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اسهامات العراقيين السياسية والاداراية والفكرية في الدولة الفاطمية 297 - 567هـ / 909 - 1171م == Iraqis participations in politic, Administration and ideology in the historical fatimi state(296 - 567A.H)

اسم المؤلف: سندس بندر خزعل
اسم المشرف: علي صدام نصر الله الفريجي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This study is one of the most important study about all things happened in " fatimi state " from the first day of establishmeul until it's falling down . The importance of this study has many sides ."Chapter 1 " shows and focusses about Iraqis Participation inestablishing the state cause this establishment had been done by the efforts and struggle's of the Iraqis in Western part of Arab world ."Chapter 2" talks about the Iraqis participations Management and all fields in the govenmantal cabinet including Writing , courts economic … etc. because the Iraqis have a high degree of knowledge and experience . "Chapter 3" shows all Iraqis participations in Relegous , language , human science and they were excellent in these fields so we should highlite this role of the Iraqis in the history of "fatimi state " which was very great and huge state and we should show the presence of "fatimi state" and its impact in Islamic state history

العباس بن عبد المطلب : دراسة تاريخية (56ق.هـ - 23 هـ/ 569م - 653م ) == AL - Abbas Bin Abdul muttalib Ahistorical Study

اسم المؤلف: رواء زامـل شلال التميمي
اسم المشرف: محسن مشكل فهد الحجاج
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: AL - Abbas bin Abdul Muttalib, one of the uncles of prophet Muhammad who had an important role in spreading the Islamic Dawaa and religion. Abbas was one of the believers in Prophet Abraham (Allah prays on him) like his fatherAl Abdul Muttalib.AL ALAbbas did not declare his conversion to Islam, until the battle of Badir (2 AH). He was an irrigator of pilgrims in Mecca in Aljahilia era after the death of Abu Talib, until the conquering of Mecca by Prophet Muhammad (Allah prays on him).When Prophet Muhammad (Allah prays on him) and the believers emigrated to Al - Madina, Abbas was contacting Prophet Muhammad (Allah prays on him) telling him about the unbelievers conspiracies against Islam and Muslims.Afterwards, Abbas emigrated to Al - Madina to meet up with Prophet Muhammad on the way. After the death of Prophet Muhammad (Allah prays on him),AL Abbas and Imam Ali were the ones to console.ALAbbas was an opponent to the allegiance to Abu Bakir, however, he swore unwillingly. When Abu Bakir died, Omar Ibn Al - Khatab became khalifa, he did not have a good relationship withAL Abbas and did not allow him to be one of the six members in Shura Council. When Omar Ibn Al - Khatab, Othman bin Affan became Khalifa,AL ALAbbas offered him advices and recommendations because the state was in chaos, but Othman did not put his recommendations into consideration.AL Abbas died in 32 HJ

بيعة غدير خم التمهيد لها والاثار المترتبة عليها == In Preparation of Homage "Ghadeer Khom" and Resulting Effects

اسم المؤلف: دعاء عدنان رمضان النجار
اسم المشرف: رباب جبار طاهر السوداني
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: One of the most important propositions of heaven is the process of intellectual and political integration between prophecy and imamate (Islamic leadership after the prophet Mohammed).and the prophecy in its Khatami period, and the imamate of its progressive start to the construction of prophecy in the explanatory and religious paths and leadership of the Islamic nation for the post - Holy generous Prophet Peace and Blessings upon him (PBUH for short) , is Ghadir Khumm Allegiance. , The allegiance that was founded for the Imam Ali bin Abi Talibs political and intellectual allegiance ,which necessitated a preparatory and divine preparation reflecting the close link between the divine political system and the Ghadir Khumm Allegiance, and it has formed an important focal point in the political construction of the path of the Imamate, which was not committed by a section of Muslims in a clear challenge to the orders of heaven and it was the beginning of the stage of political deviation that wreaked calamities on the Islamic nation because of abandoning the pledge of Ghadir Kham and the imamate of Imam Ali bin Abi Talib ( Peace upon him PUH for short).

الحياة العلمية في اقليم فارس في عهد المغول الايلخانيين من منتصف القرن السابع الى القرن التاسع الهجريين

اسم المؤلف: جعفر صادق عبد الامير المياح
اسم المشرف: سعاد هادي حسن الطائي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: N0 longer study the history of the Mongols not smooth for most researchers and scholars , Ntra to the lack of historical sources Arabic , most of the books a bout them are historians more or leave ,especially that lived through their stage historical, and that the researcher finds it difficult to translate their history and audit events that have affected significantly change the Islamic world map . the optional subject of the study was the desire to me to look for writing new historical and characterized as difficult , to move away from the familiar and prevent the recurrence of maketbearlier ,which helped me to optional subject is my study of history in the year preparations , as it made clear I have a lot of things Vague and faulty about their history , we were we hear very little about their history and which has been associated Boam Genghis Khan( d .625 AH/1227 AD ) , or his grandson Hulaqu( d .663 AH/1265 AD) and what they have done from the rubble here and there during their battles and campaigns martial expansion plans , and this is out the question in history in general , what is failure wars of destruction and devastation is unknown for all nations and peoples ,whether in Islamic history or modern , especially since the a Mongols did not embrace Islam officially only in the reign of Sultan Ghazan (694 - 703 h /1295 - 1304 um ) But who reads the history of the Mongols carefully will find they have followed a policy of to lerance with all the peoples subjected to them , especially after it united Genghis state and make them uniform law of their systems and those around them from the peoples of the pastoral to the peoples of the civilized was civilization combination of several civilization Arabic ones and Turkish , Persian ,with a diversity of religions ,which has become a matter of course ,impact positively change their lives and contributed greatly to their integration with Saub Adh . otodh this matter by attracting Genghiskhan and his children and grand children for most cultivated elements and efficient , regardless of their gender, or their identity , or language , or religion , but that mostly Kano Muslims whether Arabs or Persians ,or Turk ,and had their clear imprint in drawing the Mongol empire land marks . Hence the importance of the optional protocol to the subject of the Mongols scientific life ,intellectual and cultural before they convert to Islam after embracing H.Kadd underwent Mongol domination of people seizing control it is intended here to dominate is not a military or politics ,but the scientific, cultural, and this is what I,ve ever had in my study those that have faced the difficulty great for the large number of sources and the large number of scientists in different scientific and humanistic competence and intellectual in the province of fares and through the control of the Mongols , with the establishment of scientific institutions and teaching of various kinds, before he declared bsultan Ghazan Islam is the official religion of the Mongols ,and the increased interest in scientific life after embracing him ,but that AlaaKhant Mongols themselves were lovers of poetry and science and scientific and other ,Vostqtaboa around them the most important scholars and writers races and different religions promise ,but that a number of them were senior ministers and princes ,governors ,and they enjoy wide powers competed by AlaaKhan Mughal himself ,as they realize their importance and experience of a administrative, scientific, DAI and Muslims were great prestige . this Mongols succeeded ,especially after their conversion to Islam in the development of the foundations of a strong empire vast ,and it was the founding of the Mongol nation by Huluqu in Persia year (651 AH/1253 AD) a critical juncture in their history ,as it affected significantly its people from Muslims , Vochttaiwa them and integrated them ,and shares this it is to important know ledge on the principles of Islam and its teachings , Voatnq large number of them to Islam ,and not only after that was Eilkhaniah Mongols in Persia belonging to the Khan Azam ,became an independent state boasts features diverse civilization prestigious characterized by all other countries ,and when he became Islam is the official religion of the Mongols in Persia increased radiance of civilization and made Mongols civilized nations subservient to Islamic civilization it or not . It is worth mentioning that there are a number of academic studies on the territory of Persia during the Abbasid era ,which ,province c of Fars since the Arab - Muslim conquest until 218 AH/833 AD study in the conditions of geographic , economic and administrative super star reformer ,life scientific in the province of Fars years (454 - 656h / 1062 - 1258 AD) for Sabrin Baha Abodul Redha , and this study is a complimentary letter ,as well as message and Atarih promise addressed the scientific life and intellectual in a number of cities in the Muslim East during Al abasi .Oaguetdt ago study is divided treatise to boot ,and four chapters ,preceded introduction we touched them to the importance of the subject the dimensions and the analysis of the most important sources and reference and then followed by an epilogue that is the overall findings of the study ,and then followed by a list of supplements that included a number of maps of the region of Fars and location , followed by a list of sources and reference ,and a summary of the thesis in English .We pointed out in the preface , titled (province of Fars geographical boundaries and the most important cities ) to the label and the border of the region of Persia ,the most important Orhan ,and we dealt with a brief summary of the founding of the Eilkhaniah Mongols (651 - 756 h /1253 - 1355 m ) and the most important rulers ,which are summarized and explained their resumes and Alssayash . otdmn the first chapter is marked by (boom scientific life in the province of Fars ) Mbgesin factor s ,the first section was entitled (the impact of Islamic civilization and interesting Alaakhanat Mongol science and scientists ) we dealt with the impact of Islamic civilization on the Mongols Alaakhanian ,which shows through the acquisition of the most prominent d manifestations due to mixing with the population and their integration with them ,and Arzina attention Alaakhanat Kaveh Mongol science and clarify this matter by scientists with an interest and passion for a number of science . the second topic titled (the establishment of educational institutions and the holding of scientific councils in the province of Fars) we dealt with the most important scientific centers and teaching in the province of Fars , both founded during the Abbasid period (132 - 656h/749 - 1258m) lasted until the reign of the Mughal Alaakhanian as well as centers that was founded in their reign ,such as first : mosques , mosques ,and secondly : schools, Third : connectivity ,fourth : Gorges , and V.angles ,Sixth : Libraries and cabinets ,which included Amhoaal libraries ,Seventh ,Scientific councils ,most notably the boards of dictation and Alastmlae, boards debates ,councils Aloed and reminders ,and their impact on the development of scientific life in the province of Fars through the testimony of scientists and science students of ammunition and by Agaymh .ama Chapter II is marked by (trips and their impact on the prosperity of the scientific life in the region Faris ),which included two sections ,covered in the first section ,titled : ( significance of the scientific trips and cultural exchange between the cities of the Muslim world)which dealt with first : the importance of scientific trips ,and second months scientists province of Fars, who departed to the cities of the Muslim world ,Arzina through it on the importance of scientific trips to these scientists in support of scientific life in the province of Fars through cultural exchange with the cities of the e Muslim world .And I pointed out in Section II, entitled (after trekking scientific scholars of the Islamic world in the development of scientific life in the a region Knight)reminded us of the months of the Islamic world's scientists who had come to Fars province ,and benefited from the sciences through their meeting with scientific councils Ver .otdmn the third quarter marked (flourishing religious sciences and intellectual in the province of Fars and most famous scientists)which dealt with first : science readings, and secondly ,science interpretation, Third : modern science ,Fourth : science of jurisprudence, V.aware of the statutes ,Sixth : science assets ,which we pointed out to the attention of most of the province of scientists Fares to familiarize themselves with this science to their importance they sought to study and teach and Mrthalin in order to study the origins and Fruaha .mn which included the second topic, which came the title(the evolution of intellectual science in the province of Fars and Aerha to the prosperity of the scientific life in the cities ), the task of science and hobbled through the First : Knowledge of mysticism ,and secondly : theology ,and Thirdly : philosophy ,Fourth aware wise, Fifth ,logic , and Arzina which mentions the importance of the science and the most important scientists who were interested in The fourth quarter is marked by (the evolution of language and the humanities in the province of Fars and its impact on the world of science in the cities),consisted of three sections ,the first section ,titled (blossoming of Arabic Language Science in the province of Fars and most scientists ) I through to the task of science ,including first Language Sciences, F second : Knowledge of grammar , and Third : Scientific literature, Fourth : hair, V. prose, Sixth : rhetoric and oratory ,and we dealt with most important scientists who Nbgua this science and the most prominent compositions in which, while the second part ,titled (after flowering humanities the art in enriching scientific life and support in Fars province) included several major ones : first : the science of history ,and secondly : knowledge of geographical and Third : genealogy and men , lV aware of the line , V. aware of engravings and photography ,Sixth : Musicology and sing points, Arzina here the importance of the science and its impact on the development of scientific activity in the province of Fars and the most prominent of excelled where scientists ,and track of them in the lives of students Alalm .oachert in the third section Mosomb (the importance of the development of mental science in support of staff of scientific life in the province of Fars ) to the first : the science of medicine and secondly : zoology or veterinary , and thirdly Pharmacology , fourth : arithmetic ,V .algebra and interview ,Sixth : geometry Seventh : Chemistry , Eighth : physics , IX : astronomy ,stars ,Tenth : Food science , and explained here the attention of scientists studying these various sciences to their importance in the humanitarian and scientific aspect as well .

