عرض: 25 50 75 100 النتائج

نتائج البحث: 12 من أصل 12

انفصال جنوب السودان : دراسة في العوامل والمسببات == The secession of southern sudan a study of the factors and causes

اسم المؤلف: رسل رؤوف ارحيم
اسم المشرف: همسة قحطان خلف
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2016
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:

الرقابة البرلمانية والاداء الحكومي في العراق للمدة (2006 - 2014) == The Parliamentary Oversight on Government Performance in Iraq (2006-2014)

اسم المؤلف: احمد عبد الجبار حميد
اسم المشرف: هشام حكمت عبدالستار العزاوي
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2016
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:

اداء النخبة السياسية في اقليم كوردستان العراق (1991 - 2013) == Performance of Political Elite in Kurdistan Region of Iraq (1991 - 2013)

اسم المؤلف: ياسين اشور جوهر
اسم المشرف: مها عبد اللطيف حسن الحديثي
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2016
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: مما لاشك فيه ان كل مجتمع ينقسم على شريحتين رئيسيتين، وهما عبارة عن الشريحة الحاكمة والمحكومة، غير ان خصائص وسمات هاتين الشريحيتين تختلف من مجتمع لاخر، وتختلف باختلاف الامكنة والازمنة. وان الاسباب التي تولد تلك المفارقات ترجع الى مسالة تطور المجتمع وتجاوز الظروف السياسية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية والتراثية المتخلفة. لذا نجد ان صفات وخصائص النخبة الحاكمة في المجتمعات المتقدمة والمتحضرة مقارنة بمثيلتها في المجتمعات المتخلفة او المجتمعات النامية، مختلفة. ففي المجتمعات المتقدمة والمتحضرة نجد ان النخبة الحاكمة نتيجة لالتزامها بسيادة القانون وعقلانية ادارة السلطة ومحاولاتها بناء دولة مؤسسات وفصل السلطات والايمان التام بعملية تبادل السلطة بين القوى السياسية وايمانها بمبادئ الديمقراطية والحريات الفردية والجماعية، هي نخبة لها القابلية على التجديد والتغيير من خلال التعبير الصادق والحقيقي عن اهداف وامال الافراد في المجتمع الواحد، هذا من جهة، ومن جهة اخرى، نايها عن احتكار السلطة من اجل الاستمرار بالبقاء على كرسي الحكم لمدة طويلة، فضلا عن عدم قدرتها استغلال الدستور وتغيير القوانين من اجل مصالحها الخاصة. ان الافراد في المجتمعات المتقدمة والمتحضرة ليسوا مكتوفي الايدي تجاه النخبة الحاكمة، بل ان وعيهم السياسي يبلغ مستوى يجعل منهم قادرين على منع الحكام من التهور وارتكاب الخروقات الدستورية والزامهم بالخضوع لبنود القوانين والاحكام المتفق عليها بين الطرفين، ولهذا نلحظ وجود التعاون والتوازن المشترك بين النخبة الحاكمة والمحكومة في تلك المجتمعات من ناحية القوة والشرعية ووسائل الصراع، ونجد باستمرار ان التغيير في تلك المجتمعات يكون مستندا الى القانون والدستور ويكون خاليا من اي عنف او انقلاب عسكري. وفيما يتعلق بالمجتمعات المتخلفة او المجتمعات التي هي في طور الانتقال الديمقراطي، فنجد ان العلاقة بين النخبة الحاكمة والمحكومة هي علاقة غير راجحة مليئة بالمشكلات. ان ما تمتاز به النخبة الحاكمة في تلك المجتمعات، انها نخبة منطوية على ذاتها ومنعزلة لا تفسح المجال للتغيير وتتبادل باستمرار السلطة فيما بينها، ولاجل ذلك يلجاون الى اعتماد شرعية سياسية ضعيفة وخالية من المضمون وانتخابات غير بناءة، او استخدام العنف والظلم بحق المواطنين. من جهة اخرى، ان النخبة الحاكمة في مثل تلك المجتمعات بغية بقائها في السلطة والتمسك بمقاليد الحكم، تلجا الى خطاب قومي او ديني او اشتراكي او ليبرالي او اي خطاب اخر تجذب من خلاله الحس العاطفي للجماهير، وفي الوقت نفسه نجد تلك الخطابات خالية من اي مضمون حقيقي او التزام بالمفاهيم الواردة فيها. ان هذه اللامبالاة والبعد عن الخطوط العريضة لتلك الخطابات تولد شيئا من التشاؤم لدى شريحة المحكومين، فضلا عن ذلك، ان هذه الخطابات لم تفلح في ان تصبح بديلا جيدا لانتماء الفرد للعشيرة او القبيلة او الاسرة او المنطقة، بمعنى اخر لم تستطع ان تؤسس لهوية عليا هي في غنى عن الهويات الفردية او الفرعية الاخرى في المجتمع، حتى يتقيد به الجميع بغض النظر عن الانتماء الديني او القومي او اللغوي او الطائفي او الجغرافي. كل هذه الامور تقف عائقا امام تلك المجتمعات وتحد من قدراتهم على تاسيس سلطة مدنية تتكفل حقوق وواجبات الافراد بلا فارق. في المقابل نجد في اغلب الاحيان ان موقف الجماهير في تلك المجتمعات هو موقف المتفرج اذ لا دور له في بناء القرار السياسي وحضوره السياسي محدود، فينتهي في اغلب الاحيان بالتصويت في الانتخابات فقط، وليس له وعي سياسي كافي بحقوقه ولا يملك وسائل استحصال تلك الحقوق، لذلك نلاحظ ان التغييرات التي تحصل في تلك المجتمعات في الغالب تكون اما بتدخل خارجي او عن طريق العنف او القوة المادية او انقلاب عسكري او ثورة. وفي المحصلة نجد ان تلك المجتمعات تدور في فلك اللاستقرار والازمات السياسية ولا تستطيع ان تصل الى مرحلة المؤسساتية والتصالح الاجتماعي والسياسي التام. هذه الاطروحة الموسومة بـ (اداء النخبة السياسية في اقليم كوردستان 1991 - 2013)تتضمن اربعة فصول، يتناول الفصل الاول مدخل نظري مقسم على عدة موضوعات، اما الفصل الثاني فيتناول الحديث عن تاريخ النخبة السياسية في اقليم كوردستان العراق، وقد قسم على ثلاث مراحل رئيسية، المرحلة الاولى تبدا من (1919 - 1939)، تحدثنا فيها عن بدايات ثورات الشيخ محمود الحفيد وغيره، فضلا عن محاولات بعض المنظمات السياسية والجهات الكوردية التي سعت كثيرا لاستحصال حقوق الكورد في عيراق تلك الفترة. اما المرحلة الثانية فتبدا من تاريخ (1939 - 1979)، تحدثنا فيها عن بدايات التنظيمات السياسية، فنجد ان النخبة السياسية استطاعت ان تنظم نفسها في عدد من الاحزاب السياسية في محاولة منها لنيل حقوق الكورد. وفي هذه المرحلة تحدثنا عن دور ( الملا مصطفى البارزاني) الذي خاض الثورة في بدايتها كشخصية عشائرية ضد الحكومة العراقية انذاك، ثم اصبح قائدا سياسيا وقوميا كورديا على مستوى داخل وخارج العراق. اما المرحلة الثالثة فتبدا من (1975 - 1991)، تحدثنا في بدايتها بشكل مختصرعن تلك السياسات والمظالم التي حلت بالكورد من قبل الحكومات العراقية في تلك الفترة، ثم تطرقنا الى الحديث عن اعادة النخبة السياسية الكوردية لصفوفها في عدة احزاب سياسية مختلفة في ارائها الفكرية والايديولوجية والتنظيمية والجماهيرية. اما الفصل الثالث من هذا البحث فيعد بداية لمنعطف كبير في الكفاح السياسي والعسكري للنخبة السياسية الكوردية والشعب الكوردي على حد سواء. في بدايته تحدثنا عن الجغرافية البشريةوالطبيعية لاقليم كوردستان كمدخل ضروري من اجل فهم اداء النخبة السياسية الكوردية، لغنها بعد انتفاضة (1991) تقلدت السلطة في اطار قانوني ومؤسساتي بصورة فعلية. كذلك تحدثنا عن محاولات النخبة السياسية الكوردية في مسعى منها لتنظيم انتخابات برلمانية بعيدا عن سلطة الحكومة المركزية، وتاسيس برلمان وحكومة ومؤسسات حكومية مستقلة. فضلا عن ذلك، تحدثنا فيه عن التوجه الفكري واهداف تلك النخبة عن طريق الاحزاب السياسية الداخلية التي كانت لها دور وتاثير وثقل في تلك الفترة، اضافة الى الصراعات الداخلية التي نشبت بين الاحزاب كنتيجة لمحاولات