Author name:
وسن فوزي فاضل عباس الابریسم
Supervisor name:
مؤید فاضل عباس | ابتھاج حنظل التمیمي
Abstract:
The present study was carried out during the growing season of 2014 and 2015 in a private orchard in Shatt Al - Arab with the objective of knowing the effect of pollination 1, 2, 4 and 8 day from opening of female spathes, source of pollen (Ghannami Akhder and Smasmii) and by passing pollination process by spraying unpollinated flowers with the growth regulators and ethephon on certain aspects of the physiology and anatomy of date palm fruits cvs. Hillawi and Sayer. The results may be summarized as follows : 1 - The date pollination had no effect on fruit growth curve, but had a significant effect on length of the khalal stage which was 22, 18, 16 and 15 days for the cv. Hillawi and 24, 20, 18 and 17 days for the cv. Sayer, for the pollination dates 1, 2, 4, and 8 from opening of female spathes. The fruits of Hillawi and Sayer cultivars entered the tamr stage after 19 and 20 weeks from pollination respectively.2 - Fruits produced from flowers pollinated 8 days from opening during the khalal stage was superior in all physical characteristics of the fruit, with the exception of seed weight, which had its highest weight during the first date of pollination, however therewere no significant differences in fruit for both growing seasons, fruits of the cv.Hillawi had the highest values of physical characteristics in cooperation with those of Sayer cv.3 - As for Chemical characteristics of the fruits, the fourth pollination date (8 days from flower opening) gave a significantly highest value of total soluble solids, total sugars and dry matter. The highest values for reducing sugars was recorded during the second date of pollination( 2 days after female spathes opening), fruits of athe cv. Hillawi had the highest values for all those chemical constituents with its highest value with fruit of Sayer cv. 4 - These was significant difference of the unpollinated flowers in free amino acid and soluble proteins content, The second date of pollination gave the highest concentration of free amino acids 3.269mg.g - 1, whereas the fourth pollination date gave the highest1.856mg.gP - 1 P . As for the date of sampling , the fruits record during the third date ( 5 days after pollination) had the highest concentration of both free amino acids and soluble proteins, fruits of the cv. Hillawi had a significantly high concentration of both chemical constituents in comparison with fruits of the Sayer cv.5 - The results showed, that there were significant difference in the concentration of both auxin and cytokinins of the flowers ،422.5 271.5, where the second date of pollination gave the highest concentration of both hormones in the flowers, the date of sampling after pollination, had no effect on the concentration of auxins. however, the third sampling date( 5 days from pollination) had the highest of cytokinins in young fruits cv. Hillawi had the highest values with fruit of Sayer cv. .6 - The fourth date of pollination had the highest percentage ripening whereas the second date of pollination gave the highest fruit set percentage bunch weight during the rutab stage. Fruits of the cv. Hillawi was superior with respect to percentage fruit set, percentage fruit ripening, bunch weight as compared with fruits of the cv. Sayer. As for the effect of pollen source7 - The pollen source had no effect on fruit growth curve, but had a significant effect on the length of the khalal stage, the length of the klalal stage for fruit produced by the pollen Ghannami Akhdar wasb18 and 21 days for fruits of the cvs.Hillawi and Sayer respectively, whereas the length of the khalal stage for fruits produced the Smasmii pollen was 21 and 25 days for both cultivars respectively.8 - Fruit pollinated by Ghannami Akhdar had the highest values for the physical characteristics, as compared with fruits produced by the pollen Smasmii the pollen source Ghannami Akhdar recorded.9 - the highest values for total soluble solids and dry matter, whereas the pollen source Smasmii gave the highest value for the water content and total acidity. Fruit of the cv. Hillawi had the highest value for those chemical constituents as compared with fruits of the cv. Sayer.10 - As for sugars, the increase in reducing and total sugars was slow during early stage of fruit growth, thereafter, there was a rapid increase in sugars which reached its highest values during the 18 the week from pollination. For sucrose, its content in the fruit was at its highest during the 16 th week from pollination. Fruit produced by the pollen source Ghannami Akhdar had a significantly higher content of reducing and total sugars as well as sucrose. Fruits of the cv. Hillawi had a significantly higher sugars as compared with fruits of the Sayer cultivar.11 - As for changes in the activity of the enzymes invertase and cellulose the activity was low during early stage of fruit growth, and the highest level of activity was recorded during the 16 th week from pollination for both enzymes, for fruits of both cultivars. However, the activity of both invertase and cellulose was high for fruits of the Hillawi cv.2093, 787.7 As compared with fruits Sayer.12 - As for auxins, the concentration was in unpollinated female flowers. Fruits produced by the pollen Ghannami Akhdar had the highest concentration of auxins397.3 as compared with fruitscproduced by the pollen source Smasmii, the fifth sampling date( 7 days from pollination) gave the highest auxin concentration of young fruits. The unpollinated flowers of the cv. Hillawi had a significantly higher concentration of auxins as compared with those of the Sayer cv.13 - The study of embryogenesis of female flowers have shown that the process of fertilization took place after 2 days for flowers of Hillawi and Sayer pollinated by the pollen source Ghannami Akhdar, whereas fertilization took place after three days for flowers pollinated with pollen source Smasmii. However, the cv. Hillawi was superior in those characters as compared with the sayer cv.14 - The pollen source also, had a significant effect on percentage fruit set and fruit ripening, bunch weight as compared with fruits produced by the pollen Smasmii. However, fruits of the cv. Hillawi was a significantly superior, in those characteristics.15 - As for the by passing of the process of pollination by treating unpollinated flower with gibberellic acid and ethephon, such treatments had no effect on fruit growth curve, for both cultivars.16 - As for anatomical characteristic of parthenocarpic fruits not treated with gibberellic acid and ethephon(control), it gave the highest number of layers of exocarp, hypodermis and stone cells. The seeded fruits had the highest thickness of the inner mesocarp. Fruits of the cv. Sayer was superior with respect to thickness of the exocarp cells, hypodermis and stone cells, outer and inner mesocarp and tannin cells 259.6, 117.9, 117.8, 810.0, 3734, 773 μm Also, there were a change in the number as the Sayer cv 630.0mmPP. Had the highest number of cells as compared with fruits of the cv.Hillawi. The Hillawi showed the highest width of cells 72.5 μm, as compared with the cv. Sayer, but there were no difference in cell length. The control treatment gave the highest number of cells in pith tissues of parthenocarpic fruit, whereas the seeded fruit gave the highest length and width of cells.17 - treatment with gibberellic acid and ethephon had a significant effect on chemical characteristics of the parthenocarpic fruits treatment with 200mg.l - 1 +1000mg.l - 1 ethephon, caused a significant increase in total sugars and reducing, total soluble solids, and ripening percentage 56.09, 47.97, 59.09, 23.09% for parthenocarpic fruits of both cultivars Hillawi and Sayer. e
