Show: 25 50 75 100 Results

Search results: 25 out of 678

الحماية الجنائية لسير العدالة : دراسة مقارنة == Criminal protection of the conduct of justice (comparative study)

Author name: فخري جعفر احمد علي
Supervisor name: حسون عبيد هجيج
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: العدالة تمثل الاساس الذي يجب ان تقوم عليه الدولة لتحقيق غايتها المتمثلة بالخير العام للمجموع والخير الخاص لكل فرد,ويجب ان توضع على اساسها القوانين الصادرة عن ارادة المشرع , كما ان العدالة هي الاساس الذي تستمد منه هذه القوانين قوتها الملزمة للافراد ,فالعدالة تقتضي اطاعة القوانين التي تسنها الدولة,لكن الطاعة للقانون لا تكون في جميع الاحوال بنفس المستوى,فطاعة القانون تقل في الحالات الخاصة التي يكون فيها نظام الحكم في الدولة استبداديا ظالما,وعندها يظهر بوضوح ان القانون مخالف للعدالة ولمنطق العقل وغير جدير بالاحترام. وقد عمدت الدول من خلال التشريعات الجنائية الى تحديد كل سلوك اتفق افراد المجتمع على عده سلوكا منحرفا,وغير متالف مع مفاهيم المجتمع واخلاقياته,وجرمته واقرت له عقوبات تنزل بكل من تسول له نفسه الاخلال بامن المجتمع او التعدي على حقوقه او حقوق اي فرد من افراده, وانشات لهذه الغاية اجهزة متخصصة,اوكلت اليها امر التنفيذ والقيام بواجب الملاحقة , وهيات لها افضل الظروف والفرص من اجل احقاق الحق. فالحق هو ادراك للحقيقة واقامة للعدالة في ان واحد,فهو من ناحية ادراك الحقيقة الواقعة, وهو من ناحية اخرى تعديل لهذه الحقيقة عما هي عليه من تعارض مع العدالة القانونية,لتصبح متطابقة معها,فالعدالة تتحقق اذا كان الفعل الفردي عادلا غير مخل بقواعد السلوك التي يسعى كل فرد عاقل الى اتباعها متفقا مع صالح المجموع. والدولة لا تقوم بممارسة حقها في حماية سير العدالة من دون ضوابط تبين الحدود التي يجب على المشرع ان يلتزم بها في تحريم انماط السلوك الذي يخل بسير العدالة ويضر بالمصالح الاساسية في المجتمع,فالمشرع يتنازعه عند سن التشريعات الجزائية في هذا الشان تياران متعارضان هما : تيار المصلحة العامة وتيار المصلحة الخاصة,والتشريع الامثل هو الذي يصل الى التوفيق والمواءمة بين هذين التيارين او بالاحرى بين هاتين المصلحتين . وقد اهتمت المجتمعات الحديثة بسير العدالة فقررت في تشريعاتها الجنائية الحماية الجنائية لسير العدالة لتحقق اثارها المرجوة في المجتمع من عدل وامن واستقرار,وضمان استقلال القضاء ونزاهته ليؤدي وظيفته بعيدا عن كل ما يمس سير العدالة او يحرفه عن الحق والعدل؛ليكفل تحقيق العدالة في المجتمع. والحماية الجنائية التي اقرتها التشريعات الجنائية لسير العدالة هي ذات شقين لا تكتمل الا بهما : الاول حماية جنائية موضوعية لسير العدالة تتمثل في تجريم بعض الافعال التي تخل بسير العدالة وتحديد العقوبات المناسبة لها في نصوص اوردها المشرع في القوانين العقابية.والشق الثاني حماية جنائية اجرائية لسير العدالة تتمثل في مجموعة الاجراءات الجزائية التي اقرها المشرع في القوانين الاجرائية لملاحقة مرتكبي الجرائم الماسة بسير العدالة والقبض عليهم وتقديمهم للمحاكمة. ولما تقدم,ولغرض الاحاطة بموضوع الاطروحة ( الحماية الجنائية لسير العدالة ) تم تقسيم البحث على ثلاثة فصول تسبقها مقدمة,خصص الفصل الاول لماهية الحماية الجنائية لسير العدالة وفيه بيان مفهوم الحماية الجنائية لسير العدالة واساسها ونطاقها ومبرراتها في ثلاثة مباحث,والفصل الثاني خصص للحماية الجنائية الموضوعية لسير العدالة لبيان الجرائم المعرقلة لسير العدالة والجرائم المعطلة لسير العدالة في مبحثين.اما الفصل الثالث فخصص للحماية الجنائية الاجرائية لسير العدالة لعرض الحماية الجنائية الاجرائية لسير العدالة خلال مراحل الدعوى الجزائية المتمثلة في مرحلة التحري | Justice is the basis on which the state should be established to achieve its goals which are : public and private welfare for each individual and to apply on the same basis all the laws which the legislator puts on display according to his will - bearing in mind that justice is the source from which laws take their power which bind the individuals to them - ; therefore justice necessitates full obedience to the laws which are issued by the state, but this does not mean that at all times a man - made law is binding but rather obedience is to be followed in special cases when the ruling system of the state is despotic and oppressive and thus it will appear crystal clear that a man - made law runs opposite to justice and its respect is unbinding. Countries are determined, through punitive legislations, to restrict the authority of every conduct agreed upon by the group, considering it a perverted conduct and doesn’t run harmoniously with the concepts of the society and its ethics, but rather criminalized it and issued punishments against everyone who disturbs social security or transgresses over his rights or the rights of any individual of the society for this reason, it has prepared specialized experts to whom were delivered the task of executing them and the duty of follow up the proceedings as well as arranging the best conditions and opportunities for putting right in its due location. Right is but the recognition of truth at the same time. It is, on the one hand, the recognition of the occurred truth, and amendment to this truth on the other hand - as to what bears of opposition to the lawful justice to go in accord with it. so, justice can be achieved if the individual act is just and rightly follows the rules of good behavior which every wise individual wishes to follow and goes in agreement with the welfare of the group. The state does not practice its right in protecting the proceedings of justice without regulations which can demonstrate the limitations to be abided by in banning modes of conduct which will disturb the normal on - going of justice and spoil the principal interests in society. So, the legislator while starting to issue penal legislations in this respect, will encounter two opposing currents which are : the current of public interest and the current of special interest. Building on the foregoing, the typical legislation is that which can get to what harmonizes and reconciles between these two currents or rather between these two interests. Modern penal legislations have paid much attention to what makes justice go along without impediments and confusion, they, therefore, decided to establish in their penal laws - the penal protection for justice proceeding. To fulfill their desired effects in society with regard to justice security, stability and granting of judicial independence and integrity to implement its function away from everything that may disturb the smooth progress of justice or averts it from right and justice to grant the achievement of justice, fairness in society. The penal protection wets resolved the punitive legislation for the proceeding of justice is of two parts which can’t be completed without both : The first part is objective penal protection for the proceeding of justice represented in criminalizing some deeds which oppose moral behavior and impede the ongoing of justice and limitation of due punishments for such deeds in texts introduced by the legislator as punishment law; and the second part is penal protection proceeding for justice embodied in a number of penal procedures which have been resolved by the legislator within the proceeding laws to run after criminals who commit deeds which have much to do with justice, arrest them and bring them to courts of justice for trial. Building on the foregoing and for the sake of highlighting more upon the topic of this research ( The penal protection for justice proceeding ) the research has been divided into three chapters preceded by an introduction : The first chapter is specified for stating the essence of the penal protection for the proceeding of justice wherein includes explanation of the penal protection for the proceeding of justice and demonstration of its foundation scope and justifications in three researches. The second chapter is specified for objective penal protection for the proceeding of justice for stating the crimes which stand in the way of justice proceeding and the crimes which delay justice to proceed in two researches. But as for the third chapter, it is specified for penal protection proceeding of justice through the stages of penal complaint represented by the stage of investigation about the crimes and fact finding accumulation, and the stage of elementary investigation

الحماية الجنائية للاشياء المضبوطة : دراسة مقارنة == The Criminal Protection for seized objects A Comparative Study

Author name: امجد ناظم صاحب ال نصيف
Supervisor name: اسراء محمد علي سالم
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: يكتسب موضوع (الحماية الجنائية للاشياء المضبوطة) اهميته الخاصة لاتصاله بالتحقيق الابتدائي والقضائي والذي من خلاله يمكن الوصول الى الحقيقة , وحماية مصلحة الافراد في الحفاظ على يمس حقوقهم وحرياتهم الفردية التي لا يجوز التعرض لها باي شكل من الاشكال الا في حدود ما يرسمه الدستور والقانون وعدم اتخاذ اجراءات بحق اشخاص لا علاقة لهم بارتكاب الجريمة , وحصر الادلة التي تثبت ارتكاب المتهم للجريمة , فالغاية الاساسية من وجود الاشياء المضبوطة تحت تصرف السلطة القضائية هو من اجل الاستعانة بها في الكشف عن الحقيقة والوقوف على مضمونها من خلال ضبط ما يتصل بالجريمة من اشياء لغرض ايجاد الدليل او تعزيز الدليل , فالاشياء المضبوطة قد تكون هي الادلة او يمكن الاستعانة بها في الوصول الى الادلة ومعرفة الجاني ومعاقبته لانه بارتكابه للجريمة قد اعتدى على كل من حق الفرد الذي وقعت عليه الجريمة وحق المجتمع معا . فالاشياء المضبوطة يمكن الاستعانة بها في التاكد من وقوع جريمة يعاقب عليها القانون, ومعرفة نوع الجريمة المرتكبة , والمكان الذي وقعت فيه والاسلحة والادوات التي استعملت في ارتكابها , اذ يمكن ان تتنوع الوسائل التي يستخدمها الجاني في ارتكاب الجريمة , وذلك تبعا لنوع الجريمة المرتكبة هذا من جانب ومن جانب اخر ان للاشياء المضبوطة دور في معرفة السبب الدافع لارتكاب الجريمة , والتعرف على شخصية الجاني من خلال استقراء ما تم ضبطه من اشياء تثبت ادانته وتقديمه للمحكمة المختصة لمحاكمته عنها . ان المبدا العام في المسائل الجنائية هو ان ضبط الاشياء كاجراء من اجراءات التحقيق الابتدائي يرد على موضوع الجريمة او محصلاتها او ما استعمل في ارتكابها , فالاشياء المضبوطة يقتضي وجوب صلتها بالجريمة كان تكون مما استعمل في ارتكابها من الالات او ادوات او اي اشياء منقولة اخرى او نتجت عن ارتكابها , وقد تكون من الاشياء التي وقعت عليها الجريمة كالاشياء المسروقة او انها مستقلة عن الجريمة المرتكبة التي يجري التحقيق بشانها الا ان هذه الاشياء التي تم ضبطها تعد حيازتها جريمة قائمة بذاتها , وكذلك ضبط كل ما يفيد التحقيق وكشف الحقيقة , فاذا لم يتحقق في الشيء المضبوط ما يفيد التحقيق فلا يجوز ضبطه , لذا يثير موضوع حماية الاشياء المضبوطة مشكلات كثيرة اهمها ما تثيره الحماية الجنائية وهي تضع مداها ونطاقها في تقييد الافراد من التمتع بحقوقهم على الشيء المضبوط والزام السلطة المختصة بالضبط بالقيود الاجرائية اتجاه ما تتخذه من اجراءات في ضبط الاشياء والمحافظة عليها والتصرف بها بعد انتفاء الغاية منها . | The subject of "Criminal protection of seized objects" acquires its special importance in relation with the objective of primary investigation in the access to truth and the interest of individuals in maintaining to the detriment of their individual rights and freedoms, which cannot be subjected in anyway except within the limits prescribed by the Constitution and the law and the failure to take proceedings against persons not connected with committing the crime, and the inventory of evidence to commit the accused to the crime. The basic purpose of the existence of the seized stuff at the disposal of the judicial authority is for use in detecting the truth and stand on its content and its significance by adjusting related to the crime of things for the purpose of a serious evidence or enhancement guide, knowledge of the offender and to punish him because he committed a crime had attacked both the right of the individual who signed the crime and the right of society together. The seized items can be used to ascertain the occurrence of a crime punishable by law, to know the type of crime committed, the place where it occurred, and the weapons and tools used to commit it. The means used by the offender may be varied depending on the type of offense committed on the one hand and the other hand, the seized items from which knowledge of the perpetrator and the motive for the reason of having committed them, and to identify the character of the offender through the extrapolation of what's set of things found guilty and submitted to the competent court for trial. The general principle in criminal matters is that the seizure of objects as a preliminary investigation procedure is the object of the crime or its proceeds or what was used in committing it. The seized items must be connected to the crime, such as that used in the commission of the crime of machinery and tools or movables or resulted from committing them. These things may have been committed by the crime or are independent of the crime committed and are being investigated, but those things that have been seized are possession of a crime in its own right, as well as seizing all that is useful for the investigation and revealing the truth, if the seized thing is not help the investigation, it is not permissible to justify it.The protection of seized objects raises many problems, he most important of which is the nature and scope of criminal protection in restricting individuals to the enjoyment of the rights them to the exact thing and to oblige the competent authority to take procedural restrictions in the direction of their actions in controlling and preserving objects. In order to get acquainted with the subject of the research, we have discussed three chapters. The first chapter deals with the nature of the criminal protection of the seized objects, which we have divided into three sections. The first section deals with the concept of criminal protection of seized objects. The second one deals with the legal basis for the criminal protection of seized objects. the third, we reviewed the types and subjectivity of the seized objects. The second chapter dealt with some of the applications of objective criminal protection of the seized things and included three sections. The first section studied the crime of disclosure of information about seized objects and use them. In the second we took the offense of assaulting the things submitted to the courts. In the third, we reviewed the crime of unsealing seals. The third chapter devoted to the procedural criminal protection of the seized things, which we divided into three detectives identified. In the first, the authorities are competent to protect the seized objects and the scope of protection. In the second, we explained the procedural controls to protect the seized objects. The third one devoted to the procedural provisions for the disposition of the seized objects.

