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تحضير وتشخيص بعض البلورات السائلة وخلائطها الثنائية البلورية السائلة ودراسة بعض خواصها الفيزيائية == Preparation & Characterization of some liquid crystals and Binary liquid crystalline mixtures and study some of their physical properties

Author name: زينب نديم مطشر
Supervisor name: اياد جاسم الحجاج
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: study included as a first step the preparation of compound 4 - heptyloxy benzaldehyde and derivatives by linking alkoxy series with the aldehyde, and in the second step was to prepare Schiff base compounds through interaction of equal moles of the compound 4 - heptyloxy benzaldehyde with some primary amines with different polar groups, and in the third stage was to prepare mixtures from the Schiff base compounds resulting from the second step,and we obtained five liquid crystalline mixtures at low temperatures and some of them close to room temperature, and then the chemical structures was chacterized and the absorption bands for functional groups was given by FTIR spectroscopy scan . A microscope with polarized light (POM) and a differential scaning calorimeter (DSC) was also used to study the liquid crystalline phases for individual compounds, as well as binary liquid crystalline mixtures and then a discussion of changes taking place at phase transition temperatures for individual liquid crystalline compounds as well as their binary mixtures , as characterized by these mixtures it owns a wide range of temperatures and some are close to room temperature ranging between (22.1 - 53.1 ℃). we has been studying some of the physical properties of these mixtures and compare them with the pure liquid crystals to see what has been achieved to improve these properties by studying the electrical properties (conductivity and dielectric ), as well as the activation energy , we has also been studying the photoelectric effect and determine the threshold voltage in the cases of parallel and vertical alignments , and the study shown a variation in the dielectric behaviour of binary liquid crystalline mixtures of remarkable increase compared to individual liquid crystalline compounds either the positive or negative dielectricanisotropy , ranging from ( - 1.320 - 2.234), while the variation in the electrical conductivity of binary mixtures of liquid crystal range (0.138 - 0.351 (ohm.m) - 1, and finally studied photoelectric effects for individual liquid crystalline compounds, as well as binary liquid crystal mixtures show that liquid crystalline mixtures have seen a clear decline in the threshold voltages (1.3 - 3.9Volt

دراسة نظرية لانتشار نبضة كاوسية في الياف البلورة الفوتونية والعوامل المؤثرة فيها == Theoretical Study of the Propagation Gaussain Pulse in Photonic Crystal Fibers and the Parameters Influencing it

Author name: دعاء حسين هاشم
Supervisor name: حسن عبد الله سلطان
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In this thesis the propagation of short Gaussian pulse in Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCFs) are studied, the effect of the fiber parameters on the pulse like the absorption, dispersion and nonlinearity studied also.Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation (NLSE) was solved numerically using the spectral or Split - Step Fourier Method (SSFM) to determine the pulse spatio - temporal evolution.The study includes the effect of the photonic crystal arrangement especially the holes number, hole - hole spacing and holes dimeter on the effective refractive index and the dispersion of the photonic crystal fiber.The Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation (NLSE) was solved using the Finite differences in the frequency domain (FDFD) method.The two zeros dispersion were studied to calculate the zero dispersion wavelength (ZDW) by applying the international golden ratio (1.16180339887) for the ratio of the hole - hole spacing to the holes dimeters.The study shows that the pulse propagation depends strongly on the absorption, dispersion and nonlinearity of the PCF, and the pulse wavelength must be near the ZDW to ensure the propagation with little loses.The dependence of the nonlinear refractive index, the dispersion and the ZDW of the PCF were proved.The study shows that the golden ratio can be used to have two ZDWs, and a new ratio of hole - hole spacing to the hole dimeter equal to 2 can be used to achieve two ZDWs.

دراسة تاثير جهود المصيدة على سلوك الدالة الموجية في تكثيف بوز اينشتاين == Study influence of the trapping potentials on the behavior of the wave function in Bose - Einstein condensation

Author name: وليد حميد عبد المالكي
Supervisor name: خالد محمد جياد الموسوي | خالد محمد جياد الموسوي
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This dissertation have been studied and analyzed the wave function behavior under trapping potentials that are usually used in experiments which led to formed Bose - Einstein condensation in ultra cold gases. The wave function behavior is dealt with under the effect of three types of potentials : the Harmonic oscillator, the double well, and the Optical Lattice. These are used individually, overlapped together, and when two different kinds are shed on each other in an orthogonal form. Besides, factors and variables that have major or minor roles in potentials the distribution that determine the wave function behavior is discuss in this dissertation.And study parameter ???????? range of effect on the nature of the Harmonic oscillator trapping potential and the Wave Function distribution, this factor effect is studied under the effect of the Harmonic oscillator Trap. As well as, studying this parameter effect on the Wave function behavior under the effect of other three types of potential traps used in Bose - Einstein condensation which are : the Optical Lattice potential overlapped with the Harmonic oscillator potential, the Optical lattice potential orthogonally shed on the harmonic oscillator potential. Also, studied the wave function behavior under the effect of the double well potential when the range of distribution centre is ∓0.5 and when the distribution centre increases to ∓2.And also discussed the effect of the nonlinear G on the wave function behavior under the effect of the Harmonic potential in terms of value and distribution. Through studying under the effect of the Harmonic potential, it have noticed that there is a linear relation between the energy and the chemical voltage at the centre of the trap as well asbetween the wave function and Energy. Yet, the linear relation is not exist between Energy and the frequency rate ???????? as well as between the wave function and the chemical potential. While there is a nonlinear relation exist under the effect of the optical lattice potential overlapped with the Harmonic potential at the centre of trap as well as the relation is exist between the wave function and the energy at the centre of the trap. It is noticed that when the optical lattice potential orthogonally shed on the Harmonic potential a linear relation exists between the energy and the chemical potential with anisotropy value and this linear relation becomes more clear at high value of anisotropy while the wave function behavior increases exponentially with anisotropy values. Furthermore, we have studying the effect of Factor ???????? and Factor ???????? on the Wave Function behavior under the harmonic potential trap plus the optical lattice potential .

دراسة تاثير الترابط والقدرة الضائعة في الموجهات المترابطة على كفاءة المجمع - الموزع البصري باستعمال طريقة الفروقات المحددة == Study The Effect of Coupling and Crosstalk in Directional Couplers on The Performance of Multi / Demultiplexers Using Finite Differences Method

Author name: منصور حنظل منصور زغير
Supervisor name: صباح مهدي محمد امين
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Directional couplers can be used to make important planar optical integrated circuits for optical communications, such as Mach - zehnder interferometers and wavelength division multiplexers. Wavelength division multi/demultiplexing of optical signals is an efficient means to increase the information density per fiber.Both the coupled mode theory and the FD numerical method are used in this study to analyze multiwaveguide DCs.In this thesis, we present an analytical expression for crosstalk of MWGDC based on relationship between the normal modes and local modes, where these modes are obtained numerically using FD mothed.Also, the mode field profile and their evolution along the structure are presented through the analytical expression and calculated numerically using FD method. With the help of this analytical expression, the input power can be controlled to be enter from a chosen hannel. This enable us to calculate the crosstalk that corresponds to a certain input channel.The transmission characteristics of a four channel multiplexer based on three MZI can be described in terms of the propagation matrices. In this study, the coupling coefficient of DC and the phase shift of MZI are treated to be wavelength dependent parameters. Crosstalk introduced by such process are also calculated.The transmission characteristics of three arm MZI as a DWDM is investigated theoretically by deriving the propagation matrix of 3WGDC using coupled mode theory. Thus, two parameters are introduced,  and  , as a designing controlling parameters for DWDM devices. By adjusting these parameters a DW DM devices can be presented.

