraq during the period July 2011 - July 2015.Methods : A Cross - sectional, record based study was conducted at the Chest and Respiratory Diseases Specialized Center for all electronic records and patients’ forms available from July /2011 to July/2015. A form for collec0ng data was prepared by the researcher according to (MDR) patients Files which is provided by the NTP. Chi - square testing was used to measure the level of sta0s0cal significance set at p<0.05 and a confidence level of 95%.Results : A total of 319 cases, males were (72.6%); the mean age was 40.03±12.24 years, one third of the cases (31.7%) were from Baghdad. cases from urban area (57.8%); Cat - 2 Failure form (88.0%) of the MDR group; pulmonary were (98.3%) of the site of the disease; (17%) with Diabetes Mellitus; duration in days spend by the patient in the first line treatment, direct smear conversion negative and culture conversion nega0ve were (502±133.56), (117±77), (145±91) respec0vely; default was(28.5%) of the ceases; favorable outcome was sta0s0cally significant among middle age groups(30 - 49years) (χ2=8.548, df =2, P = 0.014).Recommendations : Increase attention for better managements of the patients in the first line treatment; give good education messages to patient of MDR - TB and Increase the number of labs capable for early diagnosis is the suitable strategy to control MDR - TB disease.

تاثير عقار الكولجسين بالاضافه الى الاسيتامينوفين مع الاسيتامينوفين وحده على مستوى الالم التصلب والوظيفة البدنية لمرضى فصال الركبه الاولى : دراسة مقارنة Effects of Colchicine Plus Acetaminophen and Acetaminophen Alone on Pain, Stiffness and Physical Function in Patients with Primary Osteoarthritis of the Knees : A Comparative Study

اسم المؤلف: كوثر رفيع حربي
اسم المشرف: سامي سلمان شهاب
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الامراض - المفاصل
الدرجة: دبلوم عالي
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative disorder of multifactorial etiology characterized by loss of articular cartilage. Basic calcium phosphate (BCP) and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals are commonly found in osteoarthritic joints. These crystals have been found in the synovial fluid of 60% of patients with knee OA. Inflammation in OA is frequently secondary to the presence of these crystals, and leads to the production of interleukin - 1 (IL - 1), an important mediator of cartilage breakdown in OA. Previous studies referred to a slow acting disease/structure - modifying effects of colchicine in knee OA. Aim of the studyTo examine the effect of combined colchicine plus acetaminophen compared with acetaminophen alone on pain, stiffness, and physical function in patients with knee osteoarthritis after a 1month treatment course, and after 1 month of stopping the treatment.Patients and methods A randomized, double blind study included 150 patients were diagnosed to have knee OA according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for classification of (KOA).Patients were randomly assigned to receive acetaminophen 500mg containing capsule twice daily in the 1stgroup (70 patients),and colchicine 0.5mg plus acetaminophen 500mg in one capsule twice daily in the 2ndgroup (80 patients). The efficacy outcome measure was the change in the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) including the pain, stiffness and physical function subscales.Results Both acetaminophen and acetaminophen plus colchicine groups showed significant reduction in the pain, stiffness , physical function and total WOMAC score in the 2nd visit (after 1 month of treatment regimen) (P<0.001).At the third visit one month after cessation of treatment these scores increased again to approximate the baseline value in group 1, while slightly increased in group2, the differences in these scores between the baseline and 3rd visit values were statistically insignificant, (P˃0.05) in group 1 while it still highly significant in group 2, (P<0.001).ConclusionBoth modes of treatment acetaminophen alone or acetaminophen plus colchicine are effective in symptomatic improvement in patients with primary osteoarthritis of the knee in term of pain, stiffness, physical function and total WOMAC score. But the better beneficial symptomatic effect and longer period of action was obtained when colchicine added to acetaminophen than acetaminophen alone.

