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بناء ودراسة منظومات تحلية المياه وتسخينها باستخدام الطاقة الشمسية == CONSTRUCTIN AND STUDY THE PERFORMANCE OF WATER DESALINATION AND HEATING SYSTEMS USING SOLAR ENERGY

Author name: رسل داود سالم الخفاجي

Supervisor name: جاسم مهدي الاسدي | عقيل يوسف هاشم

General topic: Physics

Specific topic: Solar Energy Physics

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences

Language: English

University location: Basrah

First pages:

تحضير وتشخيص ودراسة الخصائص البصرية والكهربائية للبوليمرات المشتركة من بولي كحول الفينيل المطعم ببعض الاصباغ العضوية وتطبيقاتها في الخلايا الشمسية == Synthesis , Characteristic and Study the Optical and Electrical Properties of Polycohol Alvinyl Grafted Some Organic Dyes and Their Application in Solar Cell

Author name: زينب علي عبد الرسول الربيعي

Supervisor name: علي قاسم عبد الله

General topic: Physics

Specific topic: Solar Energy Physics

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

تقييم اداء تصاميم جديدة لسخان الماء الشمسي في مدينة البصرة30.5°N == Evaluation of new designs of solar water heater in Basrah city 30.5° N

Author name: كوثر كاظم منخي

Supervisor name: نوري حسين نور الهاشمي | جاسم مهدي الاسدي

General topic: Physics

Specific topic: Solar Energy Physics

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The main goal of the current study is the benefit of solar energy as the origin of any renewable energy for producing a hot water through multiple solar collectors each one with overall capacity about 26 liter so that, these collectors arranged in sequential order within the construction of the house without affecting the artistic aspects of the house. These collectors will capable of providing the house the needs of hot water for domestics use especially during the winter season. It will reduce the amount of energy such as electricity and or kerosene or any other source of energy that usually used in Basrah.The present study is included the design and manufacture of seven models of solar collectors. The tools that have used into manufactured of these collectors are some cheap materials that are available in Basrah markets. These models are differ from each other by some aspects with additions properties. The thermal performance and efficiency have a test and then choose the best one in order to use it in four different modern designs of solar heaters.the thermal performance of the manufactured heaters models are tested by calculate the amount of hot water supply under difference weathers conditions in the city of Basrah, which sorts as a large abundance of solar radiation. It also test two types of arrangement of difference parts of heaters. The practical test has been proven the advantage of linking hot water reservoir tank with cold water and then linking the whole system with the hot water tank. This arrangement will allow of gradual warming of the water, which allows the consumer get the hot water directly from the system and not from the reservoir. This study include what is called a feedback arrangement system in order to increase the benefit from solar radiation. In this case, the hot water will recycle to allow for moreexposure to solar radiation repeatedly, that in the case of non - use or the case of little use.All the experiment Steps carried out on the roof of the department of physics building's in the college of education for pure Sciences, Basrah university in the northern city of Basrah, located at latitude 30.50 N and longitude 47.80 E during the winter season 2013 - 2014. Al thought this winter characterized by abundant of rain and clouds the models No.5 shows very good results interm of high temperature of hot water and the amount of it. The temperature was reach (900 C). In addition the model No.4 which depend on the technique of feedback idea shows a good result interm of the amount of hot water produce which reach (146 liter) at a temperature about (500 C) with in only five hours starting at 10 : 00 am until the 2 : 00 pm.In order to develop the optimum dimensional measurements of the solar collectors a mathematical model was developed to predict the output temperature of hot water from the solar collectors or from the radiator in general for different dimensions. This model is working successfully and achieved data that in comparable with our experimental ones. The experimental results have been analyzed theoretically to compare the performance of all solar collectors of the heaters, in different weather conditions and in a same time.