كل منها فرض سلطتها الحزبية والمناطقية في اقليم كوردستان. اما في الفصل الرابع فتحدثنا عن اداء النخبة السياسية الكوردية بعد سقوط النظام السياسي في العراق عام (2003)، كيف كانت، وكيف استطاعت ان تؤقلم نفسها مع التغييرات الجذرية التي حصلت في العراق عامة واقليم كوردستان خاصة. تكلمنا ايضا عن دور النفط كورقة اقتصادية مهمة ورئيسة له دور كبير في تعزيز سلطة النخبة السياسية الكوردية في الاقليم. كذلك سلطنا الضوء على التبادل الدوري الحاصل بين النخبة السياسية وبقائها في السلطات التشريعية والتنفيذية. وفي الختام تحدثنا عن دور النخبة السياسية الكوردية في ايجاد الحلول او تفاقم ازمات التنمية السياسية في اقليم كوردستان العراق. توصل البحث الى عدة نتائج منها : ان كل مجتمع يتمتع بنخبة سياسية تقوم بتنظيم شؤونه السياسية على مستوى الداخل والخارج، وتعبر عن امال واهداف افراده. اما فيما يخص النخبة السياسية الكوردية قبل(1991)، فانها كانت باستمرار في جبهة الدفاع وقيام الثورات ضد الحكومات العراقية اذ لم تكن صاحبة سلطة في الاقليم، ولكن هذا لا يغنينا عن الاعتراف بان هذه النخبة، ونتيجة لاسباب داخلية وخارجية، كانت في كثير من الاحيان تقف ضد بعضها، حتى ان احتدام العداء بينها دفعها الى اللجوء لقوى خارجية في سبيل محو الاخر، فضلا عن انها لم تكن نخبة سياسية موحدة وهذا ما اثر سلبا على تحقيق اهدافها السياسية. بعد عام (1991) على الرغم من ان هذه النخبة استطاعت سد فراغ السلطة في اقليم كوردستان العراق، لكن لم يكتب لها النجاح في ذلك، لانها فشلت في ماسسة السلطة، كما لم تفلح في الانتقال بالمجتمع الكوردي الى مرحلة الاستقرار السياسي والاقتصادي والاجتماعي المتين، ولم تستطع ان تنظم السلطة وفق المبادىء الديمقراطية، وفشلت في تثبيت مبدا تبادل السلطة، وتجديد نفسها، وفسح المجال امام القوى السياسية الاخرى حتى يكون لها دور في العملية السياسية وصياغة القرار السياسي في الاقليم، هذا ولم تستطع ان تغني نفسها عن ميراث الاقتتال الداخلي ومحو الاخر من خلال اتفاق سياسي وحزبي فيما بينها بالاعتماد على انفسهم لحسم صراعاتهم وخلافاتهم، ولكن على النقيض من ذلك نجد تلك النخبة ولحد الان تعتمد على القوى الخارجية اكثر من اعتمادها على جماهيرها. بالرغم من ذلك لم تستطع تلك النخبة ان تحسم نفسها ويكون لها خطاب سياسي واضح وصريح توجهه الى الداخل او الى السلطة المركزية في العراق، بل الذي نجده انما هو خطاب سياسي متغير معتمد على اهداف واستراتيجية الاحزاب الكوردستانية وخاصة الحزبين الديمقراطي الكوردستاني والاتحاد الوطني الكوردستاني . ومن النتائج الاخرى التي توصل اليها البحث، ان النخبة السياسية الكوردية بالرغم من تحقيقها بعض التقدم على المستويات السياسية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية في الاقليم، لكنها فشلت في تاسيس اقتصاد قوي يلبي - في الاقل - الاحتياجات الداخلية للاقليم، وبدلا من ذلك، ذهبت الى الاهتمام بتنمية الاقتصاد الاستهلاكي والاعتماد الكلي على قطاع النفط لادارة المجتمع الكوردي في العراق، وهذه السياسة كانت لها تداعيات سلبية مثل : تحطيم البنى التحتية للاقتصاد الزراعي والصناعي، كذلك توسيع القطاع العام على حساب القطاع الخاص، وربط مصادر عيش المواطن بالحكومة ومصادر تمويل الحكومة بالاحزاب السياسية، والاسوا من ذلك، ان هذا النوع من الاقتصاد الى حد بعيد، اصبح سببا من اسباب تقوية الاحزاب من خلال استحصال رؤوس اموال كبيرة والسيطرة على اقتصاد الاقليم. اما من الناحية الاجتماعية، فان هذه النخبة وخاصة بعد عام (1991) اصبحت سببا من اسباب احياء الروح القبلية والعشائرية والاسرية، بدلا من ريادة المجتمع باتجاه العقلانية وبناء دولة مؤسسات، هذا لان المجتمع الكوردي في الاساس هو مجتمع تقليدي وقبلي، وبدلا من تجاوز وكسر هذه العادات الاجتماعية واضعافها، لجات الى تقويتها وتقديسها، كل هذا من اجل بقائها في السلطة والحكم، وفي المحصلة فشلت هذه النخبة في تاسيس هوية واضحة لسكان اقليم كوردستان، وبناء شرعية قوية لها، فضلا عن هذا، لم تستطع تحقيق العدالة الاجتماعية والسياسية والاقتصادية في المجتمع الكوردي، وتوجيهه نحو تحقيق اهدافه وتخليصه من ازماته. ايجازا، نستطيع القول، ان اداء النخبة السياسية الكوردية في فترة حكمها، كان اداء ضعيفا، اذ لم تستطع خلق نموذج ايجابي ومختلف لنظام حكم في العراق والمنطقة، بل اخذت صفات وخصائص المجتمعات المتخلفة التي اشرنا اليها سابقا. | Undoubtedly, each community of humans is divided into two levels : the first level consists of leaders, governmental officials, while the second one is the ordinary citizens. The characteristics of these two levels differ and vary from one society to another, and change from specific place and time to others. This occurs when the communities are stepping toward development in the political, economic, social, and cultural aspects. The characteristics are entirely different in progressed societies rather than those in non - developed ones or newly developed. In the developed ones, and due to the superiority of law, reasoning the authority, having an establishment system in disturbing and handing out the power depending on democratic basics accompanied by society’s and individual’s freedom, it can step forward both into flourishing and renovation. This will be achieved through having a clear public goals and wishes of all the population, and through non - monopolization of power for the sake of lasting longer times as much as possible. On one hand, we notice that all the individuals in developed societies are more cautious about the performance of the government and they do not let them deviate from every segment of the country’s constitution and its authorized power and make them be abided by the law.as a result, we could easily observe that there’s a mature sort of cooperation between the people and government, and even the changes will be done according to legislative processes which are not opposing the items of law and constitution. On the other hand, the non - developed societies or the initial democratic ones face current problems and unhealthy relations in the terms of both the people and the government. Leaders in the government will not allow the throne to flee from them and they try their hard not to be dethroned and not to lose the power, and to sustain this, they rely on misleading election process to deceive the public or to oppress them by using power to force them to be yielded. Sometimes for convincing the public, they announce their false enthusiastic nationalism or their entire faith for religion or their cunning liberal, social policy for running country. Therefore, people would not touch any hopes in their meaningless emblems that could not be even suitable alternatives for the tribal, religious, and regional beliefs in which people had been