دراسة نظرية للتركيب الالكتروني الحجمي والسطحي لسبيكة نصف هيوسلر FeCrSe والحد الفاصل (111) FeCrSe/GaP == Theoretical Study of the Bulk and Surface Electronic Structure of the Half Heusler Alloy FeCrSe and the Interface of FeCrSe/GaP(111

Author name: مظاهر حبيب جولان الاسدي
Supervisor name: Mudhahir H. Jolan
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: قدمنا في هذه الدراسة ايضاحات مهمة حول الخواص المغناطيسية والتركيب الالكتروني في سبيكة نصف هيوسلر FeCrSe. وقد بينت النتائج ان FeCrSe هي مادة فيرومغناطيسية نصف معدنية عند ثابت الشبيكة المتوازن هو 5.506Å، وان العزم المغناطيسي الكلي المحسوب هو 2μB يخضع تماما لقواعد سليتر - بولنك. بالاضافة الى ذلك، بحثنا على نطاق واسع الخواص الالكترونية والمغناطيسية والنصف معدنية للسطوح (001) و(111) لسبيكة نصف هيوسلر FeCrSe والحد الفاصل مع القاعدة GaP (111) باستعمال حسابات المبادئ الاولية ضمن نظرية الكثافة الدالية. وتوضح كثافة الحالات الذرية ان الصفة النصف معدنية المثبتة في الحجم FeCrSe تكون محفوظة عند السطح (001) المنتهي بـ CrSe - والسطح (111) المنتهي بـ Se - ، ولكنها فقدت عند السطوح (111) المنتهية بـ Fe - وCr - والسطح (001) المنتهي بـ Fe - . علاوة على ذلك، للحد الفاصل FeCrSe/GaP (111)، تكون الصفة النصف معدنية للحجم محطمة عند الهيئة Se - P بينما يبين الحد الفاصل والحد الثانوي الفاصل Se - Ga تقريبا استقطاب برم 100%. ضمن هذه الدراسة اوضحنا، من حسابات طاقات التلاصق (γ) للحد الفاصل ان الشكل او الهيئة Se - Ga هو اكثر استقرارا من الاخر Se - P. وايضا درسنا العزوم المغناطيسية، فلاحظنزايادة العزوم المغناطيسية المحسوبة لـ Se وGa عند الحد الفاصل Se - Ga (111) وP عند الحد الفاصل Se - P (111) مقابل قيم الحجم المناظرة لها بينما العزم المغناطيسي الذري لذرة Se عند الحد الفاصل Se - P (111) يقل. ونلاحظ ايضا ان العزوم المغناطيسية للحد الفاصل الثانوي لذرة Fe عند كلا السطحين الفاصلين Se - Ga (111) وSe - P (111) تقل مقارنة بقيم الحجم. | In this study, important illustrations about the electronic structures and the magnetic properties of half - Heusler alloy FeCrSe.The results show that FeCrSe is half - metallic ferromagnet at equilibrium lattice constant (5.506 Å). The calculated total magnetic moment of 2.00 μB follows quite well the Slater - Pauling rule . We investigate extensively the electronic, magnetic, and half - metallic properties of the half - Heusler alloy FeCrSe (111) and (001) surfaces and the interface with GaP (111) substrate by using the first - principles calculations within the density functional theory. The atomic density of states demonstrates that the half - metallicity verified in the bulk FeCrSe is maintained at the CrSe - terminated (001) and Se - terminated (111) surfaces, but it is lost at both Cr - and Fe - terminated (111) surfaces and the Fe - terminated (001) surface. Furthermore, for the interface of FeCrSe/GaP (111), the bulk half - metallicity is destroyed at Se - P configuration while Se - Ga interface and subinterface show nearly 100% spin polarization. We explained within this study, the calculated interfacial adhesion energies exhibit that Se - Ga shape is more stable than the Se - P one. We also studied the magnetic moments, The calculated magnetic moments of Se, Ga at the Se - Ga (111) interface and P at the Se - P (111) interface increase with respect to the corresponding bulk values while the atomic magnetic moment of Se atom at the Se - P (111) interface decreases. We also notice that the magnetic moments of subinterface Fe at both Se - Ga and Se - P (111) interfaces decrease compared to the bulk values.

دراسة نظرية لفحص نقل الالكترون خلال نقطتين كميتن مقترنتين == Theoretical Study to Investigate the Electron Transport Through Double Coupled Quantum Dots

Author name: محمد عبد الزهرة نجدي
Supervisor name: هيفاء عبد النبي جاسم
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In this study, a model calculation is introduced for the electron transportthrough a system consists of two quantum dots coupled serially, embeddedbetween two nonmagnetic leads (source and drain), due to the importance ofthis kind of systems in many academic and experimental applications.In our treatment, the time independent Anderson - Newns Hamiltonian modelis considered as a basis to study the system dynamics and then to derive spindependentanalytical formula to calculate the occupation numbers of thequantum dots energy levels, the corresponding quantum dots energy levelsand the molecular virtual energy levels, as a function of bias voltage .These relations are solved self - consistently, which are all employed tocalculate the tunneling current. The differential conductance is calculatednumerically by using finite differences method.And as the efficiency of electron transport through coupled quantum dotsdepends on the system parameters such as the energy levels position of eachquantum dot, the Coulomb repulsion energy on each quantum dot, theeffective exchange energy, the tunneling coupling between the dots and leadsand the coupling energy between the two quantum dots, all these parametersare studied and investigated in details and the role of all these parameters inthe tunneling current and the differential conductance calculations ispresented. also our treatment is applied to two kinds of systems, when thequantum dots are symmetric and when they are asymmetric depending on ourchoice for the over mentioned parameters. Our treatment is utilized to studythe following : 1 - - - Two regimes are studied, the first is the strong coupling regime and thesecond is the weak coupling regime.2 - - - The role of the spin exchange interaction in determining the type ofinteraction (if it is attractive or repulsive) between the quantum dots.3 - - - The role of the spin exchange interaction between the quantum dots indetermining the coulomb blockade in the strong coupling regime.And according to our calculations, we conclude that at the strong couplingand when neglecting the effective exchange interaction, one can determinethe bias voltage values that correspond to the maximum values of thedifferential conductance which is equal to the value of the couplinginteraction between the quantum dots. And the maximum and minimumvalues in the differential conductance curve are changed when the quantumdots energy levels are lying below the energy reference. Also, ourcalculations that concern to the effective exchange interaction make it sure that our results can be utilized to study the electronics that related to the coupled quantum dots. Our calculations that related to the Coulomb blockade make it sure that one can use the quantum dots molecule as an electronic switch. Our calculations that concern to the gate voltage effect investigation in the case of equilibrium can be employed in the detection about the type of coupling with the environmental which effects directly in determining the rates of electron tunneling from the left lead to the active region and then to the right lead.

تحضير ودراسة بعض الخصائص الفيزيائية للمتراكب بولي انلين طين الكاؤولين العراقي == Preparation and study of the Some physical properties of imbricated Polly Aniline - IraqiAlca?lan clay

Author name: عباس عبد سويف البديري
Supervisor name: غفران محمد باقر شبيب
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Polyanilin/Alcaulan Iraqi clay was modify by mecanochemical method with ideal condition and temperature range (0 - 5)0c after distillation Aniline (monomer) well.Several techniques have been used such as FT - IR ,X - ray to determine the crystalline ,scanning electron microscope (SEM) and finally (FAM) in order to study the surface roughness mediated .Many of physical properties such as mechanical properties which represented by hardness curves at different temperature which proved in hardness values range (2 - 7) for Alcaulan clay and (3 - 9.5) for PAni/Alcaulan while the results of tests fracture resistance (according to Brazilian way ) in different temperature was (2.9 - 4.92) for Alcaulan clay and (3.1 - 5.01) for PAni/Alcaulan .Optical properties show the type of electronic transition which found indirect transition and the optical energy gap about 2.15 eV.PAni/Alcaulan films was prepared by adding hydrochloric acid HCL after dissolved it in DMF as well as with addition to sulfuric acid H2SO4.The value of electrical conductivity of PAni - HCL/ Alcaulan are (0.4*10 - 7, 0.6*10 - 7, 0.7*10 - 7, 0.8*10 - 7, 0.9*10 - 7) s/cm. The value of PAni - H2SO4/Alcaulan are (4*10 - 7, 6*10 - 7, 6.5*10 - 7, 7.3*10 - 7, 9.1*10 - 7) s/cm.Also the value of electric conductivity of PAni - HCL/ Alcaulan with Iodine are (2*10 - 7, 6*10 - 7, 8*10 - 7) s/cm , and of PAni - H2SO4/Alcaulan are (19*10 -

الخواص البصرية اللاخطية ومحدد القدرة البصري للصبغات العضوية في المحاليل والاغشية البوليمرية باستخدام تقنية مسح حزمة الليزر على المحور z == Nonlinear Optical Properties and Optical Power Limiting of Organic Dyes in Solutions and Polymer Films Using The Laser Beam Z - Scan Technique