قياس مستوى الاشعاع الطبيعي في منطقة القبلة في محافظة البصرة == The Measurement of Natural Radiation Level in Qubla District in Basrah Governorate

Author name: محمد قاسم خضير

Supervisor name: عبد الرضا حسين صبر

General topic: Physics

Specific topic: Solar Energy Physics

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The aims of this study is to measure the natural radioactivity in the selected areas from the province of Basrah using solid state nuclear tracks detectors SSNTDs both types of CR - 39 and LR - 115type Π to determine the concentration of radon gas. Gamma spectrometer Sodium Iodide NaI was used also to find specific activity of 238U, 232Th, 226Ra and 40K, in soil. This action is considered necessary from the point of view prevention of radiation hazard associated natural radioactivity of the soil in those areas and its impact on them. The first chapter includes an introduction to radiation and to shed light on the sources of radiation, natural and man made. Chapter 2 contains a highlight of radon gas and to identify the health effects of this gas as important sources of radiation in nature that can enter the human body through breathing. Chapter III contains the identification of the study area and samples collection of and preparation methods of the samples. The preparation of the measuring cylinder for measuring radon gas concentration at dwelling presented in the area. The natural gamma radioactivity measured by the NaI(Tl), also presented in the same chapter. This chapter also clarified; the equations used in calculations of radon gas concentration, the equations used to measure the specific activity of 238U, 232Th, 226Ra and 40K in selected soil samples taken from the area and assess the hazard indiceis caused by radioactivity (Raeq). Chpter 4, contains a review of methods used in the measurements includes materials and equipment used. Chapter five includes our findings from this study which is shows that, The radon gas concentration in dwelling has been measured found to be in the range of; 11.91 ± 1.3 Bq / m3 to 606.7 ± 66.52Bq / m3 with average value equal to 78.51Bq / m3, which is much less of the value specified by the United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA a 150Bq / m3 and this does not constitute a high risk to the health. The next part of this research; is the measurement of the natural gamma radiation emitted by the surface soil. We found that the lowest value for the concentration of isotope 226Ra is 2.5Bq / kg and maximum value was 147.4 Bq / kg with range of 47.3 Bq / kg. The minimum gamma concentration of 238U is 0.09 Bq/kg, while the maximum value is 94.7Bq / kg and an average of 23.5Bq / kg .The minimum concentration of 232Th is 1Bq / kg and maximum value of 83.9 Bq / kg at a range of 41.1Bq / kg. The minimum value of 40K was found to be 1 Bq / kg and the greatest value is 1048.6 Bq / kg and an average of 499.2 Bq / kg.All of these results are within the rangeof permitted and there is no rise in the value of the concentration of radioactive elements naturally calls for action to clean up pollution action cleaning , As for the soil of the region have indicated results found that the greater the intensity of the effects recorded in the soil of the area studied detector CR - 39 is 56187.5±3533.9 Track/cm2 while the lowest value was 1437.5±90.413 Track/cm2,which can be relied upon in radon concentration and content of radium account effective, but for the detector LR - 115TYPE it was found that the greatest density of the recorded Track 17250±1085 Track/cm2,while the less dense traces recorded Track 188±12Track/cm2 .

دراسة الخواص البصرية والكهربائية لبوليمرPoly (3 - Hioxy Thiophene, 2 - 5 dily) (P3HT) وتاثير اضافة صبغة Orang G على تلك الخواص مع تطبيقه في صناعة الخلايا الشمسية == Study of the optical and electrical properties of Poly (3 - Hioxy Thiophene, 2 - 5 dily) (P3HT) and the effect of Orang G on the properties and it's application in Fabrication of solar cells