suffered a lot because of them. All these factors helped not to have serious steps toward establishing a very modern and systematic government that reserves the rights and duties of all without hindrances and injustice. Besides, people sometimes are not aware about the complete items of their official rights, and they act like onlookers only watching and staying disconnected to what are going on. So, a foreign force may interfere to uproot a specific regime as the people are idle in attempting to make changes, or through an internal codetta or an uprising, the change may be happened. And this will bring great damage in a way that security would be lost for longer times and a chaotic state spreads everywhere in country. The dissertation, is entitled (The Performance of the Political Elite in Kurdistan Region from 1991 to 2013), consists of four parts, the first one includes a theoretical entrance to the subject of the project which is divided into several sections, each on has an abstract on what relates to Elitist Theory. The second part explains a historical survey of elitism in Kurdistan region, and it’s graded into three stages, the first stage starts from 1919 to 1939, includes Shekh Mahmud’s revolution and some groups who tried to regain Kurd’s rights from different Iraqi regimes. The second stage, from 1939 to 1975, witnessed an organized way of political system to have some parties for acquiring the national rights of Kurds, and Mala Mustafa Barzani was one of the prominent figures who started first as a tribe leader to revolute against the regime, then he turned to represent Kurds as a political and national leader that affected the political process to certain extends. The third stage, 1975 to 1991, sheds lights on the tyranny of Saddam’s policy and the regime’s oppression against Kurd, also it surveys the reorganization of all the Kurdish political parties to direct people to new ideological trends. The third part, from 1991, elaborates a very important period in the history of Kurds since they achieved their real autonomy and separated from other parts of Iraq, and they started to rule themselves. This will be the core for the project to observe the political elite. In this part, the project elucidates the Kurdish political elite and how they, for the first time and far from Iraqi regime’s threats, were able to hold an election, besides, their being able to establish parliament and government and other governmental directorates. And the political parties tried their best to obtain more popularity in order that they might gain more posts in the authority, and this caused several conflicts and struggles among those parties. The Fourth part explains the Kurdish elite performance after the crashing down of Baath’s regime in 2003, and how they were capable of handling the political role in both Baghdad in Kurdistan. Also, the case of oil as a significant economic and political sector which fostered Kurdish elite. The last pages of this part clarify their positive and negative contributions in decreasing and increasing the obstacles and problems. This project (dissertation) has reached some conclusions like each society has its own elite politicians that organize society’s political affairs as well as representing the wish and needs of people on both internal and external levels. In relation to the Kurdish political elite prior to 1991, they’ve always been in defense and rebellion against the central government in Iraq and with no power in Kurdistan. Due to many internal and external factors, these elite groups have often been in bitter fighting with each other in a way that they sometimes sought help from foreign forces to defeat each other. They have always been in difference and not united which made them unable to achieve their political goals. However, after 1991, despite filling the power vacuum in Kurdistan, these elite were unable to transfer the Kurdish society to the state of political, economic, social and cultural stability. They could neither regulate the power democratically and bring about the bases for peaceful power transfer in Kurdistan nor renew themselves and give way to other political factions to have roles in the process of decision making and the political process in Kurdistan region. Furthermore, instead of making some kind of political agreement and depend on themselves for settling their disputes, they could not rid themselves from deleting each other and the inheritance of the civil war. These elite groups have continuously and still relied on foreign support rather than their people. Moreover, they have not been able to make their mind up and have a clear message to Kurdistan region or the central government in Iraq. What they have is a political message that changes according to the goals and strategy of the parties in Kurdistan especially (P.U.K) and (K.D.P). Another conclusion of the project is that in spite of some progressing that the Kurdish political elite achieved but they failed in founding a very enhancing and strong economic system which conveys the internal needs of Kurdistan region, they depended on oil sector to provide the assumptions, but on the other hand it created a great damage in agricultural and industrial sectors which are considered the most vital bases into development. It led to the declining of private sectors and expanding the public ones, and they connected the people’s earn living with the government and the latter was matched with the political parties. Thus, the Kurdish political elite monopolized all the economic and commercial sectors of the region. In social sense, and for the sake of lasting in the throne as much as possible, they helped the tribal culture to be strengthened again since the Kurdish society was still a very traditional one which reflected negatively in the process of development. They could not make a true, modern, updated, and developed identity for Kurdish people in Iraq and the Middle East, and they were not able to invent a very standardized style of government so as to be taken as a unique sample for Iraq and other countries