المسؤولية الجزائية لمنظمات المجتمع المدني : دراسة مقارنة == Criminal responsibility for civil society organizations A comparative study

Author name: محمد حسن فليح العابدي
Supervisor name: لمى عامر محمود
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: من الواضح ان منظمات المجتمع المدني قد وجدت بالاساس لتحقيق غايات انسانية للفرد والمجتمع حيث النهوض بالواقع التعليمي والصحي او الثقافي للفرد وكذلك النهوض بالمجتمع والارتقاء بهالى المستوى الذي يتناغم مع مجتمع متحضر تحل فيهالارادة الطوعية والمستقلة لتحقيق الحاجات العامة , ولكن كان العدد الهائل لمنظمات المجتمع المدني ان توجد فيها بعض المنظمات تسعى الى اهداف تتناقض مع اهداف منظمات المجتمع المدني الاساسية فنجدها ترتكب جرائم جنائية التي تثير مسؤوليتها الجزائية فكان موضوع بحثنا (المسؤولية الجزائية لمنظمات المجتمع المدني ) اخذين صورتين من صور الجرائم المرتكبة من قبل منظمات المجتمع المدني وهما جريمة الاحتيال وجريمة تمويل الارهاب ولقد اعتمدت الرسالة على المنهج المقارن بين التشريعات العراقية والتشريعات المصرية والفرنسية على اعتبار ان التشريعات الجزائية المصرية تعتبر اهم التشريعات الجزائية العربية والتشريعات الجزائية الفرنسية التي تعتبر اقدم واهم تشريعات جزائية بالعالم , وقد انتضمت الرسالة في مبحث تمهيدي وثلاث فصول حيث تناولنا في المبحث التمهيدي معنى منظمات المجتمع المدني وذاتيتها وخصائصها وانواعها ثم تناولنا في الفصل الاول فكرة المسؤولية الجزائية لمنظمات المجتمع المدني ووضحنا فيها معنى المسؤولية الجزائية لمنظمات المجتمع المدني واساسها وتم تعريف المسؤولية الجزائية لمنظمات المجتمع المدني وتطورها التاريخي وبيان اساسها حيث تم تناول الاساس الفلسفي والاساس القانوني لمسالة الاشخاص المعنوية كمنظمات المجتمع المدني جزائيا وتناولنا في المبحث الثاني شروط مساءلة منظمات المجتمع المدني جزائيا وصورها ثم تناولنا الفصل الثاني ووضحنا فيه تطبيقات المسؤولية الجزائية لمنظمات المجتمع المدني واوضحنا في جريمة تمويل الارهاب مفهومها وخصائصها والركنها الخاص والركن المادي لها من حيث صور السلوك الاجرامي وبينا ايضا الركن المعنوي لجريمة تمويل الارهاب وبينا القصد الجنائي العام وماهو القصد الخاص في تلك الجريمة ثم تناولنا جريمة الاحتيال وتم تعريفها وبيان خصائصها وتم بيان الركن المادي وفي السلوك الاجرامي والنتيجة الاجرامية والعلاقة السببية والركن المعنوي لتلك الجريمة وكيف اشترطت التشريعات المقارنة القصد الخاص لجريمة الاحتيال, ثم جاء الفصل الثالث وتناولنا فيهاثار المسؤولية الجزائية لمنظمات المجتمع المدني وتم بحث الجزاءات السالبة للحرية والمتعلقة بالنشاط واوضحنا كيفية تعذر فرض العقوبات السالبة للحرية بحق منظمات المجتمع المدني وفرضها على ممثلين منظمة المجتمع المدني وعن الجزاءات المتعلقة بالنشاط والوجود وكان ذلك في المبحث الاول من الفصل اما المبحث الثاني من الفصل والذي تناولنا في الجزاءات التي تمس الذمة المالية للمنظمة وفي مطلبين تناولنا في المطلب الاول اهمية الجزاءات المالية وطبيعتها وتناولنا في المطلب الثاني انواع الجزاءات المالية بحق منظمة المجتمع المدني وبينا صور فرض الغرامة وصور فرض المصادرة. ثم تناولنا خاتمة البحث والتي تم بيان نتائج البحث التي توصل لها الباحث من خلال البحث واهم المقترحات التي يقترحها الباحث من خلال البحث | It is clear that civil society organizations have found basically to achieve humanitarian goals of the individual and society, where advancement reality educational, health, cultural, per capita, as well as the advancement of society and elevate it to the level that is consistent with a civilized society resolved faithful voluntary and independent will to achieve the overall needs, but it was the sheer number of civil society organizations that where some organizations seek to targets in contradiction with the basic objectives of civil society organizations there we find democracy committed criminal offenses that give rise to criminal responsibility was the subject of our research (criminal responsibility of civil society organizations), keeping as forms of crimes committed by civil society organizations, namely the crime of fraud and the crime of financing terrorism . Thedesertation is based on a comparative approach between the Egyptian and Iraqi legislation French legislation on the grounds that the Egyptian penal legislation is considered the most important Arab penal legislation and penal legislation French, which is the oldest and most important penal legislation in the world . , And ViolentdesertationinPreliminary Study ,and three chapters, where we dealt with in Section primer meaning of civil society organizations and identity and in their characteristics and their types and then we dealt with in the first chapter the idea of criminal liability for civil society organizations and the We've made meaning of the penal responsibility of civil society organizations and the basis of which has been the definition of criminal responsibility of civil society organizations and its historical development and the statement its basis where they were eating the foundation of philosophical and legal foundation for the question of persons moral as civil society organizations criminally and we dealt with in the second part, the terms of the accountability of civil society organizations criminally and images and then we approached the second quarter and clearest the criminal responsibility of civil society organizations applications and we've made in the crime of financing terrorism, its concept and its characteristics and the privateStaff and material element her where pictures criminal behavior also We've made mental element of the offense of terrorist financing and We've made Criminal intent year and what is the intent own in the crime and then we dealt with the crime of fraud has been identified and the statement of its characteristics was the statement of material element in criminal behavior and the result of criminal and causality corner moral of the crime and how the required comparison legislation intended for your crime of fraud, then the third quarter came and we approached faithful triggering criminal liability for civil society organizations were discussed deprivation of liberty and the activity of the sanctions and made clear how can not impose a custodial penalties against civil society organizations and imposed on civil society organization representatives and sanctions related to the activity and presence, and it's a topic the first chapter the second section of the chapter, which we dealt with the sanctions that affect the financial disclosure of the organization and in the two demands we dealt with in the first requirement importance of financial sanctions, nature, and we dealt with in the second requirement types of financial sanctions against civil society organization and Pena photo imposing a fine images impose confiscation. . Then we approached the conclusion of research and that was the statement of the search results reached by the researcher through research and the most important proposals suggested by the researcher during the research h

جريمة تعاطي المخدرات : دراسة مقارنة == The Crime of Drug taking Comparative Study

Author name: محمد حسون عبيد
Supervisor name: اسماعيل نعمة عبود
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: ان جريمة تعاطي المخدرات ظاهرة خطيرة ومشكلة امنية تهدد الفرد وامن المجتمع وتهدد كذلك مسيرة التنمية الاقتصادية والاجتماعية، ومن هذا المنطلق فان كل دولة تحرص على حماية بنائها من افة المخدرات التي استشرت في المجتمع الدولي مما يتطلب ان تعي الاجهزة المختصة في كل دولة خطورة هذه الجريمة ، كما يجب على الاباء والامهات ان يباشروا دورهم في تربية النشء تربية اسلامية صحيحة من خلال التعاليم والقيم الاسلامية والاجتماعية المغروسة اصلا في المجتمع العراقي، لان ذلك يوقظ ضمير ابنائها المخاطبين بخطورة هذه الجريمة . ان جريمة تعاطي المخدرات لا تعد مشكلة فردية فحسب ولكنها مشكلة متعددة الجوانب لارتباطها بكل جوانب الحياة في الدولة سواء كانت سياسية او اجتماعية او اقتصادية وكذلك ترتبط بنفسية المتعاطي وصحته ،فالعلاقة التي تربط الفرد مع المخدرات من جانب ومع المجتمع من جانب اخر هي علاقة قائمة في الاساس على عوامل متعددة تبدا بالفرد المتعاطي نفسه والمجتمع الذي يحيط به،ولا شك ان الدور الاهم في مكافحة جريمة تعاطي المخدرات ينطلق من وضع قواعد قانونية تشدد عقوبة هذه الجريمة ووضع اجراءات مناسبة لمكافحتها وبذلك يعد القانون هو الدعامة الاهم في مكافحة جريمة تعاطي المخدرات .و من هذا المنطلق سنتولى دراسة جريمة تعاطي المخدرات في ثلاثة فصول،خصصنا الفصل الاول لماهية جريمة تعاطي المخدرات ،وكان الفصل الثاني مخصصا لاركان جريمة تعاطي المخدرات وتناولنا في الفصل الثالث الجزاء الجنائي لجريمة تعاطي المخدرات ومكافحتها . | Taking up of drugs leading to position in the contemporary world crimes. and it became a famous crime in the world today and its risks threaten humans and the international society.At the same time lead to an imbalance in the social and economic side .So the cooperation whether at the international or provincial between the relevant organs within the same state to be necessary to prvent this crime, just because a substance abuse achieve this crime drug abuse crime is a global problem faced by all countries in the world by increasing the numbers of drug abusers and then one of the most dangerous crimes, because they destroy the internal structure of the countries through the physical harm caused to drug abusers and it reflected on the society as a whole in terms of political, economic, and social reconstruction as well as being a direct cause to other types of crimes because it would require the assignment of a large spread of the efforts by the state to control and spend lot of money to paid for the treatment of drug abusers in private institutions. The danger of this crime spread between the young age groups who represent national wealth .It also highlights the importance of the study in a statement the international, Arab, and Iraqi efforts in the fight against the crime of drug abuse, whether in terms of legislation or in terms of the competent drug control devices and then stand on the types of drugs and the statement of reasons that lead to the commission of the crime of drug abuse and its harmful effects statement, which is now kill communities because it affects the individual addict weakness and the impact on the mental powers as well as to the morals and values or principles prevailing in the community. Proceeding from this dangerous given, it was necessary to discuss the crime in order to show human conscience of gravity even humanitarian efforts to combat.it the study of drug crime is only a reflection of the sense of Iraqi society, the phenomenon of prejudice to his system or threaten its security and safety. Therefore, The study of a pattern of criminal behavior must be within an extended framework of phenomenon so as to enable the researcher to see all of the factors in order to put an end to combat them because they are the phenomena that stalled the process of development and construction of any society. It is targeted mainly young groups because of the high turnout on substance abuse.As for targets of the study is to indicate what is the crime of drug abuse in the Iraq drug law and comparative laws and to show the legal basis for the crime of drug abuse in Iraq legislation comparative states. The identification of the legal nature of the crime of drug abuse which empowers the competent authorities to take legal action. the statement protected interest of drug crime that sought by the legislative to protect the Iraqi abuse and to show the reasons of the crime of drug abuse and its adverse effects. One of its aims is to determine the elements of the crime of drug abuse whether realized the availability of the general staff or whether they require special staff. The statement of assessment for the crime of drug abuse sanctions as well as the aggravating and mitigating circumstances and cases of exemption from punishment and stand on the measures that could be imposed against the perpetrator of this crime.Another objective of this study is to show the combat to this crime at the international and Arab level efforts and then selecting the appropriate drug control devices and stand over the sanctions prescribed for this crime to demonstrate their adequacy to put an end to the spread of drug abuse and to show the possibility of legal texts in each devote protection from the risk of the crime of drug abuse and to indicate whether the crime of drug abuse is a physical or formal crime then clarify the consequent impact and to clarify whether this crime can be realized as a result of a crime or not, as well as the possibility of a statement check embark on this crime or not.The reasons of the crime of drug abuse are multiple, therefore it was necessary to stand on all these reasons within the plan addressed the seriousness of the crime of drug abuse, which has become a widespread phenomenon and the importance of working on the analysis and study because of their dangers affecting each individual abusers and individuals in particular, as well as affecting the community in general and the importance of the study note that the increase in relation to Iraq because of the targeted countries Due to spread of drug abuse. Given the importance of the subject of the crime of drug abuse came this study, part of a plan covering all its aspects in three chapters, dealt with the first chapter of what is the crime of drug abuse? And was in three first sections of the concept of the crime of drug abuse and interest the protected either third section was for the reasons of the crime of drug abuse and its effects and the second chapter was specified to the staff of the crime of drug abuse. It was handled in three sections, the first one is for the private corner and we dealt with the material element in the second topic and the third section was devoted to the mental and we have devoted the third chapter to the criminal penalty for the crime of drug abuse and control in three sections, the first section was for the approved sanctions of the crime of drug abuse and the second one shows the cases of stress, mitigation, exemption from punishment and measures approved for the crime of drug abuse. While the third section dealt with the fight against the crime of drug abuse.

