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فكرة الحكومة العالمية وتطورات النظام السياسي الدولي == Concept Of The World Government And International political System Developments

اسم المؤلف: يسرى كريم محسن العلاق
اسم المشرف: يسرى كريم محسن العلاق
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: العلاقات الدولية والسياسة الخارجية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة النهرين - كلية العلوم السياسية - قسم السياسة الدولية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: he idea or hope of achieving a World Government wasconsidered amongst Philosophers and Advocates of world peace. Beginnings of the concept were found back in global philosophies and religions, where origins for globalism and unity of human race and natural law, formed its first intellectual approach.The idea of a world government was associated with the International Political System, since the Treaty of Westphalia In 1648, Where the Global Government was considered as an alternative to the International Political System, where through it there will be an end to conflict and perpetual war in the international system, As means and procedures that were produced by the international system proved to fail in achieving peace.Although the need for a world government in achieving world peace, establishing justice, And confront oppression and injustice sounds totally logical as a concept, but practically it was found to contradict with the international system On ground; setting the idea in the frame of an unrealistic approach or a kind of Utopia. In other words, conditions were far from favorable for its establishment. On the contrary, centralized nation - states in the international system, its absolute sovereignty, national divisions, and ideological conflicts, As well as the will of major powers to Control and dominate the international system, and seeking self - Interests by looting the world's wealth, controlling vital resources, and absence of peoples' role in international politics. All of these fac tors were considered main reasons preventing the establishment of the world government.The end of the Cold War revealed a major transformation in International Political System, where a set of political, economic, technological and cultural variables have led to a change in the nature of the International Political System. The world has become integrated as a result of the immense technological developments, growing economic globalization, decline of ideological conflict, increasing costs of military forces, As well as the decline in the authorities and functions of the state to manage some sectors at thenational and international levels, for the benefit of the growing roles and functions of other actors in global politics. Alongside the emergence of new global challenges and threats that not only endanger states but humanity as whole.According to what was aforementioned, a necessity for a high global management to deal with global issues and respond to global threats was in urgent need. In other words, what the global system is witnessing of major evolutions and drastic changes, require the establishment of a higher Global Authority or Authorities

اثر البنية الاقتصادية في الثقافة السياسية في العراق بعد عام 2003 == Effecting of Economic Structure on Political Culture in Iraq after 2003

اسم المؤلف: احمد حسين والي البدري
اسم المشرف: هشام حكمت عبد الستار العزاوي
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: النظم السياسية والسياسات العامة
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة النهرين - كلية العلوم السياسية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The present research includes two main comparisons as to take in and assimilate the Iraqi Society in respect to the political culture of economy reality having effect on the culture structure. The latter is a mixture of text , thought and history. Hence , the meaning of Iraqi culture structure expresses about its self in escalating activities ,alienation disorders , and religious or social( worthy things non violations ). The current study indicates the structure of the Iraqi intellectuality and state of that economic structure and activities ensued from it and not the political culture.In every society there would be discrepancy between non - reality and reality; this discrepancy requires to be interpreted and explained for the individuals of the society having the same social symmetry. From hence , it could notice that the Iraqi society suffers from the following : - Attractively in the subject of the economics : it is the existence of huge and diverse resources ,including strategy ( oil and gas ) , human capabilities and others , these resources live pace by pace with its contradictories as poverty , undeveloped economics , infrastructure and culture structure deforming . These phenomena indicate defects that should be scientifically processed , in the way that it could not logically say that there huge wealth sources beside poverty and unemployment ( violence and corruption). - In reality , the depth of democracy could not be achieved unless there should be equity among the citizens; besides, it requires all energy of personal efforts as to get a suitable living state . The economic and social power should be restricted only to elite having known by its production and capability as to get Iraq out of its present state to the right path. - The problem of Iraq is the structure problem where economic, social, cultural and political 's viewpoint should be valuably sought for. The weakness of political culture and its traditions related to its unity that expresses about the history of the state , political system and economic and social development.

وضع الاقليات في الدولة الفيدرالية - ستراتيجيات التعامل وسياسة الاحتواء : دراسة مقارنة بين العراق والهند == The Situation of minorities in the federal state : Coping Strategies and Policies of Containment a Comparative Study between Iraq and India

اسم المؤلف: علي جاسم عبد علي عبد الله
اسم المشرف: عامر حسن فياض
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: النظم السياسية والسياسات العامة
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة النهرين - كلية العلوم السياسية - قسم النظم السياسية والسياسات العامة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Those human groups that distinguish it from other citizens were not, have achieved a stable unrivaled referred to Mendez until they have suffered a lot of injustice and oppression, which is still suffering, even in some of the systems developed democracy, that these are distinct from the rest of the community groups dubbed minorities name and that and according to specific criteria applies these groups is consistent with the nature of the name, and it was the closest and most common is the standard numerical these groups, was launched researchers and specialists from several criteria to be called and the possibility of compatibility with the political systems in the countries in which they live and are considered citizens, since citizenship is the rights and duties , he must enjoy those groups full rights and a commitment to full duties, similar to the rest of the citizens of the state, but these rights and duties may encounter complexity depending on the nature of the political system and the extent of the enjoyment of democratic values. In systems where the central state is very strong almost disappear those privacy or even sometimes disappear , whether it be due to deliberate or extreme centralization by which leave no room for such groups to exercise self - rights, such as the use of language and the way of education and practice their own culture which is characterized by which keeps its part to revive that culture and conservation, therefore, we find that minorities in the central states can not full rights to enjoy, but the only commitment to their duties, which in this case has violated one of the pillars of citizenship, namely the rights, and remained live only on the second corner.In spite of the fact that a variety of Federal Regulations (Union treaty and the Union of personal Federation and the Federation of actual, and the confederation), the best one and the most coherent is the Federal Union, which is one of the more regulations efficacy in the management of the issue of minorities, but most effective, the state here with one political system and one flag and the policy of extra - one, but the terms of reference which are distributed between the capital and the so - called (center) and the regions or provinces by the Constitutional labels for the Constitution of the Federal State, and usually happens to these countries or States are gathering a result of a constant threat to its existence in the case of survival of individual, or the presence of common factors between population, which prompts them to integrate in one state while retaining some of its terms of reference and this is according to the nature upbringing in which they arise federal state, The way growing up control of the capture of the powers broader and be specific powers, the federation as a solution to countries in which the plurality of linguistic minorities exist, ethnic or religious, can through the way the administration which is characterized by granting powers to manage own affairs similar to what is in being an independent state, there is a constitution and the authority of the legislative and executive authority private regional as well as judicial, and assume that the management areas Affairs authorities in line with the aspirations of the citizens of those regions and who are, in turn, the citizens of the State of the Union as a whole, but this organization and this administration is not absolute and not subject to the decisions of the center fully and absolutely, they first must take into account the age of the laws and legislation, the Federal Constitution, which is the cornerstone in this union the main pillar in it, as well as to not be the of those Territories mostly authority in the field of relations Foreign conclude agreements or enter into treaties as the continued federal State province, but the important thing here is that this system gives broad powers in the management of private affairs of the citizens of the province and who are often distinct from the rest of the citizens of the state, either linguistically or religiously or ethnically ... etc. of distinctions human, as well as allowing those regions the possibility to participate in political decision - making at the federal level, any internal autonomy in the management of private affairs, as well as participation in the central authority in the management of public affairs, any participation in the two levels of government, federal level Federal and level the other the regional level, Here you find minorities match in achieving stability and administration to its affairs that can not be obtained in other systems, it is worth mentioning the federal could go back Soaking up the majority in that State, The vast could have divided themselves on a geographical basis for the enjoyment of the powers granted in the Federal Constitution.In this federal place systems to become the world's safest communities unique, as it is through the powers it recognizes mainly the existence of discrimination within the geographical boundaries of that State, and also through his powers can these groups to exercise their culture and use their own language and legislation of laws fits (harmonious condition with the Constitution), and also Through its powers are both pillars of the pillars have achieved citizenship (rights and duties), so the sense of citizen full rights and sense not to threaten the group to which he belongs, as well as his sense of caution state parent so to speak, as a state sponsor of his presence and keep it, so his response positive and trying to bring himself second pillar of citizenship, namely the duties that fall upon himself, the state federalism, if what has been applying its own rules correctly, it keeps its unity and integration within distinct communities, saved breed has a desire to perform basic duties, and culture of others is prohibited and the recognition of uniqueness, generate the desire to stay and integration in that State, however, to predict human destiny remains under different systems of the imagination, the final We are studying and dealing with human hearts which is to change the earliest of stability, states and even the federal ones seen some internal vibrations which generated violence that left hundreds but thousands of the dead, but of course, the federal system is the most flexible in absorbing these vibrations and over her response to them.And it is through the foregoing are seeking through this research is to reveal the power of the federal systems in the containment and to deal with these groups and the possibility of maintaining the entity external unified state divided constitutionally internally, and also touched on the strengths and weaknesses in those systems and which could lead to a demand for secession or destabilize threat to internal stability and security of the state.It seeks this research is to clarify the concept, characteristics and models of the federal state, and the extent of the success of countries that adopted and what are the strengths and weaknesses, and go into the details of these points necessitated a theoretical framework to explain the reasons behind the adoption of some States federal model.the importance of studyingMinorities have become since for quite some time, one of the reasons for the spread of the phenomenon of instability, another reason for the intervention of foreign countries in the affairs of the countries where minorities live, and those countries Iraq, and the problem of minorities in Iraq problem back to the genesis of the Iraqi state, and that is the capacity of the subject and the possibility of stand on the achievements of this model in the management of the issue of minorities, we had to search in the federal which absorbed more different communities and differentiated, namely India and of pluralism, linguistic, religious and ethnic, and the possibility of description of these solutions to the case of Iraq and take advantage of how to survive one country for more than seven decades with all What content of pluralism and differences, and whether that Iraq, after less than two decades, could be his rein in Kurdish minority of separation, through integration into a federal state, but it remains to be said here to the actual application of this system and how growing up, this system has met success and acclaim in the States, and troublesome in other countries, including reflected recently on the level of acceptance or rejection of the idea of federalism in modern by the two countries, and therefore we dealt with this subject in detail together with the Indian model and compare it to Iraq, with the difficulty of comparison in terms of the size of the state and the nature of the population linguistic and religious and ethnic differences, but the foundation is how to manage diversity In the federal state.The study hypothesisOff thesis from the premise that, that minorities if they have been dealt with according to respect its presence and recognition, they will be a factor of stability and not a threat factor, and here the hypothesis started from the fact that the best systems for the management of internal diversity is the federal regulations, they provided the flexibility and capacity for absorption through and means available, to contain and to deal with these groups, policy, and who are, in turn, citizens where, here the basis of stability in the multi - religious countries and languages due to the federal system, which contained in those states internal differences, but this model is applied in a country without the benefit of Past experience in the federal rule, that makes this state is weak in the face of problems that may arise in the future, which makes these groups demand the right to secede from the body of the state, and thus its weakness and inability to remedy the other detachable demands, and it Federalism has the ability to full body politic to keep State if applied properly by the parties to form government (federal and regional).

دور وكالــة الاستخبارات المــركــزيــة الامــريكيــة (CIA) فــي صنــع القــرار الاستــراتيجــي الامــريكــي : حــرب العــراق عام 2003 انمــوذجا == The Role of the Central Intelligence Agency Of America (CIA) in the US strategic decision - making : the Iraq War in 2003 as a Model

اسم المؤلف: صــلاح مهــدي هادي الشمـري
اسم المشرف: منعم صاحي حسين العمار
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الدراسات الاستراتيجية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة النهرين - كلية العلوم السياسية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:

اسرائيل والتحولات السياسية في البلدان العربية منذ عام 2010 == Israel and political transformation in the Arabic since 2010 countries

اسم المؤلف: سلمان علي حسين العزي
اسم المشرف: صالح عباس الطائي
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: العلاقات الدولية والسياسة الخارجية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة النهرين - كلية العلوم السياسية - قسم السياسة الدولية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: In this study titled (Israel and political transformations in the Arabic countries since 2010). We try to explain the eminent abilities and components which Israel has, especially the military affairs .It has a good strong developed one based on developed military industries of novel technology, all worked to arm the military army with most new weapon like nuclear weapon, in which the big military spending has a good role of that. In addition to that the economical abilities which came from Jewish donors, nonstop American support and German compensation, all these have a good role in building developed Israel commerce. Israel employed the Jewish experiences which had come from emigration to develop its economy, one of that is a big development of economical level in the country. In addition to that the technological abilities which have an eminent role to support the international and region Israel aims e.g. the fields of military industries and space fields like launching a grope of satellites for spying and collecting information . All of that make an obstacle against the international and region alliance of Israel to do its aims. Part of these eminent obstructions are social and inner political problems e.g. west and east Jews problems ,or disagreement between parties about main affairs like making of the constitution and who is the Jew ? In addition to that the economic problems e.g. lacking of row materials, oil ,Gas ,and lacking of water .Another important points are the need of near shops to sell their productions ,and no good strategic view as it is on a small land and surrounding with enemies . After that we go to search for the international and region effected points of Israel through searching the region effected points of Israel, one of them is turkey, Ethiopia, South of Sudan and middle of Asia, also what these points gave to Israel especially after the political changes in the Arabic countries in order to do its plans in Arabic area. Also we show the international points of Israel activity. U.S.A, European Union, Russian and china will be the first .This depends on a fundamental thinking of Israel idea as in depending on the great power in its international and region alliance. Another search, we go for the motives, the ways and the results of the Arabic political changes and its effects on the Arabic political reality then the Israel role in all of that depending on the central Arabic countries, e.g. Egypt Syria, in addition to another countries like Tunisia, Libya and Yemen. The role of Israel in the Arabic political changes depends on the continuity of demonstrations and unstable case in the Arabic countries, leading to the prepared aim of Israel for the Arabic countries .This leads us to search in the Israel American projects ,one of them is the Great middle East project and the strategy of its implementing through the creative confusion ,and the project of smashing Arabic countries depending on Bernard Luis and Audead Yunoon like dividing the Arabic countries to small unstable one ,and quarrel with each other, trying to put future possibilities for the nature of the relationship between Israel and Arab through three possibilities like the continuity of the relationship as it is or change it ,or both continued and changed one depends on each case