صلاحيات السلطة التشريعية في العراق بين النظرية والتطبيق بعد 2005 == Jurisdictions Of LeGISlative Authority In Iraq Between Practice & Theory After 2005

اسم المؤلف: حنان عبد لوتي
اسم المشرف: مها عبد اللطيف حسن الحديثي
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2016
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This thesis researches in the powers of the legislative authority in the Iraqi parliament in theory and practice. The thesis addressed at the outset the parliamentary system as one of the representative democratic regimes prevailing in the world today, where the political power is divided two between, the first bodies to be expressed in the legislature (parliament), which is directly elected by the people, while the second body, the Executive, is being emerged from the parliament. Many countries around the world has adopted Parliamentarism despite the difference of the internal environment, political, economic and cultural life of their societies. Iraq as well has adopted this system according to the Constitution of 2005. Which deserved research and analysis and comparison between the reality of this system and what should be the parliamentary system, in general, and compare it to the constitutional rules according to the Constitution of 2005, in particular, to identify the strengths and weaknesses, and the reasons for the weakness of the legislative authority in the exercise of their constitutional powers. The thesis has reached a set of conclusions, mainly : 1. The existence of many of the imbalances in the parliamentary practice in the Iraqi parliament, the most important of which was the failure of the House of Representatives in the representation of Iraq as a whole and to speak on behalf of the people as a whole.2. The absence of political opposition in the House of Representatives led to overcome the parliamentary procedures.3. The predominance of the executive authority of the parliament which led to the disruption of the rules of parliamentary oversight and the cooperation between the two authorities.4. The weakness of the political culture of parliamentarians and their ignorance of most of the parliamentary rules and procedures adopted by parliamentary systems.5. The weakness of parliamentary oversight.6. The existence of quota confessional that played a role in weakening the powers of the legislature and continued conflict among political blocks in the House of Representatives.7. The continued absence of Members of the House of Representatives and the lack of serious behavior during discussion on some sensitive issues which preclude holding more than half of the meetings because of lack of a quorum.