Author name: سيف الدين عبد الكريم قاسم
Supervisor name: عماد الدين حسين علي السعيدي
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The research in this thesis is concerned with our extensive study of the spectral properties, the nonlinear optical properties, and the optical power limiting effect, for three organic dyes : Leishman, Giemsa, and Brilliant Cresyl Blue. Three different solvents were used to dissolve each dye : Chloroform, Ethanol, and Dimethyl(formamide) (DMF).We prepared dye solutions at four different concentrations : 0.03 mM, 0.05 mM, 0.07 mM, and 0.09 mM. Dye doped polymer films at concentration 0.09 mM were also prepared by mixing the dye with the polymer poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) which already dissolved in the chloroform and using the casting method to obtain the desired polymer films.The linear absorption spectra of the dye solutions and the dye doped polymer films for different concentrations were analyzed by using the double - beam spectrophotometer in order to find the spectral range for each dye .2Our study was focused mainly on the nonlinear optical properties of the dye solutions and the dye doped polymer films. We employed in this study the laser beam z - scan technique and the solid - state laser (SSL) operating with the continuous wave (CW) at wavelength 532 nm and with variable output power over the range 0 - 100 mW .We have also studied the effect of the laser beam intensity on the nonlinear optical parameters of the dye solutions prepared by dissolving each dye in the Dimethyl(formamide) (DMF) solvent. Two values for the laser beam intensity were used for irradiating the samples (The dye solutions), these are : 1.11 kW / cm2 and 2.22 kW / cm2.Our obtained results from the present study reveal that all solutions of the three dyes and the dye - doped polymer films have a negative value for the nonlinear refractive index (n2 < 0) (occurrence of the self - defocusing effect) and also a negative value for the nonlinear absorption coefficient (β < 0) (saturable absorption).The values of the nonlinear optical parameters for each dye were calculated, these parameters are : The nonlinear refractive index (n2), the nonlinear absorption coefficient (β), and the absolute value of the nonlinear optical susceptibility (|χ(3)|). The solvents effect on the values of these optical3parameters was studied, and we find that the solvent plays an important role on the variation of these values.We also studied the optical power limiting for the dye solutions and the polymer films by using the laser beam z - scan technique. Good optical power limiting properties were obtained. The values of the optical power limiting threshold for the dye solutions at different concentrations and also for the dye doped polymer films were determind. We note that the value of the optical power limiting threshold depends on the kind of the used solvent for dissolving the dye. The smallest value for the optical power limiting threshold is 6.7 mW for the Brilliant Cresyl Blue dye doped polymer in chloroform at concentration 0.09 mM, while the smallest value for the power limiting threshold for the Brilliant Cresyl Blue solution in the same solvent at concentration 0.09 mM is 7.8 mW. The value of the power limiting threshold depends the kind of the used dye or the kind of the used solvent in preparing the sample and also on the concentration of the dye.The results that we have obtained from our present study show that the three dyes, Leishman, Giemsa, and Brilliant Cresyl Blue exhibit large nonlinear optical effects, suggesting that they are good promising materials for applications in the nonlinear photonic devices, the optical power limiting, and other optical devices.

تحضير اغشية رقيقة من اوكسيد الخارصين ZnO النقي والمشوب بالالمنيوم باستخدام تقنية المحلول ودراسة خواصها البصرية (Sol - Gel) الغروي وتطبيقها كمتحسس غازي == Preparation of Pure and Doped with Aluminum Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Thin Films by Using (Sol - Gel)Technique and the Study of Optical Properties and Applications as A Gas Sensor

Author name: سعد عبد الله جبر الفاضلي
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In this study, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) thin films are prepared by using Sol - Gel technique . The samples are prepared with different thicknesses (58,69,77)nm . Different weight ratio of Aqueous aluminum chloride (AlCl3.6H2O) are added to the Sol - Gel ZnOwith percentage (0.345%, 0.824% , 1.703% and 2.146%). These solutions are deposited by using spin coating on glass substrate .In order to investigate the sensitivity and the response of these samples for the detection about different vapors and gases (ethanol , methanol , acetone and nitrogen ) , pure and (AlCl3.6H2O) doped ZnO films are prepared by using the same technique but by adding Aluminum electrodes on these films with dimensions (2.5x0.5)cm2 .This preparing is followed by thermal treatment for these films by using oven with temperature reaches to 450 oC.The structure properties of these films are studied by using X - ray diffraction (XRD) and the results show that these films are polycrystalline and the calculated lattice constant are close to the standard values . The samples are analyses by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopic (FESEM) and the results show that the grain arrangement are regular and these structures are packed and the grain shape is as spherical . But for the AZO films , we notice that the increasing of the doping percentage reduces the gra in size .We also study the optical properties of these films such as Absorption (A) , Transmission (T) , Reflection (R) , Absorption coefficient (α) , extinction coefficient (k) , the energy gap(Eg) , refractive index (n) , with its complex and real dielectric constant( ) , dissipation factor (tanδ) , Optical Dispersion Parameters (Eo , Ed) and optical conductivity ( ) . The effect of the films thickness on the optical properties of the ZnO films for the over mentioned parameters . The results we get are discussed and compared with other studies . This work elucidates and analyzes the studying of the effect of adding (AlCl3 . 6H2O) o Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and the results are with standards agree with the results of many other researchers . The optical constant are tabulated and compared with , the results of other . And in order to determine the electronic transitions type , Absorption coefficient is calculated and it shows that ZnO and AZO films have transition of direct type because the values of α > 104 . The energy gap of the ZnO films with different thickness (58,69 and 77) nm is calculated , since it is found that the increasing of the film thickness gives slight increasing in the energy gap . The experimental results show that the increasing of doping percentagein ZnO film increases the energy gap with very little amount . In the electronic application field , the study also included design and fabrication of gas sensor system from local materials , which contain of chamber that made of plates polymer that contain of base for install the sample , electrodes to link the sample the measurement circuit , glass flask with three holes , heater , N2 gas cylinder , glass tubes , valves and the measurement circuit electric .The study also includes the ability of responding of the films for the thicknesses (58 , 69 and 77 )nm , to these gases , and it is found that the highest response was at vapor ethanol at the thickness 58nm. The effect of chloride Aluminum on the response of these percentage (0.345% , 0.824% , 1.703% , 2.146%) is studied for the mentioned gases , and it is found that the highest response we get is 45% at the concentration 2.146% for methanol gas . The results are tabulated , discussed and compared with precedent studies.

دراسة تراكيز الرادون والثورون والراديوم ومعدلات الانبعاث الكتلي والتبخر السطحي للرادون في البقوليات الجافة والعسل الطبيعي == Study of Radon , Thoron , Radium concentrations ,as well as the mass and surface exhalation rates in dry legumes and natural honey

Author name: سارة عبد اللطيف كديمي
Supervisor name: عيسى جاسم محمد الخليفة
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In this study a sample of 50 different dry legumes and honey used (local and imported), the number of dry legumes samples under study were 21, including 5 samples of local and imported 16 samples collected from the Governorate of Basrah markets - Iraq. 29 samples of honey collected from local markets and apiaries in Iraq. The number of local honey 8 samples while the number of imported honey were 21 sample.Two methods in this research for various measurements and comparison between them. It is a method of (Misdaq and Satif.,1996) and the method of (Azam., 1995). Both methods are considered long - term methods for measuring the concentration of radon and thoron in various materials, Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTDs), a closed cylinder technique method. Results in the first part of the samples dry legumes have shown that radon concentration ranges between a higher value (698.9Bq / m3) in thesample (Turkish lentil (imported)) and less valuable (69.0Bq / m3) in the samples (Iranian Homs and Chinese beans (imported)),and the concentration of thoron between the highest value (865.0Bq / m3) in the sample (Chinese beans (imported)) and the lowest value (86.45Bq / m3) in the sample (Canadian lentil (imported)), and that the radon concentration rate and thoron for samples local dry legumes (3551.1Bq / m3), (364.1Bq / m3), respectively. For samples imported dry legumes the radon concentration rate and thoron (333.0Bq / m3), (420.8Bq /m3 respectively For the results of the honey samples in the first part has found that the radon concentration between the highest value (826.7Bq / m3) in the samples ( AL - noor Honey (Basra - Seder) (Local)) , (Honey AngizaGerman (imported)) and less value (242.9Bq / m3) in the sample (Honey Mount Haj Omran (Local)), and the concentration of thoron between a higher value ( 538.4Bq / m3) in the sample (Turkish Honey) and the lowest value (115.2Bq / m3) in the sample (Honey Mount Haj Omran (Local)) , and that the concentration of radon and thoron samples of local honey rate (457.5Bq / m3), (297.0Bq / m3), respectively. For samples imported honey, the radon concentration and thoron rate(469.0Bq/m3) , (314.1Bq/m3) , respectively. Results obtained in the second part of the samples dry legumes note that the concentration of radium between the highest value of a (2.4489Bq / Kg) in the sample (Indian Homs (imported)) and less valuable (0.4030Bq / kg) in the sample (Indian Mash (Imported )), and that the concentration of radium samples local dry legumes rate (0.8941 Bq / Kg). For the samples dry legumes imported, the concentration of radium rate (0.9270Bq / Kg), the results obtained in the second part of the samples honey note that the concentration of radium ranges It is among the highest value (1.7270Bq / Kg) in the sample (Honey fall Karbala (Local)) and less valuable (0.2111Bq / Kg) in the sample (Honey Mount Haj Omran (Local)), and that the concentration of radium samples of local honey rate (0.7441 Bq / Kg). For the samples of imported honey, the concentration of radium rate (0.6141Bq / Kg).Results mass emission rates of radon samples dry legumes, ranging from the highest value (0.4442Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1) in the sample (Indian Homs (imported)) and the lowest value (0.0731Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1) in the sample (Indian Mash (imported)) , and the arithmetic average of the mass emission rate of the samples the local dry legumes (0.1540 Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1), and for dry legumes imported (0.1681 Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1), and the results of area emission rates radon samples dry legumes, ranging from the highestvalue (2.0405 Bq.m - 2.d - 1) in the samples (Indian Homs and Turkish lentil (imported)) and the lowest value (0.5681Bq.m - 2.d - 1) in the sample (Indian Mash (Imported)), and the arithmetic average of the rate of the area emission rate of surface samples local dry legumes (1.0865 Bq.m - 2.d - 1), and for samples of imported dry legumes (1.1589 Bq.m - 2.d - 1). Results mass emission rates of radon samples of honey, ranging from the highest value of ( 0.3132 Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1) in the sample (Honey fall Karbala (Local)) and the lowest value (0.0383Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1) in the sample (Honey Mount Haj Omran (Local)), and the arithmetic average of the mass emission rate for samples of local honey (0.1359 Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1), and for samples of imported honey (0.1114 Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1), and the results of area emission rates of radon samples of honey, ranging from the highest value (3.1286 Bq.m - 2.d - 1) in the sample (AL - noor Honey (Basra - Seder) (Local)) and the lowest value (0.6257 Bq.m - 2.d - 1) in the sample (Honey ount Haj Omran (Local)), and the arithmetic average of the rate of area ssion samples of local honey (1.4828 Bq.m - 2.d - 1), and for samples of imported honey (1.1670 Bq.m - 2.d - 1).