تيمور بختيار ودوره السياسي في ايران 1914 - 1970 == Role in Iran Teimour Bukhtiar and his political ( 1970 - 1914 )

اسم المؤلف: حبيب عمران جادر الاعاجيبي
اسم المشرف: عباس حسين مجيسر الجابري
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The region has seen a lot of political developments, came to the attention of academic institutions in the study of contemporary history of Iran in the recent period, particularly the study of contemporary political figures for the study of these figures showed the need for further studies to provide a clear - dimensional image on those characters and the circumstances that have passed And that person is a historic event maker, and understand the nature of his character is necessary to understand the course of events, composition and causes, because the creation of history is a continuum with each interconnected other cannot understand studying its roots and find out the hidden factors behind the composition, especially if the event was associated with the character of what, Timor Bakhtaran, one of the personalities that have left scars evident in the contemporary history of Iran, the study consists of an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion , the first chapter with, political Iran 1 4 1 included the study of developments in the year AH, a - ,a V Dement study Constitutional revolution, which is one of the most prominent events Seah in Iran and the subsequent political events until 4111 and then continued in this chapter, the birth and Genesis Timor Bakhtiar and 1 personal qualities 4 and the evolution of his political activity until . the second chapter is under the title of the military and political role of Timor Bakhtiarah . The role of Timor Bakhtiarah militare in the creation of North and South Iran is to eliminate the secessionist ,movements in Iran and its political role in ending my governments credibility and its political role in ending the Tudeh party and on the its rulings on the organization of tow Fedayeen Islam and ending the government Zahedi . the third chapter dealt with Timor Bakhtiar and the SAVAC 1962 through his role in the establishment of the SAVAK and the American and Israeli role in establishing the SAVAK and Ray Timur Bakhtiar in the political life in Iran and dismissal of Takhim Bakhtiar the SAVAK after his travel to the United States . The fourth chapter is entitled "the Journey of Timor Bakhtiarah" to Iran from 1962 to Europe in 1917

شراء الذمم والولاءات في العصر الاموي 41 - 132هـ/661 - 749م == Buy accounts receivable and loyalties in the Umayyad era (41 - 132H/661 - 749A

اسم المؤلف: تحرير محمد جعدان العزاوي
اسم المشرف: علي صالح رسن المحمداوي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:

الملك ادريس السنوسي ودوره السياسي في ليبيا (1952 - 1969) == King Idris AL_Senussi and His Political Role in Libya (1952 - 1969

اسم المؤلف: ايمان جميل صخيل العكيلي
اسم المشرف: مهند عبد العزيز عطية الازيرجاوي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This study discusses King Idris al - Senussi and his political role in Libya from 1952 to 1969. The importance of this study is that it documents an important period in the history of modern Libya, the period of the monarchy. Many of the mysterious historical facts of King Idris al - Senussi are revealed through a period of wisdom. The first chapter contains the policy of King Idris al - Senussi from 1952 to 1963. If this chapter clarifies the role of the king in the internal events witnessed by Libya in this period, if there were differences and competition between the Libyan states, and the king's decision to transform the regime from a monarch to a republican. This period also witnessed the establishment of the Libyan army. The second chapter includes the role of King Idris and his policy in Libya since 1964 until the coup of the first of September 1969, if there occurred during this period strong events shook the Libyan monarchy because of the student demonstrations that started from several Libyan cities and clashed with the Libyan forces and killed a large number of However, with the wisdom of Mahmmud al - Montaser, he managed to calm the atmosphere for some time. The third chapter includes the role of King Idris in Libya's foreign relations with the major powers Britain and the United States. France and Turkey, where King Idris had a very strong relationship with Britain and America, because he considered the existence of good relations with them protect the monarchy from the nationalist tendencies prevalent in that period. France did not welcome the king because of its arbitrary behavior towards the countries of the Maghreb, and Algeria. The fourth chapter deals with the role of King Idris al - Senussi in Libya's relations with the Arab countries, especially Egypt and Iraq, as well as his position on the Arab issues during that period, namely the Palestinian issue and the Algerian issue. This chapter doal with extensively about the king's role in these relations, And the islands, especially with Egypt because of differences in the directions of Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser Nationalism with the directions of King Idris, also addressed the position of the King of the Algerian issue, which was strongly supported by the King and strong support completely different from his position on the Palestinian issue.The main conclusions arrived at in this study are : That King Idris had a very large role in the independence of Libya as a result of taking support from Britain, as well as had a role in the events faced by Libya, both internal and external during the period of wisdom. He was often pressured successive ministries and threatened to resign from the government if taken a decision contrary to alliances with Britain and America, and he was afraid of extending the national ideas of Nassiriyah to his country, but he could not prevent these ideas from reaching the Libyan people, the Egyptian presence was very strong and present, which led to the end of the coup of the first of September 1969, King Idris al - Senusi ruled and the era of Republic began Led by First Lieutenant Muammar Gaddafi.