السياسات التعليمية والتنشئة السياسية في العراق بعد عام 2003

اسم المؤلف: ايلاف حسن جعفر
اسم المشرف: احمد عبد الله ناهي الحمداني
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2016
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: ان التغيير السياسي الذي حصل في العراق بعد 2003 فتح افاقا جديدة في العمل السياسي نتيجة لتبني نظام سياسي ديمقراطي قائم على التعددية مما تطلب بناء تنشئة سياسية جديدة تتلائم مع النظام الجديد على اسس الحرية والديمقراطية وحقوق الانسان وهذا ما تطلب بناء منظومة ت | The political changes that occurred in Iraq2003 has opened new prospects in political work due to adopting democratic political regime based on multiplicity which need construct new policy in harmony with the new regime on democratic and freedom foundations and human rights. This case called for constructing new educational system bearing developing new generation in accordance with those and interact with scientific , psychological , intellectual and constructive foundations and capabilities through education , political growing because education is the main instrument that the individuals get skills that qualify them to be vital members in the political regime and society through harmonizing the new political values to make cultural changes via political awareness that keep pace with democratic process accordingly political regime in Iraq tried after 2003 to build educational system upon new foundations in harmony with democratic changes demonstrated in Iraq. therefore it issued educational philosophy included confirming democratic principles by tolerance spirit , cooperation , consultation , constructive criticism , respect other views , dominant of the law sovereignty , equity , equivalence in opportunities , respect the law and regulations , cooperation with the authorities , confirm humanitarian and moral principles and respect religious and social virtues and translate them to behavior and adhere to these principles.Confirming respect others and their views and freedom , respect tradition of the society ,besides enlightenment application for democratic approaches in educational institutions and in their administration in order to spread democratic behavior among teachers and educated individuals , executing real participation , scientific development , objective Substantive discrimination and selection according to checking , awareness and certainty. In spite of these efforts the educational policy and political development in Iraq after 2003 has faced many problems upon different levels disabled that policy and put obstacles before the education authorities while application in which the success percentage was low due to sect specialization and racial discrimination , multiplicity of parties , different ideologies , besides lack of security and stability , sect events , society polarization , religious policy which constructed other generation rather than educational institution , moreover sometimes intersected with it.The economic factor also played opposite role towards educational policy and political development because the economic role for the families is the main criteria for the income of the people and entering to the educational sector or be away from education , therefore the aggravation of poverty deprive many families from entering schools , and accordingly growing in a different way and policy from the purposes and objectives of educational way , besides of unemployment , low allocations and weak capabilities.Social obstacles were represented by modern Iraqi family which follow authoritarian value style represented by the parents or one of them upon their children which made their respect to democratic values limited , besides the security circumstances that the people of Iraq has been suffering till now affected the Iraq families because most of the children did not learn in new schools or never learn , besides the spread of conservative religious values in some families such as obedience value ,non - discussion , antagonism towards democratic values and modernization which made the Iraqi family cannot play its real role ,but on the contrary they became obstacle element to education. Also illiteracy has played a great role of hindering the Iraqi political upbringing in spite of efforts excreted by Iraq since the seventeenth of the last century to eradicate illiteracy but these efforts ran into problems resulted in successive wars and the blockage imposed by the united nations on Iraq, that leads to increasing the number of dropouts and those do not join education and this hindering the efforts of political upbringing, also popularity of the conservative tribal and religious traditional values as a result of the political powers absence which are able to raising the political awareness for the citizens, led that these values to play a disturbing role of the political upbringing since these values contradicted entirely with the democratic value of the citizens which the educational process aiming at, besides, the problems of modifying of curriculum and exceeding what stirring sedition and deterred the confirm and deepened the idea of citizenship and national identity and political partnership and establishing a state of institutions, and problems related with the teacher being an authority or origin and other problems on which the research is focusing to be understood, analyzing and find ways for confronting them also reducing their negative impact on the upbringing process. The education problem and the political upbringing in Iraq after 2003 has represented by achieving philosophy represented in realizing equity and the political partnership , citizenship and nationality and to found the state of institutions and democracy, is in need of efforts and common sense should be realized to success the educational policy, for realizing that policy and philosophy would lead to upbringing generations on democratic manner contributing in building the society and the state and reforming system and institutions, for individuals are the basic foundation , reforming and strength for the state and society, thus realizing ways of building and developing it mean foundation of a state with bases and standards make Iraq as civil strong civilized state.