العلاقات الامريكية الصينية بعد الحرب الباردة وابعادها السياسية والاقتصادية == The America - China relations after cold war , and its political , economic dimensions

اسم المؤلف: زينب عبد الله منكاش
اسم المشرف: رفاه شهاب احمد الحمداني
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: العلوم السياسية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة النهرين - كلية العلوم السياسية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: A new data have appeared in the post - cold war age began features running through the erosion of the western strategic coalition elements with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the decline justifications western coalition in the face of the communist threat ,and the emergence of international competition indications strategy including economic and regional interests to form a so centers international political and economic influence. The relations - China relations is today one of the most international relations complicated in the international system. Both countries are located under the impact of new international data environment after the cold war, as well as that each is trying to show the embodiment of the elements of power, which is owned by another, as the United States of America is seeking to devote unipolar system by having an abortion all attempts by some emerging international powers to interpret the new international system form, while China is seeking to return ,and change this system.Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the economic and political relations between the United States , and China through its review of the elements of which plan the path of those relationships and to monitor compliance and repulsion between the two cases in the post - cold war age , and the development of future indicators of these relations imposed by the nature of the international system and international environment, the existing economic relations, which between them.This study has gone to emphasize the need for clear structure helps to organize and coordinate the study according academy of problematic from which scientific hypothesis that went to prove in order to reach the desired formulation of scientific results. In light of this has been divided this thesis into five chapters, as well as the introduction and conclusion, and in light of this division thesis into five chapters, as well as the introduction and conclusion has been through the review of intellectual perspectives U.S.A. - China's relations post - cold war by having the international system attributes after the cold war and the role of the realist school system and the balance of power and coalition in the study of international relations and the impact on U.S.A. - Chinese relations ,and determine the nature of this relationship the U.S.A - Chinese and vision of those relationships, as well as the most important factors affecting them and the reality of the U.S.A. and Chinese cognition to the reality of these relations There is review of the elements of economic and political power of China and the U.S.A., and the areas of cooperation and coordination between the two countries in the field of trade and investment, energy and foreign debt. Economic, political ,and social determinants of U.S.A. - China relations, and finally had been reached that The expected future framework of U.S.A. - China relations is located within a combination between the rival and partner of the United States ,but not as a strategic partner to the inability of China's access to the international standing of the United States. Therefore, in the interest of China that offers all the ingredients that induce the United States to take its international partner in the future.

المتغير الحضاري والامن الدولي (جدلية العلاقة) == The Civilizational Variable and International Security “Dialectical Relaioship

اسم المؤلف: رشا يحيى عبيس هاني
اسم المشرف: قحطان كاظم محمد الخفاجي
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: العلوم السياسية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة النهرين - كلية العلوم السياسية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: It can be said that the search in the manifestations of contemporary international politics with the feasibility of the scientific and practical point of view at the same time together, by virtue of the world that today's world can not be synaptic States if Maoradt development and progress can live isolated encrusted on itself.This thesis has tried to answer a series of questions revolves around its axis Perhaps Atralamngar civilization and the extent of influence on international security.The study examined carefully to Othertasara events on the cultural variable and effervescence of his face and the nature of its relationship to international security on the other.Given that the aim of the thesis is to highlight the dialectical relationship between international security and the changing culturalAnd depending on what it contained treatise of chapters and sections and demands, it concluded a number of results can be summarized the following : An change is a comprehensive process of formats, jobs and social relations, both personal and international levels, a process Mtaataddh and dimensions. The importance of the change in international politics lies in the control change and Tgeyemcn say that research in contemporary international politics phenomena with the feasibility of the scientific and practical point of view at the same time together, by virtue of that the world is today's world Synaptic can not countries if Maoradt development and progress can live isolated encrusted on itself. An political change is being General, lasting and comprehensive multi - dimensional phenomenon and parties, complicated and complex to a very large and infinite extent and impartial and last but not least, the phenomenon of time depends on the time as the decisive factor in the change.3_an There are several theories as to why the process of change. There are those who view the process of change as an evolutionary process, whether in writing or taken form circular. Ually this basis, international Mralamn changes were sensible developments and changes are sometimes spontaneously as a result of increased international interactions and taken a certain form on the level of international political summit pyramid.UN Security. An not and will not settle on one format, but will take Mtaatadh forms depending on the objective and subjective conditions as well as security developments in the case, which began significantly affected Pmaihdt in the international environment An There are many forces of change, and perhaps the most important international structure which serves as the director of the forces of change driving direction formed - aa structural Atah - then back again, according to the curriculum analytical systemic way nutrition retrospective feed back to be input and the forces of change is pushing for the events of a particular form of the phenomena of out. That the change in the presence of the enemy and the disagreement will affect the UN Security adjust the process in all its dimensions, because the strategies and tactics that will be followed by the actors in the international scene will change depending on either deems appropriate to achieve its security. Cultural variable that takes two principal forms to influence the UN Security Council. It entrance Adtraba security and orderly entrance. There are more than approach the entrance and reflecting the impact of the changing cultural kuna Adtraba or organized international security. It could be argued that the global entrance and entrance regional basis in those two entrances and can not be rigid separation between them, but that one is complementary to the other are provided one over the other depending on the international situation prevailing in this era or that. We are studying the impact of the elements of civilization at the international security and how to have an impact on the nature of the composition of the communities where we find it is not possible that any civilization without it have the ingredients to be based upon the basis of its existence. We find that the social and historical denominated find that Almojtkaaat is the foundation upon which civilization and therefore even international security is mainly based on the groups of people and achieve their security So is this ingredient essential to the relationship between the parties 12. As for the material and technical chiropractor, we find that civilization can not be exist without that there will be the basis of material and technique based upon where that human evolution and its dependence on the machine and industrial development and Altjaramanm in the creation of civilization and the impact on international security. Also denominated as the environmental and natural climatic conditions Almaatihomaihdt of changes in the environment are Bmjmlhatather civilization and thus receive Bdilalha on the UN Security In addition to the intellectual and cultural rectifier which is one of the important ingredients in building and basic civilization and thus became the main influences on the UN Security Council. The UN Security depends on the relationship of interaction and Altoaagaf, meaning that the behavior of any of the units of the international system affects the nature Allamn and that these same civilizations countries are influential on the UN Security 16 - that the variable civilization possible to be Adtrabaa international security through the influence of the UN Security and possible to be a element Sraia Baltla and poses a security obsession States Emergence of extremist movements that have become a danger to international security Associated with these movements cultural backgrounds where we see the emergence of radical Islam or fundamentalist tide, which has become a threat to international security and thus there became obsessed with the fear of these Aharklt, which has become an influential heavily on the UN Security imbalance. Struggle for the interests and values which has also become a cultural worker hired to threaten international security.Civilization variable also takes the other hand, being an entrepreneur, a side entrance to international security, not only Adtraba.The ivilizational variable because it possesses the humanitarian missions and humanitarian tasks that could be a factor organized international security and Thakqiq kind of stability. Well that the variable civilization based on scientific and technological progress and the emergence of this progress would work in an orderly fashion to international security. On the other hand became orientations to the need for there to be an international approach to address these movements and work to maintain the stability of the UN Security There has become an international conviction dangers of sectarian and religious conflicts, the urgent need to style or the way to face them in order to maintain international security. Expected to see a significant international structural change and that there will be a new kind of pluralism, but this time be pluralistic participation of any US - led pluralism. And this would be reflected on the future of the UN Security. Confirm that the next and imminent danger to humanity is not the spread of nuclear capabilities as far as what is the proliferation of conflicts and their development, which would be very dangerous if based on a nuclear technology that could be used in a changing world.Where we find the emergence of two types of convergence or alliance of civilizations Altair on the UN Security played a role in Altat. They are : The first approach : Alliance Alammeraki_alurbi_alasiraiala and trying to draw international security that you see fit according to the National Aamnha and therefore varies with each of its vision is threatening international peace and security andThe second is the Chinese approach Islamist alliance - Russian - which constituents of the LES also draw peace and security in accordance with that you see fit.And here we find that this Athalv to take two aspects : - The first is entrenched civilizations in order to face what might urge her and thus affect the UN SecurityThe second is cooperation, or balance among civilizations in order to ensure that the UN Security settledAnd therefore, the future of the cultural variable and its relationship to the international security of : - Either variable decline of civilization and remains active but highlights the other elements of a political, economic and technological impact involved in the UN SecurityAwalamn International is the one who becomes a civilized intellectual Bdalalath variable factors becomes security measures, but not just semantics patterns and be the basis for international security and affect it.And it has to the changing cultural and International Security always in the dialectic of the relationship and that one Aathelr is affected by the other

مكانة ايران الاقليمية في الاستراتيجية الامريكية بعد عام 2003 == Iran's Regional Status in the U.S Strategy After 2003

اسم المؤلف: احمد عبد الكاظم موسى
اسم المشرف: محمد كريم كاظم
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: العلاقات الدولية والسياسة الخارجية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة النهرين - كلية العلوم السياسية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:

الاستراتيجية الشاملة للولايات المتحدة الامريكية ومستقبل التوازنات الجيواستراتيجية العالمية

الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الدراسات الاستراتيجية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة النهرين - كلية العلوم السياسية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الكلمات الدلالية:
  • العلاقات التركية الاوربية
  • العلاقات التركية
  • الامريكية
  • تركيا والاستراتيجية الامريكية
  • الدور التركي في الاستراتيجية الامريكية
  • المنظور التركي للعلاقات مع الولايات المتحدة الامريكية
  • صنع القرار الخارجي التركي
  • دور المؤسسات الرسمية وغير الرسمية في عملية
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Through the study of "the comprehensive strategy of the United States and the future of the global geostrategic balances" it becomes clear that the rapid developments and changes in the global environment are redefining the global geostrategic balances, with the dawn of the twenty - first century many indicators and variables that indicate the movement of global balances on the verge of moving into a new phase have accumulated to confirm the decline of the United States ability to control the direction the movement of balances individually, Although it is still the strongest but no longer the only party in the balance, Since the emergence of the world's major powers having the capacity, the will and active performance as well as and prowess to face or reduce the American capacity to control the movement of the soft power by means of balance and peaceful ascent or the so - called "fine balance" and to abide by the rules of international law and not to resort to military force in international crisis management and processing the objectives and interests depending on the basis of partnership, the United States looks forward with growing concern to the shrinking margin over military and economic capabilities compared to those of China and Russia and a range of powers Described as emerging, including India and Brazil, which will accelerate the end of the era of the so - called American Empire is progressing chronologically and with amazing speed, with global powers being able to join forces with geopolitical and geo - economic partnership frameworks as well as the military to stop the expanion of U S hegemony on the world.The international system has seen structural shifts made him go away slowly on the imbalances that were dominant in the international hierarchy since the end of the cold war, coincided with the relative decline of the economic strengths for most Western capitalist countries and especially the United States, as a result of the economic and financial crisis that began in 2008, global powers rising in Asia and Latin America continued to achieve high rates of economic growth despite the nature of the interdependence of the world economy, promoting the growing economic power inevitably strengthens the strategic power of the forces balancing with the United States, both with regard to the implementation of development plans drawn or military budgets or strategic capacities make it an active actor having formulating will in the future of the World geostrategic balances. Thus the polarization of international forces is moving towards the formation of groupings and international strategic partnerships between influential world powers active in regional and international policies, and in the geopolitical, economic, military, and technological areas, depending on their material and moral potential, as well as elements of the external environment and providing an incentive for future influential roles in the future of the global balances movements.The United States recognizes that the transition strategy is great, and it should adapt to the developments of the global system, witnessing the rise of new forces which have the power and ability to build partnerships and organizations with strong influence over some nation States, despite the fact that the United States is the largest military force in the world, we found it stumble in its wars of expansion, and the economy weakens more and more because of the stiff competition faced by the economies of other emerging powers And, if the U.S adapts to those changes, with better cooperation with world powers, we will see a smooth and peaceful transition to a pluralistic system and geo - strategic balances evenly without disasters and wars, the United States will become an important actor beside the other world powers.And by analyzing the extensive strategy of the United States and that of the world powers towards issues, crises and areas of influence dealt with by these forces, and knowing the main variables that affect the international environment, several conclusions were reached as follows : -  There is a relationship of mutual influence between the nature of the international system, its structure and its mechanisms and the existing global geostrategic balances, in the unipolar system in the case of imbalance the balances are under the control of a single pole and its allied forces, that Pole dominates on the interactions and strategies of its rival powers and deter them. Under the bipolar system the established geostrategic balances are closer to relative parity between the poles or the two blocs and often their relationship are with conflicting strategies rather than cooperative ones, which pushes the movement for change in balances more quickly. In the multi - polar system world balances are based on three or more poles, which makes them more stable. Geo - balances in That its more cooperative and partnership strategies that to compete and conflict and move towards a complementary relationship finding mechanisms to ensure the interests and objectives of all States and prohibit overtaking them. all strategic variables affect the change of states power positively or negatively, and accordingly, the global geostrategic balance change occurs, the State which possesses mechanisms to control and manipulate those variables, enable it to achieve the greatest impact in the movement of balances for achieving its objectives, this was evident in the achievements and performance of the extensive American strategy after World War II, and then after the collapse of the Soviet Union enabled by mechanisms of the capitalist system as well as its capabilities and potentials, employing events and strategic variables, To achieve strategic balance with the Soviet Union and continued superiority or maintaining control over balances after its collapse through the use of the soft power and hard or smart power that enabled it to achieve many of the benefits of preventing the emergence of rivals and winning the support of the largest possible number of States to its side, to control the movement of geostrategic balances for achieving its goals and its national security.  with the dawn of the twenty - first century the U.S strategic performance is witnessing change and decline in its influence and interests, at the level of the Middle East after the destruction and occupation of Iraq and supporting Arabic movements change, and perpetuating crises as the Syrian crisis, the United States withdrew from direct interaction settings depending on the strategy of driving from the back and giving active roles for regional and international powers it had put them in a list of enemies and rivals such as Iran, Russia and China, Which is reflected on their active roles to approach new areas of influence. After a series of U.S political and military failures, in Afghanistan and Iraq, and the global economic crisis and deflation and recession in the United States and Europe it, began looking for new alternatives to lead the world in a more stable and secure, less unique and unilateral domination, So some great powers found that it can influence worldwide reactions, and the participation of the United States to let the world stand on solid substrates, to become more balanced and stable. the emergence of global forces with strategies backed by strategic performance aimed at ending U.S. geostrategic balances Singularity in the world, especially in the areas of influence of the strong competition for the United States. In this chaos and the American decline globally, Russia and China have found their chance in pushing balances movement through the Syrian crisis especially as the Arab countries witness the Arab spring setbacks and uncertain future, Russia and China have also found that the EU suffers from economic crises hitting its members, and the United States is not better than the EU it is preoccupied with finding new opportunities to revive its collapsed economy, while Russia and China lead a role that rejects any American trends both toward Syria or Iran and Ukraine, As well as the rest of the spheres of influence which threaten national and energy security. the geostrategic balance theory derive from the basic assumption that, if States are not associated with each other in lasting relationships, but in the case of constant change driven by considerations of power, and seeking to increase investment of their capacity. components and reorganizing their relationships and the quality of their interactions to achieve balance with the United States. On that basis, China turned to a new strategy, which seeks to restore its former influence, through the initiative of the new Silk Road project, which integrates with waking up Russia and the presentations of dissertations Uras union integrated. with India's wishes, looking for new maps, here, the new formations and clusters, such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the community and the Group of 20 Bricks, become an objective and necessary response, to reproduce a new world, with multiplier balances, which provides a safe departure for human society, towards the prospects of cooperation and integration, and to get out of the crises, And thus came the international orientation of the strategic triangle (Russia, China and India) to lay the foundations of this world, through enhanced cooperation among the three countries and increased economic ties, forming a image of an Asian pole having its own system. No doubt, the bilateral and multilateral strategic partnerships formed between the forces of competition would have widespread impact in steering reactions and global geostrategic balances, since the movement of their own balances will be controlled by global trends in corporate strategy formation held with States converged in interests and goals, as well as its capabilities contributing to the success of strategic performance.  the future of the geostrategic equilibrium which started after the U.S downturn posed by features and confirmed by facts and events in international interactions and strategic partnerships formed by world powers competing with the United States indicate the direction of future balances movement towards equivalence in potential and capacities and resulting performance of strategic and global influence shared by world powers with a view to defending their interests and objectives of the powers allied with it

مكانة اليابان في النظام السياسي الدولي الواقع والمستقبل == Japan's stAtus in the international political system : Present and Future

اسم المؤلف: علي رسول حسين المسعودي
اسم المشرف: فكرت نامق عبد الفتاح العاني
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: العلاقات الدولية والسياسة الخارجية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة النهرين - كلية العلوم السياسية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:

السياسة التركية تجاه سوريا بعد 2002 == Turkish policy toward Syria after 2002

اسم المؤلف: عباس سعـدون رفعــت
اسم المشرف: محمد كريم كاظم
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: العلاقات الدولية والسياسة الخارجية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة النهرين - كلية العلوم السياسية - قسم السياسة الدولية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: he subject thesis deals with international politics issue and it is useful because it clarifies how to deal with foreign regional and international environment and how to arrange it to serve a state interest in general as far as in understudy interest to make use of its results in national issues. The subject of this thesis (Turkish policy toward Syria) is very important due to the several variables like Turkish and Syrian policies and their mutual effects on Iraq. Studying Turkish foreign policy toward Arabic region in general and Syria specifically clarifies its change from being stable then dropping Arabs and Syria as a choice before 2002 then act intensively with the issues of Arabs including Syria since 2002 while in 2011 Turkey left its neutrality and non - interference in internal Arabic issues as Arabic revolutions broke up and started interfering to express its existing power with points of view to what happening in its neighborhood. As the Syrian condition specially after 2011 regarded as a special case, studying the Turkish dealing with it is important because it gives us evidences about what Turkey plans for coming years depending on the development scale of its policies in the past years in general and toward Syria specially. The Turkish policy toward Syria as we clarify in this thesis, passed several stages of development as it started with a revolution and multi - contents struggles but it turned to stability after 1998 then started cooperation specially after 2004 till 2011 when it was turned hard down then the struggle indications begun between the two countries with strong clashes and high level interference. The conflict of this thesis is linked to the following question : Why the Turkish policy toward Syria figured in this way since 2002 and the answer of this question as it was shown in this thesis refers to the wide effect of Justice & Development Party on the Turkish policy that push Turkey to play its role in accomplishing changes in the Arabic and regional countries including Syria as a result of the international changes and pressure. In other meaning, Turkey designs its foreign policy in depending on two factors : The first one is related to its commitments with NATO and western relationships which is the main factor pressing on all circles of interests. As western countries represent the main circle of interest and all the roles of turkey are as a results of the NATO and west demands. The second factor is related to its power and historical reasons which were aroused toward Arab region in 1970s rationally when the western countries ignored Turkish interests in Cyprus and also because Turkey as an industrial country in need for energy, markets and capitals was influenced by Arabs oil ban and also because Arab region is encouraging to open chances to turkey. Within 1990s, several controversial issues appeared in Turkey - Arabs relationships generally and with Syria specifically like : - Water issue, Turkey has plenty of water resources with ambitious economic trends but also has problems with Kurds. So turkey used water to have several aims for instance to develop Kurdish areas to push them to leave politics to production and also used water in making peace in middle east to have central statue in the regional relations but that thing caused crises with Syria and Iraq because it lowered water level in the two countries. - Kurdish issue, Turkey does not admit about the Kurdish existence in turkey while it helps Iraqi Kurds by giving them facilities to world via Turkey that revealed the Turkish dual standards in dealing with Kurds problem for its cooperation with Kurds in other countries as a pressure method while all rights of Kurds in turkey are forbidden. Syria made use of that to gain benefits in its relationship with turkey from 1995 to 1998. - Border issue, Mosul and Iskenderun are the main problems. Turkey demands to take Mosul because it was not under the alien's occupation in the First World War in the time of signing peace agreement between fighting countries while Turkey kept its control over Iskenderun as a result of its agreement with France when turkey agreed to participate in the Second World War beside the aliens. From time to time, that subject is aroused and influences on the two countries relations. As a result of the two factors activity (west and Turkish trends) we found that turkey started to take part in Arab countries generally and toward Syria specifically after the demonstrations begun as it was related to internal factors interaction (related to the public desire to end political introversion) and also related to external factors ( the American desire to rearrange the political map in Arab countries in general through chaos and inner struggle in Arab societies). So, turkey involved in internal roles and its policy was implementing in accordance with west countries desires for example, Turkey threatens use military power to protect civilians but stop going further because the western countries do not like that. On the light of what presented before, the conclusions are : 1. Turkish policy is influenced by several internal, regional and international factors and the most important one is its links with west to do what they like turkey to do in its region as changes occurred after cold war.2. The Turkish policy toward Arabs is not stable for its link to the west because the economic reasons and (energy, water and Kurds) are pushing to make bilateral relations not confronting while we find out how turkey gives high importance to its relations with Israel (in spite of what happened in Lebanon in 2006, what happened in Gaza in 2008 and also the freedom fleet in 2010). In other meaning, the Turkish will is under the west control.3. The Turkish policy toward Syria moved from clash and difference before 2002 to cooperation after2004which refers to bilateral readiness of cooperation in spite of difference issues in Turkish - Arabs relations. Turkey is aware of the stress that Arabs can use against it just like Kurds issue. So if Arabs lack legitimate in govern, turkey did not decide yet the identity of state and the future of Kurds in turkey.4. The link between Justice & Development Party and Islam might produce some Turkish attitudes toward Arabs including Syria but the type of the Turkish interference in the Syrian event after 2011 showed that the Islamic factor is not active among Turkish government and its trends as strong as the link with the west. 5. Future suggests that turkey will have more interference in Arabs region issues because of its link to the west and also due to the continuous western efforts to push turkey to play roles in Arab countries that gave turkey significant statue after 2002, so turkey won’t sacrifices what gained as it inherits the Ottoman State and the regional change (the rise of Iran and also the rise of sectarianism in regional treatments for several reasons). None of that will make Turkey withdraw from interference in Arabs issues especially in the Syrian developments.Finally recommendations are : 1. Making importance to study all aspects of Turkish policy because it has developing trends, interests, issues to deal with and participating powers.2. Giving importance to studying all regional policies because studying Turkish policy toward Syria showed how regional implement its plans at the expense of other region states and people interests including Iraq. Therefore, it is important to make all that studies to help the Iraqi decision maker to take decisions and act in accordance with scientific and theoretic visions.3. Paying attention to the interconnectedness regional relations and interests. The Syrian crisis and its results presented that interconnectedness between regional countries in historical, geographical, political, ethnic and religion while ignoring that cause chaos in all countries.4. Making importance to study all the ways that lead to enhance Iraqi interest in regional relations as serving Iraq is the final aim of every thesis. Then making that studies deep to enable Iraq in accomplishing regional balance and achieve his interests in the region. What is related to this thesis we have to as a recommendation encourage building full regional security system to prevent some powers to possess alone the regional actions to fulfill its or another international interests.