الخصائص الوبائية لفتحات جدار القلب الخلقية للاطفال دون الخامسة الوافدين الى مستشفى ابن النفيس التعليمي، بغداد 2015 Epidemiological characteristics of Under Five Children with Ventricular Septal Defects Attending Ibn - Nafees Teaching Hospital, Baghdad 2015

اسم المؤلف: عمار حسن عبد القهار
اسم المشرف: بتول علي غالب ياسين علاء عبد الحسين الانباري
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: طب المجتمع
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Globally at least eight of every 1,000 infants born each year have a heart defect, and as Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) is the commonest among Congenital Heart Defect (CHD), this study aimed to assess the impact of VSD among CHD and its association with certain factors, and to assess the anthropometrical measures among children with CHD as well as assess nutritional state of their mothers. A hospital based cross sectional study on 349 under five children with CHD attending Ibn Al - Nafees Teaching Hospital were subjected to questionnaires prepared by the researcher. The nutritional status of under five children was assessed through an anthropometric measures (height and weight) and compared with z - score of CDC 2000, meanwhile 296 Mother’s Body Mass Index (BMI) was assessed to point out an association with CHD and VSD.It was found that 54.7% of CHD were VSD, 29.2% were ASD and the combination of VSD and ASD was on the top of congenital heart malformation 61.4%.CHD had increase relation with Father’s and Mother’s education and indirect relation with Mother’s age, also was higher (84.2%) among 20 - 39 years Mother and appear more often in children under one year 64.2%. The studied factors had no obvious influence on VSD rather than other CHD.Nutritional status of the study sample showed that wasted children was almost three times over normal distribution which exhibit acuteness with no evidence on disease chronicity, as shown the study sample showed close frequency distribution regarding stunting and underweight. Mother’s BMI exhibit a problem as 37.2% were overweight and 26.4% were obese.Interfamily marriage express 58.5% positivity and only 8.3% report positive family history. Anemia reported in 33% of Mothers and 30.4% address febrile illness during first trimester.This study observed no significant associations between VSD and other congenital heart defects in term of socio - demographic characteristic; residency, mother’s age, child’s age, Father’s and Mother’s education and consanguinity. Also no associations were found regarding family history, febrile illness, passive smoking, certain medication received, anemia and DM.

نتائج تخطيط صدى القلب عند المرضى المصابين بمرض الانسداد الرئوي المزمن ومدى ارتباطها بشدة المرض Echocardiographic Findings in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Their Correlation with Disease Severity

اسم المؤلف: شذى سلمان كاظم
اسم المشرف: عدنان محمد الجبوري
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الامراض - الصدرية
الدرجة: دبلوم عالي
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Background : Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common disease and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and result in an economic and social burden that is substantial and increasing.COPD has considerable effects on cardiac functions, including those of the right ventricle, left ventricle, and pulmonary blood vessels. Most of the increased mortality associated with COPD is due to cardiac involvement. Echocardiography(Echo) provides a rapid, noninvasive, portable, and accurate method to evaluate the cardiac changes.Aim of study : To assess cardiac changes secondary to COPD by echocardiography and to find if there is a correlation between echocardiographic findings and severity of COPD.Materials and Methods : A total 50 of patients with COPD were diagnosed and staged by pulmonary function test (PFT) according to GOLD criteria into 4 stages . For all patients,detailed history, carful clinical examination, electrocardiography(ECG), chest x ray(CXR), and routine blood tests were done. All patients evaluated by echocardiography.Results : On echocardiographic evaluation of COPD,40% of cases had normal echocardiographic parameters. Measurable tricuspid regurgitation (TR) was observed in 25/50 (50.0%) of cases . Pulmonary hypertension (PHT), which is defined as systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (sPAP)> 30 mmHg was observed in 14/25 (56.0%) of patients with TR (28.0% of total patients) , in which prevalence of mild, moderate, and severe PHT were 7/14 (50.0%), 4/14 (28.6%), and 3/14 (21.4%), respectively. The frequencies of PHT in mild, moderate, severe, and very severe COPD were 7.1%, 14.3 %, 35.7%, and 42.9%, respectively. Cor pulmonale was observed in 6/14 (42.9%) of cases (12.0% of total patients) ; The frequencies of cor pulmonale in patients with mild, moderate, and sever PHT were 0 , 75.0% ,100.0 % ,respectively ; 2.0% cases had left ventricle systolic dysfunction(LVSD) and 10.0% cases had evidence of left ventricle diastolic dysfunction(LVDD). Left ventricle hypertrophy (LVH) was found in 4.0% of cases. There was a significant decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second(FEV1) means associated with Echo findings especially with PHT and cor pulmonale.Conclusion : Prevalence of cardiovascular complications (especially PHT and cor pulmonale) is high among COPD patients and has a linear relationship with increasing severity of COPD. Echocardiography helps in early detection of cardiac complications in COPD cases giving time for early interventions.