التجربة الديمقراطية في ماليزيا (1957 - 2014) == The Democratic Experience In Malaysia 1957 - 2014

اسم المؤلف: اماني نوري لايج الموسوي
اسم المشرف: سعد علي حسين التميمي
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2016
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تناول موضوع الرسالة الموسومة (التجربة الديمقراطية في ماليزيا 1957 - 2014)، ابعاد التحول الديمقراطي في ماليزيا، وذلك لكون قضية التحول الديمقراطي والتنمية السياسية في ماليزيا لم تنبذ اذ حرصت الدولة الماليزية على التاكيد على اهمية الديمقراطية وعلى ضرورة انتهاج | The current study titled "The democratic Experience in Malaysia from 1957 until 2014", deals with the democratic turn in Malaysia since the matter of democratic turn and political development in Malaysia have not been neglected, but on contrary, it confirmed on democracy and on the necessity of adhering multi - practices that reflect the democratic method. This matter needs years of experience through which the Malaysia people should learn the democratic practices and it is necessitated to teach the Malaysian people how to succeed democracy in Malaysia. The study has divided into four chapters, the chapter one the theoretical frame of democracy the chapter two includes the political and constitutional Institutions in the in Malaysia's system while the chapter three includes essential elements on which the democracy in Malaysia relies, The chapter four includes the assessment of democratic experience in Malaysia. The study has reached to a set of results, including the Malaysian Government has formed a special form of democracy that suited with the Malaysian reality, It is assuredly that the Western democracy does not apply on all, but it applies on some nations, especially, many developing nations, including Malaysia have adopted such type of democracy that includes competitive election, parliament, protection of general freedoms, separation of powers and rights protection, These dimensions represented essential elements of democracy; the example of Malaysian democracy is a developed one and succeeded in many sides since it could absorb and assimilate multi - religious, cultural doctrines; besides, keeping the political and social stability and economic development, This system preserves types of capital and economic sides, where it collects economic policy and liberal capital from one side and the governmental interferences into economy from other side. It could say that this system works on instilling the national feelings within the Malaysian people, This sole practice of democracy ensued from the role of the leaders and political elite for securing the political and social stability along with the economic development in the stat

الافاق المستقبلية للعلاقات اللبنانية - العراقية == The Future Prospects Of The Lebanese / Iraqi

اسم المؤلف: عليا عبد الله محفوظ
اسم المشرف: عبد الامير محسن جبار الاسدي
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2016
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: ان جذور العلاقات اللبنانية / العراقية مترسخة في اعماق التاريخ منذ الاسطورة العراقية "كلكامش" حين عزم الاخير للسفر الى غابة الارز ليقضي على الوحش خمبايا الذي هو سلطة الشر التي تجثم فوق لبنان، ليخلد اسمه هناك في سجل الابطال الخالدينتبحــث هــذه الدراسة فــ | Its astudies of Search the subject in the future prospects of the Lebanese / Iraqi relations, aswhere it has affected local events for both countries and the Arab and regional events and even international on the nature of these relationship in the past and present, and as well as of the outcome of the nature of these relations in the future, and follower of these relations will finds, historical significance, economic and social factors in the bilateral relations between Iraq and Lebanon, these historical events refers since the dawn of history to this day to the importance of both Iraq and al - sham for protecting of the Arab region. Especially as the defense of Iraq or Egypt starts from al - sham , Iraq's oil are form the most sector the importance of Lebanon in the economic side, and it overshadowed cooperation in the Iraqi / Lebanese relations feature when the bilateral relationship is as in the establishment of the two stage until independence and beyond. Agreed the Iraqi and Lebanese positions on Arab issues, including the partition of Palestine and the war in 1948 and the position of the Baghdad Pact official pro decision is not popular, and the Convention on the Camp David, and Lebanon rejected to the economic blockade imposed on Iraq since 1990, etc. while had the effect of Arab parties on the Iraqi / Lebanese relations, the negative on those relationships, particularly Egypt and Syria, and the last is the most party effect in these relationships, and the impact of the Gulf crisis in (August / 1990) negative cast a shadow over Lebanon, especially on relations General with Iraq, came as the US occupation of Iraq in 2003. The sovereignty of the state of chaos and lawlessness, two thousand and security in the country, according to US schemes which led to the dissemination of the Lebanese model in Iraq, came to the resolution on Iraq in 1546. Similar to the resolution (1559) that has divided Lebanon and ended the Syrian military presence in it, have revealed this stage, serious developments in Iraq and Lebanon, in line with the scheme which the United States is implemented throughout the Arab world, under the pretext of reform and bring freedom and democracy to its people through the internationalization of its issues and interference in its affairs, and the establishment of the so - called "Greater Middle East".We have chosen this title of the subject for a master's thesis under the supervision of Dr. Mohsen Abdul Amir Jabbar al - Asadi and Ahec motives for selection are : 1. Importance of the issue, the issue is extremely important for both countries, that the status of Iraq in the region made it one leads the most important roles in the Arab world, the most important sources of Iraq's power, matched by Lebanon and its strategic role in the region, it is inevitable to have a relationship that the two countries some influence on the Arab world in positions of Arab, regional and international events. 2. Understand and keep track of how far there are no specific controls movement seizes Lebanese / Iraqi relations.3.. Find out which factors most influence on the Iraqi / Lebanese relations4.. My willng in writing the first academic study looking at the Iraqi / Lebanese relations, and filling the Arabic library in this important relationship between Iraq and Lebanon.5.. Giving back had to my second Iraq, which gave me a lot and gave me what I did not submit my mother( Lebanon). The study starts from the basic premise that : - That despite the importance of Iraqi / Lebanese relations, there are conditions and variables prevented to be a relationship at one level, as each event a certain stage of relations attributes that distinguish them from other stages, left fingerprints on the relationship between the two countries, hence the hypothesis presented a lot of questions Perhaps the most important : - Iraqi / Lebanese relation runs from the common Arab interests and what are the factors affecting both countries in their relations with some, and the reflection that the influence of the position of the State towards other on the one hand and towards the Arab events on the other hand, what are the most influential factors. Are there determinants of relations between Iraq and Lebanon,.ohl events experienced by Iraq had a reflection on Lebanon and vice versa. Is that the change that has plagued Iraq after 2003, contributed to the development or deterioration in the relations. Is there a future relationship scenes in the presence of the determinants for both parties. As a result of the above it can be accessed following the fact that the future Iraqi relations / Lebanese rely on the two countries themselves, through a true partnership in cooperation, especially with the presence of catalysts mentioned above, and concern corrects the domestic arena, hoping to reach the maximum cooperation, to have every one of them the power to the other and back him in the common crucial issues and in the public interests and this is a spectacle expected from the Lebanese / Iraqi relations of cooperation, particularly since the Bbnh Iraq became very clear and therefore assumed that there is a perception of what urges in the region and achieved through Iraq, Lebanon, Syria and Egypt... etc. So requires especially the Iraqi and Lebanese Arab interests of achieving maximum cooperation to overcome the internal and benefit crises of other people's experiences in the wrong crises and address them and move them forward towards a common Arab interests and miss the opportunity to sight decline and collapse in Arab relations / Arabic, including the Lebanese - Iraqi relations