النخبة السياسية في العراق 1958 - 2014 : دراسة في التوجيهات والاهداف == The political elites that ruled Iraq (1958 - 2014) studies in trends and goals

اسم المؤلف: سعدي ابراهيم حسين
اسم المشرف: ليث عبد الحسن جواد الزبيدي
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: النظم السياسية والسياسات العامة
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة النهرين - كلية العلوم السياسية - قسم النظم السياسية والسياسات العامة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The present dissertation consists of four chapters preceeded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion . It sets out from questioning and if the political elites henceforth (P.Es) successivly ruled Iraq for the period (1958 - 2014) are and the same trends and gools ?The dissertation replies This inquiry by hypothesising that the (P.Es) successively ruled Iraq vary in their trends and goals , as each has its own ones . The trends and goals mainle of (P.E) ruled for (1958 - 1963) concentrated on constructing Iraqi state . The (P.E) of (1963 - 2003) was of Arabic national trends and goals . As for the (P.E) came to power in Iraq after 2003 , they are of no clear trends and goals , considering their different national , religions and sectarian trends and goals .To verity of valility of this Aypothesis , Ch1 studies the (P.E) ruled Iraq (1958 - 1963) . Ch2 studies the (P.E) ruled for the period (1963 - 1968) . Ch3 studies the (P.E) ruled Iraq (1968 - 2003) . while Che4 concerns the study for the (P.E) ruled since 2003 till 2014 .The disser tation has come to the following conclusions : First : - the ruling(P.E) of (1958 - 2003) are of persons mostly come from military establishment , with an important exceptions when these elites by headed by civil leaders , as the case with the political (Abdulrhman Al - Bazaz) who became prime minster , and the former Iraqi president (Saddam Hussein) came to power in 1979 as a president. the later , in spite driving himself to the military establish meant by seizing the biggest military rank , he still being actually a civilian .Second : - The (P.E) ruled Iraq before 2003 depended on their own capacities to take the power by making revolutions coups . While the (P.E) came to power after 2003 till the time of concluding this dissertation , depended on external factor represented by USA support to expel the previous (P.E) and substitute it by recent (P.Es) .Third : - The (P.Es) ruled Iraq all over the period specified for the purpose of the present study didn't succeed to a achieve their trends and goals , moreover , they encountered by internal obstacles and the (P.Es) themselves , as well as home and external (regional and international) obstacles .So , we could say the trends and goals that helped (P.Es) to take power , were at the same time reasons behind losing the power , especially before 2003 .After 2003 , the (P.Es) national and sectarian trends and goals were negative factors led rulling system specially and the whole country in general to many economical , political and security problem and crises . the most prominent one is the national and communal political share in rulling Iraq .Finally , the dissertation comes to a list and suggestion , including : - 1 - concerning the future (P.Es) trends and goals it is suggested that the new (P.E) have to adopt popular national trends and goals of all Iraqi people suitable for Iraqi situation , which promots and at the same time supported by the a general unified national identity . the best possible suggested strategy to achieve this to follow the steps and rebuilt state resemble that and ancient Iraqi empires since it unified all Iraqi nation under their title , as no Iraqi Arabs , Kurds and other could deny his Hondo our to be belong to those civilizations .So , we could keep Iraq away from the risk of national and sectarian trends and goals .2 - concerning the mechanism to take the power : - The study suggests that the peaceful exchang of power is that best way must be adapted by the future(P.E) as it is founded by USA in Iraq after 2003, and they must leave the second alternative , i.e the violence to take the power which was the only way the past since 1958 .3 - concerning the political performance , the study concentrates the necessity of correspondence between trends and goals on one hand , and the (P.Es) , performance on the other hand . this could be achieved by adopting reviewing trends and goals periodically by the (P.Es) and reforming these trends and goals to be realistic of applicable within a reasonable and useful period for Iraqi people , not imaginary and Uri realistic like establishing national state , while the existed Arab countries are under the risk of partioning one after one . Neither trying to establish a communal (sinni or Shiite) state while Iraq realy consists of more than one religion or sect .

تحسين خوارزميات الحل التام والبحث المحلي لحل بعض مسائل الامثلية التوافقية == Improving Exact and Local Search Algorithms for Solving Some Combinatorial Optimization Problems

اسم المؤلف: فائز حسن علي
اسم المشرف: طارق صالح عبد الرزاق
الموضوع العام: علوم الرياضيات
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الامثلية العددية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: الجامعة المستنصرية - كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: In mathematics and computer science, an optimization problem (OP) is the problem of finding the best solution from all feasible solutions. OPs can be divided into two categories depending on whether the variables are continuous or discrete. An OP with discrete variables is known as a combinatorial optimization problem (COP). In a COP, we are looking for an object such as an integer, permutation or graph from a finite set.The aim of the research presented in this thesis is to investigate the use of various optimization exacts and heuristics to solve the COP's. This thesis presented in six chapters.In this thesis we interest in discussing three samples of COP; machine scheduling problem (MSP), transposition cipher problem (TCP) and aircraft landing problem (ALP).In the first two chapters, we discuss the main concepts of the COP, the three study cases, the basic techniques and methods for solving the COP respectively.In chapter three, we interesting in MSP, with multiple objective for the 1//(Ci,Ti) problem (P1) and 1//Ci+Ti problem (P3). We investigate the usefulness of precedence rules in solving (P1) and (P3). We found that the complete enumeration method (CEM) gives efficient (and optimal) solutions for (P1) (and (P3)) with number of jobs (n)10, and branch and bound (BAB) gives efficient solutions for (P1) with n15 and optimal solution for (P3) with n80. In addition, we use the local search methods (LSM), to solve the two problems, represented by genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) with n2000. In general we conclude that PSO serves better than GA. Lastly, a neural network (NN) is constructed to solve problems (P1) and (P3). Two learning algorithms are used to learn the NN; pack propagation (PB) and PSO with and without depending on successive rules (SR). We see that PSO is better than BP in learning NN to obtaining good results.In chapter four, we suggest a new direction in cryptanalysis of TCP, we suggest using the techniques of COP to solve TCP in another word, the TCP treated as one of COP. First a new mathematical formulation for TCP is introduced and proposed some new tools of TCP cryptanalysis. The CEM and modified BAB are developed by using SR to obtain the multi digits CEM (MDCEM) and MDBAB which are helpful in decreasing the CPU time. Classical bees' algorithm (CBA) and shifted key BA (SKBA) are improving the cryptanalysis results. To increase the performance of the mentioned algorithms we construct cryptanalysis system for TCP to find exact solution (as possible) for n20 in reasonable time, which is called SR keys BA (SRKBA). The main result of this thesis is suggesting a general solving system for COP specially, when the problem submits to SR.Chapter five focused in one of the important problems of COP; ALP. A new improvement in a heuristic method, called parallel improving algorithm (PIA), is introduced, the new algorithm called modified PIA (MPIA) which is serves better than PIA. The CEM is used to solve ALP using two techniques; exhaustive search method (ESM) which gives optimal solution but in unreasonable time for n>9 while MPIA gives approximation solutions for n9 in 6 seconds. Lastly, hybridization is proposed between MPIA and CBA, which is called improvement CBA (ICBA). ICBA gives optimal solutions in solving ALP for n<50 and near optimal for n=50.In chapter six, some conclusions together with some suggestions for future researches have been given.The exact and heuristics methods all were tested by programming them using version 10.0 of Delphi Language and MATLAB, and running on Processor Intel(R) Core (TM) i3 CPU, 2.53 GHz, Core(s), with Ram 1.21 GB computer.

حركة اقطاب الحلول النسبية للمعادلات التفاضلية الجزئية == Poles Motion of Rational Solutions for Partial Differential Equations

اسم المؤلف: حسين جميل مطشر
اسم المشرف: انعام عبد الرحمن ملوكي
الموضوع العام: علوم الرياضيات
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: المعادلات التفاضلية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: الجامعة المستنصرية - كلية العلوم - قسم الرياضيات
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: في هذه الاطروحة درسنا عائلة معادلات برجرز الهرمية، برهنا ان هذه العائلة تتمتع بخاصية تحليل الاقطاب، من هذه الخاصية يمكن الحصول على حلول نسبية باقطاب متحركة، اوجدنا الانظمة الديناميكية التي تصف حركة هذه الاقطاب للمستوى الاول والثاني من العائلة الهرمية. كذلك قدمنا خوارزميتين جديدتين، بواسطتهما يمكن تصوير حركة الاقطاب لحلول المعادلة التفاضلية الجزئية، وذلك بتحديد مواقع الاقطاب لكل تغير بالزمن، هذه الخوارزميات تبدا بحل المعادلة التفاضلية المعطاة بالطريقة الطيفية ثم توسيع مجال هذا الحل ليشمل المستوي العقدي باستخدام تقريب بادييه ومن ثم ايجاد النقاط المنفردة. بعدها قمنا بتطبيق الخوارزميات على مسالة كوشي لمعادلة قسطنطين - لاكس - ماجدة ومعادلة برجرز ومعادلة شارما - تاسو - اولفر. | In this thesis, the Burgers hierarchy of equations are consider. We prove that this family enjoy the poles decomposition property. This property may provide rational solutions with movable poles. For the first and second level of the hierarchy, we find the dynamical systems that describe the motion of these poles.Also two new algorithms have been presented, by which one can visualize the motion of poles of a solution of partial differential equation, through detecting the position of the poles as time varies. These algorithms start by solving the given partial differential equation using Fourier spectral method, then continue this solution into complex plane through Padé approximation, and then compute the singularity of the resulting solution. Subsequently, we apply both algorithms to some Cauchy problems of Constantin - Lax - Majda, Burgers and Sharma - Tasso - Olver equation.

افضل تقريب من جانب واحد بواسطة مؤثرات مختلفة في فضاءات الوزن == Best One - Sided Approximation by different operators in weighted spaces

اسم المؤلف: جواد كاظم جودي الفتلاوي
اسم المشرف: صاحب كحيط جاسم الساعدي
الموضوع العام: علوم الرياضيات
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الرياضيات
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: الجامعة المستنصرية - كلية العلوم - قسم الرياضيات
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: هذه الاطروحة مكرسة لدراسة التقريب الوزني للدالة الغير مقيدة f في منطقة بسيطة (دالة لمتغير واحد) او مضاعفة (متعددة المتغيرات) وتبيان ما هو التقريب من جانب واحد في نظرية التقريب. في البداية سوف ندرس بشي من التفصيل المؤثر〖 Q〗_n^∓ (f,x) في الحالتين المفردة والمضاعفة، الاستنتاج المهم هو ايجاد درجة افضل تقريب من جانب واحد لمشتقة الدالة f في الحالتين المفردة والمضاعفة (f ́ ,D^∝ f) بواسطة اشتقاق المؤثر السابق الذكر. بعد ذلك سوف ندرس التقريب بواسطة المتعددات المقطعية(الشرائح) تعتبر اداة فعاله من ادوات التقريب لذلك سوف ندرس تقريب الدالةf بواسطة انشاء مؤثر الشرائح〖 S〗_n^∓ (f,x) والذي يعتمد في تركيبة على شرائح معينة تحقق مواصفات معينة في الحالتين المفردة والمضاعفة، كذلك ندرس في الحالة المضاعفة تقريب الدالة f∈W_p^Λ (Ω) بزوج من الشرائح والذي يسمى شبية التقريب من جانب واحد بعد افتراض ان الدالة f هي دالة خطية. وبعد هذا سوف ندرس مسالة الاندراج للدالة f بمؤثر الاندراج في الحالتين المفردة والمضاعفة, في الحالة المفردة سوف نقرب f بمؤثر يعتمد على متعددة هرميت - فيجر والذي يمتلك خاصية التقارب من الصفر ,في الحالة المضاعفة سوف ندرس التقريب بواسطة المؤثر الذي يعتمد على متعددة لاكرانج وسوف نوجد نوع جديد من مقاييس النعومة وهنالك الكثير من النتائج في هذه الدراسة. اخيرا" سوف ندرس الوجود والوحدانية لمتعددات التقريب من جانب واحد، وسوف نستنتج بالنسبة للوحدانية انه لا يكفي كون الدالة مستمرة لتكون متعددات التقريب من جانب واحد وحيدة. | This dissertation is devoted to studying weighted approximation of the unbounded function f in single and multivariate domain by algebraic operators, and deal with what is called one - sided approximation in approximation theory. Firstly, we have studied with a detail the algebraic operators 〖 Q〗_n^∓ (f,x) in single and multivariate cases, the Para important topic here is finding a degree of best one sided approximation of f ́ and〖 D〗^∝ f in a single and multivariate cases(resp.)by derivative of 〖 Q〗_n^∓ (f,x).After that, we study the approximation by splines which are an efficient tool for functions approximation, so we study one - sided approximation by construct a new splines operators〖 S〗_n^∓ (f,x) which dependence on a constructed splines in both (single,multivariat) cases , also in multi - case we study with detail a degree of one - sided approximation when f∈W_p^Λ (Ω) (Sobolev space) by intertwining pairs of splines which called co - one sided approximation by assuming that f is a linear mapping .Then, we study interpolation problem of the function f by construct a new interpolation operators〖 L〗_n^∓ (f,x)in both cases (single and multivariate ), in single case we study interpolation - operator which based on Hermite - Fejer polynomials which has a property that uniform convergence to zero, in multi - case we study multivariate interpolation - operator which dependent on Lagrange interpolation polynomials in several variables and in this survey we introduce a new form of modulus of smoothness and there are many results. Finally, we study the existence and uniqueness of polynomials of best one - sided approximation; it is not difficult to see that such polynomials of best one - sided approximation are not necessarily unique under continuity condition