السياسة الجنائية الموضوعية الوقائية : دراسة مقارنة == Criminal policy substantive preventive A comparative study

Author name: خالد مجيد عبد الحميد الجبوري
Supervisor name: علي حمزة عسل الخفاجي
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: مما لا شك فيه ان الانسان هو اغلى ما في الوجود ، ولذلك يسعى المشرع الى توفير حماية قانونية لحقه في الحياة والسلامة الجسدية ، من خلال تجريم السلوكيات الاجرامية التي تمس هذه الحقوق الطبيعية ، والمشرع لم يقف عند حد تجريم هذه السلوكيات بعد حدوث النتائج الاجرامية ، وانما عمل على تجريمها قبل تحقق اية نتيجة مادية ، اي قبل ان يصبح الانسان مجنى عليه ، وذلك من خلال تجريم السلوك الذي يعرضه للخطر ، من اجل وقايته من الضرر الذي قد يصيبه في حياته وسلامته الجسدية ، ويطلق على هذا التجريم ( بالتجريم الوقائي ) الذي يعد اساس السياسة الجنائية الوقائية التي يكون الهدف منها مكافحة الخطر قبل حدوث الضرر ، اي ان المشرع الجزائي وفقا لهذه السياسة يعمل على توقي حدوث الضرر بتجريمه للسلوك الخطر . ومن المعلوم ان توفير حماية فاعلة لحياة افراد المجتمع وسلامتهم الجسدية من مخاطر التطور الحضاري والتقدم التكنولوجي قبل اصابتها باية اضرار مادية يشكل تجديدا تشريعيا وتطويرا جديا وحقيقيا في ارساء سياسة جنائية وقائية ناجحة اساسها التجريم الوقائي تقوم على تجريم السلوك الخطر ذاته ومعاقبة مرتكبه قبل حدوث اي ضرر مادي ملموس يمس حق الافراد في الحياة او في السلامة الجسدية ، ولذلك فان هذا النوع الجديد من التجريم ما هو الا ترجمة واضحة للتطور الذي وصل اليه المشرع من خلال مد نطاق حمايته الى ابعد من مجرد تجريم السلوكيات الضارة بمصلحة الافراد والمجتمع ومعاقبة مرتكبيها ليصل الى تجريم السلوكيات التي تعرض هذه المصلحة للخطر ولو لم يترتب عليها اي ضرر . ومع ذلك فان نطاق تطبيق التجريم الوقائي يكون مكبلا ببعض القيود سواء من الناحية التشريعية او من الناحية العملية ، لان المشرع الجزائي محكوم بمبدا قانونية الجريمة والعقاب الذي يجرم الاعتداء على الحقوق والحريات الفردية دون اية مسوغات قانونية ، اي يجب الحفاظ على المصلحة التي يحميها هذا التجريم مع مراعاة الضوابط التي تتمثل في صورة قيود ، تارة تكون قانونية وتارة تكون عملية . وعلى الرغم من ان المشرع العراقي لم يتبنى سياسة التجريم الوقائي العام على غرار نظيره الفرنسي ، الا انه قد انتهج سياسة التجريم الوقائي الخاص ، اذ نص مشرعنا في قانون العقوبات رقم 111 لسنة 1969 المعدل ، وفي بعض القوانين العقابية الاخرى على نماذج تعد تطبيقات لهذا النوع الحديث من التجريم . ومن اجل الاحاطة بموضوع الاطروحة قمنا بتقسيمها على ثلاثة فصول يسبقها مقدمة ومبحث تمهيدي ، تناولنا في المبحث التمهيدي ماهية التجريم الوقائي ، وخصصنا الفصل الاول للبنيان القانوني للتجريم الوقائي ، والفصل الثاني وضحنا فيه نطاق تطبيق التجريم الوقائي ، اما الفصل الثالث فقد كرسناه لبعض نماذج التجريم الوقائي ، ومن ثم ختمنا الاطروحة بعدد من الاستنتاجات والمقترحات التي لها اهميتها على الصعيدين النظري والعملي | There is no doubt that the man is the most precious thing in existence, and therefore the legislator seeks to provide legal protection of the right to life and physical integrity, through the criminalization of criminal behaviors that affect these natural rights, the legislator did not stop at the criminalization of these behaviors after a criminal Results , but work on the criminalized before achieved any tangible result, before any human becomes a victim, and so by criminalizing behavior that endanger, in order to be protected from the damage that might fall ill in his life and physical integrity, and called on the criminalization (preventive criminalization), which the basis of preventive criminal policy, which is aimed at combating the threat before the damage, if any penal legislator in accordance with this policy works to prevent the occurrence of damage criminalizing risk behavior. As we know that provide effective protection to the lives of the community's physical safety and the risk of the development of civilization and technological progress before being infected with any material damage is a renewal of a legislative and a development seriously and truly in establishing criminal prevention policy successful ab preventive criminalization based on the criminalization of the same risk and to punish the perpetrator behavior before any physical damage significantly affect the right of individuals to life or physical integrity, and therefore this new type of criminality is only a translation of a clear development reached by the legislator by extending the scope of protection beyond simply criminalizing harmful behaviors interests of individuals, society and punish the perpetrators of up to criminalize behaviors that this interest endanger if it does not result in any damage. Despite of the scope of application of the precautionary criminalization be shackled with some restrictions either legislatively or in practice, because the legislator penal doomed legal crime to the principle of punishment, which criminalizes attacks on individual rights and freedoms without any legal justification, that must be maintained on the interest protected by this criminality with taking into account the controls that are in the form of restrictions, sometimes be legal and sometimes be practical. And despite the fact that the Iraqi legislature did not adopt general preventive criminalization similar to his French counterpart's policy, but he has pursued a special preventive criminalization policy, , as the text of the legislator in the Criminal Act No. 111 of 1969 amended, and in some other punitive laws on the models are applications for this modern type of criminality. In order to take the topic of the thesis, we divided three chapters preceded by an introduction and Study of previews, we dealt with in Section primer what preventive criminality, and we have dedicated the first chapter of the legal architecture of Preventive criminalization, and the second chapter outlining the scope of application of preventive criminalization, The third chapter Chrisnah for some preventive criminalization models, Khtmana thesis and then a number of conclusions and proposals that are important to both theory and practice.

الحماية الجنائية للثروة الحيوانية : دراسة مقارنة == Criminal Protection of The Livestock A comparative study

Author name: عبد العظيم حمدان عليوي
Supervisor name: اسماعيل نعمة عبود
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: الثروة الحيوانية هي جميع الوسائل المادية القادرة على توليد الدخل والقابلة على التبادل بقصد اشباع الحاجات العامة والتي تعد من اهم دعائم الاقتصاد الوطني واحدى مقومات الامن الغذائي ومصدر من مصادر الدخل القومي ، وقد اهتمت بها الاديان السماوية ومن هذه الاديان ديننا الاسلامي والذي اورد اسماء الكثير منها في القران الكريم والسنة النبوية مبينا كيفية التعامل معها والرفق بها ، وكذلك في العصور الحديثة اهتمت بها القوانين الوضعية والقوانين الخاصة ووضعت النصوص القانونية والاحكام العقابية لحمايتها من الاعتداء عليها وقد تغير وضع الثروة الحيوانية في الفترات المتلاحقة من اهمال واعتداءات مستمرة ادت الى انقراض العديد من عناصرها والمتمثلة بالحيوانات البرية والطيور المائية وغيرها من الحيوانات ، ومن خلال ذلك ارتاينا البحث عن موضوع حماية تلك الثروة وتم اختيار الحماية الجنائية للثروة الحيوانية موضوع دراستنا. وانتهت الدراسة الى مجموعة من النتائج والمقترحات متمثلة في تعديل بعض النصوص القانونية سواء تعلق الامر بمواد دستورية او مواد في قانون العقوبات او القوانين الخاصة . | Livestock is all physical means that are capable to generate income and to exchange for the purpose of satisfying public needs which are considered as the most important pillars of national economy and fundamentals of national security and as a source of national income. The divine religions have paid attention to this subject and our Islamic religion was one of these religions that indicated many of Livestock names in the Holy Quran and the Sunni of Prophet and how to deal with animals and treat them well, as well as in modern times the livestock were received interest from objective and special laws in addition to assigning legal provisions and penalties to protect them from attack and aggression. The situation of livestock were changed during the successive periods because of carelessness and continuous assaults which cause to extinction of several kinds of animals for example wild animals and water birds, therefore we decided to discuss the subject of protection livestock and we pick up criminal protection as a title for our study .The study ended in assent of finding and proposals represent in the modification of some legal texts whether its related to the constitutionality of stubs trances or materials in the penal code or special laws .In order to identify the adequate methods presented by criminal protection of livestock whether at the level of punitive laws or special laws we divided our research into three chapters. In introductory research we discussed criminal protection as per legal consolidation in ancient religions where three demands were intervened in this topic. The first demand was about the criminal protection of livestock in the ancient religions. The second one was the criminal protection of livestock in the divine religions. The third demand was the criminal protection of livestock in the modern laws. In the first chapter we identify the conception of the criminal protection of livestock. The first chapter consists of two studies, firstly we define the concept of criminal protection of livestock on two demands : the first demand we put the definition of criminal protection of livestock and in the second one is the criminal protection justifications of livestock. The second was devoted to deal with lawful base of livestock criminal protection which falls in two demands, the first was entitled as lawful base of livestock criminal protection internationally and second demand was lawful base of livestock criminal protection on national and regional level. Finally, we discussed the third chapter of the thesis upon criminal protection of livestock according to bases of summary trials and special laws through two studies : the first study was the criminal protection of livestock in inspection and investigation stage, for this purpose we divided this research on two demands : the first demand was procedure protection of livestock during inspection stage about crimes and collecting of evidences, whereas the second demand dealt with procedure protection within preliminary investigation . In the second study we reviewed the procedure protection during trial and appeal stage. This study has been divided into two demands : the first one was the trial before a competent court in livestock crimes and the second was the illustration of appeal processes in decisions and relevant provisions of livestock crimes. At the conclusion the study was put the final touches with many results and recommendations.Lastly, we pray to Allah and supplicate to him and our peace upon prophet Mohammed and his pure family.

جريمة قرصنة البريد الالكتروني : دراسة مقارنة == E.mail crime piracy Comparative study -