Author name: فاطمة حميد مالك التميمي

Supervisor name: وليد علي حسين

General topic: Physics

Specific topic: Solar Energy Physics

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: تم في هذه الدراسة تحضير اغشية رقيقة من بوليمر P3HT غير المشوب والمشوب بصبغة Orang G وبنسب تشويب Vol(1%,3%,4%,5%,7%,10% ) وبوليمر PEDOT : PSS غير المشوب وقد حضرت الاغشية بطريقة طلاء البرم .Spin Coating شخصت الاغشية البوليميرية المحضرة بواسطة الاشعة السينية X - Ray والاشعة تحت الحمراء FT - IR . اظهرت نتائج فحص الاشعة السينية X - Ray ان النماذج المحضرة لبوليمر P3HT غير المشوب والمشوب، اذ تكون اغشية البوليمر P3HT غير المشوب ذات تركيب عشوائي ونتيجة التشويب بدات النماذج المحضرة تكون شبه بلورية نتيجة تاثير صبغة Orang G المستخدمة. كذلك شخصت النماذج المذكورة انفا بطيف الاشعة تحت الحمراء FT - IR اذ اظهرت النتائج ان لهذه الاغشية مجاميع فعالة واضحة. درست كذلك الخواص البصرية لجميع الاغشية المحضرة كالامتصاصية(A) والنفاذية (T) والانعكاسية R)) ضمن مدى الطيف (300 - 900nm)،ودرس ايضا معامل الامتصاص(α) ومعامل الخمود(K) ومعامل الانكسار(n) وثابت العزل الحقيقي (ϵr) وثابت العزل الخيالي (ϵi) والتوصيلية البصرية (σopt) كدالة للطول الموجي . اظهرت الدراسة ان طيف الامتصاصية لاغشية المواد قيد الدراسة ضمن منطقة الطيف المرئي، حيث تم تسجيل اعظم قمة لبوليمر P3HT غير المشوب والمشوب بصبغة Orang G عند الطول الموجي 530 - 572nm)) وكتف (Shoulder) عند الطول الموجي 600nm .اظهرت الدراسة ان طيف الامتصاص لبوليمر PEDOT : PSS غير المشوب يكون ذات امتصاصية واطئة بحدود (0.1a.u) ويكون ذو نفاذية عالية تصل الى 85% .حسبت فجوة الطاقة البصرية للبوليمر P3HT غير المشوب فكانت (1.95eV) وتتناقص قيمة الفجوة مع زيادة نسبة التشويب حتى تصل الى (1.88eV)عند نسبة التشويب 5% Vol - (O.G) - P3HT،كذلك تزايد في كلا من معامل الامتصاص(α) ومعامل الخمود(k). تم حساب التوصيلية الكهربائية باستخدام ميزة(I - V)،ووجد ان التوصيلية الكهربائية تزداد مع زيادة درجة الحرارة والتي تكون ضمن مدى(30 - 70OC) وهو السلوك الغالب لجميع الاغشية المحضرة وهذا يدل انها اشباه الموصلات . تم حساب طاقة التنشيط لجميع الاغشية المحضرة ووجد ان طاقة التنشيط لبوليمر PEDOT : PSS تكون قليلة وهي بحدود (0.41eV) وهذا يفسر التوصيلية الجيدة لهذا البوليمر . ووجد ان طاقة التنشيط لبوليمر P3HT غير المشوب تكون بحدود0.6eV وعند نسبة التشويب بنسبة 1% Vol(O.G) - P3HT تصل طاقة التنشيط 0.4eV وبزيادة نسبة التشويب الى 5% Vol (O.G) - P3HT تصل طاقة تنشيطه الى 0.23 eV . استثمرنا النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها لعمل خلية شمسية ذات الطبقة الواحدة وحسبت معاملات الخلية الشمسية باستخدام ميزة (J - V) ووجد انها تكون ذات كفاءة تصل الى 0.1% عند نسبة التشويب 1% Vol(O.G) - P3HT وذات كفاءة 0.2% عند نسبة الشوائب 5% Vol(O.G) - P3HT Vol(O.G) - P3HT . | In this study thin films of un doped P3HT and (1%,3%,4%,5%,7%,10 %) Orang G doping P3HT and un doped PEDOT : PSS, have been prepared using spin coating method . The prepared films were characterized under XRD and FTIR .The XRD spectra shows an amorphous structures of the un doping which were become semicrystline as a results of doping . The FTIR spectra of un doping P3HT and pure (O.G) shows principle functional group as recorded in literature .The UV - IS optical properties related to absorbance (A), Transmit (T) and reflectance (R) in the rang (300 - 900) nm have been studies to and absorption coeffienct (α), refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (K) and the real dielectric constant (ϵr), and a imaginary dielectric constant (ϵi) as well as optical conductivity( σopt)funacton of Wavelength.In this found that un doping of P3HT and O.G doping thin films have broad bound peaks in the rang ( 530 - 572nm) with as shoulder at the wave length 600nm .PEDOT : PSS shows high transmittance of 85% . The calculated optical energy gap for un doping P3HT be (1.95eV) , and decreases with increasing O.G of doping reached to (1.88eV) at 5% Vol (O.G) P3HT doping .It is also that absorption coeffienct (α) and extinction coefficient (K), increasing as function of wave length (λ).The electrical conductivity (σ) due at (I - V) characteristic for un doping and O.G - doping found to be increases with increasing temperature for (30 - 70oC), for all sample . Shows is Organic semiconductors behavior .A activation energy of prepared thin films were estimated and found to be (0.41,0.6 ,0.4 eV) and 0.23 eV for PEDOT : PSS un doping P3HT ( 1% Vol (O.G) - P3HT ) ,(5% Vol( O,G) - P3HT) nespectivity . A inlayer solar cells wave constructers from the upper mention un doping and evaluated ,and found to have efficacies(0.1% ,0.2%) respectively.