العلاقات السياسية بين تونس وطرابلس الغرب خلال العهد القرمانلي (1711 - 1835) == The political Relations between Tunisi and Triploli during the Era Qarmanly (1711 - 1835

اسم المؤلف: منال عاشور شذر الزيدي
اسم المشرف: علي حسين نمر الاسماعيلي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The establishment of the Husseini family in Tunisia (1705) and the Qarmanian in Tripoli (1711) , gave both Tunisia and Tripoli shape of the personality of the nation - state in the modern sense with nominative name under the framework of the Ottoman state , The political and administrative situation was less than independence at that time. It was run by two local national governments , their political , anministrative and military establishment were local and Arabic was their offieial languge alongside Turkish . . Athesis , consists of introduction , four chapters and conclusion , each chapter involved two sections . The chapter one involved to study the political situations in Tunisia and the Tripoli before and after the Spanish occupation ,the section one explained the situation of Tunisia and Tripoli during the Spanish occupation white the section two explained the Ottoman control over Tunisian and Tripoli . The chapter two involed the relations Tunisia - Tripoli during the period of local governments and the situation of the Ottoman government and Europeans from (1759 - 1711) . The Section one explained the Husseini family control over, Tunisia (1705) and the Qarmanian family on Tripoli (1711), while the section two explained the French situation from the political of AL .Hussein bin Ali and Ali basha in Tuinisa , and the political of Mohammed AL.Qarmanianly in Tripoli. . The chapter three in volved the political developments (1795 - 1759) . the section one explained the studing of the developments in both Tunisia and Tripoli while the section two involed the control Ali Bourghil on Tripoli (1795 - 1792). The chapter four involved the relations . Tunsia Tripoli (1835 - 1795) the section one explained the relations between yousif Qarmanianly and bayats of Tunisia , while the section two involved the events of civition war in Tripoli (1835 - 1832) . The conelusion involved the mian results of the study that the historieal events contributed in the erlations between Tunisia and Tripoli. . As for the relations Tunisia - Tripoli were involved interconnection bonds between them clearly.

موقف جماعة الاخوان المسلمين من التطورات السياسية الداخلية في مصر (1967 ـ 1981) م : دراسة تاريخية == THE POSITION OF THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD OF INTERNAL POLITICIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN EGYPT ( 1967 - 1981 )

اسم المؤلف: اسراء حميد حنون حسن السيد نور
اسم المشرف: عمار فاضل حمزة العابد
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Many researchers were interested in the history of Egypt because it was one of the countries which have had a tremendous effect on the Arab World. Brotherhood issue is considered as one of the important political issues witnessed in the twentieth century. This group was established in 1928 on the hands of an Egyptian young man named Hasan Al - Banna. This issue raises many theoretical and practical disputes about Egypt in particular and the Islamic World in general. This study is part of a series that tackled Brotherhood issue in different Arabian and foreign countries. It is a fruitful subject for study and research for its great impact on society. The thesis involves an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter, entitled “The Beginning and Development of Muslim Brotherhood Group and their Relationship with the Political System in Egypt (1928 - 1967)”, consists of four sections. The first section deals with the beginning of Muslim Brotherhood group and their organizational and propaganda domains in Egypt. The second section, on the other hand, tackles the relationship of Muslim Brotherhood group with the political system (1939 - 1949). The position of Brotherhood group of the revolution of 1952 is discussed in the third section. Whereas their position of the crisis of 1954 in Egypt is the main subject of discussion in section four. The second chapter is entitled “The Advancement of Brotherhood’s Relationship with the Political System from Estrangement to Conciliation (1967 - 1971)”. Like chapter one, this chapter also includes four sections. The first section deals with Brotherhood and the consequences of the war of May 1967. Brotherhood’ position of students’ demonstrations of 1968 is discussed in the second section. The third section, on the other hand, tackles the death of the Egyptian president Jamal Abdel Nasser in 1970. The last section covers the conciliation with Brotherhood in 1971.The third chapter, entitled “Brotherhood, Political and Overt Actions (1972 - 1976)”, consists of five sections. The first section covers Brotherhood, university and Brotherhood’s position of 1972 students’ demonstrations. Brotherhood’s Journalism is investigated in the second section. Whereas their position of the war of Ramadan 1973 is discussed in the third section. The fourth section reveals the relationship of Brotherhood with other Islamic groups, like their relationship with Salih Siriyah and their position of his coup in 1974, their relationship with the Islamic group and their position of the assassination of Al - Dhahabi in 1977, and their relationship with Al - Jihad organization. The last section deals with Brotherhood’s position of the multiplicity of political parties in 1976.The fourth and last chapter of the thesis comes under the title “Brotherhood, Political System and Return of Estrangement (1977 - 1981)”. This chapter consists of four sections. The first section covers Brotherhood’s position of the demonstrations in January 1977. Their attitude of Al - Sadat’s visit (to the Zionist entity) in 1977 is discussed in the second section. The third section deals with Brotherhood and peace treaties. It examines Brotherhood’s position of the peace treaty with the Zionist entity - 1978 Camp David treaty, and their attitude of the peace treaty of 1979. The fourth section tackles 1981 September arrests and Brotherhood’s attitude.It is concluded that Al - Sadat allows Islamic groups, especially Brotherhood group, to achieve their aims. Moreover, Brotherhood took advantage of Al - Sadat to return to the political scene after being prohibited. They were able to work normally without any offences from the Egyptian system. In addition, Al - Sadat got rid of all Nasserist and Left - wing political opponents. But dispute and estrangement happened quickly between Brotherhood and Al - Sadat especially after Al - Sadat’s visit (to the Zionist entity). Because of this dispute, Brotherhood’s members were arrested and put in prison in September 1981. With the help of Al - Jihad organization, Brotherhood assassinated Al - Sadat in 1981 platform accident

القبائـل العربيـة فـي صعيـد مصر واثرها في الحياة العامة (358 - 567هـ/969 - 1171م) == UPPER EGYPT'S ARAB TRIBES& THEIR IMPACT ON GENERAL LIFE (358 - 567 AH/ 969 - 1171 AD)

اسم المؤلف: احمد عواد عطشان طعان الزيدي
اسم المشرف: ناجي حسن هادي الموسوي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The study discusses (Upper Egypt's tribes and their impact on general life from 358 - 567 AH /969 - 1171 AD). The topic of the study has a considerable importance, as Arab tribes played an important role in the life of Upper Egypt life. They considerably contributed in social, political and economic fields of life during the Fatimid Era. The study is comprised of a preface, an introduction and three chapters. In the preface I talked about the historical geography of Upper Egypt, whereas in the introduction I discussed the conditions of Arab tribes during the Ikhshidid era. The study is of three chapters. Chapter one deals with (the social life of Arab tribes in Upper Egypt). Chapter two discusses (the political impact of Arab tribes in the Upper Egypt during the Fatimid era). As for chapter three, it studies (Economic activities of Arab tribes in Upper Egypt during the Fatimid era). The study demonstrated a division in the stances of the Arab tribes concerning the Fatimid entering to Egypt. We find that Quraysh supported the first attempts of the Fatimid to come to Egypt through receiving the Fatimid heralds, the Fatimid missionary activities and gaining supporters from Arab tribes in Upper Egypt. Other Arab tribes, on the other hand, opposed the entering of the Fatimid to Egypt, especially Kilab tribe, as one of this tribe led a revolution against the Fatimid in Upper Egypt to retain Egypt to the Abbasid Caliphate which was run in Baghdad. I also discussed the role played by Rabi'ah tribe and its leader Abu al - Makarim Hibatallah's role of capturing the Umayyad insurgent Abu Rakwa who led an insurgency against the Fatimid authority by the support of tribes such as Qarra, Kilab and Zanata. The study, also, demonstrated the role of the tribes of Hilal and Saleem in opposing the attempts of Al - Mu'izz ibn Badis, the ruler of Africa who attempted subordination out of the Fatimid Caliphate

المراة ومشاركتها في الحياة العامة في مؤلفات ابن الجوزي (ت 597ه) == Women and their participation in public life in the writings of Ibn al - Jawzi