تحضير الياف نانوية موصلة من الخلائط البوليمرية PANI : DBSA/PS بطريقة الغزل الكهربائي واستخدامها في تصنيع خلية شمسية عضوية - لاعضوية == Synthesis Semiconductor Nanofiber of Polyblend (PANI : DBSA/PS) By Electrospinning Method and Application in Solar Cell

Author name: دلال نصر منشد
Supervisor name: كريمة مجيد زيدان | علاء شاوي مشعان
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

دراسة حركيات ليزر النقطة الكمية بوجود البرم == Study of Dynamics of Quantum Dot Laser with Spin

Author name: حكمت عبد الحسين ابراهيم
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The dynamics of VCSE QD spin polarized laser is studied based on asix equations model that takes into account the effect of number ofcontrol parameters on populations in the wetting layer for bothpolarized components and those in the quantum dot .The carrier density in the wetting layer and the quantum dot vary indifferent manner although the former lends to the later . Also thedynamics of carriers in the quantum dot shows varieties of dynamicsthat range from simple to complex one while the dynamics of carriersin the wetting layer are always simple .The polarized field related to the spin up and spin down cases sufferseffects in different manners due to the variations of these controlparameters . the intensities of both two polarized components behavioralso range from simple and end up chaotically.It appears that output ellipticity can be used as a new tool to assess the dynamical state of the laser wither it in stable , periodic , aperiodic or chaotic .The modulation of the injection current for both components or for either one led to new dynamics , the system was not able to show when it work autonomously although the model has five degrees of freedom .

قياس تركيز غاز الرادون والثورون في المنازل والمستشفيات والمراكز الصحية في محافظة البصرة العراق

Author name: حسام نجم عبود
Supervisor name: عيسى جاسم محمد الخليفة
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Laser Physics
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

دراسة تركيز البورون في مياه محافظة ذي قار وتربتها باستخدام طريقة الكارمين وجهاز اللوفي بوند == Study of Boron Concentration in Water of Thi - Qar Governorate and Soil Using Carmine Method and Lovibond Device

Author name: تغريد عبد الحسين شاكر
Supervisor name: ثائر منشد سلمان
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In this study , we measured the boron concentration in the water and soil of Thi - Qar Governorates, where were collected (45) Sample Water also were collected (66) Sample soil from the districts of Thi - Qar and its environs province of southern Iraq , and we used that analogy chromatography Al carmine method (colorimetric carmine method) . we got the highest concentration of boron (0.801 ppm) in Garmat Bani Said area - Al Greej and the lowest value for the concentration of boron measured Al carmine manner of samples of clay in said Dhkeel - Al Ibrahim (2) area (0.368 ppm) . The concentration of boron has been in samples of mud rate in the province of Thi Qar was (0.614 ppm) also were measured exponent pH and ranged results between (7.208 - 8.368 ) and an average of (7.890) . As well as we used measurement chromatography Al carmine to measure the boron concentration in water samples way . We got the highest value for the concentration of boron water sample (1.057 mg / L) in Garmat Bani Said area - center (1) and the lowestvalue for the concentration of boron measured Al carmine way in water samples in Al Fuhood zone - Amayreh(1) (0.251 mg / L) . Boron concentration of water samples in the province of Thi Qar rat was (0.592 mg / L) .The boron concentration of water samples located within the normal allowable ratio globally but some are relatively high . As well as the measured pH and the results were pH ranging between (7.435 - 8.277) and an overall average of (7.885) .It was also some water samples to measure the soil by a device (Spectro Direct Lovibond) we got the highest value for the concentration of boron in the water samples (1.4 mg / L) in Al Fuhood zone - Amayreh area (3) , and the lowest value for the concentration of boron in Al Nasiriya - Al shuhada zone (1) (0.4 mg / L) . The soil samples were measured by a device (Spectro Direct Lovibond) has the highest value for the concentration of boron we got them in Al Tar - Al hareb area (1.1 ppm) and the lowest value for the concentration of boron in Al Tar - Al Ebrat (0.2 ppm) .

دراسة نظرية لبعض العوامل المؤثرة في سلوك دالة الموجة المستخدمة في تكثيف بوز اينشتاين

Author name: ايمان عبد الرضا موحي المالكي
Supervisor name: نوري حسين نور الهاشمي
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Laser Physics
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study entails some of the theoretical characteristics of Bose - Einstein intensification of the ideal gas properties, since the wave function behavior has been studied and analysed according to the effect three types of external potentials trapping that are used in the production Bose - Einstein condensation which are (harmonic potential, optical lattice potential , and double well potential) that have been used as individual or overlapping potentials, and the value of the non - linear has been confirmed according to fixed values in the whole study in order to the study the effect of the other elements. The effect anisotropy AL has been studied according to the behavior of the wave function and the distribution potential where the harmonic potential has individually at first, than it has been overlapped with the optical lattice potential in order to study this factor. Furthermore,the effect of this factor has been explained due to the distribution potential, function wave and relation type between the factor itself, chemical potential and energy. Additionally, we have used the intertwined harmonic potential with the optical lattice to study the effect of optical lattice potential factor q after confirming the harmonic potential AL at certain values, with exposition of it's effect the wave function behavior and distribution of potential with explanation to the nature of the relation between the chemical potential and energy with this factor. In addition to that, we have studied the influence of the center of double well potential coefficient A on the nature and behavior of the wave function and potential, and the nature of the relationship between this factor and chemical potential and energy. Noting the effect of these factors on the behavior of the wave function and the distribution of potential, therefore it has effect in Bose - Einstein condensation production.

استخدام المطاط المعاد في تحضير عجنات مطاطية تستعمل كاغطية مانعة للرطوبة == USING RECLAIMED RUBBER FOR PREPARING RUBBER BATECHES APPLIED AS ANTIWETNESS COVERS