مقاسات ذات العلاقة بمقاسات ريكارت == Modules related to Rickart modules

اسم المؤلف: تماضر عارف ابرهيم
اسم المشرف: سعد عبد الكاظم كاطع الساعدي
الموضوع العام: علوم الرياضيات
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: المعادلات التفاضلية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: الجامعة المستنصرية - كلية العلوم
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: لتكن R حلقة تجميعية ذات عنصر متحايد وكل المقاسات المعرفة عليها تكون مقاسات احادية يمنى. يقال لمقاس احادي ايمن M معرف عل الحلقة R بانه مقاس ريكارت اذا كان التالف الايمن في المقاس M لكل تشاكل ذاتي منفرد من حلقة التشاكلات الذاتيةS = EndR(M) يتولد بعنصر متحايد في S. من خلال هذه الاطروحة نقدم مفاهيم متنوعة ذات صلة بمقاسات ريكارت. الهدف في هذه الاطروحة يتم على مسارين نقدم من خلالها عدد من النتائج والمفاهيم : المسار الاول ان العناصر المتحايدة تلعب دورا مهما في التركيب النظري لاي حلقة، هذا الدور المهم دفعنا الى تقديم مقاسات ريكارت القوية. يقال لمقاس ايمن M على الحلقة R بانه مقاس ريكارت بقوة اذا كان التالف الايمن في المقاس M لكل عنصر منفرد في الحلقة S يتولد بعنصر متحايد شبه مركزي ايسر. يعتبر هذا النوع من المقاسات بانه مقاس اقوى من مقاسات ريكارت لانه محتوى فعليا في مقاسات ريكارت. تم اعطاء العديد من الصفات والنتائج والتشخيصات لهذا النوع من المفاسات. علاوة على ذلك، تم تقديم حلقات ريكارت بقوة حيث تم ربطها بالعديد من المفاهيم المعرفة على سبيل المثال، حلقات ريكارت، شبه بير الرئيسية والمنتظمة بقوة. ايضا تم دراسة بعض التوسعات لحلقات ريكارت بقوة. يقال عن المقاس M بانه مقاس ريكارت الرديف اذا كان صورة كل عنصر منفرد في حلقة التشاكلات الذاتيةS = EndR(M) تتولد بعنصر متحايد. نلاحظ في هذا المسار ايضا تم تقديم مفهوم مقاسات ريكارت رديفة بقوة. يقال عن المقاس M بانه مقاس ريكارت رديف بقوة اذا كان صورة كل عنصر منفرد في حلقة التشاكلات الذاتيةS = EndR(M) تتولد بعنصر متحايد شبه مركزي ايسر. تم اعطاء العديد من الخصائص لهذا النوع من المقاسات وربطه ببعض المقاسات المعروفة. المسار الثاني في سنة 2008 قدم الباحثين في المصدر] 2[ مقاسات (شبه) بيرالنقية كتعميم الى مقاسات (شبه) بير. يقال لمقاس ايمن M على الحلقة R بانه مقاس (شبه) بير اذا كان التالف الايمن في المقاس M لكل (مثالي ) مجموعة غير خالية في الحلقة S يتولد بعنصر متحايد. يقال لمقاس ايمن M على الحلقة R بانه مقاس (شبه) بير النقية اذا كان التالف الايمن في المقاس M لكل (مثالي ) مجموعة غير خالية في الحلقة S نقي في المقاس M. هذاالاعمام دفعنا الى تقديم مقاسات ريكارت النقية كتعميم الى مقاسات ريكارت ومقاسات بير النقية. يقال لمقاس ايمن Mعلى الحلقة R بانه مقاس ريكارت نقي اذا كان كل تالف ايمن في M لكل تشاكل ذاتي في الحلقة S نقي في M (حسب تعريف كوهن لنقاوة المقاس الجزئي). من المعروف جيدا بانه كل مركبة جمع مباشرعلى الحلقة R هي مقاس نقي وهذا يؤدي الى انه مقاسات ريكارت محتواة فعليا في مقاسات ريكارت نقية. في هذا المسار ايضا تم تقديم مقاسات ريكارت النقية الرديفة كاعمام الى مقاسات ريكارت الرديفة. يقال لمقاس ايمن Mعلى الحلقة R بانه مقاس ريكارت نقي رديف اذا كان صورة كل تشاكل ذاتي في الحلقة S نقي في M (حسب تعريف كوهن لنقاوة المقاس الجزئي). تم برهنة العديد من النتئج لهذا النوع من المقاسات واعمام بعض نتائج مقاسات ريكارت الرديفة الى مقاسات ريكارت النقية الرديفة. على سبيل المثال تم البرهان على الحلقة R تكون حلقة ريكارت نقية ثنائية اذا وفقط اذا كانت R حلقة منتظمة اذا وفقط اذا كانت R حلقة ريكارت ثنائية. | Let R be an associative ring with identity and all modules are unitary right R - module.An R - module M is said to be Rickart if the right annihilator in M of each single element of endomorphism ring of M is generated by an idempotent of S = EndR(M). In this thesis we introduce various concepts related to Rickart modules. The goal of this thesis is divided into two paths : Path one : The idempotent elements play an important role in the structure theory of any ring. That motivates us to de ne strongly Rickart modules as a stronger concept of Rickart modules. A module M is strongly Rickart if the right annihilator in M of each single element of S = EndR(M) is generated by a left semicentral idempotent. Many characterizations, properties and results of strongly Rickart modules are given. Also, We shed light on some certain concepts that are not contain the Rickart module, and explain the relation of each one with the strongly Rickart modules. Moreover, we study stronglyRickart rings and give the relation of it with some known rings, like Rickart rings, p.q. - Baer rings,strongly regular rings and others. Also, we study some types of extensions of strongly Rickart rings.Also, in this path we intrduce and study the dual consept of strongly Rickart modules. A module M is dual strongly Rickart if the image of each single element of S is generated by a left semicentral idempotent. We study this concept carefully on the other hand, we give the relation of it with the strongly Rickart concept, the relation of it with strongly regular rings. Indeed, by using well known concepts we nd some properties and associate it with well known concepts.Path two : In 2008, M.S. Abbas and A. H. Alsaadi introduced the concepts of purely Baer modules as a generalization of Baer modules which is introduced by T. Rizvi and C. Roman. A right R - module M is said to be Bear if the right annihilator in M of any non empty subsets of S is generated by an idempotent. A module M is purely Bear if the right annihilator of each nonempty subset of S = EndR(M) is pure submodule of M. These concepts lead us to introduce and study the concept of purely Rickart modules as a generalization of bothRickart modules and purely Bear modules. A right R - module M is purely Rickart if the right annihilator in M of any singly element of S is pure (in sense of Cohn) submodule of M. Also, in this path, we interduce a dual concept of purely Rickart. In fact, a module M is dual puerly Rickart if the image of each single element of S is pure in M. Results of dual Rickart modules are genralized to dual purely Rickart modules. Also, we prove that a ring R is daul purely Rickart if and only if R is Von Neumann regular if and only if Ris dual Rickart ring.

طباقية التتابع والخواص المكمنية لتتابعات الباليوجين المتاخر النيوجين المبكر في - منطقة كركوك == SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY AND RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION OF THE LATE PALAEOGENE - EARLY NEOGENE SUCCESSION IN KIRKUK AREA

اسم المؤلف: ياسين صالح كريم الجويني
اسم المشرف: عمي داود كيارة
الموضوع العام: علم الارض
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: علم الارض
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة كركوك - كلية العلوم
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: كركوك
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The Late Palaeogene - Early Neogene succession of Kirkuk, Bai Hassan and Khabaz oil fields include the Jaddal, Palani, Sheikh Alas, Shurau, Tarjil, Baba, Bajwan, Ibrahim, Azkand, Anah and Jeribe formations.Palaeoenvironment interpretation of the analyzed microfacies identified nine major environmental zones. They range from Supratidal to deep basinal. The setting was rimmed shelf with barrier reef during the Oligocene and a distally steepened ramp during the early Miocene. The studied succession was affected by various diagenetic processes.Eight types of porosities were identified depending on petrographic study, they include interparticle, intraparticle, intercrystalline, fracture, channel, moldic, vug and cavern porosities. The Jaddala, Palani, Tarjil and Ibrahim formations have low porosities whereas the higher porosities were present in Sheikh Alas, Shurau, Baba, Bajwan, Azkand, Anah and Jeribe formations.The Late Palaeogene - Early Neogene succession represents one 2nd order cycle, bounded below by a transgressive surface (TS) and above by a type 1 sequence boundary (SB1). Five 3rd order cycles can be identified within the highstand systems tract of the 2nd order cycle, they reflect the effect of local subsidence on sequence development.The first stage of basin development was the deposition of the basinal Jaddala (late Eocene) and the basinal Palani (early Oligocene) all over the area. The second stage was represented by a regression due to the uplifting of Kirkuk oil Field where deposition of fore reef - reef of Sheikh Alas and backreef of the Shurau took place, this was ended by uplifiting to the northwest. The next transgression covered Khabaz oil Field and Daoud dome of Bai Hassan during the late Oligocene as well as the Tarjil plunge hence the basinal facies of Tarjil was deposited and the fore reef - reef Baba and backreef Bajwan deposited on the Baba and Kithka domes. The third stage was characterized by uplifting of both Kirkuk and Bai Hassan and the water in the study area was covered the Khabaz oil Field where the basinal facies of Ibrahim Formation was deposited in Khabaz oil Field only during the early Miocene followed by falling with sea level and deposition of the fore reef - reef Azkand. The shallow facies of Anah Formation represent the end of this stage. It was followed by another transgression covering only Bai Hassan and Khabaz where the Jeribe Formation was deposited during the early middle Miocene.Four reservoir units in Kirkuk oil Field, and three reservoir units in both Bai Hassan and Khabaz oil fields were identified. These reservoir units include the Jeribe, Anah and Azkand formations in Khabaz oil Field; Bajwan, Baba, Shurau and Sheikh Alas formations in Kirkuk oil Field; and Jeribe, Bajwan, Baba formations in Bai Hassan oil Field.

دراسة جيوكيميائية لعنصر الرصاص في الانطقة السطحية وتاثيراته البيئية في مدينة كركوك/ شمالي العراق

اسم المؤلف: نور محمد سمين
اسم المشرف: حسن احمد علي الجميلي
الموضوع العام: علم الارض
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الصخور والمعادن
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة كركوك - كلية العلوم - قسم الجيولوجيا التطبيقية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: كركوك
الصفحات الاولى:

مسح جيوكيميائي لمكاشف الاوليكوسين - المايوسين والتربة الحديثة بين القائم والرمادي،غرب العراق == Geochemical survey of the Oligocene - Miocene exposures and recent soil between Al - Qaim and Ramadi, West of Iraq

اسم المؤلف: صفوك عاصي حسین العبیدي
اسم المشرف: صالح محمد عوض
الموضوع العام: علم الارض
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الجيوكيمياء
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Rock geochemical survey was conducted on the exposures of Upper Oligocene - Middle Miocene successions (Anah, Euphrates, and Fatha formations) along the western bank of the Euphrates River from Al - Qaim to Abu - Jir village near Al - Ramadi. Soil geochemical survey was also carried out in area located between Al - Baghdadi and Abu - Jir village. A total of 113 Samples were analyzed for major, minor components (CaO, MgO, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, Na2O3, K2O, TiO2, MnO, P2O5, SO3, and loss on ignition (LOI)), also some trace elements were analyzed (Rb, Ba, Sr, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Cd, Th and U). Seven (7) samples were collected from Anah Formation from its exposure in Haqlan site; Thirty two (32) samples were collected from the Euphrates outcrops along the traverses of about 192 km, twenty nine (29) samples also of Euphrates Formation were collected from six stratigraphic sections (Al - Khaniq, Samndan, Al - Fuhaimi, Haqlan, Raghadan, and Al - Baghdadi); Twenty five (25) samples were collected from Fatha Formation along a traverseof about 253 km. In addition, twenty (20) soil samples had been collected as well.Mineral investigation showed a prevalence of pure calcite (97.14%) in Anah Formation, pointing out a non - dolomitzed typical reef facies, whereas, in the Euphrates Formation, the predominant mineral in traverse samples is dolomite of (82.02%) average. The vertical distribution of minerals in Euphrates Formation also emphasized the prevalent of dolomite in all stratigraphic sections, except in Haglan and Al - Baghdadi sections, where calcite is a predominant (94.13% and 58.47% respectively). The lateral mineralogical distribution in the Fatha Formation reveals that the dolomite (36.5%) is the main mineral, followed by gypsum (32.5%), then calcite (16.9%), clay minerals and quartz (12 %). The main mineral constituents of soil are calcite (30.2%), gypsum (28.03%), clay minerals and quartz (21.81%), dolomite (12.12%). The Rocks in these Formations are geochemically classified according to Ca/Mg ratio. Consequently, Anah Formation is considered as calcitic limestone of high purity, Euphrates Formation rockswere classified to slightly calcareous dolomite, calcareous dolomite, and dolomite and Fatha Formation carbonate rocks were classified to highly dolomitic limestone, dolomite, slightly calcareous dolomite, and calcareous dolomite.The vast majority of major, minor oxides (Al2O3, SiO2, Fe2O3, Na2O3, K2O, TiO2, MnO, P2O5) and trace elements (Rb, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, and Th), in Anah, Euphrates, Fatha and soil samples are mainly incorporated within clay minerals. The Ba, Cd, have weak relationship with alumina because they didn't incorporate within clay minerals, but may exist within organic matter and carbonate minerals, while Sr incorporated in carbonate rocks and gypsum and U in dolomite.The geogenic is the main factor controlling the soil chemistry in the study area. It is a residual deposits that had been mostly derived from the parent rocks of Fatha Formation, rather than the Euphrates Formation forming sedimentary overburden of different thickness. The dominance of trace elements in soil as compared to Fatha and Euphrates samples can be ordered as follow : V, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Sr, Rb, Ga, Th, is ordered as : Soil> Fatha Formation > Euphrates Formation.The spatial distribution of major, minor and trace elements are presented on dot maps, and their lateral variations are graphically presented and explained. Then, by application the accumulative probability curve method, the geochemical background, threshold and anomaly of minor and trace elements in Euphrates, Fatha formations and soil samples are computed and determined. The most determined anomalous values of elements are represent local and insignificant anomalies and not traced to mineralization. However significant anomalies recorded in certain soil samples, such as samples no. 42s display Ba significant anomaly (2988 ppm), 6H is characterized by peculiar high concentration of Sr (5680 ppm) which considered as anomalous soil sample of celestite mineralization, and Sample no. 65s exclusively was characterized by high abundance of pure native sulfur (69.19%) potentially indicates a significant sulfur mineralization.The study showed that the Anah Formation had been deposited in reef environment. Sr was used as an evidence of the depth of the sedimentary basin, the low Sr content in the Euphrates Formation as a result of dolomitization impact that released Sr from calcite lattice. The Euphrates Formation was deposited in the shallow lagoon environment. In the Middle Miocene, circumstances of the sedimentary basin have been changed to shallow, semi - restricted highly evaporitic, hypersaline lagoon environment of Fatha Formation.