Author name: صفاء كاظم غازي الجياشي
Supervisor name: حسون عبيد هجيج
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: جريمة قرصنة البريد الالكتروني من الجرائم المضرة بمصلحة الافراد كونها تستهدف مصالح خاصة للافراد ( حق الافراد في الخصوصية الشخصية ) لذلك تحتم المعاقبة على كل فعل يمس حق الفرد في الخصوصية ، وهذا الحق مثلما يجب توفره في الحق بحرمة المسكن وعدم جواز دخوله دون اذن كذلك يترتب وجود هذا الحق في خصوصية المراسلات باي وسيلة تقليدية او الكترونية وعليه ان تجرم كل افعال القرصنة لنظام البريد الالكتروني لضمان عدم افلات المجرمين من العقاب.ومن هذا المنطلق تم تناول موضوع الرسالة كونه من المواضيع التي من الضروري اخذها بنظر الاعتبار ودراستها على الصعيد القانوني لاسيما وان الفاعل (القرصان) يتمتع بخبرة تقنية وان جريمته لا تحتاج الى جهد عضلي ، وبما ان القرصان يشكل خطرا لكونه يقوم باختراق نظام شخصي لغيره والذي اصبح في الوقت الحاضر من اساسيات الحياة وحلقة تواصل بين الاشخاص ( الطبيعية والمعنوية ) وبقرصنة البريد الالكتروني للاخرين يعد تصرفه هذا تعديا غير مشروع ومن ثم يمكن اقامة الدعوى الجزائية بحقه.ومن خلال بحث موضوع جريمة قرصنة البريد الالكتروني نتمكن من تسليط الضوء على قصور نصوص القانون الجنائي عن معالجة هذا النوع المستحدث من الجرائم فمن الناحية الاجرائية نجد ان النصوص التي عالجت اكتشاف واثبات الجرائم المعلوماتية ومنها جريمة قرصنة البريد الالكتروني قاصرة وغير محققة للغرض منها بل تكاد تكون معدومه, وهذا يتطلب توفير اساس قانوني للحد من ارتكاب هذا النوع من الجرائم المستحدثة من الناحيتين العقابية والاجرائية ، وكذلك التاكيد على ضرورة ايجاد تعاون دولي واقليمي للحد من ارتكاب هذا النوع من الاجرام ، حيث تعد جريمة قرصنة البريد الالكتروني من الجرائم التي ترتكب عن بعد ( جرائم عابرة للحدود ). ونظرا لصعوبة كشفها فنجد احيانا ان الشخص المجني عليه نفسه لا يعلم بقرصنة بريده ، لذلك لابد من مكافحتها باتباع نهج دولي منسق بالاضافة الى التنسيق الداخلي ، وهذا كله من اجل معالجة الجرائم المعلوماتية على وجه العموم وجريمة قرصنة البريد الالكتروني على وجه الخصوص .وتم تقسيم الرسالة الى مبحث تمهيدي تناولنا فيه مفهوم البريد الالكتروني, وثلاثة فصول خصص الفصل الاول لماهية جريمة قرصنة البريد الالكتروني، اما الفصل الثاني فقد تم فيه تناول اركان جريمة قرصنة البريد الالكتروني، اما الفصل الثالث فخصص للاثار المترتبة على جريمة قرصنة البريد الالكتروني. | Crime Email piracy harmful to the public interest crimes being targeted at the interests of the privacy of individuals (individuals' right to personal privacy) so had to punish every act affects the individual's right to privacy, and this right as it should be provided by the right to freedom of residence and the inadmissibility of entering without permission as well as the consequent presence This right to privacy of correspondence by any conventional means or by electronic and to criminalize all acts of piracy and to e - mail system to ensure that the entry into force of criminals from punishment. In this sense we dealt with the subject of the message being one of the topics that need to be taken into consideration and studied at the legal level, especially since the actor (the pirate) has the technical expertise and that crime does not need to muscular effort, and as the pirate is dangerous because it is the breach of a personal system for others who became in At present the basics of life and loop communication between persons (natural and moral) and broke the pirate e - mail to others counting his disposal this infringement is illegal and can thus establish a criminal case against him, beginning with the charge and trigger stage, passing through the stage of investigation and evidence collection and the end of the phase of the trial and sentencing, and we suggest to be consideration of the case by a special electronic crimes tribunal, including the criminal case filed against pirate. But from a procedural standpoint, we find that the texts that dealt with the discovery and prove IT crimes, including the crime Email piracy inadequate and unrealized loan them, but are almost non - existent, and this requires the provision of a legal basis to limit the commission of this type of innovative crimes of both punitive and procedural, as well as emphasize the need Find international and regional cooperation to curb commit this type of crime, where is the crime of the e - mail address piracy of crimes remotely (transient crimes of the border) Due to the difficulty of detecting sometimes we find that the person is the victim himself does not know that his infiltrated by pirates, so it has to be of control following a coordinated international approach in addition to the internal coordination, and all this in order to address IT crimes in general and crime Email piracy, in particular. where we have to divide the message to the Study of preliminary We had the concept of e - mail, and three chapters The first chapter Fajssnah of what constitutes the crime of piracy e - mail to three sections, we discussed in the first concept of e - mail hacking, and Pena in the second the causes of crime, and we had a third of the characteristics and the basis of the crime, and we talked in the second quarter from the elements of the crime e - mail address piracy in three sections set aside the first to speak of the material element of the crime, and Pena in the second pillar of moral crime, and we held the third private corner (subject of the crime), Chapter III Fbgesna the effects of the crime Bembgesan we have allocated the first effects of the crime procedural, and we held the second substantive effects

المسؤولية الجزائية لشركات الهاتف النقال : دراسة مقارنة == the penal responsibility for the mobile phone Companies comparative study

Author name: عبد الرزاق حسين كاظم
Supervisor name: حسون عبيد هجيج
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: افرز التطور التقني المتسارع خدمات متعددة لايمكن الاستغناء عنها لفئات المجتمع المختلفة تخصصت بها الشركات تقدم هذه الخدمة بشكل فني ومنها خدمة الاتصال بالهاتف النقال والمعلوماتية وكان العراق مجالا لنشاطها معا ما انها تعد خدمة متاخرة بالمقارنة مع باقي الدول المتقدمة واصبحت هذه الخدمات لامناص من تلبيتها ، تبنتها كيانات معنوية متخصصة وافراد طبيعيين بالنظر للامكانات والخبرات الذي يعجز الافراد العاديين القيام بها وتقتضي هذه الخدمة مراعاة الجودة واحترام خصوصية الافراد وحمايتها من التعدي مع مراعاة شروط الترخيص والمنافسة لهذه الشركات وافرز تقديم هذه الشركات لهذه الخدمة انماط اجرامية مستحدثة سواء كان لمصلحة الشركة او من قبل القائمين بها بفعل اهمال او عمد وازاء ذلك اقتضى تجريم هذه الافعال سواء كانت منسوبة لهذه الشركات كشخص معنوي او للعاملين بها او المورد او المشغل لها او الموظفين المنتمين اليها ممن يرتكبوا افعالا جرمية باسمها او لحسابها واذ ان هذه الشركات تركز في سياستها الاقتصادية على الاستثمار والارباح المتحققة مما خلق فجوة بين التحول الاقتصادي والمجتمعي ومسايرة التشريع وتغطيته للنشاط الجرمي فكان لابد من تنظيمها وتحقيق نظام قانوني شامل يحدد جرائم هذه الشركات وفرض العقاب اللازم المتناسب مع طبيعتها والموظفين القائمين عليها وكانت هذه الدراسة استجابة للحاجة لمواجهة قانونية اجرائية لهذه التقنية وتحديد مسؤولية اطرافها وبناءا على ذلك تضمنت هذه الاطروحة دراسة هذه الشركات من حيث مفهومها وماهية مسؤوليتها وشروط تحققها وصورها واثارها ولهذا الغرض تضمنت دراستها بفصل تمهدي وبابين فاما الفصل التمهيدي فقد تضمن ماهية المسؤولية الجزائية لشركات الهاتف النقال من حيث التعريف بها والتعريف بالهاتف النقال والطبيعة القانونية لها واطراف عقد الاتصال والسلطة المختصة بابرامها والتزاماتها اما الباب الاول فتضمن تحديد ماهية المسؤولية الجزائية لشركات الهاتف النقال وبفصلين الاول لتحديد مفهوم المسؤولية الجزائية لشركات الهاتف النقال واساسها اما الفصل الثاني خصص لبيان سبب هذه المسؤولية وشروط تحققها وصورها واما الباب الثاني فقد خصص لدراسة بعض تطبيقات المسؤولية الجزائية لشركات الهاتف النقال واحكامها الاجرائية وقد قسمت الدراسة الى فصلين فاما الفصل الاول فقد عالج بعض تطبيقات المسؤولية الجزائية لشركات الهاتف النقال واما الفصل الثاني فقد عالج الاحكام الاجرائية لمواجهة مسؤولية شركات الهاتف النقال والعاملين بها وتحديد اثار هذه المسؤولية وقد تضمن الفصل الاول التمييز بين بعض الجرائم المرتكبة من قبل شركات الهاتف النقال والعاملين بها ، كما ان الفصل الثاني تضمن بيان الاحكام الاجرائية للمسؤولية الجزائية لهذه الشركات واثارها من حيث بيان احكامها الاجرائية ومن حيث تحريك الدعوى وقيودها ومرحلة جمع التحري والتحقيق والمحكمة المختصة اضافة لبيان الاثار الجزائية لهذه المسؤولية من حيث الجزاء الجنائي والتدبير مع الاشارة الى ماتضمنه امر سلطة الائتلاف رقم (65) لسنة 2004 ومشروع قانون هيئة الاعلام والاتصالات اضافة للقوانين المقارنة وقد انتهت الاطروحة الى خاتمة تضمنت اهم استنتاجات والمقترحات التي تمخضت عنها الدراسة اضافة لقائمة المصادر وملخص الاطروحة باللغة الانكليزية | Produced technical development accelerated multiple services can not be dispensed with various community groups specializing their companies offer this service artistically including contact phone and mobile information service Iraq had room to operate together what it is late service compared with other developed countries, these services have become of no alternative than met, adopted by entities moral and specialized personnel natural in view of the potential and expertise, which is failing ordinary individuals do require this service, taking into account the quality and respect for individuals' privacy and protection from infringement, taking into account the licensing and competition for these companies Terms and produced to provide these companies for this service criminal patterns innovative whether it is to the interest of the company or by those responsible for it by negligence or deliberately about it necessary to criminalize these actions, whether attributed to these companies significantly as a person or for workers or the supplier or its operator or employees belonging to them who commit criminal acts on its behalf or for its own account Noting that these companies focus its economic policy on investment and profits realized, creating a gap between the economic and societal transformation and to keep pace with the legislation and its coverage of the activity reus was to be organized and the achievement of a comprehensive legal system defines the crimes of these companies and the imposition of punishment necessary proportionate with the nature and the staff in charge of them and this study in response to the need for legal confrontation procedures for this technology and determine the responsibility of her limbs and based on that it included this thesis study these companies in terms of the concept and what the responsibility and the terms achieved and images and effects for this purpose included the study to separate Tmahdi and Babin as for the introductory chapter has included the nature of criminal responsibility for the mobile phone companies in terms of definition by definition phone mobile legal nature and its parties to contact the competent authority held by entering and obligations The first section guarantees the determine what criminal responsibility for the mobile phone companies and has two first to define the concept of criminal responsibility for the mobile phone companies and ab The second chapter devoted to the reason for this responsibility and conditions achieved and images and the second section was dedicated to the study of some of the criminal responsibility of the mobile phone companies and provisions of procedural applications The study was divided into two classes either Chapter I have dealt with some of the criminal responsibility of the operators of mobile phone applications and the second chapter dealt with procedural provisions to face the responsibility of the mobile phone companies and their employees and determine the effects of this responsibility has been the first quarter included a distinction between some of the crimes committed by mobile workers by companies, and that the second quarter included statement procedural provisions of the criminal responsibility for these companies and their effects in terms of a statement its procedural provisions and in terms of the trigger and limitations and the process of gathering investigative competent court in addition to the statement of the criminal implications of this responsibility in terms of criminal sanction and measure with reference to Matdmenh coalition authority Order No. (65) for the year 2004 and a draft law the media and communications in addition to the laws of comparative thesis has concluded finale included the most important conclusions and proposals that emerged from the study added to the list of sources and a summary of the thesis in English

الحماية الجزائية للموارد المائية : دراسة مقارنة == A Punitive Protection of The water Resources A Comparative Study

Author name: اولياء جبار صاحب الهلالي
Supervisor name: محمد علي سالم جاسم الاسدي
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: تحتل الموارد المائية اهمية متميزة من بين المصالح التي يطمح المشرع الجزائي الى حمايتها بالنصوص القانونية لكي تكون بمستوى الخطر المتولد من الاعتداء عليها ، فهو يهدد مصالح عديدة، فجرائم الاعتداء على الموارد المائية تهدد مصلحة تعد من المصالح الهامة والرئيسة من بين مصالح البلد التي يشملها المشرع الجزائي بالحماية فمن يعتدي على الموارد المائية يشكل اعتداؤه في بعض الاحيان تهديدا لامن الدولة الداخلي ، لما يترتب على جرائم الاعتداء عليها من خرق له وخاصة بعد ان اقترنت باوصاف تجعلها ملازمة للتاثير على ذلك الامن كالوصف الارهابي ، فضلا عما يترتب على هذه الجريمة من تخريب اقتصاد الدولة . كما قد يترتب على الاعتداء على هذه الموارد اذا اقترن بتدخل خارجي التدخل في الشؤون الداخلية للدولة ، واستعمالها كوسيلة للضغط عليها وهذا ما مارسته بعض الدول تجاه العراق . لقد وفرت معظم القوانين المقارنة ومنها القانون العراقي حماية جزائية كافية للموارد المائية ، وبمختلف انواعها من انهار وروافداها ، وجداول، وترع ، وقنوات سواء اكانت رئيسة او فرعية او ثانوية ، ومبازل، ومصبات عامة ، ومسطحات مائية بما فيها البحيرات والاهوار والبرك والمستنقعات والاحواض ومياه الوديان وحتى المياه الاقليمية ، اذ جرمت الاعتداء على هذه الموارد اما بوصفها احد عناصر البيئة او لكونها من الاموال العامة ومن كل انواع الاعتداءات من تلويث للموارد المائية او الاستخدام غير المشروع لها او تخريبها .بيد ان هذه الحماية غير متوفرة بصورة متكاملة من الناحية التطبيقية بسبب قلة الاخبار عن وقوع الاعتداءات على الموارد المائية، وغياب الوعي القانوني لدى المواطنين باهمية هذه الموارد وخطورة الاعتداءات على وجود الموارد المائية مستقبلا، وقلة الدعاوى او الشكاوى عن هذه الاعتداءات سيما جريمة تلويث الموارد المائية من الجهات ذات العلاقة وعدم جدية الادعاء العام في القيام بواجباته | The water resources have significant importance of the interests that the legislator aims to protect by the legal texts , in order to be at the level of risk that may generated from , it threats many interests , the crimes on the water resources threaten considered the firstly an mainly of the country's interests that included by the criminal legislator with protection whom trespassing on the water resources forming as threaten to internal national security as being the breach especially when given descriptions stick to it to effect on that security as terrorism , in addition to what have may result of destruction on the state economics . For the internal security the breach grow out these resources intrusion to internal affairs of the state , and being as means to press on , this what have done these states on Iraq . Most of the comparative laws such as Iraqi law had been provided a sufficient criminal protection for the various types of aquous resources including : rivers and their tributeries, streams, conduits, major and minor canals, trocars, general estuaries, aquous planes involves : lakes, marshes, pools, swamps, docks, valleys and even the regional aquous, as it criminalizes the assault on these resources which either attributed to their characteristics as an of the environmental elements, or due to the consideration as a public fundsIt also protect the aquous resources from any other offense including the contaminating, destruction, or illegal usage of the aquous resources ,lack or rareness of the complairits concerned with these assaults, and the role of the relevant authorities, and lack of seriouess of the public prosecution to perform his duties