اسم المؤلف: روى ظاهر لفتة
اسم المشرف: فاضل جابر ضاحي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Praise be to Allah who created people from the same one and created her husband to dwell in it. Praise be to Allah who says in the Holy Quran : "O people, fear your Lord who created you." Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon the Seal of Prophets and Messengers and on all his companions and companions and those who followed them. Of the same one and created her husband and broadcast them of many men and women and fear God, which you ask him and the womb that God was an officer.It is no wonder that women emerged in their family environment and outside of that ocean stood by men with their vast horizons and great roles over the periods of time in the old and Islamic societies, which affected the public life of these communities. All aspects of political, social, economic, religious and scientific "and the writings of the non - Issams in laying the foundation, and Leakad is fed or sung by hunger".Therefore, this study dealt with an important topic that revolves around the contributions of women and the impact they have left on public life under the title : "Women and Their Participation in Public Life in the Essays of Ibn al - Jawzi".And the necessity of activating such titles in the books of Ibn al - Jawzi, whose books constituted one of the early scientific and intellectual movement in history and the rest of science. In addition, the son of al - Jawzi counted one of the Muslim feats in Baghdad in the sixth century AH / 12 AD. And their contributions to public life. Each study has the goal of motivating us to study the texts of Ibn al - Jawzi, which he did not mention about women. The aim is to correct the historical course of the texts of women in Ibn al - Jawzi's writings, and we have studied this track by searching, balancing, taking off, analyzing and comparing. "I saw that a man does not write a book in his day, but he said in his city, if he changed this, it would have been better, even if it had been increased, it would have been better if he had offered this place better, even if he left this, Human beings ".Some of the academic studies on Ibn al - Jawzi, most of them Islamic sciences, including : (Ibn al - Jawzi in interpretation) researcher Amer Alwan Al - Khafaji Introduction to the Faculty of Islamic Sciences - University of Baghdad.And the other study : (Ibn al - Jawzi and its methodology in the interpretation) researcher Abdul Aziz Thabet - Faculty of Islamic Sciences - Prince Abdul Qadir University, and also : (education of women at Ibn al - Jawzi and the extent of benefit in the contemporary educational reality) researcher Mohammed bin Abdullah al - Hazmi Faculty of Islamic Education - Umm Al - Qura University : This study focused on the objectives of the main Islamic education at Ibn Al - Jawzi and presented his educational views concerning women and raising the soul and recommending it in order to reach a generation of good women characterized by honest creation and feminine behavior.Other studies on Ibn al - Jawzi, which preceded our study (educational thought of Imam Ibn al - Jawzi) researcher Fikret Ibrahim Ahmed Awad - College of Assets - University of Jordan.In history, the study was "the method and resources of Ibn al - Jawzi in the systematic writing") researcher Hassan Issa Ali Hakim Faculty of Arts - University of Mustansiriya.And the message (Imam Ali in the writings of Ibn al - Jawzi) researcher Adel Khalaf Shahwaz - Faculty of Education - University of Wasit. The researcher came to the effect of the religious belief of Ibn al - Jawzi in his method of writing the history of Imam Ali Ibn Abi Talib.It should be noted that there are recent academic studies on women and highlighted the news of women and the role that led them in society, but most of it was within the study of general sources and time periods dedicated and specific and was the focus on the political impact. This study is rich in its material and varied in its production between the writings of Ibn al - Jawzi. It seems to me that this topic the participation of women in public life in the writings of Ibn al - Jawzi, I can not find those who studied me after reading the indexes of most of the Iraqi universities and revealed to us the days which we did not know. Its historical value.The nature of the historical material necessitated the division of the subject into a preface, introduction, four chapters and a conclusion and a confirmation of the preliminary sources and the modern references adopted in the study.The introduction was entitled "The definition of the son of al - Jawzi and a summary of public life in his age." It focused on the author's personal biography, his name, his title, his title, his birth, his education, and his biography.In the first chapter : (Curriculum and resources of Ibn al - Jawzi in the transfer and religion of women's news, has included two topics dealing with the first subject : methodological features, while the second topic : The second chapter deals with the impact of women in the political, administrative and military life of Ibn al - Jawzi, and it is composed of four pre - Islamic, epistemological, and caliphate, and the Umayyad era.The third chapter bears the title : (the impact of women in social life in the writings of Ibn al - Jawzi) three questions, the first : the impact of women in the construction of the family at Ibn al - Jawzi in his writings. While the second topic : the impact of polygamy in society at Ibn al - JawziThe third topic : the impact of al - Jawari in social life in the writings of Ibn al - Jawzi.The fourth chapter includes the contributions of women to scientific life, and they are from the following : 1 - women who are directly from the Prophet. The second topic was : Women Raising in indirect ways. The third topic was : women's contribution to the service of the historical novel. While he was a

تاميم النفط العراقي 1972 - 1975 : دراسة تاريخية == The nationalization of Iraqi oil 1972 - 1975 (Historical Study)

اسم المؤلف: صفاء كاظم عباس
اسم المشرف: علي خيري مطرود
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The nationalization movement is one of the major implications which many populations, especially in third world countries, attempted to maintain with a view to control their resources and escape foreign exploitation.However, many of such attempts have fallen short from achieving the aspired goals due to several reasons, for example exploiting nationalization as a slogan to obtain political gains or the inability of the states or their respective peoples to do so efficiently. The real action stopped many states and peoples from taking such a step since it has bad consequences in case of failure, and the nationalizations in the oil field and on the developing countries' scale have been limited.Actually, there is a sense of fear and hesitation standing as a stumbling block in the way of the productive countries, especially after the nationalization movement by Dr. Mossadegh in Iran in 1951 failed. So, many specialists in oil affairs, economics, both inside and outside Iraq, considered that the action taken by Iraqi government as an unconsidered adventure with unpredictable consequences, which many parties anticipated to fall or at least to be contained in one way or another by the international cartel companies, but Iraq has overcome all obstacles and reached the desired success, so the research issue (The Nationalization of Iraqi Oil from 1972 to 1975) fills a certain historical gap in our library since this period is not addressed in a separate academic study, in addition to the change in the Iraqi government's policy after 1968 in the economic field and the oil side, in particular. The government has relied on oil as one of the tools of change in economic policies.The Iraqi government's adoption of a new approach in the field of oil during that stage, trying to put an end to the dominance of foreign companies over Iraqi oil gives the upper hands on the exploration, production and export. Besides, this issue stems from a main duty; i.e. how far the nationalization of Iraq's oil achieved aspirations of the IraqiBgovernment in economic structure and advancing development during that stage, but the lack of the relevant detailed researches and studies despite the subject is diverged and expansive motivated us to try as possible to discuss the main aspects and to mention briefly the other topics, which gives more importance to this study that deals with a subject matter of political and economic nature.However, we deal with the study from a historical point of view, which imparts the study special significance. The study had been set to start in 1972, the year that marks an important stage in the history of Iraq against foreign companies.Nationalization has had a prominent impact on the revival of the Iraqi economy and has stimulated other countries to claim their rights from another point.The study ended in 1975 after which Iraq has proceeded to complete all aspects of nationalization with exit of the last foreign companies and the independence of the oil policy. By the end of that year there began a new stage in the history of the Iraqi oil policy.The current study starts with an introduction and is divided into four chapters and ends with a conclusion. In the first chapter (General Variables Occurred in Iraq's Oil Policy from 1968 to 1972), the main variables in the Iraqi arena in the political and economic aspects during that period have been monitored, while the second chapter have discussed the (General Measures Taken by the State to Prepare for the Process of Nationalization), and the third chapter tackled the (Nationalization Laws and the Companies Reactions). The fourth chapter has determined the (Internal and External Situation of the Nationalization of the Iraqi Oil).After long efforts, Iraq could have full control over the entire oil, and thus achieved the first practical steps in the field of economic development at the time when the oil resources increased which enabled Iraq to developCstable economic policy. Moreover, the success of nationalization required a comprehensive and integrated planning based on vast experience able to confront oil monopoly. Iraq has proved through direct investment experience to know the secrets of the oil industry, in addition to the clarity of the intellectual foundations of the Iraqi government that have experts and the presence of human and material potential able to stay the course and to stand against the embargo imposed by the oil cartel.Nationalization is a principle that is internationally accepted in the transfer of ownership of basic resources in the community, even if they belong to foreign nationals because nationalization is based on the supreme national interest in order to achieve economic independence.The international community condemns every action preventing this goal from being achieved, and the Iraqi government has taken the most important action towards the Iraqi economy by nationalizing oil on the first of June 1972.Nationalization is important for some reasons; the first of which is that this decision was taken to create a shift in the balance of power on the world's oil level for the benefit of oil - producing countries. Moreover, this step is distinguished from the precedent ones because it constituted, in terms of dimensions and implications, an alternative to the relations of dominance and subordination that existed between the Petroleum exporting countries and the oil monopoly cartel, and a new model for Petroleum exporting countries in their conflict with the cartel in order to restore their control over their own national wealth.The Iraqi experiment is one of the nationalization experiments, that have all the circumstances to make it work, taking advantage of the shortcomings and mistakes of the previous experiments, which had weaknesses, so, the Iraqi experiment is inclusive, unlike the Iranian experiment which though comprehensive lacked planning and tools necessary for of success, and the brave Algerian experiment that hadDcontinued to work with the joint ventures method and in a manner closer to that of several international companies.The success of the Iraqi nationalization experiment was a dangerous precedent that seriously threatened the interests of the international monopolies and became a model, and strengthened the position of the oil producing countries and made them in stronger position than before. These factors precipitated the collapse of the traditional system of privileges, where foreign companies began to offer participation and entrepreneurship and even whole ownership.The competent oil services in Iraq managed to keep pace with the rapid development in the oil sector after nationalization, and it appears that the servants there were well - versed in performing their work responsibly and produced appreciable results in this area after making impressive achievements in the fields of excavation, exploration and production etc.Therefore, the hard working national company in Iraq has topped all the national companies all over the world, and this position requires doubled efforts to reflect the potentials available more in the oil sector than in the rest of the national economy sectors for use in technical areas and practical experience.It has been manifested throughout the study that nationalization has had a positive impact on the development process in Iraq, where substantial resources have been dedicated for the advancement of various sectors of the national economy.It is apparently clear that there required a quick review of allocations of the plans and investment programs after the nationalization process, but the inability of some of the relevant agencies in the state to keep pace with the rapid development in Iraq led to the lack of access to the complete results of the development plans.