تقيم الوضع التغذوي بين الاطفال المصابين باعتلال طيف التوحد Nutritional Status Assessment among Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder Al - Najaf 2015

اسم المؤلف: سرى حسن الحارس
اسم المشرف: علياء مكي حسن الصافي
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الوبائيات التطبيقية
الدرجة: دبلوم عالي
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Background : Autism is a neurodevelopment disorder with symptoms arising that are apparent throughout the patient’s lifespan. Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is characterized by impaired social and communication interactions as well as restricted, repetitive interests and behavior. . Epidemiological studies show that the incidence of autism is increasing, which may be due to the diagnostic category of ASD having been developed. There is vital importance in the treatment of autism, is early diagnosis which is conducive to more rapidly improving the quality of patients’ health.Aim of Study : To determine the nutritional status of ASD children in Al - Najaf province 2015 Methods : A descriptive cross - sectional study conducted to assess nutritional status in children with autism. A convenient sample of patients with autism in (Al Imam Al Husain Institute of Autism) and autistic patients in psychiatric department in AL - Hakeem hospital from 30th of April 30th of August 2015.The data were collected by questionnaire developed and filled by investigator through direct interview with autistic patient parents that visit psychiatric department in Al - Hakeem hospital and from case study sheet that present in AL - Imam Al Husain Institute of Autism which include ID, gender , residency, age of child (or date of birth??), the age level of education of parents, their occupation, and by measuring weight and height of children and compare with wt./age, wt/ht, ht/age & BMI/age growth charts .Epi - info software and Excel sheet for entry and analysis of data .Results : the sample size was 98 child, 86 boys and 12 girls & males to females ratio was 8 : 1, age groups were (28%) ≤ 5 yr ,(72%) more than 5 year in which (52%) of them were normal, (33.9%) were overweight and (14%) were underweight, (28%) of the ≤5yr. were (45%) of them were overweight (37%) of them had wasting,& (16%) were normal, no significant association between the nutritional state with gender, residency, age of father, age of mother, occupation of father, occupation of mother, educational level of fathers and but there were significant association between level of education of mother and age group. p value 0.03 .and between age group of children and NS p value less than 0.0000 (less than 0.05).Conclusion : most cases below and equal 5 yr were overweight& obese 45% and large percent of above 5years 33% were overweight & obese, there is significant associations between nutritional status and level of education on ofmothers for children >5 years and NS .

العنف الاسري بين النساء في محافظة النجف 2012 - 2014 Domestic Violence among Women in Najaf Province /2012 - 2014

اسم المؤلف: هديل جعفر كاظم
اسم المشرف: ايمان عدنان القصير
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الوبائيات التطبيقية
الدرجة: دبلوم عالي
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Background : Domestic Violence (DV) against women is a global problem without social, cultural, religious, geographic, economic or national boundaries.Worldwide, at least 1in 5 of the worlds female population has been physically or sexually abused by a man or men at some time in their life. In Arab and Islamic countries, the scope of DV is not yet considered a major concern despite its increasing frequency and serious consequences. In Iraq a family public health survey documented that 83.1% of women reporting at least one form of marital control.Objectives : 1. To explore complaining of women regarding domestic violence in Al - Najaf province for 3 years.2.To throw a light on the associated factors for domestic violence against women.Methodology : A cross sectional study was conducted in Al - Najaf province during period from June to Sept. 2015.A total number of 300 current women were accessed to computer record (2012 - 2014) not paper record about their exposure to domestic violence. Hundred married women from each year were included. The included women were with complete file case ready for the court.Results : Out of the total sample(300) from the Directorate of domestic violence in Al - Najaf province, 91.7% were complaining of physical violence and 8.3% were complaining of verbal abuse. Conclusions and Recommendations : High prevalence of physical Domestic violence among women in Al - Najaf province. Occupation of husband, Age of husbands with year had significant effect on violence. Deal with Domestic Violence as a public health problem. Identify the problem to public by media to educate the public to focus on girls 'education can be viewed as a type of longterm prevention.