تحضير ودراسة خصائص الخلايا الشمسية الصبغية المتحسسة DSSCs == Preparation and Study The Properties of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Author name: علي عبود عبد الحجامي

Supervisor name: ستار جبار قاسم | باسل علي عبد الله

General topic: Physics

Specific topic: Solar Energy Physics

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: يقدم هذا البحث نوعا من الخلايا الشمسية التي تستخدم صبغة عضوية حساسة للضوء. حيث تستخدم هذه الخلايا غشاءا رقيقا من مادة ثاني اوكسيد التيتانيوم مغطى بطبقة من صبغة عضوية لامتصاص الطاقة الشمسية وتحويلها الى الكترونات حرة بحيث تحقن الى طبقة ثاني اوكسيد التيتانيوم الذي يعمل كجامع للالكترونات. وتتكون ايضا من محلول الكتروليتي للتعويض عن الالكترونات المفقودة من جزيئات الصبغة العضوية. وفي هذه الدراسة جرى تحضير اغشية رقيقة من ثاني اوكسيد التيتانيوم TiO2 بطريقتين, الطريقة الاولى هي طريقة العجينة paste وكان سمك الغشاء المحضر بحدود 30 مايكرومتر والطريقة الثانية هي طريقة Sol - Gel باستخدام جذور التيتانيوم ايثوكسايد Ti(OCH2CH3) وكان سمك الغشاء المحضر بحدود 12 مايكرومتر. وفي كلا الطريقتين لتحضير اغشية TiO2 جرى ترسيبها على القواعد الزجاجية المعدة لذلك لغرض دراسة الخواص البصرية لها مثل الامتصاصية والنفاذية والانعكاسية ومعامل الامتصاص ومعامل الانكسار ومعامل الخمود وثابت العزل العقدي بجزئيه الحقيقي والخيالي وفجوة الطاقة البصرية المباشرة وغير المباشرة, وجرى دراسة الخواص التركيبية والسطحية لهذه الاغشية بواسطة SEM وXRD وAFM. ومن ثم جرى تحضير الانود الضوئي للخلية الشمسية صبغات المالجيت الخضراء والمثلين الزرقاء والرودامين بي المذابة الايثانول كلا على حدة, بعد ذلك نقوم بغمر الاغشية الرقيقة للـ TiO2 المرسبة على ITO المحضرة بالطريقتين (paste وSol - Gel) في محلول الصبغة ثم نستخرجها من محلول الصبغة لتجف لتكون جاهزة لتحضير الخلية الشمسية. حيث كانت المساحة الفعالة للـTiO2 المحضر بطريقة Pasteهي 0.2 سنتمتر مربع, بينما كانت المساحة الفعالة للـTiO2 المحضر بطريقة Sol - Gel هي 0.16 سنتمتر مربع. بعد ذلك تم تحضير القطب المضاد من تحضير عجينة الكاربون. وذلك بصب العجينة على القواعد الزجاجية الموصلة ITO واجراء المعالجة الحرارية له ليكون القطب المضاد جاهز للخلية الاستعمال في الخلية الشمسية. اما الالكتروليت فقد تم تحضيره باذابة الايودين I2 مع يوديد البوتاسيوم في احد المذيبات التالية (ethylene Glycol ,DMSO, ethanol) كلا على حدة لتحضير نماذج مختلفة من الخلايا الشمسية ودراسة الفرق في مميزة الخلايا الشمسية لكل مذيب على حدة. وبعد تحضير اجزاء الخلية بصورة منفردة تم جمعها بطريقة السندويج. وحسبت مميزة (التيار - فولتية) للخلايا باستخدام جهاز قياس الخواص الكهربائية ومصدر ضوء من الزينون, ومنها تم حساب كلا من فولتية الدائرة المفتوحة Voc وتيار الدائرة المغلقة Isc والقدرة العظمى Pmax وعامل الملئ F.Fوكفاءة الخلية η ومقاومة التوازي Rs ومقاومة التوالي Rsh. وفي خطوة اخرى تم اضافة كمية من نترات الفضة الى الالكتروليت لمعرفة تاثيره على معاملات الخلية الناتجة. وكانت افضل كفاءة جرى حسابها للخلية هي ذات صبغة المالكيت الخضراء MG حيث بلغت كفاءتها 0.741% لخلية ذات TiO2 المحضر بطريقة Sol - Gel و0.25% لخلية ذات TiO2 محضر بطريقة paste باستخدام الكتروليت ذات مذيب ethylene glycol وتحسنت بعد اضافة كمية محددة من نترات الفضة AgNO3 الى الالكتروليت لتصبح 0.912% للـ Sol - Gel و0.303 للـ paste. اما بالنسبة للخلية ذات صبغة الرودامين بي وكانت افضل كفاءة جرى حسابها بلغت 0.69% لخلية ذات TiO2 المحضر بطريقة Sol - Gel و0.224% لخلية ذات TiO2 محضر بطريقة paste باستخدام الكتروليت ذات مذيب ethylene glycol وتحسنت بعد اضافة كمية محددة من نترات الفضة AgNO3 الى الالكتروليت لتصبح 0.881% للـ Sol - Gel و0.704% للـ paste.اما بالنسبة للخلية ذات صبغة المثلين الزرقاء وكانت افضل كفاءة جرى حسابها بلغت 0.302% لخلية ذات TiO2 المحضر بطريقة Sol - Gel و0.113% لخلية ذات TiO2 محضر بطريقة paste باستخدام الكتروليت ذات مذيب ethylene glycol وتحسنت بعد اضافة كمية محددة من نترات الفضة AgNO3 الى الالكتروليت لتصبح 0.501% للـ Sol - Gel و0.15% للـ paste. حيث بينت الدراسة ان اعلى كفاءة هي للخلية ذات TiO2 المحضر بطريقة Sol - Gel وصبغة Malachite Green مع اضافة كمية من نترات الفضة الى الالكتروليت كانت, وان افضل مذيب للالكتروليت هو ethylene glycol. | This research involves in preparing solar cells that use a light - sensitive type organic dye. These cells produce the use of thin of titanium dioxide, that is covered with a layer of organic