الراي العام في مصر وبلاد الشام تجاه الحكم الايوبي (567 - 660هـ/1172 - 1262م) == Public opinion in Egypt and the Levant from the Ayyubid rule (567 - 660/1172 - 1262)

اسم المؤلف: جاسم محمد عباس
اسم المشرف: عطا سلمان جاسم
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Praise be to allah the lord of the worldse prayers and peace be upon ashraf the messengers the seal of the prophets, and on his good and pure house . The history of the sons of ayoub has taken an important place in arab islamic history during (567 - 660/1172 - 1262) they played apromin role in the political and military events in the islamic east and what is the position of the public opinion in the two countires only an important part of the history of the ayyubid rule. Our studay of public opinions in egypt and the levant of the ayyubid rule is an attempt to identify important aspects of islamic history related to the general public and the community. The study was divided into four chapters, an introdution conclusion. Chapter one entitled the people of ayoub in egept and levant and mamy positions depends saladin and formal religion of state of ayyubid. Chapter two was study the featuers populaation in egypt andlevant and important place to the writers in ayyubid stste. Chapter three we devoted to the position of the juristis of the policy of ayyub sons . Internal and external also promotion of virtue and prevention of vice and position of juristes of the policy of the sons of ayyub administeration. and chapter four it searched to poets, people and princes which divided in three section position internal and external rule by sons of ayybbid. In the end of our studying (puplic opinion egypt andlevantfrom rule ofayyubid) we have some results : 1.it was the beginning of the rule in egypt and then expanded to levvant . 2.saladin took office of fatimid that inversted aposition to promot the expansim of sons of ayyou in egypt . 3.the end of fatimid rule in egypt considered gloomy and studness in people of puplic opinions . 4.sons of ayyub entered to egypt andlevent To change the religion 5.som prinses of sons of ayoub make satisfy public opinions in egypt and levant. Finally, we try to comlete our studyiong in good way and make satisfy to the reader support by idea or opinion. Praise be to allah the lord of the worlds

العبودية في الحرب الاهلية الامريكية 1861 - 1865 == Slavery in the American Civil War ( 1861 - 1865

اسم المؤلف: احمد هاشم ناجي طراد
اسم المشرف: علي خيري مطرود
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The United States, in spite of her shortage of history, passed by a unique, social and humanitarian experiment, sprung from struggles for the sake of existence between two societies distinct in their ideology and lifestyle. One of the societies was free and industrial, while the other was agricultural. They both expressed themselves via contradictive philosophy and lifestyle, which ended at a civil war, lasted for four years (1861 - 1865}. That war was due to internal and external diverse reasons, but crossed at the case of slavery and its consideration for the American society and regime.Since that phase set at the end the status of the slavery and dividing the American society, free and slaves, the researcher has found it is Important to search for that in a scientific study, focusing on slavery at that phase of the American history, in relation to the political, ideological and military struggles; and here is a trial to survey the overviews of the south and the north towards slavery, in principle, behavior and essences, and how such struggle result in establishing a stable and united society after four years of fierce war.The importance of the study lies in its intention to state the nature of the ideological, political and social transfers, adding to that the economic ones, which has led the American society to formulate an entirely new different view towards slavery and its concept, whether in the history of humanity in general or the American history. It sheds light on the changes and procedures required to abolish any kind of racism towards any social group, to incorporate it within the whole body of society, for what happened with the slaves in the United States of America, event if it is too far; that is to get use of this experiment to solve similar problems in our societies, which still work on different religious, racial, andsectorial discrimination, taking into consideration the private features of each society.In order to facilitate tracing the historical actions and the textual manipulations, the study is divided into four chapters and a conclusion. Chapter one tackles the historical study of slavery and to extent it effects on the American state until 1861; chapter two exposes slavery on the first stage of the Civil War {April, 1861 - September 1862). Chapter three focuses on the proclamation of emancipation on both levels : the military and the constitutional, adding to the that its effect on the second phase of the civil war (September, 1862 — May, 1865). Chapter Four is concerned with two important subjects; the first personalizes the internal situation of announcing the emancipation proclamation and how the interior of the United States of America reacted to that proclamation, the rebellion against it and the opinion of the public and the parties about it. No doubt, the study shows slavery as a phenomenon in the American society to spring entirely from an economic need, especially at the beginning. There was a need for more working hands which could be cheap or even free, which case increased the number of slaves and their trade on the American state. This does not mean that the economic need was not interfered with political, social and religious needs at specific phase, especially that of the development of the American society, in spite of the ideological discrimination which splits the south from the north from the first day of occupying the American continent.That discrimination was clear with the social progress, especially in the phase that preceded the civil war, for It wasreflected in the northern thought of freedom and equation, notwithstanding his race, language and color, on their daily behavior towards the slaves, freeing them, then employing them as workers. Then that was reflected on the northern policy and his endeavor to abolish slavery, whether for humanitarian reasons or other political or economic ones.

القضايا الاقتصادية والاجتماعية في لبنان في مناقشات مجلس النواب اللبناني 1975 - 1990 == Economic and Social Issues In Lebanon Within Lebanese Parliamentary Debates 1975 - 1990

اسم المؤلف: ياسر فائز شمران الياسري
اسم المشرف: رحيم كاظم محمد الهاشمي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The Lebanese parliamentary experience is regarded as one of the most rooted and significant experiences among Arab countries for the Lebanese elections is recognized by a kind of democracy. During the civil war, the parliamentary life is considered as the most difficult political experience in the modern history of Lebanon.The economic and social issues in Lebanon within parliamentary debates1975 - 1990, as a subject for this study, is selected to understand the nature of the Lebanese constitutional institution work and to shed light on itsconstitutional role during the most critical and complicated period in the history of Lebanon.The importance of this study lies in the fact that this topic did not receive the interest of the Iraqi and Lebanese researchers, for the researcher does not account for a single academic study that tackles economic and social issues in the Lebanese parliamentary debates.The researcher tries to find the solutions concerning the problem of the study represented by the legislative council, as a legislative authority, focusing on economic and social issues and their importance.The study is made of an introduction, preface, three chapters and conclusion. The preface indicates the introductions that paid to establish the political regime in Lebanon and how this was reflected on the work of the council.Chapter one, which is entitled 'The interior issues in the light of Lebanese parliamentary debates 1975 - 1990', tackles the political developments in Lebanon and the stand of the council towards them besides the international efforts to stop the war through Taif Agreement in 1989.Chapter two addresses the economic issues within the parliamentary debates from 1975 - 1990. It has five sections that include the agricultural legislations, the industrial issues, the trade, theBresources development and tourism. Henceforth, the last chapter, is depicted to study the parliamentary attempts to solve the social problems raised by the war, specifically, problems of displacement, education, and health.The study is based on several resources. Whereas the minutes of the parliament sessions come to the fore, the study also makes use of many other documentary books. Likewise, the academic theses and dissertations make the backbone of this studyas they are about 54 Arab and Iraqi studies.The study is also enhanced by hundreds of Arabic and translated resources, part of these are personal memoirs like the memoir of the president Salim Al Huss. Similarly, periodicals provided considerable pieces of information besides Lebanese newspapers like Alsafir and Alnahar, and last but not least, the internet provides significant information for the accomplishment of the study.The study has made certain important conclusions concerning the Lebanese parliamentary experience which is recognized by two main features : first, the establishment of parties according to racist and ethnic bases, and second, the control of particular families over the Lebanese political scene.The civil war also influenced the parliamentary work as the place of the parliamentary sessions was changed because of the parliament building being shelled.Concerning the economic side, the council worked on developing the Lebanese economy despite the few number of sessions specified for this purpose as compared with the sessions dedicated to political issues.The industrial sector on its part was highly influenced by the war which left negative effects on factories since most of them were have been ruined while tourism did not receive enough interest by the council. However, The parliament approved the public LebaneseCbudget, but taxes, which form a big rate of the state revenue, have not get enough attention by the parliament.On the social scale, the representatives discussed social affairs as the war spawned phenomena and behaviors that Lebanese community is unfamiliar with. Yet, the council did not pay too much attention to issues of drugs, alcohol and many other social problems.Regarding public services, the parliament had made efforts to develop the health sector while education got high interest in the debates of the council as the state supported the education in all its levels. Finally, what is accounted against the Lebanese parliament in that period is the absence of woman from the political life in Lebanon despite the openness known about this country