الجوانب الاقتصادية والمالية في كتاب (صحيح ابن حبان) توفي 354هـ

اسم المؤلف: ورقاء يونس يحيى الطائي
اسم المشرف: حمدان عبد المجيد محمد الكبيسي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد - كلية الاداب
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:

جهد الاستيقاظ للايونات المخترقة باستخدام نموذج الذرة المهتزة توافقيا == Wake - Potential of Penetrating Ions using Harmonic - Oscillator Atom

اسم المؤلف: نبيل جنان بهنام فتوحي
اسم المشرف: خالد عبد الوهاب احمد | عبد الله احمد رشيد
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: فيزياء الحالة الصلبة والمواد
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: الجامعة المستنصرية - كلية العلوم - قسم الفيزياء
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: في الدراسة الحالية وصفت ظاهرة الاستيقاظ الناتجة بواسطة تفاعل البروتون في المواد الصلبة عند سرعة ثابتة υ . مادة الهدف اعتبرت كغاز الكتروني وتتميز خواص العزل لها ε(k,ω) . الدراسة تنطوي على ثلاث اقسام تعتمد على معادلة جهد الاستيقاظ التي تم تحليلها باستعمال نموذج المتذبذب التوافقي الكلاسيكي والكمي للبروتون المنتقل خلال اهداف من (كاربون، المنيوم ، نحاس) بالاحداثيات الاسطوانية (ρ,z) . فضلا عن تفاعل البروتون مع كرة نانوية درست بالاعتماد على نظرية الاستجابة للوسط العازل في الاحداثيات الكروية (r ,θ,φ) باستعمال اهداف من الالمنيوم والذهب .القسم الاول، حسابات جهد الاستيقاظ والقوى المستحثة للبروتون السريع المتحرك داخل الاهداف الصلبة درست باستعمال صيغ مختلفة من دوال العزل ، الطور العشوائي التقريبي ، درود - لورنس ودالة العزل الكمية .جهد الاستيقاظ ∅_W (ρ,z) لدالة العزل للطور العشوائي التقريبي اظهرت النتائج سلوك مخمد للتذبذبات في الاتجاه الطولي خلف الجسيم المقذوف، نمط هذه الاهتزازات يتناقص اسيا في الاتجاه العرضي بالاضافة الى ان جهد الاستيقاظ يمتد قليلا امام الجسيم المقذوف فضلا عن اعتماد كل من جهد الاستيقاظ والقوى الموقفة والجانبية على قيمة ومواقع الاحداثيات الاسطوانية (ρ,z) وسرعة البروتون υ ، ان عمق الجهد ∅_W (ρ,z) يزداد بزيادة الاحداثي ρ ،ايضا نلاحظ ان عمق جهد الاستيقاظ يتناسب عكسيا مع سرعة البروتون υ.تاثير ربط الالكترون على الجهد الاستيقاظ ∅_W (ρ,z) ، القوى الموقفة والقوى الجانبية الموصوفة بنسبة الكثافة الالكترونية 〖〖=ω〗_p〗^2⁄〖ω_0〗^2 10الى 0.1 تمت دراستها بصيغ دالة العزل درود - لورنس، ودالة العزل الكمية للغاز الالكتروني .النتائج اظهرت ان عمق جهد الاستيقاظ والقوى الموقفة والجانبية تقل (مع زيادة التذبذب للجهد)عندما تقل نسبة 〖ω_p〗^2⁄〖ω_0〗^2 من 10الى 0.1 .القسم الثاني، جهد الاستيقاظ V_Wake (z,ρ=0) والقوى الموقفةF_S (z,ρ=1) والجانبية F_ρ (z,ρ=1)، للمتذبذب التوافقي الكمي كدالة للسرعة υ(a.u) و((ω_p z)⁄υ)، النتائج اظهرت سعة التذبذب والتذبذبات للجهد والقوى تقل مع زيادة نسبة عامل الكثافة الالكترونية 〖ω_p〗^2⁄〖ω_0〗^2 من 0.1 الى 10 ، بينما بزيادة الطول الموجي فان تاثير ربط الالكترون يعتمد على قيمة كل من تردد البلازما ω_p والتردد الرنيني ω_0 .القسم الثالث، بينت النتائج العددية للبروتون المتحرك خارج كرة نانوية بسرعة ثابتة وموازية للمحور z العمل النظري بني على اساس نظرية الاستجابة لدالة العزل باستعمال دالة الطور العشوائي التقريبي . النتائج اشارت الى حدوث تذبذب لتاثيرات الاستيقاظ (wake effects) للغاز الالكتروني خلف الجسيم المقذوف وبشكل معاكس لاتجاه الحركة عند السطح الكروي . ان قمعا مميزا على شكل حرف V يظهر للجهد ∅_ind (r,θ,φ) كدالة الى الزوايا θ وφ . فضلا عن اعتماد قدرة الايقاف على موقع الشحنة z_∘ ، ولوحظت قيم سالبة لقدرة الايقاف عندما يقترب البروتون ببطيء من سطح الكرة النانوية . | The present work, discusses the wake phenomena produced by swift protons interaction with solids at the constant velocity. The target material modeled as an electron gas characterized by its dielectric properties ε(k,ω). The work implies three parts depended on wake potential equation , which have been analyzed using harmonic and quantum harmonic oscillator models for proton channeling through the targets like (C, Al and Cu) in the cylindrical coordinate system(ρ,z) . As well as the interaction, fast proton with a nanosphere is studied based on the dielectric response theory in spherical coordinates systems (r ,θ,φ) using targets (Al and Au). The first part, was the calculation of wake potential and induce forces for swift proton moving in the solid targets using various dielectric function formalisms, the random phase approximation (RPA) , the Drude - Lorentz and quantum dielectric function .Wake potential in the RPA dielectric function results exhibited a damped oscillatory behavior in the longitudinal direction behind the projectile; the pattern of these oscillations decreases exponentially in the transverse direction. In addition, the wake potential extends slightly ahead of the projectile, moreover wake potential, stopping and lateral forces depends on cylindrical coordinate value (ρ, z), as well as the proton velocity υ , the dip depth ∅_W (ρ,z) increases as the value of the coordinate ρ decreases , Also the depth of wake potential is observed to be inversely proportional to the proton velocity υ .The effect of electron binding on the wake potential ∅_W (ρ,z), stopping and lateral force , described by the ratio 〖ω_p〗^2⁄〖ω_0〗^2 =10 to 0.1, has been studied in Drude - Lorentz dielectric function and quantum dielectric function formalisms . The results showed that wake potential dip depth, stopping and lateral forces decreases (with more oscillations for potential) when the electron density ratio 〖ω_p〗^2⁄(〖ω_0〗^2.) decreases from 10 to 0.1, which achieved with previous work (P.Sigmund, 2011) The second part, wake potential V_Wake (z,ρ=0) , stopping force F_S (z,ρ=1) and lateral force F_ρ (z,ρ=1) ,in quantum harmonic oscillator plotted as a function of the velocity ion υ(a.u) and ((ω_p z)⁄υ) , The numerical calculations show that the amplitude of the oscillations increases and the oscillation potential and forces decreases with increasing electron density parameter(〖 ω〗_p^2)⁄(ω_0^2 ) from 0.1 to 10. While the wavelength increases, The effect of electron binding depends on the values of each of the plasma frequency ω_p and the resonance frequency ω_0 .The third part , numerical calculation of interaction of a proton flying outside nano - dielectric sphere with constant velocity parallel to z - axis, theoretical work based on the dielectric response theory using random phase approximation RPA dielectric function . The results indicate the oscillating wake effects occur in the electron gas behind the particle opposite to the particle motion at spherical surface. The typical V - shaped cone appearing when plotted wake potential ∅_ind (r,θ,φ)as a function of θ and φ. Moreover, the stopping power depends on the charge position z, and noticed that negative stopping power can be achieved as particle approaches to nano - dielectric sphere slowly.

امثلية مضخمات الالياف البصرية البارامترية == Optimization of Fiber - Optic Parametric Amplifiers

اسم المؤلف: مؤيد حنون سلمان الكناني
اسم المشرف: علي هادي حسن الحمداني | حسن عبد ياسر
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: الجامعة المستنصرية - كلية التربية
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: في ظل ظهور تقنية انظمة الاتصالات التي تعتمد تقنية قسمة - مزج الطول الموجي (WDM) وازدياد المسافات الى عشرات الالاف من الكيلومترات في انظمة اتصالات الالياف البصرية, ظهرت الحاجة الى ايجاد مضخمات بصرية تعوض الخسارة في القدرة للاشارات المنتقلة. تنقسم المضخمات البصرية, التي تضخم الاشارة البصرية مباشرة بدون تحويلها الى اشارة كهربائية, الى عدة انواع تعتمد كل منها على عمليات فيزيائية مختلفة واوساط بصرية مختلفة. وتبرز اهمية كل نوع من هذه المضخمات حسب نوع التطبيق المستخدم لاجله. ففي مضخم الليف البصري البارامتري والذي يستخدم لتضخيم الاشارات المنتقلة لمسافات كبيرة في اتصالات الالياف البصرية, فان عملية التضخيم تعتمد اساسا على مزج الموجات الاربع (FWM). عموما, معرفة كفاءة وامثلية هذا النوع من المضخمات يتم بواسطة ثلاثة عوامل رئيسية هي : عرض حزمة الربح, التسطح, مقدار الربح المتحقق.في هذه الرسالة تم دراسة مضخم الليف البصري البارامتري (FOPA) والظواهر المتعلقة به بهدف الوصول الى افضل ظروف تشغيل. ان عملية مزج الموجات الاربع (FWM) هي اساس عمل التضخيم في هذا النوع من المضخمات وهي تعتمد على عوامل كثيرة مثل : التشتت, قدرة النبضات الداخلة, الطول الموجي للتشتت الصفري (ZDW), عامل اللاخطية, وعلاقة مركز النظام مع الطول الموجي للتشتت الصفري. بالاضافة الى تلك العوامل فان حالات الاستقطاب للنبضات الداخلة والعلاقة فيما بينها له الدور الكبير في تحديد قدرة التضخيم. ولكون الليف البصري استخدم هنا كمضخم فان ذلك يتطلب قدرة عالية لنبضات الضخ تتجاوز شرط العتبة لاستطارة رامان المحفزة (SRS) وهذا يستوجب دراسة تاثير هذه الاستطارة على طيف الربح. ان حساب خواص المضخم وفق النظرية القياسية يستوجب حل المعادلات المرتبطة للنبضات المنتشرة داخل الليف. وحيث ان هذه المعادلات غير قابلة للحل التحليلي لذلك تم استخدام تقريبات مقبولة ومبنية على اساس تقسيم الليف البصري الى مجموعة من المقاطع الصغيرة المتتالية. ووفقا لذلك تم وضع حلول تحليلية لهذه المعادلات واستنتاج صيغة تكرارية للتطبيق على اي طول لليف البصري. وذلك يتزامن مع وضع صيغ رياضية دقيقة لعامل اقتران الطور البصري والتي استخدمت مع الحلول التحليلية المقترحة لحساب طيف الربح. اثبتت النتائج التقارب الفائق بين النموذج المقترح والحل العددي. ان تطابق حالات الاستقطاب للنبضات المتفاعلة في عملية مزج الموجات الاربع يؤدي بشكل كبيرالى تعظيم عملية الربح المتحققة وهي حالة مثالية. عندما تكون حالات الاستقطاب للنبضات الداخلة ذات صيغ استقطاب عشوائية, وهي الحالة الطبيعية, فان ذلك يتطلب ادخال مفهوم ثنائي الانكسار في معادلات الارتباط للنبضات المنتشرة. من اجل ذلك فان النموذج الذي تم تطويره هنا يتضمن دراسة تاثير ثنائي الانكسار وتحليل حالات الاستقطاب في فضاءي جونز وستوكس لكلا النوعين من المضخم, باستخدام نبضتي ضخ او نبضة ضخ واحدة. حقق النموذج المقترح تطابقا مع النماذج المعروفة والتي تعتمد في الغالب على الحلول العددية.عندما تتجاوز قدرة الضخ شرط عتبة معين فانه يتوجب ادخال تاثير استطارة رامان المحفزة في معادلات الارتباط للنبضات المنتشرة. ومن خلال دراسة دالة استجابة رامان فان تاثيرات هذه الاستطارة يمكن من اضافتها والتوصل الى نظام معادلات جديد, حيث افترض ان حالات الاستقطاب متطابقة لتبسيط عملية التحليل. هذا النظام غير قابل للحل تحليليا ولذلك تم حله عدديا باستخدام طريقة رانج كوتا (Runge - Kutta). اظهرت النتائج تطابقا مع السلوك في حالة النظرية القياسية مع حدوث تغيرات معينة بسبب تاثير الاستطارة.

