المستخلص: تم تحضير اوكسيد الخارصين بتراكيب نانوية مختلفة بوسطة تقنيات تحضير مختلفة : التبخير البسيط, طريقة كيميائية, طريقة هايدروثيرمال. هذه التقنيات لها عدة ميزات مفضلة مثل قلة الكلفة, لا تتطلب طاقة كثيرة, مكونة من اجهزة بسيطة وتكون امنة للبيئة وتعطينا نواتج بمواصفات عالية.كل هذه التقنيات تعطينا مسحوق اوكسيد الخارصين بتراكيب نانوية متنوعة لذلك ظهرت الحاجة لترسيب هذه المساحيق على شكل اغشية سميكة لبناء نبائط ذات تراكيب نانوية, تبعا لهذه الحاجة فقد تم استخدام طريقة الطباعة على الشبكة لترسيب مسحوق اوكسيد الخارصين النانوي على قواعد مختلفة. ان طريقة الطباعة على الشبكة هي تقنية بسيطة تستخدم لترسيب اغشية سميكة متجانسة مع التصاقية جيدة عند درجات حرارة قليلة.تم طباعة اغشية سميكة محضرة بطرق متعددة على قواعد متنوعة لاستخدامها في عدة فحوصات هذه الاغشية تم تسخينها الى 500 ˚C للتخلص من جميع المواد العضوية المستخدمة في هذه الطريقة. تم فحص هذه الاغشية السميكة بتقنيات مختلفة لدراسة خصائصها الفيزياوية كالتركيبية, البصرية والكهربائية. ان طريقة التبخير البسيط تعطينا تراكيب مختلفة (قضيب نانوي, مسامير نانوية, وردة نانوية, رباعي الارجل وشبيه الطائرة). الطريقة الكيميائية تنتج لنا طبقات هرمية نانوية من اوكسيد الزنك, بينما طريقة الهايدروثيرمال اعطتنا قضبان نانوية. ان هذا التنوع في التراكيب يؤثر مباشرة في الخصائص الفيزياوية للاغشية المحضرة. الخصائص البصرية لهذه الافلام اظهرت لنا شفافية جيدة وتعتمد بقوة على سمك الغشاء. كذلك فان حسابات معامل الامتصاص اكدت ان جميع الاغشية لها انتقال مباشر. ان حسابات التالقية الضيائية (PL ) اظهرت ازاحة زرقاء وزيادة في فجوة الطاقة مما يؤكد على القياس والتركيب النانوي الذي تم الحصول عليه. تم دراسة الفحوصات الكهربائية, قياسات الDC اظهرت ان اغشية اوكسيد الخارصين السميكة لها طاقتي تنشيط منخفضة وان هذه الاغشية لها مقاومية تتراوح بين (100 - 300 Ω.CM) بينما دراسة خصائص الI - V لجميع الافلام المحضرة اكدت سلوك شبه الموصل فاظهرت زيادة غير خطية في التيار في حالة الانحياز الامامي, بينما اظهرت زيادة قليلة جدا في الانحياز الخلفي.كذلك تم حساب معامل التقويم وعامل المثالية للاغشية المحضرة.تم بناء نبائط من مفرق اوكسيد الخارصين/السليكون (p - Si/n - ZnO) من اجل استخدامها في تطبيقات كمتحسسات للغازات وكواشف ضوئية, جميع الاغشية المحضرة اظهرت استجابية جيدة كمتحسسات للغازات وككاشف لاشعة UV.تم دراسة تغير المقاومية والتوصيلية للاغشية المحضرة لكواشف UV بعد تعريضها لضوء بطول موجي (370 nm) من مصباح زينون ذو قدرة واطئة (6 مايكرواط) وجميع الاغشية اظهرت انخفاضا في المقاومية وزيادة في التوصيلية اثناء تعريضها للضوء.بعد ذلك تم قياس تيار الاضاءة وتيار الظلام لنبائط n - Zno/p - Si لكل الظروف المحضرة وبانحياز امامي (0.1V) وباضائية (370nm) لقياس الاستجابية والكشفية، كانت الظروف المثالية لطريقة التبخير البسيط هي للاغشية المحضرة بمعدل جريان (200sccm) بينما للطريقة الكيميائية كانت افضل ظروف للاغشية المحضرة ب (PH=9). بينما حصلنا على افضل استجابية بواسطة الافلام المحضرة بطريقة الهايدروثيرمال.كل الاغشية السميكة اظهرت استجابة جيدة عند تعرضها لغاز الامونيا وغاز ثاني اوكسيد النتروجين عند درجة حرارة الغرفة لتراكيز مختلفة (100 - 250ppm) بسبب تاثير القياس النانوي للنواتج التي حصلنا عليها من هذه الطرق. تم ملاحظة انتقائية لغاز الامونيا على حساب غاز NO2 لجميع الاغشية المحضرة.افضل ظروف تحضير بطريقة التبخير البسيط كان للاغشية المحضرة بمعدل جريان 200sccm وافضل ظروف للطريقة الكيميائية للاغشية المحضرة PH=9 ياتي بعدها الاغشية المحضرة بطريقة الهايدروثيرمال، كذلك تم دراسة تاثير اضافة TiO2.