الميديون اوضاعهم السياسية والحضارية

اسم المؤلف: تيسير سالم مجيد
اسم المشرف: سعدون عبد الهادي برغش الامير
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ القديم
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The researcher introduces the subject of “Medeans : a Study of Their History and Civilization” as an inquiry into the migration of these peoples, their settlements, the political developments they were part of, the rise of their kingdom, a detailed examination of the reigns of their kings, and their most important political, military, and cultural achievements.The importance of studying the Medes relies on their historical precedent among Aryan peoples in building a political entity in Ancient Iran. This precedence, as we see, had its own political and cultural circumstances. Moreover, they participated in the greatest event in the 7th century BC in Ancient Iraq or even the whole Near East, i.e. the fall of Nineveh in 612 BC. We should not forget that they represented the civilizational basis for the Achaemenid Empire, and the starting point that Cyrus the Great used to forge the greatest empire ever in the Near East, with respect to political or cultural importance. Furthermore, we know quite little about the Medes in our study of Ancient History in Iraqi universities.In his study, the researcher decided to use the descriptive method out of consideration for the nature of our subject, providing his relevant information in accordance with the logical succession of historical events, from the migration of these peoples until the fall of their kingdom.This thesis is composed of an introduction, three chapters, and conclusions. The first chapter, “Medes : Their Origin and the Formation of Their Kingdom,” deals with the origins of these peoples, as it looks into their roots, first waves of migration, their settlement in Northwest Iran and Azerbaijan, and their political and cultural affairs as related to us through Assyrian sources. Its last section, “the Kings of Medea,” is2concerned with the formation of their kingdom in 701 or 700 BC until their last king Astyages.The second chapter, “Political Relations with Neighboring States and Kingdoms,” focuses on military and political affairs between the Kingdom of Medea that rose into an empire by the rule of Cyaxares (624 - 585 BC) and the surrounding states, including Urartu, Lydia, and the kingdoms of Ancient Iraq in the Late Assyrian and Modern Babylonian eras, along with their relationship with the Achaemenid kingdom until its fall to Cyrus the Great in 550 BC.The third and last chapter, “The Cultural Aspect of the Medean Kingdom,” surveys crucial activities and endeavors under their civilization, such as language, writing, governance, administrative and military regulations, their most important military achievements, especially under the rule of Cyaxares, along with the religious beliefs and ideas that Medeans adhered to on societal and state levels. Of course, arts and architecture were present in their history, along with social and economic affairs.This study reached the following conclusions : The northwestern regions of Iran saw a state of political and military vacuum after the fall of the Hittites in the 13th century BC, therefore the migrant Indo - European tribes, including the Medes, moved into this region and starting building their own settlements, until they created their first political system, the Medean Empire, between 701/700 - 550 BC. Several factors stood behind its foundation and rise, the most important of which was the pressing necessity of establishing a political entity that organizes the political life of Aryan tribes in the region and defends them against outside intrusions.3The Medean Kingdom went through a very harsh period of Scythian takeover, that lasted for twenty - eight years (653 - 625 BC), since the Scythians were only concerned with tax collection and wielding oppression against the Medes. This period reached its end by the rise of the Cyaxares (625 - 585), the mightiest king of the Medes, whose rule ushered in a new stage in which Medea reached its military, political, and economic peak.Since 612 BC, the Medean Empire became a political pole in the region, since it extended its military and political hegemony to most of the surrounding kingdoms, especially in Asia Minor and southern and central Iran. Thus Cyaxares was able to achieve something that neither his father or grandfather were able to achieve, through conquests to enlarge his kingdom, and the accumulated victories he realized in his continuous wars, so copious they were that some historians reduce the Medean Empire to his character.But this mighty kingdom didn’t last for long, as weakness crept into its structure during the rules of its last king, Astyages (585 - 550 BC), when the Medean army lost its mission, since Medea was bound by political treaties under the rule of Cyaxares.The political disputes that arose between Cyrus II and his maternal grandfather, Astyages, led to a war that lasted three years (553 - 550 BC) and ended with Cyrus’s victory and taking over the capital Ecbatana, thus putting an end to the political life of the Medes

البلاط الملكي الاخميني (559 - 330ق.م) == Royal Court of Achaemeind (559 - 330 B.C)

اسم المؤلف: نصير زاير عجيل عودة
اسم المشرف: سعد عبود سمار
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ القديم
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The subject of the court of Alakhmaneid is one of the important subjects. Studying the administrative, political and social aspects and anything related to the court of Alakmaneid is considered a pioneer studies due to our believe that this subject and still out of the sufficient attention of the researchers .Most of the Arabic historical studies never shed the light on that subject in the way can be processed in this study as well as what we mentioned of the importance of that subject. It has to make a hypothesis for the research trying to prove its truthiness like a conclusion .Does the court of Alkhmaneid reach the promotion and prosperity that correspond with Alakhmaneid state capacity, prestige and position in the ancient Near East? How did the court of Alakhmaneid manage? Is there any crisis and conspiracies against the court, and what are its reflections o the political status for Alakhmaneid state? and any other questions and answers that included in the research. The approach of research that discusses the subject is the historical descriptive approach to clarify the political, administrative and social issues in the court of Alakhmaneid and display it during the historical period of the research, and relying on the analytical and critical approach for the texts and historical novels that dealt with Alakmaneid's court in other points in the research. The study includes an introduction, preface and three chapters .Each chapter includes many themes according to the requirements of the chapter ,as well as the conclusions and results with appendixes and explained pictures for the subject of the research. The preface includes a brief of Alakhmaneid's state and its main kings. Chapter one discussed the headquarters of Alakhmaneid's court; the first theme taled about the palaces of Bazarkad including a detailed explanation about them, and the title of the second theme studied Daryoosh's palaces (Abadana) ,the third theme discussed talking about Persepolis palaces (Barsa) and the fourth and final theme talked about the movable court(Royal tent). Chapter two talked about the positions and employees in the court, that includes four themes. The first theme specified to study the political and administrative positions, includes the position of the king and other related positions such a the chief of protocols, vice of the king, prime minister and the experts of Alakhmaneid Royal court ,as well as the clerks and chamberlain .The second theme discusses the security and military positions which are : holders of the spears, chief of Royal guards, the inspector of the kingdom, Archer men as well as the audience companions and guards. The third theme includes talking about the financial position in the Alakhmaneid's court that care about financial issues and state treasury. The fourth theme talks about the Doctors of the court and the fifth one includes talking about the service ,technical and educational functions at Alakhmaneid's court with a detailed explanation for everything related to these functions in different aspects of the court.Chapter three and the final one talks about two aspects ,the political and the social aspects in Alakhmaneid's court. The first theme of the chapter talks about the reception of Ambassadors and delegates by the king inside the court. The second theme discusses the political crisis in the court and the noble's families contributing in these crisis, and the influence of women in these crisis and their interference in the political issues, as well as the role of eunuchs and preachers for making conspiracies and their contributing in some king's assassination. The third theme discusses the taking of the throne ,which was a threaten to the Alakhmaneis's state after the death of each of their kings.The fourth theme includes talking about the entertainment tools as well as the women of the court and the eunuchs of the court. The researcher faced many difficulties ,the important one is the lack of Arabic resources in discussing Alakhmanied's Royal court, so all that force the researcher to travel to the Islamic republic of Iran to collect the sufficient resources that are related to the subject of the research. Also, most of the Persian resources didn’t mention sufficient information about the court, in which all the information were scattered and were collected from many folds of the resources, as well as we faced difficulty in translating the texts because most of vocabularies are not common now a days, and the different in words pronunciation for the translators.

موقف المستشرقين الالمان من ائمة اهل البيت عليهم السلام حتى نهاية القرن العشرين : دراسة نقدية == Place of the German Orientalists of the of AhalAbyat (peace be upon them.) Until the End of the Twentieth Century : a Criticism Study

اسم المؤلف: حسن جاسم محمد حسين الخاقاني
اسم المشرف: فاضل جابر ضاحي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: oriental studies acquired is important among historical studies, especially that it stems from the west, which dominated the thousands of Islamic manuscripts, worked to keep in libraries and even up to the reader in a new, and from here the idea of writing about the history of Ahal Albyat of the Prophet (peace be upon them.) under the title "The place of the German orientalists of the history of the Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them.) until the end of the twentieth century : criticism study " as a Thesis to doctor submitted to the Board of the Faculty of Education, University of Wasit, History Department, the study consisted of the introduction to the source analysis And four chapters and a conclusion. Chapter one dealt with the concept of Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them) and their doctrine according to the vision of the German Oriental, first stage studied of the most prominent German orientalists who wrote about the history of Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them), the second stage devoted to study of the doctrine of Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them.) according to the vision of the German Orientalist. The chapter two was about Ahal Albyat in the Koran according to the vision of the German Orientalist , and chapter two was entitled religious side at the Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them) in the writings of Orientalists Germans, chapter two has three stages : first stage dealt with Koranic studies which have relation with Ahal Albyat, and the second, the most prominent of the beliefs of Ahal Albyat in the writings of orientalists Germans, third stage dealt with the Mahdwya case in its various religionBand political dimensions. Chapter three entitled the political side at Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them.) in oriental studies of the German also has three stages. The first stage was on the history of Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them.) and their political in period of succession and sensible, the second stage talks about the political history of Ahal Albyat in Ommia Age, the third stage talks about the political history of Ahal Albyat in Al - abbasi Age, And finally, chapter four is about the impact of intellectual property to Ahal in the Studies of the Orientalists Germans. Chapter four also has two stages, first stage deals on the works Ahal Albyat in the Orientalists wrote the Germans, the second stage models of space science of Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them.) In books of Orientalists Germans, and the researcher reached a number

زكي خيري نشاطه السياسي في تاريخ العراق 1911 - 1995م == Zaki Khairy and His Role In Iraq Modern History 1911 - 1995

اسم المؤلف: غزوة نجم عبد الصاحب الموسوي
اسم المشرف: رحيم كاظم محمد الهاشمي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The study of historical figures is one of the major studies in modern and contemporary history of Iraq. It is characterized by its essential role in the events creation by attitude and ideas and views. However, characters contribute in the political, social and economic reconstruction, and we can say that some of the characters have not been in the spotlight, not its impact through upon era of the monarchy and the Republican Testament figure Zaki Khairy.Zaki Khairy's led politic with his thought and political activity besides permanent work in militant working class; also with seeking country independence. Zaki Khairy is one of the iconic characters who held Marxist thought, and shareholders of the Iraqi Communist Party. He had an important role in liberating Al - Asas newspaper. Moreover, he represented the Iraqi Communist party in global conferences besides representing Iraqi Communist party both in and abroad Iraq. This is why I chose to study the political role in history of modern Iraq generally, and his role in the Iraqi Communist party history in particular; following - up all his political activities starting with joining the party until his death. The thesis is divided into an introduction and three chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter deals with his starting and the first stages of political activity so it tells about his personal early life and his family, then beginnings of political career : from Marxism meetings held in Baghdad and in rallies that formed in 1928 against Alfred Monde until 1949.Turning to the second chapter, it discusses the political and organizational role, in terms of activity at the end of the monarchy period to prison in 1949 and until the establishment of republican regime in 1958. Then the chapter deals with his role in 1958 July Revolution and his first time representation role in PRC conference 1959. Finally, his attempt to obtain an official permit for the Iraqi Communist Party in 1960 until February coup 1963. Lastly, the third chapter discusses Zaki Khairy's political activity starting with his role in February coup 1963 to March Meeting 1978. And his role abroad Iraq. It deals with representing Iraqi Communist Party in the international communist conferences until 1985, and his leaving the Fourth Iraqi Communist Party Conference in 1985 to his death in 1995