التطورات السياسية والدستورية في تركيا للمدة 1980 - 2014 == The Political And Constitutional Developments In Turkey For The Period 1980 - 2014

اسم المؤلف: عبد الرحمن بهلول رستم الشمري
اسم المشرف: احمد عبد القادر مخلص القيسي
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2016
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: ان هذه الرسالة التي تحمل عنوان (التطورات السياسية والدستورية في تركيا للمدة 1980 - 2014)، تتكون من ثلاثة فصول، فضلا عن فصل تمهيدي ومقدمة وخاتمة, ففي الفصل التمهيدي تم البحث في تاسيس الجمهورية التركية مبادئها وتطوراتها، في حين تناول الفصل الاول الانقلاب | The current study titled (political and constitutional developments in Turkey for the period 1980 - 2014), consists of three chapters, as well as preface , introduction and conclusion. In the introduction, it has been focused on the foundation of the Turkish Republic, its principles and its developments, while the chapter one includes the military coup in 1980 and its consequences on the political system later on , the chapter two dedicated to discuss the political developments in Turkey after 1990, the chapter three assigned for the most important political and constitutional developments of the justice and development Party's ruling , for the period 2002 2014. The Thesis has discussed political and constitutional developments in Turkey after the military coup in 1980 and the consequences of this coup on the course of Turkish political events later. Under this dilemma , it has been raised several questions about the origin and establishment of the Turkish state along with its later developments on the phase of establishment as well as the phase , which came after the military coup in 1980 and its severe developments on the Turkish political system after 1990, and how the Justice and Development Party was able to succeed in its political project and has gained the support of the majority of the Turkish people since 2002 to the present time. The hypothesis of thesis has indicated that the Turkish Republic has witnessed political and constitutional significant changes as a result of internal and external circumstances , top of which was the struggle between the military and secular parties being as protector for the secularism's principles in the country on one hand, and Islamist parties on the other hand, until the conflict got settled between them by preventing military interventions in political affairs. The political struggle got stable , definitely after making several constitutional amendments in line with the further democratic gains and to raise the level of public freedoms in the country in an effort to achieve requirements of joining the EU.The thesis has included a set of most important conclusions : 1st. Turkey is considered as a model for the countries in which the military plays a major role in political life, we find the Turkish military's impact was evident in the Turkish political life, and this shows that the role of this institution is not limited to the defense of the homeland but also the preservation of the political system in accordance with the definite principles 2nd. In respect to the political and constitutional developments during the period from 1980 - 1990, it has been witnessed series of political and constitutional significant developments, perhaps the most important of which is a coup carried out by the army in 1980, and later on developments caused by the coup in the Turkish political system. These developments included various institutions in Turkey, such as the legislative, executive and judicial power. 3rd. The Turkish political system after 1990 has witnessed the rise of anti - secular currents. These currents are represented in the political Islamic forces , which quickly collided with supporters and protectors of the secular trend of the state and most especially the military establishment, which tried to defy and suppress this return to Islam as a political system of ruling in Turkey. 4th. The accession of the Justice and Development Party to power in November 2002, contributed into weakening and undermining the political role of the military establishment, through the constitutional reforms led by the party, despite the adoption of the constitutional reforms, particularly those concerning the role of the military in political life, and reduce the role of the national Security Council of Turkey for the purpose of joining the European Union 5th. Turkish identity crisis is in general and the Kurdish issue in particular of the major crises suffered by the Turkish Republic since its establishment in 1923 and until now, this crisis has formed political , security, economic and social concern for the successive Turkish governments. Now the accession of the Justice and Development Party to power has made some positive steps that will help in solving the Kurdish issue through the development of Turkish majority - dominated regions and has given them some cultural rights, and trying engaging them in the political process. In the first time in Turkey a Kurdish political party could reach to the Turkish National Council and this matter makes the Kurds endowing with hope to achieve more accomplishments and gains in solving their matter

ازمة رئاسة الجمهورية في لبنان : دراسة في الاسس والابعاد المستقبلية == Crisis Of Presidency Of Republic In Lebanon (Study In Future Bases And Dimensions)