material, absorb solar energy and use it to free electrons. These electrons are injected into a layer of titanium dioxide. The cells also consist of a electrolyte solution to compensate for the lost electrons from the organic dye molecules. In this study, thin films of carbon dioxide titanium TiO2 is used to prepare in two ways, the first way is the way the paste and the membrane thickness about 30 micrometers. The second way is the way Sol - Gel using titanium Ethoxide roots and has been deposited thin membrane in the form of layers until obtain the desired thickness of Ti ( OCH2CH3) and the membrane thickness has 12 micrometers. In both methods the prepared membranes TiO2 were deposited on glass bases prepared for the purpose of examining the optical properties. Also, studies were made for structure and surface of this membranes by XRD and FESEM and AFM. Solar cells are prepared by dissolving amount of dyes Malachite Green, Methylene Blue and Rhodamine in ethanol separately, Then immersing the thin film of TiO2 precipitated the ITO prepared both ways (paste and Sol - Gel) in the dye solution, then bit we produce here from the dye solution to dry to be ready to prepare the solar cell. Where the effective area of the TiO2 is prepared by Paste is about 0.2 square centimeter, while the effective area of the film in a way TiO2 was prepared by Sol - Gel is about 0.16 square centimeter. The counter electrode is made by preparing a paste of carbon as been the Carbon powder Black is the size of nanoparticles to slimy of TiO2 solution, then adds to distilled water to the mixed using a rock and mortar (Mortar), and then pour the dough rules on the glass conductive ITO, and subjected to heat 250 degree Celsius for one hour to be ready to counter - electrode cell used in the solar cell. The electrolyte uses in this research as prepared by dissolving the amount of iodine I2 with the amount of potassium iodide in one of the following solvents (ethylene Glycol, DMSO, ethanol) away from light to study the difference between the electrolyte resulting from these solvents. It is after the solar cell DSSC pigment assembly. The calculated characteristic (current - voltage) of cells using Keathly device and light source of xenon, Both the open circuit voltage Voc and the closed - circuit current Isc and the vast ability Pmax factor overfilling F.F and efficiency of the cell η and the parallel resistance Rs and series resistance Rsh were calculated . In another step it has been added to the amount of silver nitrate to the electrolyte to see its effect on the resulting cell parameters. The best efficiency is calculated for the cell of a dye Malachite green MG which of efficiency reached 0.741% for the cell with TiO2 at the Sol - Gel and 0.25% for the cell with TiO2 at the paste using electrolytes with solvent ethylene glycol and improved after the addition of a specific quantity of silver nitrate AgNO3 to the electrolyte to become 0.912% of Sol - Gel and 0.303 of the paste. The cell with a dye Rhodamine B is studfish best and found to have efficiency 0.69% of the cell with TiO2 that formed as Sol - Gel and 0.224% for the cell with TiO2 paste using electrolytes with solvent ethylene glycol and improved after the addition of a specific quantity of silver nitrate AgNO3 to the electrolyte to become 0.881% of Sol - Gel and 0.704% of the paste. The efficiency of the cell with a dye Methylene Blue is calculated and found to be 0.302% for the cell with TiO2 prepared by the Sol - Gel method and 0.113% for the cell with TiO2 prepared by the paste method using electrolytes with solvent ethylene glycol and improved after the addition of a specific quantity of silver nitrate AgNO3 to the electrolyte to become 0.501% of Sol - Gel and 0.15% for paste. This study shows that the highest efficiency of the cell prepared by the TiO2 Sol - Gel method and dye Malachite Green, When the amount of silver nitrate was added to the electrolyte, and the best solvent of the electrolyte was ethylene glycol.