انتشار اكتناف العين لدى عينة من المرضى العراقيين المصابين بالتصلب المجموعي Prevalence of Ocular Involvement in a Sample of Iraqi Patients with Systemic Sclerosis

اسم المؤلف: زينة يحيى جواد
اسم المشرف: فائق ايشو كوريال
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الامراض - المفاصل
الدرجة: دبلوم عالي
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Background : Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma, SSc) is a severe systemic chronic connective tissue disease. Many ocular manifestations of SSc have been described, some being well - known associations and others reported for the first time in case reportsObjectives : The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of ocular manifestations in a sample of Iraqi patients with SSc.Patients and methods : This cross - sectional study involved 50 patients with SSc diagnosed according to 2013 criteria developed by the American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism for the classification of systemic sclerosis or the 1980 classification criteria for SSc, established by the American Rheumatism Society (now the American College of Rheumatology). Patients had history of previous eye trauma, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and overlap with other connective tissue diseases or inflammatory arthritis were excluded. Demographics and clinical data were collected including age, sex, BMI, disease duration and subtype, age at diagnosis, scleroderma assessment questionnaire (SAQ), medications used, blood investigations and autoantibody profile were collected, and a full ophthalmic examination was conducted. Results : A total of 50 patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) were enrolled in this study. Prevalence of dry eye symptoms was 74%, keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) was 68%, eyelid skin stiffness and telangiectasia were observed in 56% and 36% respectively. Refractive errors were detected in about a quarter of cases (24%). Myopia was the most frequently identified type of refractive errors (18%), followed by astigmatism (6%) and hypermetropia (only 2% after excluding the age dependent presbyopia). Blepharitis was diagnosed in 18% of examined patients. Each of the following ocular manifestations, namely : subcapsular cataract, pterygium, conjunctival abnormalities, cataract - cortical type, uveitis (Anterior or posterior) and retinal microvascular abnormality were detected in less than 10% of cases. Positive serum anti - scleroderma 70 (anti - scl 70) antibodies significantly increased the risk of having KCS . also diffuse disease type significantly increased the risk of having eyelid skin stiffness . There were no significant correlation between patients with KCS, refractive error and eyelid skin stiffness with the other variables .Conclusions : Ocular manifestations in a sample of Iraqi patients with SSc were relatively common. The most common SSc - related ocular findings were dry eye symptoms, then KCS, followed by eyelid skin thickening and telangiectasia.

دراسة اتجاهات مرض التهاب الكبد الفايروسي في العراق للسنوات 2007 - 2014 Trends of Viral Hepatitis, Iraq 2007 - 2014

اسم المؤلف: حسين محمود كاظم
اسم المشرف: جواد كاظم الديوان
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الوبائيات التطبيقية
الدرجة: دبلوم عالي
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Background : Viral hepatitis is a serious global public health problem and a major cause of morbidity and mortality particularly in developing countries. There are five distinct types of hepatitis virus. Hepatitis A, B, C, D and E viruses. Globally, every year there are an estimated 1.4 million cases of hepatitis A, 20 million hepatitis E infections, over 3 million acute cases of hepatitis E, and 56 600 hepatitis E - related deaths. HBV affected 7% of world population and causing more than 1 million deaths annually, while HCV affected 3% of world population and causing 366,000 deaths, annually. In Iraq, the carrier rate of HBV and HCV is 1.6% and 0.4% respectively. Goal : To decrease the morbidity and mortality resulting from viral hepatitis infection.Objective : to identify the trends of viral hepatitis, Iraq, 2007 - 2014.Material & Methods : A descriptive cross - sectional study was conducted from1st June to 31st August 2015 at Communicable Diseases Control Center (CDC)/Iraq on all confirmed hepatitis cases and clinically diagnosed hepatitis cases registered in Iraq provinces during eight years period (2007 - 2014). Data were obtained from the computer stored registries of these cases in Viral Hepatitis Section and Surveillance Section in Communicable Diseases Control center (CDC)/Iraq. Results : the higher incidence rate of hepatitis A, B and C occurred in 2013 (were 31.58, 11.49, and 3.69 respectively), higher incidence rate of hepatitis E in 2011 was 1.17 while higher incidence rate of clinical hepatitis in 2010 was 55.38.Conclusion and Recommendation : High incidence rate of HAV, HEV, HBV and HCV. The peaks of HAV were noticed in 2010 and 2013. Looking for good sanitation, Screening for risk groups, Vaccination for HBV.