Author name: احمد محي حمود جواد عجام
Supervisor name: سمير حسن هادي النصراوي | محمد حمزة دحام المعموري
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Physics Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: تناولت هذه الدراسة تحضير عجنة مطاطية متراكبة لكي يتم استخدامها في تصنيع اغطية عازلة للرطوبة, وقد تم ٳجراء هذه الدراسة بعدة محاور. اولا تم اختيار مطاط الستايرين - بيوتادايين (SBR) كمادة اساسية واضيف ٳليها المطاط معاد الحيوية (Reclaim Rubber) بنسب مختلفة pphr (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250) بالاضافة الى المواد المفلكنة والمعجلة والمنشطة لعملية الفلكنة, وتم تحضير العينات باستعمال قوالب ذات ابعاد خاصة وحسب المواصفات العالمية للفحص (ASTM) وباستخدام المكبس الحراري تحت ضغط 10MPa ودرجة حرارة 145°C ثم تم دراسة بعض الخواص الميكانيكية للعينات مثل خاصية الشد, الاستطالة, معامل المرونة, مقاومة التمزق, الصلادة, التشوه بالانضغاط, الوزن النوعي, البلى الاحتكاك وخاصية امتصاصية الماء. من خلال اجراء الاختبارات وجد ان خواص قوة الشد والاستطالة ومقاومة التمزق والوزن النوعي وامتصاصية الماء, تزداد مع زيادة نسبة المطاط معاد الحيوية وينخفض كل من معامل المرونة والصلادة والبلى الاحتكاكي وبعد ذلك تم اختيار العجنات التي تمتلك افضل خواص ميكانيكية وهي العجنة B5 التي تتكون من pphr(100SBR+200R.R) والعجنة B6 التي تتكون من pphr(100SBR+250R.R). ثانيا تم ٳضافة الياف الصوف وهي عبارة عن مخلفات صناعية ونواتج عرضية للصناعات النسيجية الملوثة للبيئة وكذلك الياف النايلون وهي عبارة عن نفايات لمواد بلاستيكية ملوثة للبيئة وبنسب pphr (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50) الى العجنتين B5, B6 فاصبحت كل عجنة تمتلك ست عينات مدعمة بالياف الصوف وست عينات مدعمة بالياف النايلون وتم تحضير العينات ودراسة تاثير ٳضافة الالياف على الخواص الميكانيكية للعجنة المطاطية. بعد مقارنة النتائج مع المواصفات القياسية, تم اختيار العجنة التي تتكون من (100SBR+200R.R+30Nylon.F) pphr حيث تمتلك استطالة (463%) ومقاومة تمزق (2.863MPa) وامتصاصية الماء (0.67%) بالرغم من قوة الشد لها (2.982MPa). ان اضافة الالياف بنوعيها الى العجنة المطاطية سببت انخفاض في قوة الشد من (3.846MPa) الى (2.982MPa) والاستطالة من (599%) الى (463%) وارتفاع في مقاومة التمزق من (1.45MPa) الى (2.86MPa) ومعامل المرونة من (0.067MPa) الى (0.075MPa) والصلادة من (46.83) الى (74.66) ومقاومة البلى الاحتكاكي من (0.046%) الى (0.528%) وانخفاض التشوه بالانضغاط من (9.09%) الى (4.77%) والوزن النوعي من (1.06g/cm3) الى (0.9g/cm3) وهذه النتائج تتلاءم مع المواصفات المطلوبة للمنتج, ولتحسين خاصية الشد تم اخذ 150g من العجنة التي تم اختيارها واضيف لها 50g من مادة اسود الكاربون وبعد اجراء فحص الخواص للعينة الناتجة تم الحصول على قوة شد بمقدار (5.16MPa) بالاضافة الى زيادة التحسن في الخواص الميكانيكية الاخرى. لمعرفة مدى التاثير الذي تحدثه الاشعة فوق البنفسجية (UV) على خواص المنتج تم تعريض عينات الاختبار الى الاشعة فوق البنفسجية UV ولفترات زمنية مختلفة (0, 15, 30, 45, 60) hour وللخواص التالية : مقاومة الشد والاستطالة ومقاومة التمزق والصلادة والوزن النوعي وامتصاصية الماء. فاظهرت النتائج حدوث انخفاض في مقاومة الشد بنسبة 6.39% والاستطالة بنسبة 7.81% ومقاومة التمزق بنسبة 10.78% والوزن النوعي بنسبة 1.53% وزيادة في قيمة الصلادة بنسبة 2.48% وامتصاصية الماء بنسبة 56.49% وهذه التغيرات تكون ضمن حدود المواصفات القياسية المعتمد عليها. تم اجراء اختبار التعجيل بالتعتيق الحراري لعينات الشد ومقاومة التمزق وامتصاصية الماء تحت درجة حرارة 70°C ولمدة 28 يوما فاظهرت النتائج حدوث زيادة طفيفة في قيمة مقاومة الشد (5.417MPa) ومقاومة التمزق (3.2Mpa) وامتصاصية الماء (0.793%) وانخفاض طفيف في قيمة الاستطالة (302%). | This study comprise the preparation of composite rubber batch to be used in the manufacture of insulation covers moisture and has been nominated by conducting this study with several axes. First was selected basic feed stock styrene - butadiene rubber (SBR) in addition to the Reclaim rubber and at different rates (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250) pphr in addition to the vulcanizing material and accelerators and activators to vulcanization process. The samples prepared by using the private dimensions of molds and according to international standards for testing (ASTM) and using a thermal piston under the compression 10MPa and temperature 145°C then some mechanical properties was studied for samples such as tensile properties, elongation, modulus of elasticity, tear resistance, hardness, deformation Compression, specific gravity, friction and property absorbency water. Through testing it found that The increasing of additives ratios of reclaim rubber due to increase the tensile strength and elongation and tear resistance and specific weight and absorbency of water, and decreases both the elastic modulus and hardness and friction. After that was chosen the samples which owns the best mechanical properties of a B5 sample consisting of (100SBR+200R.R) and B6 sample, which consists of (100SBR+250R.R). Second it has been added wool fabrics which is a waste, and outputs cross textile industries and nylon fabrics which is a waste plastics, at different rates (0,10,20,30,40,50) pphr to samples B5, B6, becoming a whole batch has six samples reinforced wool fibers and six samples reinforced nylon fibers was prepared samples and study the effect of adding fiber on the mechanical properties of rubber batch. After comparing the results with standard specifications, has been chosen the sample which consisting of (100SBR + 200R.R + 30Nylon.F), It has a tensile strength elongation (463%) and resistance to tearing (2.863MPa) and water absorbency (0.07%), exception the tensile strength (2.982MPa). The addition of fiber to both types of batchs rubber caused a decrease in the tensile strength of (3.846MPa) to (2.982MPa) and elongation of (599%) to (463%) and increase in the tear resistance of (1.45MPa) to (2.86MPa) and elastic modulus of (0.067Mpa) to (0.075MPa) and the hardness of (46.83) to (74.66) and wear resistance of (0.046%) to (0.528%) and low deformation by compression of (9.09%) to (4.77%) and spesific gravity of (1.06g/cm3) to (0.9g/cm3), and these results fit with the required product specifications, and to improve the tensile properties were taken 150g of selected sample and add them 50g of carbon black material and after an examination of properties of the sample resulting been get the tensile strength by (5.16MPa) in addition to the increased improvement in other properties. To find out the extent of the impact of ultraviolet radiation (UV) on the properties of the product have been exposing the test samples to UV radiation and for different periods of time (0,15,30 ,45,60) for properties : the tensile strength, elongation, tear resistance, hardness, specific weight and absorbency of water. The results indicate a reduction in tensile strength 6.39% and the elongation of 7.81% and tear resistance of 10.78% and specific weight of 1.53% and increase in the value of hardness at 0.024% and absorbency of water of 4.8%, and these changes are within the limits of the standard specifications. Was conducted testing of heat aging to tensile strength and tear resistance and absorbency of water samples under a temperature of 70°C for a period of 28 days, The results indicate to increase in tensile value by (0.04%) and tear resistance by (0.04%) and decreasing in elongation value of (0.01%).

تاثير حجم حشوات دقائقية على بعض الخصائص الفيزيائية لمتراكب بوليمري == Effect of fillers particle size on some physical properties of polymer composite