تم تحديد افضل درجة حرارة لعمل المتحسس وقياس التحسسية عند تراكيز مختلفة ووجد ان افضل درجة حرارة لعمل المتحسسات تتراوح بين (200 - 250C0) وهذا يدل على ان التراكيب ذات القياس النانوي تساهم في تخفيض درجة حرارة عمل المتحسس ZnO. | ZnO nanostructures were synthesized with different techniques : - Simple evaporation, chemical and hydrothermal methods. These techniques have many preferable properties such as low cost, low power request, simple apparatus, and safety for environment with high quality products. All these techniques give us ZnO nano powders with different structures so a need to deposit these powders as thick films to build devices with nanostructures according to this need so screen print method was used to deposit ZnO nano powders on different substrates. Screen print method is a simple technique used to deposit homogenous thick films at low temperature with good adhesion.ZnO casting with different preparation methods were screen - printed on different substrates for several purposes and testing, and then heated to 500 C˚ to eliminate all the organic materials. The thick films were characterized with different techniques to study their physical properties such as structural, optical and electrical properties. The simple evaporation method provided us with a variety in structure (Nano rods, nano nails, nano flowers, tetrapods and plain - like). The chemical method produced hierarchal nano layers, while the hydrothermal method produced nano rods. This variety in structures directly affects the physical properties of the prepared films. The optical properties of these films show a good transparency depending on the thickness of the films strongly (2 - 6 µm) and the calculations of absorption coefficient indicate that all the films have a direct transition. The PL measurements for these films show a blue shift indicating an increasing in energy gap and the nano scale of the obtained structures. Electrical measurments was studied, the D.C measurements show that ZnO thick films have two low activation energies and the prepared thick films have a resistivity ranging between (100 - 300Ω.cm) while the I - V characterization of all films indicate that semiconducting behavior and show nonlinear increasing in current at forward bias as well as a very small increasing in the reverse bias. Also the ideality and rectifier factors were estimated and discussed. ZnO/Si devices for all conditions were built as a gas sensor and a photo detector. For UV detection the change of the surface resistivity and conductivity under illumination of (370nm) Xe - lamp with low power (6µW/cm2) were studied and all films show decreasing in resistivity due to illumination. Then the Iph and Id current were measured under bias(0.1 v) for n - ZnO/p - Si for all conditions to measured responsivity and detectivity, for simple evaporation method, the optimal condition obtained is due to films prepared with 200 sccm flowrate, while the optimal condition for chemical method was obtained due to films prepared with value of PH= 9. The best responsivity is due to the films prepared by hydrothermal method. All films show a good response for Ammonia and NO2 gases detection at room temperature for different concentrations (100 - 250 ppm) due to the effect of nano sized products obtained by these methods. Higher response to Ammonia gas upon NO2 gas was observed for all conditions.Also the effect of mixing TiO2 was studied. Sensitivity and operating temperature at different concentrations were measured and studied and found that the operating temperature range between (200 - 250C˚) indicating that nano size structures enhance in lowering the operating temperature for ZnO films.