تاريخ العراق القديم في ضوء نظرية التحدي والاستجابة == Ancient History of Iraq in the Light of Challenge and Response Theory

اسم المؤلف: مصطفى كامل سهل الغزي
اسم المشرف: حسين سيد نور جلال الاعرجي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ القديم
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This study "the ancient history of Iraq in light of the theory of challenge and response for (Toynbee)", is a new light of interpretation for the cultural history of Mesopotamia, according to the challenge - response theory.The study deals with the emergence and growth and improvement, besides dissolution and falling and demise of civilization entities constructing the civilize system of the great Mesopotamia. It isconsisted of an introduction, preface, three chapters and conclusions. The first chapter includes the emergence of civilization, clearing the emergence of civilization factors and in particular with respect to the types and the levels of natural challenges and humanly ones which represented the stimuli that provoked strong underlying creativity inside the old Iraqi with a positive nature and brought preparations and material besides spiritual capabilities as responds to various challenges. However, it was human transmission which got him from the primitive state to a civilized prominent production stage.Challenges need to be appropriate consistent responses at the level of that same challenge. Most of these responses show the elite or(dominant minority)that has the talent and experience in addition to mental powers which make it distinct from the rest of community members; so this study searched the source of elite and it scultural role in Mesopotamia. It is mention worthy that these responses exhibited by elite people with ideas and innovations as well as creativity alone is not enough to achieve growth, prosperity and continuity of civilization, but these elements need the support of the community (the majority) that helped to achieve the growth and prosperity of civilization optimization, through supporting the creative elite and tracing it. However, we looked closely to consider the nature of communities and tribes that contributed to the construction of civilization in Mesopotamia, and constructing each society and the extent of its abilities, capabilities and contributions.Chapter two is about growth and prosperity of civilizations and unsatisfactory, and has come to the result that civilization needs to driving forces which can be represented in the continuous sustainability of human challenges that require continued human responses and escalation until growth and prosperity come to any civilized entity.This study goes through the criterion of the cultural growth and identify esits shape and shows the level of achievement for each civilized entity within the wider system of civilization in Mesopotamia.The third chapter is about the reasons and causes of the falling and dissolution of cultural entities and their demise. This chapter shows that the decay and fall of civilization not by external or natural human challenges, but by internal challenges formed the utmost important factor in the dissolution of communities. The most prominent of these challenges is the frequent wars or the loss of the creative minority its creation and following production of solutions and treatments which led to the dissolution of the fission of the society, so the society becomes just about falling, here comes the chance of the external challenge (outer invasion) that perched the borders, to throw a knockout across that tumbling cultural entity which creators and society cannot afford a reaction and respond to these challenges.

الخطاب الديني في العراق القديم 300 - 539 ق.م == Religious discourse in the Ancient Iraq (3000 - 539 B.C).

اسم المؤلف: الهام هادي مطلك الشمري
اسم المشرف: سعدون عبد الهادي برغش الامير
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ القديم
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The study of religious discourse has attained a prominent role in understanding the thoughts of beliefs of ancient peoples. The effects and impacts of religion could be easily followed in every possible aspect or element of Mesopotamian civilization. In addition to religious myths and epics, prayers and hymns, there is a great deal of murals and wall tablets, full of religious messages, through which religious institutions worked to direct and control human activities for the common good, as it seemed, or to urge people into accepting or refusing a given idea or cause.This study aims to explore the role of religious discourse in Ancient Iraq and its effects on different aspects of life, whether political, economic, or social. Humans have an incessant need for someone to direct them religiously or spiritually, since this aspect is of psychological importance to their religious instinct and of crucial implications on other aspects of their lives. Hence the role of religious discourse in satisfying and enforcing certain beliefs in the Mesopotamian consciousness; constant provision of such ideas and concepts to maintain people’s psychological balance; furnishing justifications for the sacrifices and acts of worship they have to perform; in addition to the arduous and difficult tasks their kingdom or state undertakes, for which they become more accepting when they believe that they were the will of the gods, for which they created them on Earth in the first place.The nature of this study required us to adhere to the descriptive - analytical method throughout its course, as we are restricted to cuneiform texts, pictures and murals as our source material, and studying discourse according to modern methods is wholly dependent on analysis, in order to construe the goals and intentions of the authors.The study was divided into four chapters, with an introduction and conclusions. The first chapter was entitled “Introduction to Religious Discourse,” in which we investigated the concept of discourse, its importance, and the language it employed.The second chapter, which bore the title “Forms of Religious Discourse,” focused on studying the different forms that contained religious messages in Mesopotamia : written—as in myths, epics, prayers, hymns, homilies, and other extant forms of literature—and

المسيحية ودورها الثقافي والعمراني في بغداد 1258 - 1958 == Christianity and its cultural and urban role in Baghdad 1258_1958

اسم المؤلف: زينب مطشر خضير
اسم المشرف: فاهم نعمة ادريس الياسري
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The study deals with Christianity and its cultural and Urban role in Baghdad .The significance of this topic lies mainly in the urgent historic need to study the cultural and urban role of Christianity in Baghdad (1258_1958), since most studies in this field are mostly concerned with that topic exclusively during the ancient , medieval and Islamic eras . The thesis is divided into an introduction , four chapters , an conclusion and number of appendixes . the first chapter talks about the spread of Christianity in Iraq and general affairs of the Baghdadi Christians during the various historic eras .The second chapter deals with the state of the churches and monasteries during the ottoman rule and the role played by Arab Christians in the development and crystallization of the intellectual and political currents and their impact on Iraq. The third chapter deals with the Baghdadi Christian sects, Baghdad churches and monasteries in the royal era, it also explains The intellectual and cultural role of the churches and monasteries in the royal era ,While the fourth chapter deals with the intellectual and cultural role of the Christian elite . There have been various churches and sects of Christians in Baghdad . these churches had occupied distinguished places in Baghdad the architecture of each one differed depending on the sect and its religious belief ,Some of these churches were humble that you can recognize it as a church , others were only ordinary houses with nothing to mark it as a church , other than a big cross and the painting of Mary shrouded with shyness , beauty and greatness ,some other churches stood with glory and grace to welcome the passerby as is the case with Armenian orthodox church in AL_Bab AL_Sharqi which is characterized by its unique architecture . Churches and monasteries have long been diving creatures full of life and vitality and the theologizes describe the church as the body of the god . Indeed , the church and monastery were intellectual , cultural and philosophical centers , patriarchs , saints and priests have always been enjoying great secular and theological knowledge . their involvement in life did not impede , them to associate and contact with the scientific and intellectual circles, and the best example is the father AL_Karmali . During the period of independence and the formatting of the Iraqi state , Christians played a pivotal and effecting role in it and were an integral part of a modern state in need of its faithful and patriotic sons . In his book ( modern Iraq ), Steven humsley longric mentions in volume 1 that : some Christians were worried because of the withdrawal of the British forces from Iraq after concluding the 1930 treaty , but the clergy of the churches calmed them down and told them that the only loyalty that Christians have is to their country and their king . Accordingly , Iraq made great use from the potentials and achievements of many Iraqi Christians who were subjects of church . Butti , Yousif Ghunaima , AL_Karmali , Aqrawi and Babo Ishaq and many other figures represented a distinguished intellectual class that combined both the recent concepts of science and arts and the traditions of the Iraq society . they were pioneers in writing , publishing , literature and theatre and the Christian writers were creative in enlightening people to take the path of knowledge and liberation

جذور الاستغراب في كتابات المؤرخين المسلمين 132 - 656هـ/750 - 1258م == The roots of Occidentalism in the writings of historian Arabs and Muslims ( 656 - 132 - A.H / 749 - 1258 A.D )