معدل انتشار الربو القصبي لدى طلاب المدارس الابتدائية في مدينه العمارة Prevalence of Bronchial Asthma in Primary School Students in Amarah city

اسم المؤلف: محمد سعيد ناجي
اسم المشرف: عدنان الجبوري
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الجهاز التنفسي
الدرجة: دبلوم عالي
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Background Asthma is a syndrome characterized by airflow obstruction that varies markedly, both spontaneously and with Treatment. Asthma has become more common in both children and adults around the world in recent decades. Its prevalence has been dramatically increased during last few years. Still no definite asthma prevalence is specified in Iraq. Objective To disclose the prevalence of bronchial asthma among primary school students in Amarah city with distribution the prevalence of bronchial asthma between gender, regions and between age groups and the relationship between body mass index and effect on asthma prevalence.Method In prospective study conducted on primary school students in Al Amarah city, from first of November 2013 to 31st March 2014. Four schools was randomly chosen, two for boys and other for girls, from both urban and rural area. Official approval was obtained from the appropriate authorities prior to the study. A sample of 181 randomly selected students (74 girls and 107 boys) underwent spirometry study to measure peak expiratory flow rate.ResultsOf the 200 questionnaires that we sent out, 181 completed questionnaires were returned, the study population ranged in age from 6 to 15 years, was in primary grades 1 - 6 and included 107 boys (59.1%) and girls 74 ( 40.9%) . the boys : girls ratio (53.1%).The mean age for the study sample is 9 years. Only 130 students have normal 71.8%, 13 students have support diagnosis of asthma 7.2% and 38 students have asthmatic 21.0%. Airway status is significantly associated with area of residence (p 0.001). There is relationship between body mass indexes associated with asthma.Conclusions1. High body mass index and history of allergen exposure are common associated factor reported by asthmatic.2. Spirometry and other pulmonary function tests are still not used in diagnosis, therapy and prognosis asthmatic patient.3. Since are children in dynamic process of variable growth, further studies of this nature are required. Usually larger sample sizes in each age group needed to establish reference standard and represent them as percentile charts for that region for a given age, weight, height of boys

التعبير الكيمياوي المناعي لمستقبلات الاستوجين والبروجستيرون Ki و67 Her2/neu لمرضى سرطان الثدي : دراسة سريرية باثولوجية Immunohistochemical Expression of ER, PR, Her2/neu and Ki67 in Breast Carcinoma. Clinicopathological Study

اسم المؤلف: فاطمة صبيح الصراف
اسم المشرف: اسراء علي حسين
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الامراض
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women worldwide.In Iraq it is the most common cancer among females. According to the latest Iraqi Cancer Registry in 2010, breast cancer account for approximately one - third of the registered female cancers in Iraq, indicating that the breast cancer is the leading cause of death among females.Proliferation rates of neoplastic process can provide useful information on prognosis and aggressiveness of individual cancers including breast cancer and can be used to guide treatment protocols in clinical practice. Ki67 as a proliferative marker has been used to study proliferation rates in breast cancer and other tumors by Immunohistochemistry assessment of nuclear antigen which has a predictive and prognostic significant. Other important prognostic and predictive markers in breast cancer management including Estrogen and Progesterone receptors, Her2/neu have been used to predict the prognosis of breast cancer and to guide its therapy. Aim of study1. To evaluate the role of Ki67 as a proliferative index marker through analysing the associations between Ki67 intensity with the well - known clinicopathological parameters (age, breast tumor type, grade, size and lymph node involvement).2. To correlate the association of Ki67 with Estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and Her2/neu expression. Patients, materials and methods This retrospective cross - sectional study was conducted from November 2013 to April 2014. A total number of fifty paraffin blocks were collected, (40) blocks belonging to patients with breast carcinoma (all were totally mastectomy), (thirty five cases were invasive ductal carcinoma, four cases invasive lobular carcinoma and one case was mixed type carcinoma) and (10) blocks with benign breast diseases were included. The cases were selected from archive files of the Department of Pathology of the Teaching Laboratories, Specialized surgical Hospital in Baghdad Medical City and private laboratories, and used for the immunohistochemical assessment of oestrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR), Her2/neu and Ki67.Results : In this study, patients’ age were ranged from (22 - 69) years, for forty malignant cases the age range was (34 - 69) years with a mean of (50.30±9) (mean± Standard deviation) years and the median age was (49) years, the peak age frequency was in the (35 - 50) years age group at time of diagnosis. The main histopathological type was invasive ductal carcinoma (87.5%). Grade II and T2 were reported in three quarters of the studied cases (30 cases out of 40). Axillary lymph node positive involvement was reported in (72.5%) of cases.For benign cases the age range was (22 - 60) years old, the mean age was (36.50±13.75) (mean± Standard deviation) years old.Hormone receptors positive malignant cases were (75%) and (72.5%) for estrogen and progesterone receptors respectively.Immounohistochemical expression of Ki67 was positive in (30) cases out of (40) (75%). Ki67 high score were demonstrated in (57.5%) of malignant cases.For Her2/neu expression more than (50%) of cases were with score 0, (17.5%) were with score 1+, (12.5%) were with score 2+ and (17.5%) were with score 3+.Regarding molecular subtypes of the malignant cases, Luminal B subtypes was the commonest among studied cases (42.5%).Conclusions : 1. In the current study invasive ductal carcinoma was the commonest histopathological type of breast carcinoma while most of the benign cases were fibrocystic disease cases, with a significant different mean age between malignant and benign cases.2. In this study Ki67 positive expression was observed in most of the studied malignant cases. Significant correlations were found between Ki67 expression and tumor grade, lymph node involvement and Her2/neu score.3. Luminal B subtype (Estrogen receptor +ve and /or Progesterone receptor +ve, Her2/neu +ve or Her2/neu - ve with Ki67 high score) was the most common molecular subtype of the studied breast cancer cases.