دراسة بعض خصائص فيرايت الاسبنل المحضر بطريقة السيراميك والسول جيل == Studying some Properties of Spinel Ferrite preparing by Ceramic and Sol - Gel Methods

اسم المؤلف: اثير ابراهيم عبد علي الخفاجي

اسم المشرف: كاظم جواد كاظم الشجيري

الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء

السنة: 2015

الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء

الدرجة: دكتوراه

الجامعة: الجامعة المستنصرية - كلية العلوم - قسم الفيزياء

اللغة: الانكليزية

مكان الجامعة: بغداد

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: In this research three series of spinel ferrites samples where prepared which is copper - zinc ferrite with general formula (Cu1 - xZnxFe2O4), magnesium - zinc ferrite with general formula (Mg1 - xZnxFe2O4) and nickel - zinc ferrite with general formula (Ni1 - xZnxFe2O4) at (X) values ranging from 0.0 to 1.0, step of 0.2 where (X) represents the proportion of zinc in ferrite, using two preparation methods which is Conventional ceramic method and Sol - Gel method. Three sintering temperatures have been used which is (1000ºC), (1050ºC) and (1100ºC) to determine the effect of sintering temperature on the final specifications of the samples. (Network analyzer device) has been used to studding the microwaves absorption in the range of (X - band) with a frequency range (8 - 12.5 GHz). Also, X - ray diffraction analysis (XRD) has been used to determine the crystal structure and purity of the prepared samples and to calculate the average grain size and micro strain, The samples were examined using a scanning electron microscope device to evaluate the crystal size and to see distribution style after the sintering process, were Also, the density of the prepared samples were measured to calculate the porosity values.The results showed that the best samples with very high absorbency a long the (X - band) is (Mg0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4) and (Cu0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4) at sintering temperature (1100 ºC). This stability and efficiency observed firstly compared with other researches and literatures. Also the resonance peaks for all three types of spinel ferrite appeared at frequencies (8.6, 9.8, 10.0, 10.2, 11.01.11.2, 11.6, 12.0, 12.2) (GHz). X - ray diffraction results showed that all the prepared samples are a poly - crystalline also showed the occurrence of micro strain on the crystals due to effect of the sintering temperature on the crystals.Comparison between the samples prepared by Sol - Gel method and Conventional ceramic method; the result showed the homogeneity of particle size and particle distribution was the best for first method. Whereas the porosity was small for this method

تقييم اداء تصاميم جديدة لسخان الماء الشمسي في مدينة البصرة30.5°N == Evaluation of new designs of solar water heater in Basrah city 30.5° N

اسم المؤلف: كوثر كاظم منخي

اسم المشرف: نوري حسين نور الهاشمي | جاسم مهدي الاسدي

الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء

السنة: 2015

الموضوع الدقيق: فيزياء الطاقة الشمسية

الدرجة: دكتوراه

الجامعة: جامعة البصرة - كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة - قسم الفيزياء

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: البصرة

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: The main goal of the current study is the benefit of solar energy as the origin of any renewable energy for producing a hot water through multiple solar collectors each one with overall capacity about 26 liter so that, these collectors arranged in sequential order within the construction of the house without affecting the artistic aspects of the house. These collectors will capable of providing the house the needs of hot water for domestics use especially during the winter season. It will reduce the amount of energy such as electricity and or kerosene or any other source of energy that usually used in Basrah.The present study is included the design and manufacture of seven models of solar collectors. The tools that have used into manufactured of these collectors are some cheap materials that are available in Basrah markets. These models are differ from each other by some aspects with additions properties. The thermal performance and efficiency have a test and then choose the best one in order to use it in four different modern designs of solar heaters.the thermal performance of the manufactured heaters models are tested by calculate the amount of hot water supply under difference weathers conditions in the city of Basrah, which sorts as a large abundance of solar radiation. It also test two types of arrangement of difference parts of heaters. The practical test has been proven the advantage of linking hot water reservoir tank with cold water and then linking the whole system with the hot water tank. This arrangement will allow of gradual warming of the water, which allows the consumer get the hot water directly from the system and not from the reservoir. This study include what is called a feedback arrangement system in order to increase the benefit from solar radiation. In this case, the hot water will recycle to allow for moreexposure to solar radiation repeatedly, that in the case of non - use or the case of little use.All the experiment Steps carried out on the roof of the department of physics building's in the college of education for pure Sciences, Basrah university in the northern city of Basrah, located at latitude 30.50 N and longitude 47.80 E during the winter season 2013 - 2014. Al thought this winter characterized by abundant of rain and clouds the models No.5 shows very good results interm of high temperature of hot water and the amount of it. The temperature was reach (900 C). In addition the model No.4 which depend on the technique of feedback idea shows a good result interm of the amount of hot water produce which reach (146 liter) at a temperature about (500 C) with in only five hours starting at 10 : 00 am until the 2 : 00 pm.In order to develop the optimum dimensional measurements of the solar collectors a mathematical model was developed to predict the output temperature of hot water from the solar collectors or from the radiator in general for different dimensions. This model is working successfully and achieved data that in comparable with our experimental ones. The experimental results have been analyzed theoretically to compare the performance of all solar collectors of the heaters, in different weather conditions and in a same time.