استبعاد الادلة الجنائية غير المشروعة : دراسة مقارنة == Exclusion of illegal Criminal Evidence (A Comparative Study

Author name: عبد الحسن دويج خفيف
Supervisor name: ناصر كريمش خضر الجوراني
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The leading legal idea in the legislation of criminal procedural laws, is in the balance between the interest of society in the fight against crime, represented by the right of the state to punishment, and the interests of individuals in protecting their rights and freedoms guaranteed by the constitution, these laws take multiple ways to achieve that budget, all of which stem from the principle of criminal legality, that principle that delineates the process of criminal prosecution, which would determine what constitutes acceptable behavior to the parties to the criminal dispute and what is not, and ensure respect for what is imposed by this principle, We have asset of sanctions, come in the forefront of them, exclusion of illegal criminal evidence, through the waste of work contrary to that principle, in terms of its legal effects, and to exclude any potential benefit from that action, the exclusion of illegal criminal evidence in fact is a link between the theory of invalidity on the one hand and the theory of criminal evidence on the other, that is, what is derived from what is contrary to the theory of invalidity can not be accepted in the rules of criminal evidence.The importance of excluding illegal criminal evidence is highlighted by the paucity of the legislative rules governing it, and that they involve as well as substantive a delicate philosophical aspect, the subject of the study is related to many of the principles established in procedural criminal law, the exclusion of illegal criminal evidence is widely applied in the field, the rules of legality of criminal procedure are broad and numerous, and the possibility of violating them is natural and imagined in many cases, it is therefore important to protect the(B(right and freedoms of individuals from the abuse of power, so the subject of the study will be based primarily on what that idea is, through the definition and statement of nature and rationale and legislative status and the most famous discussions on the usefulness and rules and exceptions, this is done by comparing the position of Iraqi law on the one hand, and the United States of America and Egypt on the other.The study concluded that the exclusion of illegal criminal evidence is the basis of the constitution, although not in the explicit texts, as the spirit of the constitution leads to it, because it inters the field of right and freedoms which is the core competence of the constitution, but is the basic goes with it a presence and nothing, when a constitutional legislator establishes a right, the right holder must have access to it, otherwise his words will become, hollow and pointless, it is an increase, the constitutions are distinct from the increase, the exclusion of illegal criminal evidence was the effective means by which the right holder could be entitled to redress, this is based on the fact that the ordinary legislator complies with this basis and ensures that his texts are useful, the study also concluded, that the exclusion of illegal evidence is a means of judicial control, including the penalty imposed on the wrongful procedure and the resulting evidence by stripping it of its legal value, and destroy any effect that results from it, the realization of exclusion also enhances the confidence of individuals in the state, because it ensure that illegal evidence is not accepted, to accepting the defective means before the judiciary to obtain evidence.

الحماية الجنائية للعقار == The Criminal Protection For The Property

Author name: كاظم عزيز معيلي الانباري
Supervisor name: احمد كيلان عبد الله
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: 1 - The Iraqi criminal lawgiver insure the criminal protection for the property for the properties of persons and state, the lawgiver authorize the criminal protection for the properties to the law of punishments No. 111 for year 1969 (amended) according to its items (1,6,7), that its role put a texts of conviction and punishment on it whether this property for the persons such as lands , building , houses ,or for state such as lands , building , establishments, public properties ,special properties , and whether it were done by normal person , employee , or taxpayer of public service such as crimes of invasion of houses , attack on the property , confiscation it by force , damage it by destruction ,burn , flood , or by transfer or remove the border between the properties of the persons , or between the properties of persons and the state whether this property was be pure or charitable entail .This research deal with the crime that touch the security or independence of inside or outside of state such as crimes of external armed military raid or occupation on region of Republic of Iraq by one state or many foreign unfriendly states whether this occupation happen as full by fail regime and put it under the government of direct military occupation or entrance of armed military enemy in the land of Iraqi state region, or entrance in its part , or occupation for city , or village , and full control by direct military , or the neighbor country doing a crimes of transfer , remove, or change the region borders , marks , or official border support for Iraq .The criminal lawgiver for the crimes that were located on the properties of persons and state from the crimes that were seen by criminal judge of property location , and the local court of misdemeanors only specify for the lawsuits of properties if the crime as misdemeanors , but if the crime as felony this lawsuit was deal by court of felony according to the type of crime and danger of guilty .2 - Then the lawgiver authorized to the principles law of the criminal courts No.( 23)for year (1971) (amended) a responsibility of take the necessary criminal procedures to move the lawsuits of properties according to the items(1,2,3,9) starting from direct indictment and the judicial and primary investigation , transferring , pleading , and the decision until executing the decision that was issued for the guilty after this decision was granted the final degree without the objection when finish the legal period by executing the decided punishment by jailing the guilty for complete the decision of guilty .3 - Then the lawgiver authorized to the criminal judgment to take the pleading procedures by the public , facing , and oral method according to the judicial organization No.(160) for year (1969) (amended) item (1/first) to achieve the justice , and making authority of the justice accordance for the natural and moral persons as public and special at the item (3) , and making the pleading as public except the court diced to make this pleading as secret to save the public system and considerateness the public ethics or family sanctity , and spoken of decision as public at the item (5) , then making the decisions have issue and executing vicarious the people at the item (6) .

ضمانات الحدث في الدعوى الجزائية == The Warranties of the Juvenile in the Criminal Action - A Comparative Study

Author name: غسان عبد السادة حسن الحميداوي
Supervisor name: عقيم عزيز عودة
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: This study sheds the light on the most important warranties that should be granted to the juvenile committing a crime when is questioned by the law according to the international conventions from the principles and the bases that should be taken into consideration during action. These principles are concerned in giving a portion of juveniles a special care during the stages of penal action.The penal portion is given to the delinquent juveniles is acquired a great care for being related to an accused who did not reach the age that makes him pose a danger. They are usually victims of circumstances and personal factors as well as the environment and weakness or to the incomplete psychological or physical structure.Therefore, the special procedures of trail of the juvenile on the basis on base that is different from these of the adults’ trail. Then, the penal procedures represent exception from the general rule of the penal procedures. He study shows the attitude legislations from special international trails of juvenile action.The study concludes that among the most important warrantees of the juvenile in the advanced stage of the trail is the existence of the investigation or inspection bodies that are concerned in dealing with the juveniles as well as making personal studies. The arrest of juveniles should be an exceptional procedure for the shortest duration possible. It should be held in places concerned with the juveniles care and rehabilitation. In addition to that, there are special warrantees the juveniles such as the warrantee of the juveniles’ right to his parent’s presence, to appoint an attorney, assuming his innocence and respecting his privacy.The study also concludes the necessity that the juveniles tribunals should be formed mutually combining the legal and the sociological members. The most important warrantees that the juveniles should have in trail is the secrecy of the procedures, and the conduction of organic, psychological and sociological examination of the juveniles before the trial, in addition to other warrantees related to the ensuring his right in defending himself and applying the system of stay of execution and the simplification of procedures of trail as well as not permitting to execute him.For the most important warrantees of the subsequent stage of the juveniles’ trial we conclude in the study is the judicial supervision over the execution of the procedures issued against the juveniles and the necessity of executing the procedures of imprisonment in juvenile - concerned institutions in which they are rehabilitated according to scientific programs, in addition to the importance of applying the system of conditional release of juveniles by the freedom - depriving procedures for the positive results that resulted from applying the system.In addition to the above, there are important warrantees that are related to the subsequent care programs which the juveniles should be subjected to as a complementary treatment of the rehabilitating institution.

المسؤولية الجنائية الناشئة عن التظاهرات : دراسة مقارنة == The Criminal Responsibulity Created by Demonstration A Comparative Study

Author name: ازهار عويني عبد الرضا الحمداني
Supervisor name: عقيل عزيز عودة
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: يتلخص بحثنا الموسوم (المسؤولية الجنائية الناشئة عن التظاهرات - دراسة مقارنة) بان الافراد في المجتمع مهما تنوعت فئاتهم ومستوياتهم انما يجمعهم المصير المشترك والمصلحة العامة ، وهم بحاجة الى التعبير عن رايهم والتصريح بمطالبهم ، فكان الخروج الى الطريق العام في شكل تظاهرات هو احدى طرق التعبير عن الراي, وقد يكون مصحوبا بالهتاف ورفع اللافتات والشعارات كوسيلة للضغط على السلطة الدولة بهدف تحقيق مصالحهم المشتركة , الا ان بعض مظاهر التعبير عن الراي في التظاهرات تشكل جرائم يعاقب عليها لما تتضمنه من تهديد لامن الدولة او قذف او اهانة , او اعاقة المرور , الا ان المشرع قد يبيح بعض هذه الافعال في اثناء التظاهرات وفق ضوابط يضعها ، وبموجبها يتم تحديد متى تتوافر الاباحة، فاذا خالفت تلك الافعال ضوابطها تلك تكون قد جاوزت حدود الاباحة , واكتسب الفعل فورا" صفة عدم المشروعية مما يرتب المسؤولية الجنائية . هذا مما يدفع السلطة العامة الى فض التظاهرات وتفريقها بالقوة وفق ضوابط ومعايير قانونية ، مما قد يتسبب فى وقوع اصابات وقتل وفي المقابل قد تثور مسؤوليتهم في حالة تجاوز الحدود المقررة لاستخدام القوة .ومن هنا تبرز اهمية هذه الحرية في المجال الجنائي , فلا تعد ممارسة حرية التظاهر جريمة ، لان القاعدة وفقا لمبدا الشرعية ان لا جريمة ولا عقوبة الا بنص ، الا ان ما يترتب على الخروج عن الضوابط التظاهرات سواء من قبل الافراد العاديين ام افراد السلطة العامة ، تتمثل بافعال وسلوكيات غير مشروعة ومحظورة يعاقب عليها القانون .وتكمن مشكلة الدراسة في ان التظاهرات وان كانت شكلا من اشكال التعبير فان ذلك قد لايجعل من هذه الالية حقا مشروعا للافراد يتيح لهم التعبير عن مواقفهم وارائهم بكل حرية حيث انه بالمقابل نجد حق الدولة في فرض نظامها وبسط امنها على كافة مواطنيها بواسطة القوانين التي تقنن هذه الحرية وتضع حدا لها, وتتجلى مشكلة البحث في ان هل وجود هذه النصوص كاف لممارستها من قبل الافراد، ام ان هناك واجبا يتمثل بالانصياع الى التشريعات الاخرى ذات الصلة بحرية التظاهر لتحديد مسؤولية من يسئ استخدامها ، وهل كان المشرع موفقا في وضع مثل هذه الخطوات الواجب اتباعها عند ممارسته هذه الحرية .وقد تم تقسيم هذه الدراسة على مبحث تمهيدي وثلاثة فصول , خصص المبحث التمهيدي للبحث في الاساس القانوني للتظاهرات , ومن ثم تناول الفصل الاول ماهية التظاهرات من خلال تعريفها وضوابطها العامة المادية والغائية . اما الفصل الثاني فقد بحثنا فيه المسؤولية الجنائية للمتظاهرين من خلال بيان حدود الاباحة والتجريم في التظاهرات والتطبيقات مسؤولية المتظاهرين. اما الفصل الثالث فقد تناولنا فيه المسؤولية الجنائية لافراد السلطة العامة من خلال بيان استخدام افراد السلطة العامة للقوة في حدود الاباحة والتجريم والتطبيقات المسؤولية افراد السلطة العامة . واخيرا فقد اختتمنا الرسالة بخاتمة اشتملت على اهم النتائج والتوصيات التي رايناها ضرورية لاخذها بالاعتبار عند النظر بمشروع قانون التظاهر في العراق .وقد تم التوصل الى عدة نتائج منها , ان التظاهرات تجمع ثابت او متحرك للافراد في الطرق والاماكن العامة , وان لها طبيعة خاصة تنعكس على التنظيم القانوني , وان التظاهر وفق القانون العراقي لايتم الا بتصريح من الادارة , وان التشريع النافذ في العراق لم ينظم المسؤولية الجنائية للمتظاهرين بشكل واضح ودقيق , ولم يتناول مسؤولية الشرطة بشكل مطلق . اما اهم التوصيات, فتتمثل في تاييد الباحث لنظام الاخطار من دون الترخيص, واللجوء الى جهة محايدة كالقضاء لتقدير خطرها على النظام العام ومنعها , والدعوة الى عدم اقرار مشروع القانون لانه يمس جوهر الحرية ويقيدها , وضرورة اعادة صياغته بالتنسيق مع منظمات المجتمع المدني, بالشكل الذي تحدد فيه مسؤولية المتظاهرين بشكل دقيق , وتنظيم مسؤولية الشرطة والنص على اصدار تعليمات واظحة ومحددة بشان استخدام القوة في التظاهرات .واخيرا ادعو الله تعالى ان اكون قد وفقت في اعطاء موضوع البحث حقه، فان فعلت فنعمة من الله تعالى ، وان لم افعل فبشر يخطئ اكثر مما يصيب , والله ولي التوفيق | Our thesise entitled (The Criminal Responsibulity Create by Demostration - A Comparative Study) Summarized in , The individuals in the society, regardless of their different categories and levels, are united by common destiny and the public interest. They need to express their views and make their decisions. Going out to the public road in the form of demonstrations is one of the most important ways to express of opinion, and may be accompanied by cheering and raising signs and slogans , as a means of exerting pressure on State to achieve your common interests. However, some manifestations of opinion in the demonstrations constitute crimes punishable by the threats it poses to the security of the state or the flagellation or insult, or obstruction of traffic, but the legislator may allow some of these actions during the demonstrations according to the regulations put them. Under which it is determined when the availability is available, and if the violation of those acts its controls that have exceeded the limits of permissibility.And the act immediately gained the status of illegality, which placed criminal responsibility, which forces the public authority to disperse and disperse the demonstrations by force according to legal controls and legal standards. Which could cause injuries and murder and in return may be their responsibility in case of exceeding the limits set for the use of force. Hence, the importance of this freedom in the field of criminalization would not consider the exercise of freedom of demonstration is a crime, because the rule according to the principle of legality that the crime and punishment are only by text. However, the consequences of breaking out of the control of demonstrations, whether by ordinary individuals or members of the public authority, represented by illegal acts and behaviors are punishable by law. - The problem of this study is that the misuse of freedom of protest, which is one of the most dangerous methods used by those who tamper with it, is manifested in how to distinguish between peaceful demonstration as a freedom aimed at improving the situation and demonstrating as a means of demolishing society and opposing any decision or action. To the Constitution and the Law. This study was divided into introductory and three chapters. The introductory course was devoted to research on the legal basis for demonstrations. The first topic studies the core of administration , its definition and its material and non - material general controls. The second chapter, in which we discussed the criminal responsibility of the demonstrators through showing the limits of permissibility and criminalization in the demonstrations, and we devoted to the applications of the responsibility of the demonstrators . Chapter three dealt with the criminal responsibility of the police, through showing the use of force by the police force to the limits of permissibility and criminalization , and the applications of police responsibility.Finally, we concluded the thesis with a conclusion that included the most important conclusions and recommendations that we considered necessary to take into account when considering the draft law of demonstration in Iraq. It has been connected to several results, including that the demonstrations a fixed gathering or a mass of people in the roads and public places, and have a special nature reflected on the legal organization, and that the demonstration under Iraqi law is carried out but by authorization by the administration. And that the in force legislation does not regulate the criminal responsibility of demonstrators as clearly and accurately, and does not address the responsibility of the police absolutely. As for the most important recommendations, is the researc support to the system of notification without authorization, and recourse to a neutral body such as the judiciary to assess the danger to public order and to prevent it. And calling for not to adopt the draft law because it touches the essence of freedom and restrict it, and there is a need to reformulate it in coordination with civil society organizations, in a manner that determines the responsibility of the demonstrators accurately, and regulate the responsibility of the police and the provision of instructions on the use of force in demonstrations.