Author name: لبنــى حميــد داخــل
Supervisor name: فؤاد شاكر هاشم الجبوري
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Higher Diploma
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Physics Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: اضافة مسحوق طين بنتونايت قرة تبه العراقي بعد معالجته بمادة البولي فينيل الكحول (PVA) لنسبتي اضافة %1wt. و%2wt. ولمقاسين حبيبيين (25µm) و(45µm) الى بوليمر البولي مثيل ميثا كريلايت (PMMA) ادى الى تحسين الخصائص نتيجة لظهور تغييرا مستمرا في الخصائص البصرية. اظهرت قياسات FT - IR ان المواد المستخدمة في البحث (PMMA) و(PVA) بدرجة عالية من النقاوة وهي مطابقة للمواصفات العالمية المعمول بها. التحليل المعدني لمسحوق طين البنتونايت بواسطة تقنية XRD دل على ان المكون الرئيسي في المادة المالئة هو معدن المونتيمورلينايت (Montmorillonite ( اذ شكل نسبة 97.54% اضافة الى الكوارتز بنسبة ضئيلة 2.46% وعدم وجود اي نسب من الاكاسيد والاملاح غير المرغوب فيها. ان اعلى قيمة لامتصاصية الاغشية المحضرة بطريقة الصب في كلتا الحالتين ( لنسبتي الاضافة %1wt. و%2wt. وللمقاسين الحبيبيين 25µm و45µm) ظهرت في المنطقة فوق البنفسجية من الطيف الكهرومغناطيسي وبلغت ذروتها وبالمقدار (3.421) عند الطول الموجي (300nm ) لمتراكب PMMA مع مضاف مسحوق طين البنتونايت المعالج لنسبة الاضافة %2wt. للمقاس الحبيبي µm 45 . هذه النتيجة غاية في الاهمية بالتطبيقات الصناعية للبوليمر اذ تعد تحسنا لصفة الامتصاصية للموجات فوق البنفسجية بشكل يسمح استعماله لاغراض الحماية مثل غطاء واقي من الاشعة الشمسية وكاغلفة لخزن الادوية وطلاء الاطارات لمنع وصول الاشعة فوق البنفسجية لهذه المواد. كما يمكن استعماله للاغراض الطبية مثل صناعة نظارات شمسية لحماية العين البشرية من الاشعة فوق البنفسجية التالفة لانسجة الجسم بسبب نفاذيتها القليلة جدا. وجد ان قيم فجوة الطاقة للانتقالات غير المباشرة المسموحة والممنوعة تقل مع زيادة نسبة مضاف مسحوق طين البنتونايت المعالج الى القيم 2.4eV و1.7eV لنسبة الاضافة %2wt. للمقاس الحبيبي µm 25 µm 45 على التوالي ، لذا يمكن ان تستخدم في صنع متحسسات وكواشف بوليمرية وكذلك في الخلايا الشمسية. كما تم حساب الثوابت البصرية المتمثلة بمعامل الانكسار والخمود وثابتي العزل الكهربائي بجزئيه الحقيقي والخيالي ووجد انها تتاثر بتغير نسب الاضافة والحجم الحبيبي لمسحوق طين البنتونايت. | Adding Iraqi kara Tape Bentonite clay after treating with polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) with percentage addition of (1wt% , 2wt%) for particle sizes (25 µm , 45µm) to poly (methel methacrylate) polymer (PMMA) which led to improving properties as a result of appearing a continues change. The FT - IR measurements showed the materials (PMMA) and (PVA) used in the research with high purity and accordance with the international specifications that are used. Metallic analysis of bentonite by XRD technique showed that the main component of filling material is the Montmorillonite which is 97.54% in addition to Quartz which is 2.45% without any undesirable percentage of Oxides or salts.The maximum absorption of composite films for the two cases (addition ratio 1wt%, 2wt% and particle sizes 25µm &45µm) appears in the Ultra violet region of the electromagnetic spectrum and reached its maximum value at the wavelength of (300nm) for the composite PMMA with treated bentonite of percent 2wt% for the particle size of 45µm. this result is very important for industrial application of PMMA polymer which is considered improvement of Ultra violet absorption in away that can be used for protection purposes such as sun light protection cover, drug sheets, tires painting. It also can be used for medical purposes like sun glasses to protect human eyes from Ultra violet ray which may harm human body tissues because of its poor transmission. The values of allowed and forbidden indirect transition band gap will decrease by increasing the treated bentonite adding ratio to the values (2.4 eV , 1.7 eV) for the percent 2wt% of particle sizes (25µm , 45µm) respectively.So it may be used in manufacturing polymeric sensors and detectors and also in solar cells. Optical constants like (refractive index, extinction coefficient and complex dielectric Constance) when are calculated, we discovered that these constants are influenced by the various of bentonite adding ratio and particle size.

دراسة تاثير اضافة KMnO4 على الخصائص البصرية لخلائط (PVA - PEG) == Study the effect of adding KMnO4 on the Optical Properties of (PVA - PEG) mixtures

Author name: ايمان دعبول عبد الحمزة كاظم الشمري
Supervisor name: بهاء حسين صالح ربيع المرعب
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Higher Diploma
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Physics Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: تم تحضير المتراكبات البوليمرية (PVA - PEG - KMnO4) باضافة برمنجنات البوتاسيوم (KMnO4) بتراكيز وزنية مختلفة % wt ) 0,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5 ) الى خليط بولي فاينيل الكحول وبولي اثيلين كلايكول باستخدام طريقة الصب (Casting method) ومن ثم دراسة الخصائص البصرية لهذه المتراكبات التي بينت تاثير برمنجنات البوتاسيوم على الخواص البصريه لبولي فاينيل الكحول وبولي اثيلين كلايكول (PVA,PEG) وتم تسجيل طيف الامتصاصية بطول موجي (360 - 1100) نانومتر وحساب كل من النفاذية ومعامل الامتصاص وفجوة الطاقة ومعامل الخمود ومعامل الانكسار وثابت العزل ( الحقيقي والخيالي ) والتوصيلية البصرية.اظهرت النتائج بان النفاذية وفجوة الطاقة تقلان بزيادة تركيز KMnO4)) , وزيادة كل من معامل الامتصاص ومعامل الخمود ومعامل الانكسار وثابت العزل (الحقيقي والخيالي ) بزيادة تركيز المضاف | Polymer composites were prepared by adding potassium permanganate with different weight concentrations ( 0,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5) wt% to polyvinyl alcohol mixture and polyethylene klycol by using the casting method and then studying the optical properties of these compositions which showed the effect of potassium permanganate on the optical properties of polyvinyl alcohol and polyethylene klycol (PVA - PEG) ,the absorbance spectrum was recorded along a wavelength ( 360 - 1100) nanometer and computation of permeability , absorption coefficient, power gap, coefficient of inertia, diffusion coefficient , Insulation constant ( real and imaginary) optical conductivity. The results showed that the permeability and the energy gap decrease by increasing the concentration and increase of the coefficient of absorption , coefficient of inertia of inertia, refractive index, isolation constant ( real and imaginary) by increasing the concentration of added .

دراسة الخصائص الطيفية لبعض الصبغات العضوية كاوساط فعالة في ليزرات الصبغة == Study of Spectroscopic Properties for Some Organic Dyes as an Active Media in Dye Lasers

Author name: افراح محمد عبد الامير
Supervisor name: طالب محسن عباس الشافعي
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Higher Diploma
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Physics Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت هذه الرسالة جزئيين من الدراسة في الجزء الاول تمت الدراسة العملية وذلك بدراسة تاثير اختلاف التراكيز 10 - 5) ML ×10 - 3 ,1×10 - 4 ,1×1) لمحلول صبغات (الفلورسين - الاكريدين - الاكريفلافين) المذابة في الايثانول على : - 1 اطياف الامتصاص والفلورة . - 2الخواص البصرية الخطية (معاملي الامتصاص والانكسار الخطيين ). - 3العمر الزمني والنتاج الكمي للفلورة . حيث لاحظنا ازاحة قمة طيف انبعاث الفلورة نحو الاطوال الموجية الاطول(red shift) وذلك بزيادة تركيز المحلول . اما قيمة معاملي الامتصاص والانكسار الخطيين تزداد بزيادة تركيز المحلول . ومن خلال النتائج تبين ان قيمة العمر الزمني للفلورة يقل بزيادة تركيز المحلول , ونقصان قيمة النتاج الكمي للفلورة بزيادة تركيز المحلول. اما الدراسة النظرية فتمت باستخدام برنامج (Gaussian 09 ) وذلك بدراسة مستويات الطاقة الـ (HOMO , LUMO) وجهد التاين لها والالفة الالكترونية , وكذلك حساب فجوة الطاقة والـتي من خلالها تم حساب الـــطول الـــموجي للانتقال الطاقي الرئيسي بين مستويات الطاقة الالكترونية , ويعد هذا البرنامج احد الاساليب المعالجة النظرية وذا خطوات حسابية مختصرة وايجاد تشخيص رصين وجيد لمستويات الطاقة الجزيئية لجزيئة الصبغة المستخدمة . اما الجزء الثاني فتم بدراسة مستويات الطاقة الجزيئية التذبذبية عمليا ونظريا , وعمليا تم قياس انماط الاهتزاز لصبغات (الفلورسين - الاكريدين - الاكريفلافين) وحساب شدة الامتصاص والاعداد الموجية لطيف الاشعة تحت الحمراء الوسطى ( MID - IR. ) باستخدام مطياف الاشعة تحت الحمراء (I.R. Spectrometer ) . اما نظريا تم حساب وتشخيص الانماط الاهتزازية الاساسية لصبغات (الفلورسين - الاكريدين - الاكريفلافين) وحساب شداتها وكذلك الاعداد الموجية باستخدام برنامج (Gaussian 09 ) . حيث لاحظنا ان هناك تطابق بين النتائج العملية والنظرية لانماط الاهتزاز مع وجود اختلاف نسبي بين الشداة المقاسة عمليا ونظريا | This research included the two parts of the study in the first part was practical study the effect of the solvent type and different concentrations ( 1×10 - 3, 1×10 - 4, 1×10 - 5 ) ML to dye (Fluorescein - Acridine - Acriflavine)solution on : the absorption and the fluorescence spectrum . - 1 2 - linear optical properties (absorption coefficients and refraction index) . 3 - fluorescence lifetime and fluorescence Quantum Yield . Where we noticed the removal of fluorescence emission spectrum peak towards longer wavelengths ( red shift) when increase the concentration of the solution , and increase the value of absorption coefficients and refractive index when increasing the concentration of the solution . through the results Show an decrease the value of the fluorescence lifetime when increases the concentration of the solution Decrease the value of the fluorescence Quantum Yield when increasing concentration of the solution . The theoretical study propagated using a program (Gaussian 09) by studying the energy of the levels ( HOMO , LUMO )calculation for molecule (Fluorescein - Acridine - Acriflavine) and Ionization potential , as well as the calculation of the energy gap that from which calculate the wavelength of the energy transition the main between electronic energy levels . this program is one of the methods of treatment theoretical calculation steps concise , sober and find a good diagnosis of the molecular energy levels of the dye molecule used . As well as the calculation of the energy gap through which is calculated wavelength of the energy to move the main between electronic energy levels . As for the second part been studying the molecular vibration energy levels practically and theoretically, and has the study process , measuring the patterns of vibration modes of the solution dye (Fluorescein - Acridine - Acriflavine) and the calculation of intensity of absorption and the wave numbers of the radiation spectrum mid infrared ( MID - IR . ) using infrared spectrometer ( IR - Spectrometer) . theoretically been calculation and personification basic vibrational modes for dye (Fluorescein - Acridine - Acriflavine) and calculation its intensity and wave numbers , using a program (Gaussian 09) . Where we noticed that there is a match between the practical and theoretical results of vibrational modes and presence relative difference between the measured and theoretically