الخصائص الفيزيائية, الفعالية ضد البكتيريا والغشاء الحيوي لبوليمر بولي فينيل الكحولPVA مع صبغة السفرانين والبايوسورفكتنت == Physical Properties, Antibacterial and antibiofilm Activities of PVA Polymer with Safranin Dye and Biosurfactant

اسم المؤلف: مهند سامي جليل
اسم المشرف: محاسن فاضل هادي الكاظمي | جيهان عبد الستار سلمان
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: فيزياء الحالة الصلبة والمواد
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: الجامعة المستنصرية - كلية العلوم - قسم الفيزياء
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تم تحضير الاغشية بطريقة الصب لعدة اوزان ( 0.25، 0.5، 0.75، 1) غرام ولعدة اوزان جزيئية (14000،160000) غم \مول من بوليمر بولي فينيل الكحول وايضا لعدة نسب خلط من صبغة السفرانين (4، 8، 10، 12، 16، 20 ) مل ولعدة تراكيز (1×10 - 2، 1 ×10 - 3، 1× 10 - 4، 0.5×10 - 4، 1×10 - 5، 1×10 - 6 ) مول\لتر. تم دراسة الخصائص الفيزيائية والفعالية ضد البكتيرية لصبغة السفرانين، بوليمر بولي فينيل الكحول، بايوسرفكتنت واغشية (صبغة السفرانين، بايوسرفكتنت) المذابة في البوليمر. ايضا تم دراسة تاثير تغيير (الوزن والوزن الجزيئي لبولي فينيل الكحول، التركيز لصبغة السفرانين وتاثير نسبة الخلط لصبغة السفرانين \ بولي فينيل الكحول) على الخصائص الفيزيائية الضوئية والخصائص التركيبية. اختبارات الخصائص الفيزيائية الضوئية تتضمن اطياف الامتصاص والفلورة، فجوة الطاقة والثوابت البصرية . اختبارات الخصائص التركيبة لبوليمربولي فينيل الكحول، صبغة السفرانين واغشية سفرانين \ بولي فينيل الكحول تمت بعده طرق هي ( حيود الاشعة السينية XRD ، مجهر القوة الذرية AFM ، مجهر المسح الالكتروني(SEM) ، وتحويلات فورير للاشعة تحت الحمراء FTIR النتائج المتحققة توضح بان شدة اطياف الامتصاص والفلورة تزداد بزيادة تركيز صبغة السفرانين .تم حساب فجوة الطاقة لصبغة السفرانين وبولي فينيل الكحول ومقارنتها مع اغشية الصبغة المذابة في البوليمر وقد بينت النتائج الى نقصان فجوة الطاقة للصبغة والبوليمر بعد مزجهما مع بعض، كما ان فجوة الطاقة لاغشية السفرانين المذابة في البوليمر تقل بزيادة نسبة الخلط لصبغة السفرانين. تم دراسة كل الثوابت البصرية (معامل الامتصاص، معامل الخمود، معامل الانكسار، وثابت العزل الحقيقي والخيالي ).تم حساب معاملات الفلورة لكل النماذج وتبين بان افضل نتيجة لزمن العمر وزمن العمر الاشعاعي لصبغة السفرانين كانت عند التركيز( 0.5×10 - 4) مول \لتر في حين للاغشية الصبغة المذابة في البوليمر كانت عند نسبة الخلط 12 مل للصبغة وللوزن الجزيئي 14000 غم \ مول للبوليمر ونسبة خلط 4 مل للصبغة وللوزن الجزيئي 160000 غم \مول.تم اختبار الفعالية ضذ البكتيرية وضد الاغشية الحيوية لصبغة السفرانين، البايوسرفكتنت، بوليمر بولي فينيل الكحول واغشية ( صبغة السفرانين، بايوسرفكتنت) \ بولي فينيل الكحول لعدة اوزان جزيئية لبولي فينيل الكحول وعدة اوقات تجفيف وعدة بكتريا مرضية (Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) ولنوعين من الاطباق ( بلاستك وزجاج ). ان افضل النتائج المتحققة كانت للبايوسرفكتنت المذاب في البوليمر والمصبوب للنوعين من الاطباق وللنوعين من البكتريا, بالنسبة للبكتيريا (Staphylococcus aureus) حصلنا على النتائج (98.70%,100.00%,) للاطباق البلاستك والزجاج على التوالي وللوزن الجزيئي 14000 غم\مول اما بالنسبة للبكتريا (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) حصلنا على النتائج (98.00% و97.70%) للاطباق البلاستك والزجاج على التوالي وللوزن الجزيئي 160000 غم \ مول | Films were prepared by casting method with different weights (0.25,0.5,0.75,1) g and different molecular weights (14000,160000) g/mol of PVA polymer and different doping ratio of Safranin dye (4,8,10,12,16,20) ml and different concentration (1x10 - 4,0.5x10 - 4,1x10 - 5,1x10 - 6) g/mol.The physical properties, antibacterial activity and antibiofilm of Safranin dye, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films, Biosurfactant and Safranin dye doped PVA films have been studied. Also study the effect of changing (the weights and molecular weights of PVA, the concentration of Safranin and doping ratio of Safranin dye doped in PVA films ) on photophysical and structural properties.Photophysical properties tests are including the parameters : - Absorption and fluorescence spectra, energy gap, and optical constants. Structural properties tests are investigate by methods (XRD, AFM, SEM and FTIR spectrum) for PVA polymer films, Safranin dye as solution and Safranin / PVA films. The achieved results illustrated that the intensity of absorption and fluorescence spectra of Safranin dye are increase as concentration increase. The energy gap for Safranin dye and PVA polymer has been calculated and compared with Safranin doped PVA polymer films that led to decrease energy gap of dye and polymer after doping together, the energy gap of Safranin / PVA films are decreasing as increasing doping ratio of Safranin. All optical constants (absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, refractive index and real and imaginary dielectric constant) were studied.Fluorescence parameters for all samples will be calculated. The best lifetime and radiative lifetime for Safranin dye is for concentration 0.5x10 - 4 mol/liter while for Safranin dye doped PVA films is for 12 ml doping ratio for PVA Mw 14000 g/mol and 4ml doping ratio for PVA Mw 160000 g/mol .Antibacterial and Antibiofilm activity were tested for Safranin dye, Biosurfactant, PVA polymer and (Safranin, Biosurfactant / PVA ) films for different molecular weights of PVA, different drying time, different pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) and different kind of plates ( plastic and glass). The best results achieved from the mixture Biosurfactant doped PVA casting in both Plates and for both pathogenic bacteria, the results for Staphylococcus aureus are (100.00%, 98.70%) for plastic and glass plates respectively and for molecular weight (14000 g/mol), while the results for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (98.00%, 97.70% ) for plastic and glass plates respectively and for molecular weight (160000 g/mol)

دراسة النشاط الاشعاعي وانبعاث غاز الرادون في بعض المحافظات العراقية == Study of Radioactivity and Radon gas Emanation in Some Iraqi Governorates