اسم المؤلف: محمد حسب الله علوان
اسم المشرف: محمد حسين علي السويطي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The communication culture and the openness of knowledge of the other regarded one of the characters of the Islamic knowledge heritage which was not stopped on particular faced , but was vairones and interactive heritage with other culture in order to extend the knowledge and to explore what on other from the aspect of religious political , social , economic , military and others within a global views . The knowledge of the other in Islamic knowledge heritage was no result of special reasoner particular accident but it came linked by fundamental reasons , in the top of it the impact of Islamic in urging Muslims to look at other nations and also the growth and development of historical writing in the ( third and fourth and ninth and tenth centuries AD) and appeared historical production emergence of works know as historical geography and general history and geographical dictionaries that was one of the main parts in how to study and know the history and the civilization of the others . For this reason we aimed to find the image of the we stand geographical and terminology significance and follows the religious , social , economic and military states in the writing of Muslims historians including the science of ( Occidentalism which is new in terms but old in concept and existence which was based on ask and study the west by the east . This scientific study was aimed to follow image of the west in the writing of historian Muslims and reached to many results on the top of that the term ( Occidentalism ) in their writing was not against ( orientalism ) built was scientific knowledge dement movement which was formed on the a great desire to see know the other nations including the (west) . and also it was connected by the growth and development of historical writing in the historian Muslims and especially in geographic historian . which was regarded the main knowledge resource in the studying this topic . The term Occidentalism in the writing of historian Muslims was not essential to be completed or started to appear the modern Occidentalism which appeared against orientalism but there is something between the two which is the (west) . for this reason there was a lot of motives which was helped to make the historian Muslims to look at the west one of them was that scientific motive which mads them research of the knowledge production of the west and translated it, to get benefit form it . and the social and religious life of the west and have information on various aspect in their traditional religious styles their food in order to know the reasons for this various and to know it . Our search to know the west in the writings of historian Muslims was various and multiple among Islamic conquest and embassies , travelling’s and written resources books and poems and theirs information were not limited by one supplier there for this information were varied , accurate and comprehensive for the most of the historical periods of the west . So they hand a world view to looking for the other that exceed the place and political m military relations that based on the derive inknowledg and looking’s to complete their resource about the west stand to know their cerium stance’s . This study approved that the Muslims historian were not only carrying of information , but they were reasoning and research and also they giving as a lot of explanation , about the religious , social aspects of the west is more trustworthy from a lot of historians who wrote about the west in the middle ages

الراي العام في العراق ابان عصر الدولة البويهية (334 - 447هـ/945 - 1055م) == Public opinion in Iraq during the era of the state of Bohayeh (334 - 447 AH / 945 - 1055)

اسم المؤلف: مروة صادق نجمان حاجي
اسم المشرف: فاضل جابر ضاحي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Praise be to Allah, and peace and blessings on the Seal of the Prophets and Messengers, Abu Kassim Mohamed and his family and companions granite Miami, either : The phenomenon of public opinion is a global phenomenon that has great impact on the public, especially political ones events guide ,through follow - up power methods in dealing with people from time to time, and was not this phenomenon is the result of our times. It is a phenomenon with far extensions since the appearance of man, because the reaction of a group of people about a particular incident is a general view, whether negative or positive.The importance of the subject by revealing public opinion methods of the position of the parish and the power and the Senate, and some leaders of the ruling class of political, social and economic events, and personalities involved in these events, together with the methods of public opinion and its impact in changing the state's policies and his role in the decisions affecting the public interest making .This study complements the research and studies that have already dealt with the subject of public opinion in the Islamic eras, and this research study Mr. Mohammed Bin Abdul Rauf Bahnasy tagged (public opinion in Islam), and the study of Dr. Adel Al - Alusi in his book entitled (public opinion in the third century AH) , the study of Dr. Fadel Jaber Dahi and Dr. Isra Mehdi Mizban entitled (public opinion in the Mamluk era), the study of Dr. Thamer Al Noman vacationer entitled (public opinion in Iraq in the era of the Seljuk state).This study consists of an introduction, four chapters and an epilogue, the first chapter was titled (the features of political life and the nature of Iraqi society in the Bahai), a two sections, namely : the features of political life in Iraq, starting with the formation of the State of Buyids and their conditions and how their entry into Baghdad, and their control of Iraq, and their relationship succession Abbasid and the parish, and its impact in shaping public opinion. The second topic dealt with the nature of Iraqi society in the era of Albuehip state, and the impact of natural disasters on the Iraqi society, where we've made strata of society and features, great class and distinction between public and private and their results, and the impact of natural phenomena on the community, including : droughts, floods, earthquakes, epidemics, pests agricultural, and its impact on the community's economy, which in turn show the layers of human and differentiate from each other in living standards. B And we discussed in the second chapter to the factors influencing public opinion towards the state, which is three sections, we mentioned in the first part, the political factor, and Pena its impact on society and its impact in raising public opinion, where we dealt with the political ambition of creating a turn supporters of authority, and can not overlook the importance of public opinion and its role against anti - authority and position of authority than that of foreign powers, and the second part, we have considered the religious and sectarian Group, which is one of the most influential community factors, and the dismantling of social interdependence because of their religious, sectarian strife, where many fanatics, and exacerbated conflicts because of religious communities and religious difference, and used Fiqh and philosophy tool of religious polemics, where we mentioned the impact of these conditions to raise public opinion. The third section, we touched it on the most prominent manifestations of economic life and its negative effects on public opinion, which caused a stir of Iraqi society, which reflected the public opinion toward power as a result of circumstances and political and social fluctuations, which in turn influenced the economic factor, because it is the first based in human life.The third chapter we discussed the methods and mechanisms of public opinion in dealing with the state, and represent Bembgesan, we dealt with in the first : the peaceful method of public opinion, and divided by the two axes according to the diversity of the method followed by the masses in response to the state and its unsatisfactory to them, which is the intellectual mechanisms that Pena the role of the educated class in Iraqi society of scholars, writers, and scholars, and historians, in re - packaging of the Iraqi intellectual figure as required by the public interest by means of guidance and counseling and fatwas and preaching. The second axis of the section has been included kinetic mechanisms of public opinion, which we mentioned it Poses gatherings initiated by the people to express their opinion public, and how they Balthacad and assembly of as many as possible to claim their rights and express their views on a particular issue in a peaceful manner cultured. The second section has included : a direct confrontation of public opinion, where we find that the conditions and political events large power transmitted to the lack of reform of the things people solve their problems, their impact, and this pushes them to take the method of force and direct confrontation to express their opinions about a particular issue, disagreed addressing methods , which hit the state institutions as a result of mishandling government institutions holders with people, or to address the representatives of the State of the owners of the aid and the followers of the Caliph of princes and ministers, as well as their C use prevention method of resistance, through military confrontations and the coup that took a great deal, where they adopted threats and intimidation style The coup and cut the sermon of the Abbasids and sometimes against the princes Buyids if necessary. That was about the arrival of the ruling power to a state of weakness and lack of implementation of the demands of the general people, leading to arouse public opinion against it.The fourth and final chapter we had lost the state in calming techniques and provoke public opinion. Chapter has been divided into three sections, we dealt with in the first part : the angry public opinion, and how to listen to their views and make promises to them solving their problems, including the public interest of the state and the parish. The second topic we discussed the method of power and address the factors, which have used the state language of force and direct confrontation to bring about political, social or economic change, check the state its goals and objectives, and we find that the state used to prevent sedition and corruption of this method

التطورات الحضارية في بلاد الرافدين في العصر الشبيه بالكتابي 3500 - 2900ق.م == Civilization Developments in Mesopotamia in Proto Literate (3500 - 2900 BC)

اسم المؤلف: وقيد بدر ميدي جودة
اسم المشرف: طالب منعم حبيب الشمري
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ القديم
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The archaeological works in Mesopotamia, which lasted more than 100 years, led to new discoveries added to the previous discoveries and this led to the refinement and the formation of old ideas according to recent discoveries and data, which led to new assessments of the achievements of ancient human Mesopotamia, as Mesopotamia Home to the oldest civilizations in the ancient world, the oldest cities, and the place that witnessed several developments and innovations of civilization changed the face of the old world at the time, and that these developments, which was led by writing, was behind a strong cohesive society, so that this society is associated with the terms of civilization and knowledge .After more than 100 years of excavations at the sites of the old settlements one can think about the effects of museums, the innovations that changed the face of the ancient world, the writing, the bricks and the plow, the musical instruments, the nature of society and the economy that existed. At the time, this study was an attempt to fill a gap in that period and provide some answers to the questions that many of the lovers of ancient history thought. Though these answers are somewhat deficient, they are the maximum that I have reached, and I do not seek perfection through this work. Because perfection is for God alone.The study was divided into four chapters with an introduction and a conclusion and a summary of the work, was discussed in the first chapter to the most important theories that dealt with the pre - writing and the pioneers, aswell as sites representative of the era similar to the writing in Mesopotamia, the second chapter has been addressed the most important social developments in those And the development of the society to the stage of hoarding the wealth that was confined to the hand of the temple, as well as the study of the relationship of kinship among the members of the community, and then the ownership of land and the disposition of selling and buying, and discuss the evolution of architecture during this era, Third, the economic developments were dealt with through agriculture, the creation ofnew varieties, the raising of animals, the handling of industrial materials, minerals, the wood and rope industry, as well as dealing with stones. The fourth chapter examined the most important developments that changed the face of the ancient world at the time, And then discussed the invention of the brick mold, and its relationship with the biological hand man, and then dealt with the tillage and the reasons that led to the invention, also dealt with the relationship of plow biological evolution of the human foot and note For the idea of the foot and connect it to the manufacture of tillage, and then was dealt with the musical instrument and the process of innovation three or four strings, which dealt with the relationship between music and hearing system, and then concluded the study with important conclusions please contribute to answer many of the outstanding questions in the minds of lovers of civilization Alsumaria.
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