الضوابط الدستورية لسياسة التجريم : دراسة مقارنة == Constitutional criterias on the policy of criminalization : Comparative Study

Author name: محمد عبد الحسين شنان الموسوي
Supervisor name: عمار تركي عطية الحسيني
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: لكل دولة نظامها الدستوري الخاص بها, الذي يجب ان يتضمن المبادئ العامة لنظام الحكم, ويبين السلطات في الدولة ويحدد اختصاصاتها, ويحمي الحقوق والحريات, ويعمل الدستور على تحديد الضوابط التي يتعين على السلطات العامة الالتزام بها عند ممارستها لاختصاصاتها الدستورية. وقد ارست الدساتير في الكثير من دول العالم, ضوابط يتحتم على المشرع الجنائي التقيد بها عند ممارسته لسلطته في التجريم, وهذه الضوابط منها مايرد بشكل صريح في صلب الوثيقة الدستورية كمبدا (لا جريمة ولا عقوبة الا بنص), ومبدا (عدم رجعية القانون الجنائي على الماضي), ومنها ما يرد بصورة ضمنية تستشف من خلال الاطار الدستوري العام للحقوق والحريات, كضابط (الضرورة والتناسب في التجريم). ولهذه الضوابط اهمية بالغة في اطار سياسة التجريم, كون ان هذه السياسة تنال من حقوق وحريات الافراد بشكل كبير, وان من شان عدم وجود ضوابط دستورية يتقيد بها المشرع ان تتعرض تلك الحقوق والحريات الى المساس اما بمصادرتها او التقليل من فاعليتها, كما ان الدول, ولاسيما العراق, تشهد حاليا نهضة تشريعية في مجالات عديدة, ولضمان سلامة هذه التشريعات, يجب ان تكون الاخيرة متفقة مع الضوابط والمبادئ الدستورية, ولاسيما ان قانون العقوبات العراقي صدر في عام 1969, واصبحت الحاجة ملحة لتعديل العديد من احكامه بما يتفق والدستور الدائم الصادر سنة 2005. واذا كانت سلطة المشرع الجنائي, تتسم بالتقدير؛ فان سلطته في هذا المجال مقيدة بوجوب الالتزام بمبادئ الدستور الخاصة بالتجريم, ومن هنا تظهر مشكلة الدراسة, اذ قد تتجاوز السلطة التشريعية او التنفيذية حدود اختصاصها, وتحاول المساس بالقيمة الدستورية لحقوق الانسان وحرياته عن طريق التجريم, معتمدة في ذلك على السلطات المخولة لها, هذا من جانب, ومن جانب اخر ان السلطة المكلفة بعملية التجريم قد تمد نطاق التجريم ليشمل افعالا ليست بتلك الخطورة التي تهدد امن المجتمع وسلامته, الامر الذي يدفعنا الى التساؤل عن ماهية الضوابط الدستورية التي يستند اليها المشرع الجنائي في صياغة نص التجريم ؟ وهل واكب الدستور العراقي لسنة 2005 التطورات التي لحقت بسياسة التجريم, او انه بقي على الحال الذي كانت عليه دساتير ما قبل عام 2003؟ وما دور القضاء الدستوري تجاه الضوابط الدستورية لسياسة التجريم, ولاسيما القضاء الدستوري العراقي؟ وقد تناولنا هذه الدراسة من خلال ثلاثة فصول, تطرقنا في الفصل الاول الى اهم المبادئ الدستورية لنص التجريم, والتي يجب على المشرع الجنائي ان لا يحيد عنها في كل الاحوال, واهمها مبدا شرعية الجرائم والعقوبات, تكلمنا عنه في المبحث الاول, ومبدا عدم رجعية قانون العقوبات على الماضي, وذلك في المبحث الثاني , وفي نطاق الفصل الثاني بحثنا الضرورة والتناسب في سياسة التجريم, حيث ان المشرع الجنائي يرتكز على ضابط الضرورة والتناسب وهو بصدد احداث التوازن بين حماية الحقوق والحريات من جهة وحماية المصلحة العامة من جهة اخرى, وقد درسنا في المبحث الاول ماهية الضرورة التناسب في سياسة التجريم, وفي اطار المبحث الثاني تناولنا اثر غاية التجريم ومعياره على الضرورة والتناسب, وبحثنا في اطار الفصل الثالث والاخير ضمانات التزام سياسة التجريم بالضوابط الدستورية, حيث ان ترك تحديد الجرائم والعقوبات لاختصاص السلطة التشريعية لا يعني ان هذه السلطة لها حرية مطلقة في هذا المجال, وانما هي مقيدة بالحدود التي رسمتها المبادئ الواردة في الدساتير, ومن اجل ضمان التقيد بتلك المبادئ, فان الرقابة على دستورية نصوص التجريم تؤدي دورا بارزا في هذا المضمار, وعلى هذا الاساس تناولنا في المبحث الاول حدود سلطة المشرع الجنائي تجاه الحقوق والحريات, وفي نطاق المبحث الثاني, درسنا الرقابة على دستورية نصوص التجريم. وفي نهاية المطاف توصلنا من خلال هذه الدراسة, الى جملة استنتاجات من اهمها : ان المشرع العراقي قد سمح بفكرة التفويض التشريعي في مجال التجريم, في الدستور وقانون العقوبات على حد سواء, كذلك توصلنا الى ان الضرورة في التجريم يراد بها الاسباب او المبررات التي تدور في ذهن المشرع, والتي تدفعه الى تجريم اشكال معينة من سلوكيات الانسان, بهدف حماية المصالح الاجتماعية الجديرة بالاعتبار. اما التناسب في التجريم, فهو العلاقة بين ضرورة التجريم (الهدف من التجريم), والعقوبة المقررة للجريمة (اثر التجريم), بحيث تكون العقوبة ضرورية لمواجهة الجريمة؛ لتحقيق اهدافها المتمثلة بالردع العام والردع الخاص وتحقيق العدالة. وقد اقترحنا في هذه الدراسة على المشرع العراقي ان يتبنى نظام ( ازدواج قانون العقوبات), بدلا من نظام (وحدة قانون العقوبات), اذ يقتصر قانون العقوبات على ذكر الجنايات والجنح, بينما تكون فئة المخالفات في اطار مجموعة مستقلة يمكن ان نسميها بقانون العقوبات الاداري, وكذلك وصينا المشرع الجنائي بان يضع نصوصا جنائية تملك من الكفاية والفاعلية ما يمكنها من مواجهة فاعلية التطور الاجرامي واساليب ارتكابه في ظل الاجرام المستحدث | Each State shall have its own constitutional system, which shall include the general principles of the system of government. It shall set out the powers of the State and determine its competencies. It shall protect the rights and freedoms. The Constitution shall specify the regulations to be complied with by the public authorities in the exercise of their constitutional powers. In many countries of the world, constitutions have established controls that the criminal legislator must adhere to when exercising his authority to criminalize them. Such controls are explicitly included in the constitutional document as a principle (nullum crimen sine lege) and the principle of " ), Including implicitly revealed through the general constitutional framework of rights and freedoms, as an officer (necessity and proportionality in criminalization). These restrictions are of great importance in the context of the criminalization policy, since this policy severely infringes upon the rights and freedoms of individuals. The absence of constitutional regulations that the legislator complies with can undermine or diminish the effectiveness of these rights and freedoms. Iraq is witnessing a legislative renaissance in many areas. In order to ensure the safety of these legislations, the latter must be in conformity with the constitutional rules and principles. In particular, the Iraqi Penal Code was promulgated in 1969 and many of its provisions have been amended to comply with the permanent constitution of 2005. While the authority of the criminal legislator is appreciated, its authority in this area is constrained by the obligation to abide by the principles of the Constitution on criminalization. Hence, the problem of the study is that the legislative or executive branch may go beyond its jurisdiction and attempt to violate the constitutional value of human rights and freedoms through criminalization, On the one hand, and on the other, that the authority in charge of the criminalization process may extend the scope of criminalization to include acts that are not such a threat to the security and safety of society, which leads us to ask what the constitutional controls on which the legislator Jinn In drafting the text of the criminalization? Did the 2005 Iraqi constitution comply with developments in the criminalization policy, or did it remain the same as the pre - 2003 constitutions? What is the role of the constitutional judiciary towards the constitutional controls of the criminalization policy, especially the Iraqi constitutional judiciary? We discussed this study in three chapters. In Chapter 1, we discussed the most important constitutional principles of the criminalization text, which the criminal legislator must not derogate from in all cases, the most important of which is the principle of the legality of crimes and punishments. In the second section, and in the second chapter we discussed the necessity and proportionality in the policy of criminalization, since the criminal legislator based on the officer of necessity and proportionality and is in the balance between the protection of rights and freedoms on the one hand and the protection of public interest on the other, What is the necessity of rotation In Chapter II, we discussed the effect of criminalization on the necessity and proportionality. In the third and final chapter, we examined the guarantees of the policy of criminalization of constitutional restrictions, since leaving the definition of crimes and penalties to the jurisdiction of the legislative authority does not mean that this authority has absolute freedom in this In order to ensure adherence to these principles, the control over the constitutionality of criminalization provisions plays a prominent role in this regard. On this basis, we discussed in the first part the limits of the authority of the criminal legislator towards rights and Reat, and in the scope of the second topic, we studied control over the constitutionality of the provisions of criminalization. In the end, we reached, through this study, a number of conclusions, the most important of which : The Iraqi legislator has allowed the idea of legislative authority in the field of criminalization, both in the Constitution and the Penal Code, and we have concluded that the necessity of criminalization intended for reasons or The mind of the legislator, which leads to the criminalization of certain forms of human behavior, in order to protect the social interests worthy of consideration. The proportionality of criminalization is the relationship between the need for criminalization (the purpose of criminalization) and the penalty prescribed for the offense (the effect of criminalization), so that the punishment is necessary to confront the crime; to achieve its objectives of public deterrence and deterrence. In this study, we have proposed that the Iraqi legislature adopt a system of double criminality instead of the Penal Code. The Penal Code is limited to mentioning crimes and misdemeanors, while the category of offenses within an independent group can be called the Administrative Penal Code. We have also instructed the criminal legislator to put in place sufficient and effective criminal texts to enable it to deal with the effectiveness of criminal development and the methods of committing it under the new criminality.