تحضير ودراسة بعض الخواص الكهربائية والبصرية للبوليمر الموصل بولي (انيلين اوكزالك) - وامكانية تطبيقاته في الخلايا الشمسية == preperation and studying some of the electrical and optical properties of conducting polymer poly(aniline - oxalic) and the possibility of its applications to solar cell

Author name: صفا نزار رمضان

Supervisor name: غفران محمد باقر شبيب

General topic: Physics

Specific topic: Solar Energy Physics

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: We present in this study away of preparing Poly(aniline - oxali) (PAni - ox) by a Chemical polymerization with an ideal environment and temperature (5 - 0)0C. The Optical properties have been studied included the absorbance and transmitance measurements and calculations of the energy gap for (PAni - ox), which was found equal to (2.6eV). Electrical properties of (PAni - ox) have been also studied. The electrical conductivity for these materials was ( 8.22x10 - 2S.cm - 1) at room temperature.Thin films of titanium dioxide TiO2 of particle size (50 nm) and (25 nm) have been prepared and then deposited on a conductive glass bases Fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) to study the optical properties.The materials under study have been diagnozid by using several techniques including X - rays (XRD) technique to determine the crystalline structures , Infrared (FT - IR) to determine the effective groups ,and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) to determine the surface roughness and the regularity range of the nanoparticles compositions. Optical Anode was prepared by adding (PAni - ox) to TiO2, and the efficiency of the solar cell was calculated Two types of pigments alpha - Naphtholbenzein and EOSIN Y were added to TiO2 films and the prepared polymer is (PAni - ox). The pigments absorbs the solar energy and converte it to free electrons that are injected into titanium dioxide, which works as a collector for electrons. Electro solution was added to compensate for the loss electrons from the organic dye molecules. Thereafter, the electrode for the solar cell was prepared from carbon which has been obtained from candle flame.After preparation, the individual parts of solar cell have been collected by multi - layeres method . The (carrent - voltage) feature for cells by electrical properties have beem measured device and Light source.From this measurement , we calculate the open circuit voltage Voc and closed - circuit current Isc ,maximum power Pmax ,filling factor F.F, cell efficiency η, and Parallel resistance Rs and Resistance respectively Rsh.

رصد تعجيل الجسيمات المنشطة من الاكليل الشمسي خلال مرحلة التعجيل بين الكواكب للاحداث ذات الانفجارات الشمسية المتعددة == Observation Of Coronal Acceleration During Interplanetary Accelerated Phase In Multi Eruption Solar Energetic Particle (MESEP) Events

Author name: فراس محي بلبول الحمداني

Supervisor name: واثق ايوب طه الرمضان | امجد السواد

General topic: Physics

Specific topic: Solar Energy Physics

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science

Language: English

University location: Basrah

First pages: