اسم المؤلف:
انتصار عباس زيدان
اسم المشرف:
فرات جبار سعد الله العزاوي
المستخلص:
العاب القوى هي عروس الالعاب واكثر الالعاب اثارة وتشويق وفيها اكثر نسبة لحصد المداليات في البطولات (44) مدالية وتشمل العاب القوى على فعاليات الركض والجري والوثب والقفز وفعاليات الرمي ويضاف الى ذلك ان التنافس بها يكون فردي وفي نفس الوقت فرقي.و فعالية ركض | The thesis comprised five chapters : Chapter One : Introduction and Significance of the Study : 1.1 Study introduction and significance : Athletics is a main type of sports and one of the most interesting and games. It carries the biggest ratio of medals reaching up to (44) ones. Athletics include the games of track and field, jumping and throw. Moreover, it is of individual and team competitions. 400 M hurdles is one of the games in athletics in which players compete to achieve the least time via utmost speed which requires female players to have high physical abilities, especially those influencing achievement. Thus, many efforts were conducted to develop methods of training, styles used in training and exercises included within the training unit which improved high records. Setting such trainings and exercises and maintaining modern training approaches is a major need to develop the level of players and their physical abilities which is a corner stone in achievement.Therefore, the researcher find it important to indulge in the field of training to use ballistic exercises which means using weights in new ways that are not exceeding 50% of the overall ability of the player, i.e., using rather light weights in quick frequencies. It helps to make many muscular groups to work perfectly at the same time. Ballistic training is a complementary, not alternative method to the traditional weightlifting method in developing muscular strength. Furthermore, lifting rather light weights within high speeds tend to excite working, antagonist and fixation muscles as well as overcoming lack of speed resulting from traditional weights training which will improve and develop physical abilities and traits and, in turn, reaching the best achievement in addition to proprioceptors improvement exercises of working and antagonist muscles. Such exercises comprise muscles stretching to the utmost possible level and imposing nearly maximum power on the muscle indulged in the activity so as to accomplish strength improvement through influencing the extent of the power produced from muscle contraction. Here lies the significance of the study in the objective and logical linkage between modern training elements by using new ideas and notions via combining and including new trainings and exercises in the followed training methods which are to open new horizons in modern training. Through the researcher's perception, she found out that developing and improving muscles acclimation via paying attention to the minute details will guarantee achieving a development in the physical abilities under study and, then, will be of positive outputs in the physical side and in achievement. Hence is the significance of the study in shedding light on certain exercises that are to labor to develop some physical abilities and 400 M hurdles achievement among young female players. 1.2 Problem of the Study : 400M hurdles is still facing many obstacles, among them are the approaches, methods, training and exercises that are forming a training program on which it relies in accomplishing great achievements. Due to the researcher's experience in the field being an athletics trainer and track and field player, especially 400 M hurdles, she has figured out the weak achievements of female players in this activity which is mostly resulting from the lack in some physical abilities like (explosive power, speed characterized strength, speed length and flexibility). All this is stemming from the quality of exercises included in the followed training methods in the training units as well as from the nature of exercises in the approach that is adopted in the training process which is leading to a shortage in achievements.Therefore, the researcher aimed at tackling this problem trying to put solutions within available potentials through using some exercises that combine ballistic power and proprioceptors exercises of working and antagonist muscles in order to develop the special physical abilities of female players in this activity which are of great influence on achievements.This new approach is having the ability to combine weight - jump exercises with the ability of improving proprioceptors which is one of the requirements to develop the explosive motions in the most possible speed to overcome the lack of speed resulting from traditional weight training. Furthermore, proprioceptors activity development exercises work on increasing muscles elasticity and flexibility and, in turn, bringing out more power and accomplishing best achievements.1.3 Aims of the Study : 1. Setting special exercises via the use of ballistic power and vitalizing proprioceptors for some working and antagonist muscles in 400m hurdles.2. Identifying the exercises' effect on developing some physical abilities.3. Knowing the exercises' impact on achievement development in 400m hurdles.4. Recognizing the best group in developing physical abilities and achievement in 400m hurdles for young female players in the post - test.1.4 Hypotheses : 1. There are statistically significant differences between the pre and post tests in the development of special physical abilities and achievement between the two experimental groups in favor of the post test.2. There are statistically significant variations in the physical abilities and achievement between the two experimental groups in the post tests.1.5 Scope of the Study : 1.5.1 Human Scope : a sample of 400 m hurdles young female players.1.5.2 Periodic Scope : the period of time from Sep.1.2014 to Nov.1.2014.1.5.3 Spatial Scope : Alshaab International Stadium.Chapter Two : Theoretical Studies & Previous Literature : In this chapter, the researcher tackled some theoretical studies in relation to the topic under study. Among them; the concept and significance of physical training, its objectives, traits and scopes in addition to the effect of training on muscles, methods of physical training and physical training in athletics.Moreover, the researcher referred to ballistic force exercises in terms of; concept, importance, stages of ballistic work, bases of ballistic exercises and their limitations, followed methods in ballistic exercises, setting ballistic exercises, their influence and benefits of ballistic exercises.Proprioceptors motivation exercises (PNF) showed their concept, physiological bases of proprioceptors work, benefits of using nerve - muscle facilities of proprioceptors, major PNF exercises and their role in muscle stretch. It is worth mentioning also that muscles under study are musculus rectus femoris (quadriceps muscle of thigh) and the soleus muscle in addition to muscular power, the concept of muscular strength and its types, the activity of 400m hurdles run, technical stages of this activity and previous studies.Chapter Three : Methodology and Procedures : This chapter included methodology of the study. The researcher adopted the experimental method of two experimental groups with pre and post tests because it suits the nature of the study problem. Sample of the study is deliberately selected from young female players distributed as even numbers represent the first experimental group that followed the (ballistic training), while odd numbers represent the second experimental group that is using (ballistic training and proprioceptors motivation exercises). The researcher, then, delineated a group of tools and devices that are necessary to gain the required results. They included; research procedures, field experiment and special ability tests which comprise explosive force, speed characterized strength, speed and flexibility perseverance and achievement test in 400m hurdles run so as to accomplish the study aims and hypotheses in addition to relying on adopting suitable statistical tools o process results of the study.Chapter Four : Results analysis and Discussion After applying the statistical processes, this chapter exposed results of the failed experiment. It included showing, analyzing and discussing the pre and post tests of the two experimental groups as well as the development ratio. The researcher was able to process the results she gained via tests, showing them in tables and figures, and then discussing them scientifically, reinforcing them with sources.Chapter five : Conclusion and Recommendations Throughout results analysis and discussion, the researcher found out the following : 1. Ballistic and proprioceptors motivation training developed the (explosive power and speed characterized force, strength and speed endurance of arms and flexibility.2. A development in flexibility and an increase in the kinetic level of female players who were trained according to proprioceptors motivation exercises compared with little development in the ballistic training group.3. The adoption of ballistic and proprioceptors motivation training helped in developing the achievement of young female players in 400m hurdles run among both experimental groups.4. There are differences between the pre and post tests in favor of the post - tests in both study groups.5. There are variations between the post - tests of the two experimental groups in favor of the second experimental group.In the light of these conclusions, the researcher recommended the following : 1. Adopting ballistic and proprioceptors motivation training in the exercises of athletics federation training centers due to their positive effects in developing physical abilities and, in turn, developing achievements.2. Using ballistic and proprioceptors motivation training in similar studies dealing with other sports and applied on other ages.3. The necessity of using ballistic and proprioceptors training with muscular groups other than those used in the present study to examine their impact.4. The use of PNF training within physical training programs.