الجرائم الناشئة عن عمليات نقل وزرع الاعضاء البشرية : دراسة مقارنة == Crimes arising from transfusions and transplantation of human organs (Comparative study )

Author name: عمار سليم هاشم
Supervisor name: الاء ناصر حسين
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Human organ transplants are a type of medical work, and are therefore generally subject to the same rules governing medical work. They have been regulated by the legislator by establishing controls or conditions that ensure that such practices do not depart from their specific legal framework in such a way as to ensure that The human body has respect for its dignity. The Iraqi legislator in the law of human organ transplants and the prohibition of trafficking No. 11 of 2016 prohibits the transfer of a human organ or tissue from the body of a living person for the purpose of implanting into the body of another living human except for a therapeutic necessity and must there is a proportional between the practical risks and benefits of treatment ,must have permission from those eligible to release it after inform them the full risks of the operation and with totally freedom will, The project also banned the transfer and transplantation of organs or genital tissues and that lead to the mixing of genealogies for violating the provisions of Islamic law and public morality, These operations were also prohibited under a special license issued by the Minister of Health, in addition to the general license for the practice of medical work, and the transfer and transplantation of human organs must be voluntary and without any financial compensation, The Iraqi legislator also paid attention first to the organization of organ transplants from the dead to the living quarters and stipulated that the transfer of organs from the dead should be approved by the dead before his death under a will or upon the consent of his heirs.The organization of organ transplantation and transplantation in this manner does not preclude the fact that these processes are still and will remain at the exclusion angle at least from the criminal point of view.The regulation of transplantation and transplantation of human organs in this way does not preclude the fact that these processes are still and will remain at the exclusion angle at least from the criminal point of view. Therefore, these operations must be organized with utmost care and precision, so as not to depart from the exception. To be between the two circles are the circle of exception and the Criminalization Chamber, if these operations came out of the exclusion Chamber, it will inevitably enter the circle of criminalization, violation of any condition of permitting the transfer and transplantation of human organs, these operations come out of the circle of exception and result in the crime of transfer and transplantation of And the imposition of sanctions and precautionary measures against anyone who contravenes the provisions of the Human Organ Transplantation Act.

ثنائية القاعدة الجنائية في القانون العراقي == Duality of Criminal Rule in the Iraqi Law

Author name: عبد الرزاق طلال جاسم السارة
Supervisor name: عمار عباس كاظم الحسيني
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: ان القانون عموما يمثل ظاهرة اجتماعية متصلة في المجتمعات الانسانية المنتظمة ، بحيث يهدف الى تحقيق المصلحة العامة من خلال المحافظة على كيان المجتمع واستقراره وكذلك تحقيق المصلحة الخاصة من خلال المحافظة على حقوق الافراد وحرياتهم . فاذا كان تحقيق المصلحة العامة والخاصة هو هدف القانون بصورة عامة ، فان ذلك هو هدف القانون الجنائي بصورة خاصة باعتباره احد فروع القانون العام الداخلي ، وان القانون الجنائي يتكون من قواعد القانون الموضوعي وقواعد القانون الاجرائي حيث يحدد القانون الموضوعي الافعال المخالفة للقانون وهي الجرائم وكذلك الجزاءات اللازمة لها ، اما القانون الاجرائي فانه يحدد الاجراءات التي يجب اتباعها منذ وقوع الجريمة وحتى صدور الحكم الجنائي فيها وتنفيذه . لذلك فان ثنائية القاعدة الجنائية هي ليست من خصائص القاعدة الجنائية وانما يقصد بها ان القانون الجنائي يتكون من قواعد موضوعية تتمثل بالقانون الموضوعي ( قانون العقوبات ) وقواعد اجرائية تتمثل بالقانون الاجرائي ( قانون اصول المحاكمات الجزائية ) . تتمثل اهمية الدراسة في موضوع ثنائية القاعدة الجنائية في القانون العراقي في اهمية القانون الجنائي بذاته ، وذلك لان القانون الجنائي يتكون من قواعد القانون الجنائي الموضوعي وقواعد القانون الجنائي الاجرائي وهو يهدف بفرعيه الى حماية مصالح المجتمع سواء كانت هذه المصالح هي مصالح عامة تتعلق بكيان الدولة والمجتمع ككل او مصالح خاصة تتعلق بحقوق الافراد وحمايتهم . من اهم الاستنتاجات التي توصلنا اليها من خلال هذه الدراسة هي : اولا : تعد القاعدة الجنائية الاجرائية الاداة او الوسيلة لتطبيق القاعدة الجنائية الموضوعية ؛ وذلك لان هذه القاعدة هي التي تحدد الاجراءات المتعلقة بالكشف عن الجريمة وملاحقة فاعلها وفرض العقوبة عليه مع تحديد السلطات المختصة بالقيام بذلك وتحديد صلاحياتها ، وهذا يعني وجود علاقة ( تبادلية ) بين القاعدة الجنائية الموضوعية والقاعدة الجنائية الاجرائية ، فقانون العقوبات يفقد فاعليته بدون وجود قانون الاجراءات الجنائية وبالعكس فلا مبرر لوجود قانون الاجراءات الجنائية بدون وجود قانون العقوبات .ثانيا : يعد النص الجنائي الاطار الذي يحتوي القاعدة الجنائية ، والقاعدة الجنائية اما تكون كاملة الصياغة بحيث تتضمن شقي القاعدة ( التكليف والجزاء ) ، او قد تكون هذه القاعدة ناقصة الصياغة عندما لا يتضمن النص كل من شقيها .ثالثا : ان تكامل القاعدة الجنائية الاجرائية عن طريق الادعاء العام يكون بموجب نص المادة ( 5 / رابعا ) من قانون الادعاء العام العراقي رقم (49) لسنة 2017 ، والذي اعطى للادعاء العام صلاحية قاضي تحقيق في مكان الحادث عند غياب قاضي التحقيق المختص ، وبذلك فان هذا القانون قد عالج النقص الحاصل ( غياب قاضي التحقيق ) واكمل الاجراءات الجنائية عن طريق الادعاء العام .رابعا : ان تكامل القاعدة الجنائية عن طريق الانابة القضائية الجنائية هو معالجة لقصور هذه الاجراءات في الدولة التي تقع فيها الجريمة ؛ وذلك لان سلطاتها القضائية لا تستطيع ممارسة صلاحياتها على اقليم دولة اخرى لانه يتعارض مع مبدا السيادة الدولية .خامسا : لقد وردت القاعدة الجنائية الاجرائية في القانون الجنائي الموضوعي وهذا يدل على وجود التداخل بين القاعدة الجنائية الاجرائية والقاعدة الجنائية الموضوعية ، كما هو الحال بالنسبة للقواعد الاجرائية المتعلقة بوقف الاجراءات القانونية في الجرائم الاخلاقية والجرائم الماسة بحرية الانسان وحرمته ، والقواعد المتعلقة بتحريك الدعوى الجزائية في الجرائم الماسة بالاسرة وجرائم الاموال بين الازواج وبين الاصول والفروع ، والقواعد المتعلقة بسقوط الجرائم والعقوبات. سادسا : لقد وردت القاعدة الجنائية الموضوعية في القانون الجنائي الاجرائي وهذا يؤكد على وجود التداخل بين القاعدة الجنائية الموضوعية والقاعدة الجنائية الاجرائية ، كما هو الحال بالنسبة للقواعد الجنائية الموضوعية المتعلقة بجرائم الجلسات ، والقواعد المتعلقة بجرائم الامتناع امام المحاكم . | Law in general represents a social phenomenon related to systematic human societies so as to achieve the public interest by preserving the entity and stability of society as well as achieving the private interest by preserving the rights and freedom of individuals. If the realization of public and private interest is the aim of law in general, it is the aim of the penal law in particular due to being a branch of the internal public law. The penal law consists of the rules of the stated law and the rules of the procedural law. The stated law determines the acts contrary to the law, i.e., crimes and penalties while the procedural law defines the procedures that should follow from the time of the crime until the issuance and implementation of the penal judgment. Therefore, the duality of the penal rule is not a characteristic of the penal rule, but it means that the penal law consists of stated rules represented by the stated law (punishment law) and procedural rules represented by the procedural law (law of criminal trials). The importance of the study of the duality of penal rule in the Iraqi Law lies in the importance of the penal law itself. This is because the penal law consists of the rules of the stated penal law and the rules of procedural penal law. Its purpose, in both branches, is to protect the interests of society whether related to the entity of state and society as a whole or related to the special interests of the individuals and their protection. Among the most important results the present work has reached into are the following : First, the penal law consists of two types of rules : stated or procedural. The stated rules are to determine the crimes and the appropriate penaltiesAwhile the procedural rules are concerned with determining the procedures to be followed at all stages of the criminal appeal to determine the competent authorities specialized in applying these procedures.Second, the penal procedural rule is the tool or means of applying the penal stated rule because it is rule that determines the procedures related to the identification of the crime, following the perpetrator and imposing the punishment while determining the competent authorities to do so and to determine its powers. This means that there is a (mutual) relationship between the stated penal rule and the procedural penal rule. This is due to the fact that the penal law loses its effectiveness without the existence of the penal procedures law, and vice versa, that there is no justification for the existence of the penal procedures without the existence of the Penal Law Thirdly, the penal text is the framework that contains the penal rule, and the penal rule is either fully formulated in that it includes the two elements of the rule (assignment and punishment), or this rule may be incomplete when the text does not contain both elements. Fourthly, the integration of the procedural penal rule by means of the public prosecution is done in accordance with Article (5 / four) of the Iraqi Public Prosecution Law No. (49) of 2017, which gave the Public Prosecution the power of an investigating judge at the scene in the absence of the competent investigation judge. As such, the law addressed the shortage (absence of the investigation judge) and completed the penal procedures through the Public Prosecution.Fifth : The integration of the penal rule through the external acting penal justice is to address the shortcomings of these procedures in the state where the crime occurs; because its judicial authorities cannot exerciseBtheir powers on the territory of another state because it is contrary to the principle of international sovereignty.Sixth : The procedural penal rule has been provided in the stated penal law. This refers to the overlap between the procedural penal rule and the stated penal rule, as is the case with the procedural rules related to the cessation of legal procedures in the moral crimes, the crimes against human liberty and deprivation, the rules related to penalty appeals related to family, money crimes between spouses and bases and branches, rules related to crimes and punishments, as well as rules related to exemption from punishment or mitigation in the case of reporting.Seventh : The stated penal rule is within the procedural penal law and this confirms the overlap between the stated penal rule and the procedural penal rule, as is the case with the stated penal rules related to the crimes of hearings and the rules related to abstinence before the court

الحماية الجـــزائية لـرئيس الجمهـــورية : دراسة مــقارنة == The Penal protection for the President (Acomparative study) By student Tabark Najim Abd

Author name: تبارك نجــــــــــم عبــــــــــد
Supervisor name: غازي حنون خلف الدراجي
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The position of the republic president is one of the most significant positions in the state. The republic president is the sponsor of the independence, land safety, constitution and law, treaties of the state. He is the top official responsible for the application of the constitution and the existence of the state.The constitutional legislations shall contain legal articles ensuring legal protection for those who are in this position. One of these aspects of legal protection is the criminal protection which stands for two essential points. The first point is immunity. The republic state holds judicial immunity while practicing his tasks. In addition, he makes advantage of this kind of immunity even after the finishing of his tasks which he has conducted while he was in the office. The main purpose behind empowering this kind of immunity to the state president is to guarantee the republic president fulfills his tasks free. However, this immunity is not absolute as legislations put exceptions for some dangerous crimes. The second point is the enactment of legal articles condemning offending the republic president and proposing rigid punishment for such criminal behavior if it happens to the republic president in comparison to in ordinary individual. The position of the republic state in Arabic countries (including Iraq) is generally very important and critical. In spite of the change that happened after 2003, the collapse of the regime, the cancellation of 1970 interim constitution and the issuing of 2005 constitution that reduces the powers of the republic president, the person who occupies this position still holds large authorities as he is the president of the state and the protector of constitution. Thus, such position requires special criminal immunity characterizing him from other public officials. The problem statement The problem statement represents answering the following questions : Why most constitutions (including comparative ones) except Lebanese constitution don’t mention the objective or procedural immunity that the presidents of all states enjoy? The constitutional and international convention recognizes the principle of immunity for the presidents of all states, Why the law of judging the republic president designated by article (93/ sixth) of 2005 constitution in effect has not been issued yet?, Why the protection of the republic president is extremely exaggerated in disciplinary laws by tightening up punishment on those who offend the president?, Study plan The current study has been divided into introduction, preface section and two chapters as follows : Preface section entitled (the concept of the republic president) includes the definition of the concept of the republic president and his features, the authorities of the republic president and the period of his office. Chapter one entitled (what is the immunity of the republic president?) is divided into two sections : section one contains the concept of the republic president’s immunity locally; section two contains the concept of the republic president’s immunity internationally.Chapter two entitled (the criminal protection of the republic president) is divided into two sections : section one the protection of the republic president related to his body and life; section two the protection of the republic president related to his honor and status. The study has been ended up with conclusion,contain findings and recommendations