تقييم فائدة ايكو القلب في تشخيص عملية تغيير شكل البطين الايسر بين مرضى احتشاء عضلة القلب الحاد Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Ventricular Remodeling Process among Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients

اسم المؤلف: ميادة ضياء الدين محسن
اسم المشرف: باسل نجيب سعيد الدليمي
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: صدى القلب
الدرجة: دبلوم عالي
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تقييم جدوى ايكو القلب ثنائي الابعاد في الاستدلال عن تغيير شكل البطين الايسر وازدياد حجمه بعد احتشاء عضلة القلب الحاد.الاساليب والنتائجتم اجراء ايكو القلب ثنائي الابعاد في غضون خمسة ايام من دخول المستشفى لمئة مريض يعانون من احتشاء عضلة القلب الحاد. وقد تم تحليل عدة متغييرات سريرية ومختبرية بضمنها ايكو القلب ثنائي الابعاد اضافة الى البيانات الاساسية الديموغرافية، كضغط الدم والنبض وقد ثبتت القيمة التشخيصة لمختلف معايير ايكو القلب التقليدية كحجم البطين الايسر والكسر القذفي في الكشف المبكر عن تغير شكل ووظيفة البطين الايسر. وقد تبين من هذه الدراسة ان اتساع حجم الاحتشاء القلبي كان له الاثر الاكبر في زيادة حجم البطين الايسر وقصور عمله الوظيفي. كما ان هذا الاثر كان اكثر احتمالا للحدوث عند الاكبر سنا من المصابين وعند الذكور منهم, اضافة الى ان كمية العضلة المصابة وعلى الاخص الاحتشاء الذي يشتمل العضلة الامامية للقلب عما سواها من الجدران كان الاكثر تاثيرا على حجم البطين الايسر وتدهور عمله الوظيفي.الاستنتاجاتكان لفحص ايكو القلب ثنائي الابعاد لمرضى الجلطة القلبية الحادة قيمة فعلية في تحديد الاشخاص الاكثر عرضة لمضاعفات الاحتشاء وعلى الاخص زيادة حجم البطين الايسر وتدهور عمله الوظيفي | Echocardiography is useful for assessment of left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction, which is the focus of this thesis. We investigated the influence of various traditional echocardiographic parameters on the process of left ventricular remodeling such as left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction, wall motion score index, mitral regurgitation and diastolic dysfunctionAims To invistigate the usefulness of two - dimensional echocardiography for accurate evaluation of left ventricular (LV) remodeling after acute ST elevation myocardial infarctions (STEMI).Methods and results Two - dimensional echocardiography was performed within 5 days on a 100 patients admitted to the hospital with a first ST - elevation AMI. Several clinical and echocardiographic variables were analyzed. Baseline demographic data, blood pressure, and pulse were obtained. Various traditional echocardiographic parameters have been shown to provide diagnostic information, such as left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction, wall motion score index, mitral regurgitation and left atrial pressure. A left ventricular wall motion score index was derived from analysis of regional wall motion; an index of 1.5 or more within 5 days of admission identified patients at high risk for remodeling and LV dysfunction. Predictors of early LV remodeling were older age, male gender, history of diabetes mellitus or hypertension, high leukocyte count, high admission blood glucose level, high wall motion score and anterior location myocardial infarction.Conclusions After acute ST - elevation myocardial infarction, early determination of the wall motion score index by two - dimensional echocardiography is useful for identifying patients at high risk for complications and to differentiate patients with and without development of LV remodeling accurately and early on the basis of wall motion score index as a measure of infarct size, a highly predictive variable
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