اسم المؤلف: سالي سعد محمد الفراجي
اسم المشرف: ناظم نواف ابراهيم الشمري
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2016
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: لبنان بلد عربي متميز بطبيعته المحيرة التي انتجت دولة هي الاحدث من حيث مفرداتها الاساسية لكنها الاعقد والاكثر تازما عن غيرها من الدول العربية الحديثة، لانه شهد احداثا اكثر من اي دولة عربية اخرى، وخاصة على الصعيد الداخلي الذي انهكته الحروب الاهلية، والطائ | Lebanon is considered a distinguished Arabic country in its confused nature that lead to modern state according to its essential items, but it still most complicated and most aggravated than other modern Arabic country.Lebanon has witnessed events more than other Arabic countries ,especially on the interior level.the civil war and sectarian that have exhausted the abilities on different aspects that accompanied the walk of the political organization since the out set in 1920.......and continued till these days.on the external level Lebanon was distinguished as an associated member with abroad.these connections and interferences did not allow Lebanon to establish institutions of a strong in depended state; therefore Lebanon became an example of anarchy ,violence, riot and consequently to this circumstance of crises and problems that reflects the deep danger surrounding this country.Lebanon could be threatened because the chain of wars and events that cause a negative effect on its political stability and engaging the regime in many complications.so, I attempt in my thesis to present an academic study about the crisis of republic presidency and its whys and wherefores on the Lebanese situation.I have divided my subject into three sections.The first ;discussing the Lebanese political modern organization and offering the political circles and the political, social, economic situation and the outstanding features of these politics.Section two; we have discussed the details of the presidential crisis on the different historical phases that Lebanon has witnessed of developments and crises in republic presidency and their political ,economic and social influence on the Lebanese situation and on the republic presidency position.Section three; discussing the ability of the regime to find the solutions to reduce the traces of the crisis and its futuristic results according to its continuity or its progressions.The thesis concluded in significant recommendations the most important issue is the presidential political voiding in Lebanon merely a results of in harmony interior deterioration. There are many factors contributed in scattering this harmony and the failure to get agreement.The contradictory in the foreign situations [international, regional]that concerned to the Lebanon affairs, consequently undermined interior situation and became connected to the foreign countries with strong ties. Thus the Lebanese decision subjected to the changes and events inThe international policies and the Lebanese decision of the republic presidency depends on foreign powers.

اشكالية التحول نحو النظام الفيدرالي في العراق بعد عام 2003 م == Problem Of Trans Formation Federal System On Iraq After 2003

اسم المؤلف: احمد عامر كاظم
اسم المشرف: ابتسام حاتم علوان الدليمي
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2016
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تتكون هذه الرسالة فضلا عن المقدمة والخاتمة، من اربعة فصول وفي كل فصل يوجد مبحثان، وفي كل مبحث يوجد مطلبان حيث خصص الفصل الاول للبحث في الاطار النظري للفيدرالية. في حين تم مناقشة تطبيق النظام الفيدرالي في العراق في الفصل الثاني. اما الفصل الثالث فقد تناول | The present paper includes four chapters in addition to introduction and conclusion ; in every chapter , there are two parts , each part includes two units. The chapter one is assigned for theoretical framework of Federalism, while it has been discussed the federal system in Iraq in the chapter two. The chapter three where the researcher deal with bases of establishing new territory in Iraq added to Kurdistan territory. In chapter four the researcher has alluded to obstacles. The thesis aims at : What are the Factors motivated to establish new territory in Iraq? What are obstacles ? These problems excite another set of questions including - What is the theoretical framework for Federal State? - What is the legal framework for federalism in Iraq? - How has federalism been applied in Iraq? Hypothesis : Iraq adopts federalism quickly and under difficult conditions and unnatural conditions. At the same time , federalism is a culture and needs to awakened political elite and this is unavailable in Iraq. Thus , the researcher does not expect to form new territories in a definite period of time , if establishing these territories , it will be in a hurry and by an external interference. Consequently, it will form a danger on the unity of Iraqi State in future. The thesis includes a set of conclusions : 1st : In respect to Federalism 's theoretical framework : The state is simply included people ( people is a set of individuals either ; territory has boundaries and transparent signs. People live under political system that manages their life and their conditions. The federal state consists of people and political system; the difference between the usual state and federalism is that , the political system concedes part of its powers for the benefit of governments formed inside the state and managing some states and territories. Secondly : Federalism in Iraq between Theory and applicationKurdistan territory has been established in 1992 ; federalism application has been expanded as to include all Iraq according to the law of Iraqi state for the transitional stage for 2004 and Iraqi constitution for 2005. Years following the enacting of the permanent constitution have not witnessed forming any new territory in Iraq and Federalism has thus remained merely materials in the constitution. Thirdly : Forming New territories in IraqDespite there are justifications motivated toward forming a new territory in Iraq including social, political, economic , external , territorial and international justifications, but there have obstacles having internal and external dimensions ( Territorial and international) If we want to scale to what extent these factors motivated toward forming territory , we will find that these factors calling for forming the territories are more larger than those standing against them. Recommendations the thesis suggests are : 1st : Doing Cultures for Federalism : Previously, the federalism is a culture , the more the people and the governing political elite have endowed with this term , the more success will be gotten. Thus the researcher see that it is necessarily to have campaigns for culture and awakening either by the people or political elite. 2nd : Preparing for applying Federalism Federalism is part of all and it is not away from other economic , social and political obstacles the state lives under. The more opportunities are available , the more success will be there. On this basis , it should depend on removing obstacles standing before the application of federalism and achieving integration , building federal state in a correct way, forming a federal council and then we could form new territories in Iraq. 3rd : Federalism could have been not imposed from outside Iraq, but rather it ensued from the people. This basis is applied on Iraq. If the political system could not cease external interferences ( international and territorial) , the federal experience will remain suffering from problems and defects. Thus the important step is to cease external interferences before establishing territory.