تاثير جسيمات (BaTiO3) النانوية على الخصائص الكهرو بصرية للبوليمرات السائلة جانبية السلسلة == Effect of )BaTiO3) nanoparticle on Electro - Optical Properties of Side Chain Liquid crystal Polymers

Author name: زهراء كاظم روضان المعموري
Supervisor name: خالد حسن بدر العمار
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Physics Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: درست في هذا البحث تاثير جسيمات تيتانات الباريوم BaTiO3 النانوية على الخصائص الكهرو - بصرية لمادة بوليميرية بلورية سائلة سايلوكسونية ذات سلسلة جانبية. استخدمت خمسة اوزان جزيئية مختلفة بالوزن الجزيئي تتراوح بين (1.7×〖10〗^6 - 3.1×〖10〗^3) وكانت نسبة المادة النانوية BaTiO3 المضافة (0.07) متساوية لجميع الاوزان الجزيئية ، ولوحظ ان الفولتية تزداد مع زيادة الوزن الجزيئي ، وعند اقل قيمة للشدة نحصل على فولتية التوجيه التام . كما وجد ان اضافة جسيمات BaTiO3 والتي كانت نسبتها متساوية لجميع الاوزان الجزيئية تؤدي الى زيادة كثافة المجموعة الميزوجينية المرتبطة بسلسلة البوليمر وهذا يؤدي الى زيادة اسهام عزم ثنائي القطب الكهربائي في مجموعة (C≡N) الموازية لمحور الجزيئة الطولي للوحدة الميزوجينية ، وكذلك يسهم في زيادة متباينة الخواص العزليةDielectric anisotropy ∆ ε وبالتالي نحصل على ازمان استجابة بصرية (τ_on) ،(τ_off) اقل ، وبذلك تتحسن الخواص الكهرو - بصرية للنظام . وقد قيست ازمان الاستجابة البصرية (τ_on) في حالة الفتح (عند تسليط مجال كهربائي ) وزمن الغلق(τ_0ff) (عند ازالة المجال الكهربائي) وذلك من خلال حساب الفترة الزمنية بين التصفيف الابتدائي والتصفيف الجديد للجزيئات الحاصل بفعل المجال الكهربائي المسلط من ملاحظة التغير في شدة ضوء الليزر اثناء مروره بالخلية الكهروبصرية . ان الفولتية اللازمة لاحداث توجيه تام في جزيئات المادة البلورية السائلة البوليمرية قد حسب لكل البوليمرات المستخدمة ووجد انها تزداد مع زيادة الوزن الجزيئي . وتم قياس التغير في فولتية العتبة عند خطوات ثابتة وتحت درجات الانتقال الطوري TNI لسلسلة من البوليمرات وجد ان الاوزان الجزيئية العالية للبوليمرات تمتلك فولتية عتبة كبيرة وان هذا له علاقة بثابت مرونة النظام . كما وجد ان ازمان الفتح تزداد(τ_on) تزداد عند زيادة الوزن الجزيئي وذلك بسبب زيادة اللزوجة ، وكذلك (τ_on) هو دالة الفرق بين درجة الحرارة المقاسة ودرجة حرارة الانتقال الزجاجي ، وكذلك فان ازمان الغلق (τ_0ff) هي الاخرى تعتمد على درجة الحرارة وهي دالة الى اللزوجة . وقد استخدمت قياسات مطياف الاشعة تحت الحمراء ، وذلك لتحديد معامل الترتيب التوجيهي للبلورات السائلة ذات السلسلة الجانبية وبتحديد اهتزاز حزمة معينة (C≡N) لطيف الامتصاص فقد وجد ان معامل الترتيب التوجيهي يعتمد على درجة الحرارة مع مختلف الاوزان الجزيئية . | In this research study the effect of BaTiO3 nanoparticles on electro - optical properties of liquid crystalline polymers with side chain. Used five different molecular weights of molecular weight ranging from (1.7×〖10〗^6 - 3.1×〖10〗^3)and the percentage of material nanoparticles BaTiO3 added (0.07) equal to all molecular weights, it has been noted that the voltages increase with increasing molecular weight, and when less the value of the intensity we get the operating voltage . . Measured the optic response times (τ_on) when current is switched on (under the electric field) and has also been measured when the electric current is switched off (τ_0ff) (the electrical field is removed), by calculating the time period between the primary layering and new layering molecules which happens under the effect of the electrical field and this period has been measured through calculating the laser light Intensity passing through the cell. The voltages have been needed to bring about a complete guide in the article of liquid crystalline polymer particles may as each polymer used and found to increase with increasing molecular weigh. It has been measured by the change in the threshold voltage when steady steps and under phase transition degree TNI series of polymers found that high molecular weight polymers possess significant threshold voltage, and this has to do flexibility constant of the system . . The response times(τ_on) also found increases with increasing molecular weight due to increased viscosity, meaning that (τ_on) is a function of the degree of difference between the measured temperature and the glass transition temperature. Also, it has been found that switch off times (τ_0ff) the other depends on the temperature which is a function to viscosity . Spectrometer was used infrared measurements to determine the orientational Order Parameters ( )for liquid crystals with a side chain and determining the vibration specific package (C≡N) of the absorption spectrum has been found that the orientational order parameters ( ) depends on the temperature with different molecular weights. It has been found that the addition of BaTiO3 particles lead to increased group density mesogen associated with a series polymer, and this leads to increase the contribution by permanent polar moment in Syano group parallel to the axis of the molecule longitudinal unit mesogen, as well as contributing to the anisotropic increase dielectric anisotropic Δε and thuwe get the responding times ( τ_on), (τ_off) less and thus improve properties electro - optical system.

تصميم العدسات الالكترونية المغناطيسية باستخدام الطريقة التحليلية == Design of Magnetic Electron lenses Using Analysis Method