اسم المؤلف: نثيلة رشيد حميد الكسار

اسم المشرف: صبيح هليل المياح | باسم هاشم عبد الله

الموضوع العام: علوم الحياة

السنة: 2015

الموضوع الدقيق: الاحياء المجهرية - الطفيليات

الدرجة: دكتوراه

الجامعة: جامعة البصرة

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: البصرة

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: A total of 420 aquatic birds belonging to four species( Chettusia leucura , Himantopus himantopus, Gallinula chloropus and Fulica atrawere collected in the current study during the period between December 2012 to November 2013 fisolated from Al - Chibayish marshes , eastern of Thi Qar province. Digenetic trematode, Haematotrephus nittanyense was isolated from H. himantopus and C. leucura. Prevalence in those birds were 20.7% , 2.2% respectively. Mean intensity of infection 1.7 , 1.2 respectively. Digenetic trematode , Haematotrephus chengi was found in C.leucura, the Prevalence of infection was 20.7% . These two trematodes were recorded for the first time in Iraqi birds . 2.6% of Ch. leucura were infected with Digenetic trematode , Uvitellina iraquensi , mean intensity of infection was 2.7 . Digenetic trematode , Cyclocoelum mutabile Cyclocoelum mutabile was isolated from F. atra and G. chloropus birds . Prevalence in those birds were 21.2% ,10% respectively. Mean intensity of infection 3 , 3 . Digenetic trematode , Cyclocoelum microstomum was found in 20% of G. chloropus birds and in 15% of F. atra , mean intensity of infection 2.8 , 1.8 respectively.The current study revealed that , most eggs of H. nittanyense , H. chengi and U. iraquensis hatch within the uteri of worms while embryonated eggs of C. mutabile and C. microstomum shed from mature worms hatch within few hours after being placed in water. The mean number of eggs differed between species. Hatching of C. mutabile and C. microstomum eggs did not occur at 12°C . Egg hatching rate of C. mutabile differed from eggs hatching rate of C. microstomum at all temperatures . Temperatures, salinity and acidification of water affectedthe rate of hatching of C. mutabile and C. microstomum eggs , and the results varied between two different species . Storing eggs of C. mutabile and C. microstomum at (0,4)°C for ( 1 - 8) weeks failed to hatch . Storing eggs of C. mutabile and C. microstomum at (7,10,12)°C for (1 - 8) weeks had no effect on hatching success or on eggs hatching rate.A biological study of the miracidia of trematodes which were isolated in the current study showed that , the survivorship and longevity of miracidia were differed among the different species . Temperature, salinity and acidification of water affected the survivorship and longevity of miracidia . Storing eggs of all species at (7,10,12)°C for eight weeks had no effect on survivorship and longevity of their miracidia. The study revealed that , the miracidia of all species were infective to Radix auricularia and Physa acuta snails , but R. auricularia snails more sensitive to infection . The infectivity of the miracidia of all species to R. auricularia and P. acuta snails varied according to the species of these trematodes . Infection rate of R. auricularia snails with the miracidia of all species , mean intensity of infection and the metacercariae output varied according to species of these trematodes, temperature , miracidial density as well as size of snails. Miracidia hatching from eggs stored for 1 - 8 weeks at 7°C not differed in their infectivity to snail. The miracidia of all species hatching from eggs stored for (0 - 8) weeks at 7°C differed in their infectivity to snail according to the species of these trematodes. Age and density of H. chengi miracidia affected the infection rate of R. auricularia snails as well as affected the mean intensity of infection . H. chengi infection had no effect on mortality rate of R. auricularia and P. acuta snails.The results showed that there were differences between the various stages included in the life cycle of the five species of Cyclocoelidae family isolated in the current study . The time required for production and development of these stages varied according to their species, as well as these larval stages were differed among the species in their shapes , sizes and in the product number of them .The current study revealed that , metacercariae of the trematodes which were isolated in the current study fed separately to Gallus domesticus and Anas platyrhynchos failed to produce an infection , although the influence of C. leucura bile on metacercariae of H. nittanyense , H. chengi and U. iraquensis varied according to the species of these trematodes but bile of C. leucura plays a role in increasing excysted juveniles ratios , reduction the time required for excysting and increasing the time of juveniles activity compared with a bile of G. domesticus .In the current study. H. nittanyense showed a clear seasonal cycle of infection in local aquatic birds , H. himantopus ,while the study exposed a clear seasonal cycle of H. chengi infection in local aquatic birds C. leucura . Isolation of U. iraquensis in different periods during the current study from local aquatic birds, C. leucura may refer to its ability to complete its life cycle in a study area. Isolation of C. mutabile from migratory bird at arrival time to the study area may refer to new infections that carried by these migratory birds from their breeding grounds . Abundance of sensitive snails and suitable temperatures in a study area at arrival time of these birds may help this trematode to complete its life cycle in this area thus new infections emerged later and these infections may carry by microstomum isolated from migratory birds only at the arrival time to the study area may refer to new infections that carried by these migratory birds from their breeding grounds as well as this may indicate an inability to complete the life cycle of this trematode in this area.