اسم المؤلف: محمود سالم كريم الركابي
اسم المشرف: ندى فاضل توفيق | حازم لويس منصور
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: الجامعة المستنصرية - كلية التربية
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: الاشعاع جزء من البيئة الذي نعيش فيه. يتعرض جميع الناس للاشعاع من الهواء والتربة والماء. وان الجزء الاكبر من التعرض الطبيعي للاشعاع ينتج من غاز مشع يدعى الرادون. الدراسة الحالية تتضمن خمسة اجزاء. الجزء الاول تضمن قياس تراكيز الرادون وايجاد قيم بعض الاعلومات المتعلقة بتركيز الرادون مثل (CPPP, AED, EP, PAEC) في الهواء داخل عشرون منزل لكل محافظة من محافظات (بغداد , الانبار , ذي قار) (بواقع اربع نماذج لكل منزل) .تم قياس تراكيز الرادون باستخدام كاشف الاثر النووي .(CR - 39) بينت النتائج ان معدل تركيز غاز الرادون داخل المنازل في محافظة بغداد يساوي (Bq/m3 51.688±16.7) ولمحافظة ذي قار يساوي (153.730±42.4 Bq/m3) وهما اقل من المدى المسموح والموصي به من قبل اللجنة الدولية للوقاية من الاشعاع (ICRP) (200 - 300 Bq/m3) لعام (2009(, بينما وجد ان معدل تراكيز غاز الرادون داخل المنازل في محافظة الانبار يساوي ( (512.975±74.5 Bq/m3وهو اعلى من المدى المسموح والموصي به من قبل اللجنة الدولية للوقاية من الاشعاع لعام 2009. تضمن الجزء الثاني من هذه الدراسة قياس تراكيز غاز الرادون في نماذج من التربة وايجاد قيم بعض الاعلومات المتعلقة بتركيز الرادون مثل (RER). تمت دراسة عشرين موقعا لكل محافظة من محافظات (بغداد , ذي قار, الانبار) (بواقع اربع نماذج لكل موقع) وذلك باستخدام تقنية القدح لتربة سطحية ولتربة من عمق (10 سم). بينت النتائج الحالية ان معدل تركيز غاز الرادون في نماذج التربة السطحية في محافظة بغداد يساوي (Bq/m3 24.337±8.7) ولمحافظة الانبار يساوي (81.287±17.7 Bq/m3) ولمحافظة ذي قار يساوي ((75.875±21.8 Bq/m3. كما وجد بان معدل تركيز غاز الرادون في نماذج التربة لعمق (10 سم) في محافظة بغداد كان يساوي (Bq/m3 21.237±5.1) ولمحافظة الانبار يساوي ((71.35±20.85 Bq/m3 ولمحافظة ذي قار يساوي ((66.703±14.8 Bq/m3. النتائج الحالية لجميع المحافظات المدروسة (بغداد , الانبار , ذي قار) بينت ان تراكيز الرادون في نماذج التربة السطحية وكذلك لعمق (10 سم) هي اقل من الحد المسموح والموصي به من قبل اللجنة الدولية للوقاية من الاشعاع لعام (1993) والذي يساوي (200 Bq/m3) , كما وجد ان قيم تركيز غاز الرادون وقيم(RER) في التربة السطحية هي بصورة عامة اكبر من قيمتها عند العمق (10سم).في الجزء الثالث الذي تضمن قياس تراكيز غاز الرادون وايجاد قيم بعض الاعلومات المتعلقة بتركيز الرادون مثل .(Cd, RER, AED) في نماذج مياه الشرب (ماء حنفية) تم اخذه مباشرة من 20 منزل لكل محافظة من محافظات (بغداد,الانبار, ذي قار) (بواقع اربع نماذج لكل موقع) وذلك باستخدام تقنية عد اثار جسيمات الفا المنبعثة من غاز الرادون في كاشف الاثر النووي(CR - 39) . بينت النتائج الحالية ان معدل تركيز غاز الرادون في نماذج مياه الحنفية في محافظة بغداد يساوي (Bq/L 0.135±0.03) ولمحافظة الانبار يساوي (0.139±0.03 Bq/L) ولمحافظة ذي قار يساوي ((0.175±0.03 Bq/L. النتائج الحالية لجميع المحافظات المدروسة (بغداد , الانبار, ذي قار) بينت ان تراكيز غاز الرادون في نماذج ماء الحنفية للمحافظات المدروسة هي اقل من الحد المسموح والموصي به من قبل الوكالة الدولية لحماية البيئة (USEPA) لعام (2012) والذي يساوي (11.1 Bq/L).الجزء الرابع من هذه الدراسة تضمن قياس تراكيز اليورانيوم - 235 لعشرين نموذج تربة سطحية لمناطق منتخبة لكل محافظة من محافظات (بغداد , الانبار , ذي قار. اوضحت النتائج الحالية ان معدل تراكيز اليورانيوم لجميع نماذج التربة السطحية المدروسة في محافظة بغداد يساوي (ppm 1.371±0.3) ولمحافظة الانبار يساوي ((3.381±0.62 ppm ولمحافظة ذي قار يساوي ((2.077±0.4 ppm. النتائج الحالية لجميع المحافظات المدروسة كانت اقل من الحد المسموح والموصى به من قبل اللجنة العلمية للامم المتحدة لتاثيرات الاشعاع الذري (UNSCEAR) لعام(1993) والذي يساوي (11.7 ppm). الجزء الخامس من هذه الدراسة تضمن قياس تراكيز النشاط الاشعاعي النوعي وايجاد قيم بعض الاعلومات المتعلقة بتركيز الرادون مثل [Hex, Hin , Iɣ , EAD, (AED) out , (AED) in , DƔ , Raeq ]لخمس نماذج تربة لمناطق منتخبة لكل محافظة من محافظات (بغداد , الانبار , ذي قار) وذلك باستخدام كاشف الجرمانيوم عالي النقاوة (HPGe). بينت النتائج الحالية ان معدل تركيز النشاط الاشعاعي النوعي بالنسبة الى (238U,232Th,40K, 137Cs), لمحافظة بغداد كان يساوي (4.02±1.5 Bq/kg, 104.26±37.3 Bq/kg, 11.54±3.2 Bq/kg , 14.09±3.3 Bq/kg) على التوالي, ولمحافظة ذي قار كان يساوي (3.15±1.5 Bq/kg , 304.6±69.1 Bq/kg , 22.7±4.1 Bq/kg , 29.2±5.1 Bq/kg) على التوالي , وهم اقل من الحدود المسموحة والموصى بها من قبل اللجنة العلمية للامم المتحدة لتاثيرات الاشعاع الذري لعامي (2000 , 1993) والتي تساوي (Bq/kg 35 ,Bq/kg 30 , Bq/kg 400 ,Bq/kg 14.8) على التوالي, بينما وجد بان معدل تركيز النشاط الاشعاعي النوعي بالنسبة الى (238U ,232Th,40K, 137Cs), لمحافظة الانبار كان يساوي (51.88±6.4 Bq/kg , ,38.72±2.4 Bq/kg 615.36±49.7 Bq/kg (17.43±1.3 Bq/kg) على التوالي, وهم اعلى من الحدود المسموحة والموصى بها من قبل اللجنة العلمية للامم المتحدة لتاثيرات الاشعاع الذري(UNSCEAR) لعامي(2000 , 1993). واخيرا نود ان نبين بان الدراسة الحالية تعتبر من الدراسات المهمة جدا والحيوية لانها تتعلق بصحة وسلامة البشر في المقام الاول, بالاضافة الى ان بعضا من نتائج الدراسة الحالية تقدم لاول مرة وحسب علم الباحثون. | Radiation is a part of the environment in which we live. All people receive radiation exposure from occurring radioactivity in air , soil and water. The largest fraction of the natural radiation exposure we receive comes from a radioactive gas, called radon.The present study consists of five parts. The first part of the present study includes the indoor air radon gas concentrations measurements and the determination of some other related parameters such as (PAEC, EP, AED and CPPP) which was carried out in twenty dwellings for each governorate studied (Baghdad, Anbar and Thi - Qar) (with four samples in each dwellings). Radon concentrations were determined by using (CR - 39) nuclear track detectors, the results have shown that, the average radon gas concentrations indoor dwellings in Baghdad governorate was equal to (51.688±16.7 Bq/m3 (and in Thi - Qar governorate was equal to (153.730±42.4 Bq/m3), which were less than even the lower limit of the recommended range (200 - 300 Bq/m3) given by (ICRP, 2009). While the average radon gas concentration in indoor dwellings in Anbar governorate was found to be equal to (512.975±74.5 Bq/m3) which was higher than the limit of the recommended range given by (ICRP, 2009). The second part of the present study was to measure radon gas concentrations and the determination of some other related parameter such as (RER) for twenty soil locations for each governorate (Baghdad, Anbar and Thi - Qar) (with four samples in each location) by using the sealed - cup technique for depths (0,10 cm). The results have shown that, the average radon gas concentrations in surface soil samples in Baghdad governorate was equal to (24.337±8.7 Bq/m3( , in Anbar governorate was equal to (81.287±17.7 Bq/m3) and in Thi - Qar governorate was equal to (75.875±21.8 Bq/m3) . The average radon gas concentrations in soil for the depth (10 cm) in Baghdad governorate was found to be equal to (21.237±5.1 Bq/m3 (, in Anbar governorate was equal to (71.35±20.85 Bq/m3) and in Thi - Qar governorate was equal to (66.703±14.8 Bq/m3). The present results in all the three governorates studied (Baghdad, Anbar and Thi - Qar) have shown that the radon gas concentrations in surface soil samples and for depth (10 cm) in soil were less than the recommended value (200 Bq/m3) given by (ICRP, 1993), with the results for the depth (10 cm) were , in general , less than their corresponding values in surface soil samples .The third part of the present study was to measure the radon gas concentrations and the determination of some other related parameters such as (AED, RER and Cd) concentrations in water samples which were taken directly from networks water (tap water) in twenty dwellings for all the three governorates studied (Baghdad, Anbar and Thi - Qar) (with four samples in each dwellings) by using (CR - 39) nuclear track detectors. The results have shown that, the average radon gas concentrations in tap water samples in Baghdad governorate was found to be equal to (0.135±0.03 Bq/L(, and in Anbar governorate was equal to (0.139±0.03 Bq/L) and in Thi - Qar governorate was equal to (0.175±0.03 Bq/L). The present results in all the three governorates studied (Baghdad, Anbar and Thi - Qar) have shown that the radon gas concentrations in tap water samples were less than the recommended value (11.1 Bq/L) given by (USEPA, 2012).The fourth part of the present study was to measure uranium - 235 concentrations in twenty surface soil samples for selected regions in each of the three governorates studied (Baghdad, Anbar and Thi - Qar). The results have shown that, the mean uranium concentrations in the studied surface soil samples in Baghdad governorate was found to be equal to (1.371±0.3 ppm (, in Anbar governorate was equal to (3.381±0.62 ppm) and in Thi - Qar governorate was equal to (2.077±0.4 ppm) ,which were less than the recommended value of (11.7 ppm) given by (UNSCEAR, 1993).The fifth part of the present study was concerned with the measurements of the specific activity and the determination of some other related parameters such as (Raeq ,DƔ, AEDin , AEDout ,EAD , Iɣ , Hin and Hex). in five soil samples for selected regions in each of the three governorate studied (Baghdad, Anbar and Thi - Qar) by using high purity germanium (HPGe) detector. The results have shown that, the average specific activity of (238U, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs) in Baghdad governorate which were (14.09±3.3 Bq/kg, 11.54±3.2 Bq/kg, 104.26±37.3 Bq/kg and 4.02±1.5 Bq/kg) ,respectively, and Thi - Qar governorates which were (29.2±5.1 Bq/kg, 22.7±4.1 Bq/kg, 304.6±69.1 Bq/kg and 3.15±1.05 Bq/kg) , respectively, were less than the recommended values of specific activity of (238U, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs) which were (35 Bq/kg ,30 Bq/kg, 400 Bq/kg and 14.8Bq/kg) ,respectively, given by (UNSCEAR, 2000 and UNSCEAR, 1993), while for Anbar governorate the average specific activity of (238U, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs) which were (51.88±6.4 Bq/kg , 38.72±2.4 Bq/kg , 615.36±49.7 Bq/kg and 17.43±1.3 Bq/kg), respectively, were found to be higher than the recommended values of specific activity given by (UNSCEAR, 2000 and UNSCEAR, 1993).Finally, we would like to mention that the present study is considered to be very important and vital because it is concerned with people health and safety in the first place, and to the best of our knowledge , some of the present results were presented for the first time

تحضير وتوصيف الجسيمات النانوية للفعالية المضادة للبكتريا == Preparation and characterization Of nano - particles for antibacterial activity

اسم المؤلف: محمد جمعة حيدر الشمري
اسم المشرف: محمد صالح مهدي
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء النووية والبيئية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: الجامعة المستنصرية - كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تم في ھذا البحث المقارنة بين ثلاث طرائق سھلة وسريعة لتحضير دقائق الفضة النانوية بخطوة واحدة بطريقة الازالة بالليزر في محيط سائل وطريقة الكيميائية والطريقة الكهروكيميائية وبحجم وخصائص مسيطر علیھا وبتراكيز عالية واستقراريه لمدة زمنية طويلة وبدون تكتل.استخدمت عدة فحوصات وقياسات لتحليل الخصائص البصرية والتركيبية وطوبوغرافية السطح والخصائص التي تصف طبيعة وشحنة وجهد هذه المواد باستخدام مطيافية الاشعة الفوق البنفسجية وحيود الاشعة السينية والمجهر الالكتروني الماسح ومجهر القوى الذري والمجهر الالكتروني النافذ وجهد زيتا على التوالي. تم التحكم بحجم الفضة النانوية بواسطة عوامل عدة للطرائق الثلاثة منها : الطريقة الاولى : تم استخدام ليزر النيدميوم - ياك العامل بتقنية عامل المفتاح (طاقة الليزر 1000 ملي جول وبمعدل تكرارية 1 هيرتز) وباطوال موجية مختلفة 1067 نانوميتر وبطول 532 نانوميتر الناتج من التولد التوافقي الثاني باستخدام بلورة KDP وبطول موجي 355 نانوميتر الناتج من التولد التوافقي الثالث باستخدام البلورة اللاخطية KTP. تم دراسة تاثير طاقة الليزر على حجم الفضة النانوية داخل الماء المقطر اللاايوني, ووجد من خلال قياسات البصرية (الامتصاصية) ,ان اعلى قمة امتصاص عند 532 نانوميتر وهذا يدل على ان الحجم الحبيبي للفضة مساو الى (35 - 40) نانوميتر و(35 - 60) نانوميتر للطول الموجي 1064 nm)) و(28) نانوميتر عند الطول الموجي (355nm) وذات شكل كروي وهذا ما تؤكده نتائج المجهر الالكتروني الماسح والنافذ .وتم الحصول على افضل حجم حبيبي هذا عند افضل طاقة ليزر 1000 ملي جول وطول موجي 532 نانوميتر وعدد نبضات 1000 نبضة وعمق سائل 8 - 12 ملم.اما الطريقة الثانية : فتم توظيف قطبين من الفضة النقية بطول 8 - 12 سم وسمك 0.4 سم وعرض 8 - 10 ملم داخل محتوى مائي لا ايوني وبمسافة 10 ملم وتسليط جهد مقداره 27 فولت. تم الحصول بهذه الطريقة على عالق من الفضة النانوية بحجم حبيبي 30 - 50 نانوميتر عند افضل ظروف.واخيرا الطريقة الكيميائية، اذ تم استخدام نترات الفضة عند درجة حرارة (27 و100) ودرجة الحامضية PH (7). والحصول على اصغر حجم حبيبي 20 - 60 نانوميتر عند افضل شروط تحضير.ووجد من خلال المقارنة للطرائق الثلاثة ان معدل انتاج عالق الفضة النانوية بطريقة الكهروكيميائية اكبر 10 مرات من الطرق الاخرى , بينما تعد طريقة الازالة بالليزر في السوائل اكثر نقاوة وسيطرة على الحجم الحبيبي من خلال معلمات الليزر . قيم اختبار Z - Potential ما بين (33.78 الى - 53.18) ملي فولت عند pH (7 الى 7.5) لعالق الفضة المحضرة بالطريقة الكهروكيميائية وهذا يشير الى استقراريه هذه المواد النانوية مع تكتل قليل.واخيرا تشير نتائج الفحوصات البيولوجية (المضادة البكتريا) الى ان الفضة النانوية المحضرة بالطريقة الكهروكيميائية افضل الطرائق المستخدمة لقتل بكتيريا E - coli وبكفاءة عالية لغزارة ايونات الفضة بهذه الطريقة | In this work, comparison measurements between three types of preparation of silver - NPs PLAL, electrochemical and the chemical method. The production in size and properties can be controlled in high concentrations with good stability for long period without aggregation. Employed were for analyses of optical, structural and morphological properties of the surface that describe the nature, the charging and the voltages of these materials by using the UV - VIS, X - ray, Z - potential, SEM, AFM, and TEM.The size of the silver nanoparticles has been controlled by many factors for three methods : The First Method : YAG - laser was used Q - switching (with laser energy 1000 mJ and fluence 1Hz) with different wavelengths 1064 nm, 532 generated from the second harmonic generations by using KDP crystal and the wavelength 355 nm generated from the third generation by using KTP nonlinear crystal. We studied the effect of the laser energy on the size of silver NPs in the DDDW has been studied. It has been found from the optical measurements (absorbance ABS) that the highest peak is at 532 nm and this could reflect that the optimum size for silver nanoparticles is about 35 - 40 nm, average size of the particles is 55 - 60 nm at wavelength (λ =1064 nm), and average size of the particles is 28 nm at (λ =355 nm) of spherical shape. This result has been confirmed by the measurements of the SEM and TEM, the obtained results are taken at energy 1000 mJ, 532 nm and laser pulses 1000 pulse and height column 8 - 12 mm.The second method (Electrochemical method), during which, we employed two electrodes of pure silver with length 8 - 12 cm, thickness of 0.4 mm and width 8 - 10 mm inside a container full of DDDW with distance 10 mm between them and with potential difference about 27 volt. A colloidal silver - NPs with grain size of 30 - 50 nm has been produced at optimum conditions. The third method (Chemical method) : Silver Nitrate at temperature (27 and 100) °C with PH (7). The production in this method has the grain size of 20 - 60 nm at the optimum conditions.It has been concluded, by doing a comparison among the three methods that the production rate of the colloidal silver Nano - particles is the best by the electrochemical method among them. While the PLAL method produces purer product that is suitable for the medical applications.The obtained values from Z - Potential are (33.78 to - 53.18) mV at pH = 7 to 7.5 for the colloidal silver NPs were prepared by electrochemical method and this may refer to stability of these nano - particles with less aggregation. Finally, the results and measurements of the biological test (antimicrobial) refer that the silver NPs prepared by the electrochemical is the optimum method for E - coli destruction under the effect of the silver NPs ions (Ag+).
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