Author name: قتيبة احمد ساهي المعموري
Supervisor name: طالب محسن عباس الشافعي
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Physics Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: تم في هذا البحث اجراء دراسة حاسوبية تصف احدى طرائق تصميم العدسات الالكترونية المغناطيسية وهي طريقة التحليل. وقد تركزت هذه الدراسة على ايجاد التصميم الامثل للعدسات المغناطيسية ثنائية القطب المتناظرة غير المشبعة مغناطيسيا لاستخدامها في بناء منظومات بصرية مغناطيسية للمجاهر الالكترونية النفاذة (TEM، Transmission Electron Microscope). استخدمت في هذه الدراسة بعض البرامج الحاسوبية منها برنامج (EOD، Electron Optical Design) الذي يقوم بتصميم الشكل الهندسي للعدسة المغناطيسية وكذلك حساب المجال المغناطيسي المحوري المتولد فيها اضافة الى رسم خطوط الفيض المغناطيسي خلال تركيب العدسة. تم حساب مسار الحزمة الالكترونية وكذلك الخواص البصرية الشيئية والمسقطية للعدسة المغناطيسية ثنائية القطب المتناظرة وذلك عن طريق برنامج (CADTEL، A Computer Aided Design Tools for Electron Lenses) الذي ياخذ قيم المجال المغناطيسي المحوري كمعلومات ادخال ويقوم بحساب الابعاد البؤرية للعدسة (الشيئي والمسقطي)، معاملات الزيوغ (الكروي واللوني) ومعاملات التشويه (الشعاعي والحلزوني). في هذه البحث تم دراسة تاثير بعض المعاملات الهندسية للعدسة الكهرومغناطيسية ثنائية القطب [(عرض الفجوة الهوائية، S) , (قطر الفتحة المحورية , D)], وقد وجد نقصان قيم المعاملات الهندسية (D= 5 mm , S= 5 mm) يؤدي الى تحسن الخواص البصرية الشيئية مقارنه مع الخواص البصرية المسقطية حيث تتحسن هذه الخواص عند زيادة قيم المعاملات الهندسية (D= 5 mm , S= 20 mm) , (D= 20 mm , S= 5 mm).ان اهمية هذه الدراسة تكمن في امكانية تحديد الشكل الهندسي المناسب للعدسات الكهرومغناطيسية للاستفادة منها في المجاهر الالكترونية النفاذة. | In the present work, a computational investigation has been introduced to describe one of the methods of optimum synthesis for the magnetic electron lenses design (analytical method). This study concentrates on finding optimum design for symmetric double pole piece magnetic lenses, which are magnetically unsaturated, in order to use it in construction magnetic optical systems for transmission electron microscopes (Transmission Electron Microscope, TEM). In this study has been used same of computer programs, ( Electron Optical Design ,EOD) program which is the geometry of the magnetic lens as well as the axial magnetic field generated and addition to drawing lines of magnetic flux through the lens.The trajectory of electron beam , objective optical properties and projector optical properties have been calculated by (A Computer Aided Design Tools for Electron Lenses, CADTEL) program, which is take the values of axial magnetic field as input data and calculation the focal lengths of lens (objective and projector), aberration coefficients (spherical and chromatic) and distortion coefficients (spiral and radial). In present work has been studied effect some of geometrical factors for electromagnetic lenses ]( air gap , S) (axial bore diameter , D)[ , the objective optical properties are improve when the geometrical factors decrease (D=5 mm , S=5 mm) compared with the project optical properties are improve when the geometrical factors increase (D= 5 mm , S= 20 mm) , (D= 20 mm , S= 5 mm).The importance of this study is possibility determining suitable geometry of the magnetic lenses for benefiting from it in making transmission electron microscopes

تحديد العناصر المشعة الطبيعية في النفط الخام المنتج من ابار حقل الغراف النفطي باستخدام مطيافية اشعة كاما == Determination of Natural Radioactive Elements in Al - Garraf Crude Oil Well Using Gamma Ray Spectroscopy

Author name: ايات شرهان سعدون
Supervisor name: جبار ماضي راشد
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Science - Physics Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: Natural radioactive materials (NORM) that accompany oil and gas production from a real problem for the environment and the people. These radioactive substances can from a significant threat to workers in the field of crude oil if the concentrations exceed permissible limits. Natural radioactivity due to U - 238, Th - 232, Ra - 226, Ra - 228 and K - 40 in crude oil samples collected from al Gharraf oil field in Thi Qar province, south of Iraq. 15 wells were selected to take crude oil samples from this field. were measured using gamma ray spectrometry based on scintillation detection 3 x 3 inch NaI (Tl).The radioactivity concentrations of U - 238,Th - 232,Ra - 226,Ra - 228 and K - 40 values in the studied oil samples ranged (0.92 - 5.02 Bq / kg),(1.42 - 5.27 Bq/ kg) , (0.91 - 5.81 Bq / kg) ,(1.56 - 4.52 Bq / kg) and (60.45 - 138.88 Bq / kg) respectively. The equivalent concentration for each of Ra - 226 and Th - 232 and K - 40 has been calculated for all samples and was found to be between (7.60 - 24.04) Bq / kg , (5.39 - 16.98) Bq / kg and (98.78 - 313.10) Bq/Kg respectively.The absorbed dose for these concentrations were calculated using three equations supported by ICRP, UNSCEAR and BECK and we found that the absorbed dose according to ICRP, UNSCEAR and BECK for all samples ranged between (1.378 - 5.675) , (3.85 - 11.00) and (3.881 - 11.496) respectively. The calculated values of the annual effective dose rate and excess lifetime cancer risks (ELCR) were between and (0.591 - 2.436591 ), respectively.The external and internal hazard index also calculated and found ranges between ⁄ and (0.023 - 0.081 ⁄ ), respectively. The results obtained indicate that concentrations of radioactive elements targeted in this study were within safe limits despite the variation in the concentration values between samples. We therefore conclude that the natural radioactivity due to U - 238,Th - 232,Ra - 226,Ra - 228 and K - 40 in crude oil samples collected from al Gharraf oil field in Thi Qar province poses no risk to workers according to standards set by International Commission onRadiological Protection Publication (ICRP60),World Health Organization(WHO)and United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR).

دراسة الخواص المغناطيسية لنظام فيريمغناطيسي ذي برم مختلط باستخدام تقريب متوسط المجال == Study of the Magnetic Properties of a Mixed Spin Ferrimagnetic System by Using Mean Field Approximation

Author name: اسماء مزعل جاسم
Supervisor name: حسن عبد ياسر | هادي قاسم محمد
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Science - Physics Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: In this research it has been investigated the magnetic properties of a mixed spin - 2 and spin - 7/2 lsing binary ferrimagnetic system which is numerically solved by using the mean - field approximation (MFA), for a square lattice and simple cubic one; respectively.The magneto crystalline anisotropies have carefully been changed so as to investigate an interesting phenomenon which is called “Compensation phenomenon” where it has been found that the mixedspin Ising system which is considered has one compensation temperature and ) 4z ( square for a 85 . 2 1 . 3     B D , 85 . 1 1 . 2     B D when the considered system , respectively. Whereas lattice ) 6z ( simple cubic A atoms of for the sublattice anisotropies compensation points multi has in the range  7.1  DA  6.1, 10.4  DA  9.2 for a square and simple cubic lattice, respectively. Besides that it has been studied this phenomenon in the presence of an external magnetic field. We have , 1 . 0 2 . 0     H , , i.e. H lues of t a certain range of negative va found tha gives rise to the multi compensation points. On the other hand, the obtained results indicate that the considered system has experienced first - order and second - order phase transitions, in the planes mA,T , mB ,T respectively. At certain values of sublattices observe that the ordered , one can H , in the absence of A D anisotropies may show the first order phase transition rom the  phases at T  0K SA  2 state to the SB  7 / 2 state, when the value of anisotropyDB decreases.As well, we have examined the phase transitions within the calculation of the free energy function on the basis of Bogoliubov inequality in the plane  f ,T  to obtain precisely results compared of both crystalline for ) TM, ( se ones have been shown in the plane tho sublattices. Our results are encouraged and helpful to support and clarify the characteristic features in a series bimetallic molecularbased magnets. Besides that these magnetic materials have applications in the area of thermo - magneto recording.

دراسة مقارنة للخصائص التركيبية والبصرية لاغشية [Cd1 - x AlxO] الرقيقة المحضرة كيميائيا بطريقتين == Comparative Study of Structural And Optical Properties of (Cd1 - xAlxO) Thin Film Chemically Prepared In Tow Routs

Author name: وطبان احمد خميس جدوع
Supervisor name: زياد طارق خضير | اسعد احمد كامل
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University of Diyala - College Of Science - Department Of Physics
Language: Arabic
University location: Diyala
First pages:
Abstract: In this study, undoped and Al - doped (CdO) films with volume percentage doping of (3,5,7 and 9 %) have been prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis and chemical bath deposition methods on glass substrates at a temperature of (400 ?C) and room temperature re

تاثير اضافة النحاس والخارصين على بعض الخصائص الفيزيائية لاغشية اوكسيد النيكل النانوية المرسبة بطريقة المحلول الغروي == Effect of Additive Copper And Znic on Some Physical Properties of Nano Nickel Oxide Films Deposited By Sol - Gel Method

Author name: نور علي سامي الجيلاوي
Supervisor name: فؤاد شاكر هاشم الجبوري
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Physics Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: حضرت نانوية NiO)) النقية والمضاف لها الخارصين والنحاس بنسب مولية (0.01,0.05,0.1) mol% ومزيجهما بالنسبة 0.1mol%عند سمك 100 nm على بابعاد 1mm)× 1.5×2) باستخدام طريقة المحلول الغروي Sol - Gel)) عند درجة حرارة الغرفة (R.T). درست الخصائص التركيبية للاغشية ا | NiO : Zn,Cu nano films were prepared by molar percentage of (0.01,0.05,0.1) mol% and (0.1) mol% mixture under 100 nm thickness onto (2 ×1.5×1) mm glass surfaces by Sol - Gel method at 298K.The structure properties for the prepared films were studied the
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