الجريمة المرورية في التشريع العراقي : دراسة مقارنة == TRAFFIC CRIME IN THE IRAQI LEGISLATION A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Author name: جعفر عبد الرضا عبد الخالق
Supervisor name: عماد فاضل ركاب المالكي
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Traffic crime is one of the crimes that affect people's lives, safety, and properties. The results of such crimes that is; death, injuries, and damage, according to statistics, are more influential than epidemics, in addition to the traffic jam. This study sheds light on the flaws and defects of the applied Iraqi Law of Traffic No. 68, 4002, as to conviction, prevention, and punishment. This research paper is divided into three chapters. The first one deals with its concept, the second deals with symbols of traffic crimes. While, the third one deals with the punishment of the crime, its aggravated circumstances, and its mitigated excuses. One of the results of the first chapter is that the Iraqi legislator does not secure the conditions of getting a driving license; that is, drugs - free test confirmed with medical reports, and age - restricted validity of the license. These conditions are suggested to the Iraqi legislator. The second and the third chapters deal with five crimes as to their sanctions, conditions, and sedative excuses. The study concludes that the Iraqi legislation of sanctions lakes the following : - The Iraqi legislator does not criminate driving with invalid license (clause 1, Section41), yet he renders it as a misdemeanor (clause H - 00), Appendix (A) : that deals with driving law, vehicles, fees of registering vehicles, fines of traffic violation, by stating " driving and registering license cannot be renewed". The study suggested this act is to be dealt with according to (section 41) of the applied Iraqi Law of Traffic, for it is a serious crime equals those included within this section. The Iraqi legislator sets short - term sanction to such misdemeanors. Courts of law apply those sanctions with suspension to save people involved in these crimes from the bad effects, who are mostly teenagers with clean record. Accordingly, criminals get away with it, for there is no proper sanction for such a crime. It is suggested that driving with invalid license should be criminated according to theIraqi law along with a fine that should be alternative to jail, and the judiciary estimates the proper sanction. - As to Drunk Driving or Drug Driving, the Iraqi legislator does not explain the phrase "under the influence of drinks or drugs" which mislead judges, make criminals get away with their crimes, and result in misinterpretation in verdicts. The study suggested altering the phrase (section 44) to mean : "when the driver is caught having drinks or drugs, he is to be criminated pursuant to the law within this section". When a crime is committed for the second time within a year, the Iraqi legislator enacts aggravated sanction. Yet, if the crime is committed for the second time within more than one year, sanction is different. It is suggested that differentiation in forcing sanctions as to committing the crime for the first or second time should be omitted because the motive is present in either case. - In section (40) which deals with harming people or their properties because reckless driving, the Iraqi legislator has not forced the appropriate sanctions. He holds only the driver to be responsible for the crime - without mentioning the pedestrian and passengers - and when he is in the act of driving. So, the indirect doer of the crime is not hold responsible. As to the sanction, the Iraqi legislator states that extreme conditions must be present; that is, stupidity and recklessness, and those are examples of improper legislations which should not be enforced. Also, pursuant to Iraqi law, being a fugitive in such cases is not considered aggravating act, while it is the case when the crime involves causing death. The study suggested altering (section40) in order to eliminate inappropriate sanctions. - In (section 42), the Iraqi legislator has missed forcing the proper sanctions again as it is the case in (section 40). The sanction of this crime is imprisonment, which means : it is considered a felony. When reviewing the verdicts, it is noticed that those legislations are not applied and it is replaced with fine. It means that these sanctions are not proper for the given crime, so it is recommended that prison sanction is replaced with jail. - In (section 48), there are misinterpretation of the Arabic content. The right interpretation of the section 48 is that the Iraqi legislator does not provide the coppers with protection and limits it to police officers in duty. The case is the same in aggravating conditions. The study suggested protection to be provided for both police officers and coppers while in duty or because of executing it.

تعدد الجناة واثره في السياسة الجنائية : دراسة مقارنة == The multiplicity of offenders and their impact on criminal policy A comparative study

Author name: نافع تكليف مجيد دفار العماري
Supervisor name: علي حمزة عسل الخفاجي
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: يقصد بتعدد الجناة ارتكاب عدة اشخاص لجريمة ما بناء على اتفاق او مساهمة سابقة، والذي يتوافر في الجرائم سواء كانت جرائم الفاعل الوحيد التي ترتكب من جاني واحد وبمساهمة عدة جناة او كانت من جرائم الفاعل المتعدد التي يتطلب لتحقق الانموذج القانوني لنشاطها الاجرامي بارتكابها من جناة متعددين. وتتمثل عناصر تعدد الجناة باتفاق الجناة والنصاب العددي والغرض من الاتفاق والتعدد، اذ لا يمكن الحديث عن تعدد الجناة بدون وجود اتفاق من قبلهم على ارتكاب الجريمة، وان يحصل هذا الاتفاق بين عدد من الجناة المحدد بموجب النص القانوني والذي يجب ان لا يقل في جميع الاحوال عن شخصين وان يتمتع كل من الجناة بارادة معتد بها قانونا، ويجب ان يكون الغرض من الاتفاق والتعدد هو ارتكاب الجريمة. وان طبيعة مساهمة الجناة في ارتكاب الجريمة تختلف فيما اذا كانت مساهمتهم ضرورية ام مساهمة عرضية لارتكابها، اذ يعد في الاولى تعددا ضروريا اي ان طبيعة الركن المادي للجريمة تتطلب وجود نشاط اكثر من فاعل بحيث لا يمكن ان تتحقق الجريمة بنشاط الجاني بمفرده، اما في الثانية فانه يعد تعددا غير ضروري(عرضي) لتحقق الجريمة اي انه يعد ركنا بالمساهمة في الجريمة بحيث لا تقوم المساهمة في الجريمة. ولم يعد المشرع العراقي تعدد الجناة ظرفا مشددا عاما للعقاب الا انه انتقى بعض الجرائم بقدر تعدد جناتها من حيث خطورتها فعده ظرفا مشددا، كما هو الحال في جريمة السرقة وجريمة الاغتصاب، وتكمن الحكمة التشريعية من التشديد في ان التعدد يرغم المجني عليه على الاذعان خشية استعمال القوة عند الاقتضاء كما انه يقوي من عزيمة الجناة لارتكاب الجريمة ما يؤدي الى تسهيل ارتكاب الجريمة. ويظهر تاثير تعدد الجناة في تحريك الدعوى الجزائية في حالة تعدد مرتكبي الجريمة وكان من بينهم متهم لا يجوز تحريك الدعوى ضده الا بشكوى، وعليه فانه لا تحرك الدعوى اتجاه هذا المتهم الا بناء على شكوى من المجني عليه او من يقوم مقامه، كما يبرز تاثيره في قرارات قاضي التحقيق فعلى سبيل المثال لا يمكن لقاضي التحقيق ان يتخذ قراره بعرض العفو على المتهم الا اذا كان هناك تعدد الجناة في الجريمة موضوع التحقيق لكي يتسنى للقاضي الحصول على الادلة من اعتراف المتهم على بقية المتهمين الاخرين، وكذلك يؤدي التعدد الى اصدار المحكمة قرارها بالطلب من السلطات التحقيقية اتخاذ الاجراءات القانونية ضد المتهمين الاخرين او اعادة الدعوى كلها لغرض استكمال الاجراءات التحقيقية فيها عندما يجد القاضي في اثناء النظر في الدعوى الجزائية ان هناك اشخاصا اخرين لهم صلة بالجريمة المرتكبة ولم تتخذ الاجراءات القانونية ضدهم. وقد تناولنا موضوع الدراسة على ثلاثة فصول، ففي الفصل تطرقنا الى ماهية تعدد الجناة وفي الثاني استعرضنا اثره في السياسة الجنائية الموضوعية وفي الثالث تناولنا اثره في السياسة الجنائية الاجرائية، ولان موضوع الدراسة مقارن فقد تمت المقارنة بين التشريع العراقي والتشريعات الاخرى، ومن خلال ذلك تم التوصل الى جملة من النتائج والمقترحات اوردناها في الخاتمة ومن الله التوفيق. | There are many perpetrators in most crimes, whether the crimes of the sole perpetrator committed by one perpetrator and the participation of several perpetrators or the crimes of the multiple perpetrators that require the verification of the legal model of the criminal activity committed by multiple perpetrators, and the number of perpetrators of committing several people for the crime of a previous agreement or contribution. The elements of multiple perpetrators are the agreement of the perpetrators, the numerical quorum, the purpose of the agreement and the multiplicity, since it is impossible to talk about the multiplicity of perpetrators without an agreement by them to commit the crime, and that this agreement is by a number of perpetrators. Shall in no case be less than two persons and that each of the offenders shall have a legally recognized will, and the purpose of the agreement and pluralism shall be to commit the crime. And the nature of the contribution of the perpetrators in the commission of the crime is different whether the contribution necessary or accidental contribution to commit, which is the first necessary pluralism, that the nature of the physical element of the crime requires the existence of activity more than an actor so that can not be achieved alone and in other words that the substance of the crime requires a variety of activities In the second, it is considered unnecessary (accidental) any contribution to the crime, where the contribution to the crime is not only verified where it assumes a multiplicity in the perpetrators who committed the crime. The Iraqi legislator did not decide on a general basis, considering the multiplicity of perpetrators as a general aggravating circumstance, but he chose some crimes as many of their crimes in terms of seriousness, as in the case of theft and rape. The legislative wisdom is that polygamy obliges the victim to comply Where necessary, to facilitate the commission of the crime. The number of offenders has been shown to have an effect on the procedural law of the legislature, among them the criminal action in the case of multiple perpetrators, including a defendant who can not be brought against him except by a complaint and therefore does not move the case against this accused child on a complaint from the victim or his representative, For example, the investigating judge can not make his decision to offer an amnesty to the accused unless there are multiple perpetrators in the crime under investigation so that the judge can obtain evidence of the defendant's confession to the rest of the other defendants, B To request the investigative authorities to take legal action against the other defendants or to return all the proceedings for the purpose of completing the investigative procedures when the judge finds during the criminal proceedings that there are other persons related to the crime committed and have not been taken against them legal proceedings against them. Since the subject of the study was a comparative study, so there was a comparison between the Iraqi legislation and other legislation, and through this was reached a set of results and proposals that we mentioned in the conclusion

جب العقوبـــــة : دراسة مقارنة بين القانون والفقه الاسلامي == Combine Punishment a comparative study between positive law and Islamic Fiqh

Author name: عدي جابر هادي العبيدي
Supervisor name: علي حمزة عسل الخفاجي
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: لا شك ان الشرائع السماوية والقوانين الوضعية تحاول الحد من الجرائم بوسائل متعددة لعل من ابرزها العقوبات المفروضة على مرتكب الجرائم ، فكل من يرتكب فعل يعد جريمة في نظر الشريعة الاسلامية او القوانين الوضعية يستحق العقوبة المقررة في تلك الشريعة او القوانين ، ومتى ما تعددت جرائم الشخص تعددت عقوباته, لان كل جريمة تقابلها عقوبة ، والاخيرة تهدف بشكل رئيس الى اصلاح الجاني وارجاعه عضوا نافعا الى المجتمع ، وان القول بان هدف العقوبة هو الاصلاح من جهة وان لكل جريمة عقوبة من جهة اخرى قد يؤدي الى نوع من التناقض ، لان تعدد عقوبات الجاني قد يؤدي الى استحالة تنفيذ بعضها كما هو حال تعدد عقوبات الاعدام ، او يذهب بعمره من دون تحقيق هدف العقوبات كما هو حال تعدد العقوبات السالبة للحرية ، لذلك اوجد فقهاء الشريعة الاسلامية وواضعوا القوانين العقابية عددا من الحلول للتخلص من تراكم العقوبات التي تخرجها عن حد الاعتدال ، ومن هذه الحلول الاكتفاء بالعقوبة الاشد او وضع حد اقصى للعقوبات السالبة للحرية او الاخذ بجب العقوبات بعضها للبعض الاخر . ومن هنا انطلقت فكرة البحث في احد الحلول الموضوعة لتعدد العقوبات وهو( جب العقوبة ) ، وتظهر اهمية البحث في هذا الموضوع من خلال الثغرات القانونية الموجودة في المعالجات التشريعية من جهة وعدم اتفاق فقهاء الشريعة الاسلامية على مفاصل هذا الموضوع من جهة اخرى ، ويبدو ان النصوص المقتضبة التي اوردتها القوانين الوضعية لمعالجة موضوع جب العقوبة هي التي ولدت الثغرات المذكورة ، فلم يتم بيان السلطة المختصة بالجب وكذلك لم تتطرق اغلب القوانين الى نطاق الجب وهل يشمل عقوبة واحدة ام اكثر من ذلك ، ولم تبين بعض القوانين مصير عقوبة الاعدام فيما لو اجتمعت مع عقوبات سالبة للحرية ، وما اثر الانظمة التي تمنع تنفيذ العقوبة - مثل وقف تنفيذ احدى العقوبات - على الجب ، ولم توجد القوانين الوضعية كذلك معالجة لاثر الانظمة المانعة من اتمام تنفيذ العقوبة - مثل الصفح والافراج الشرطي - على الجب . وحتى نحيط بهذه الثغرات القانونية ونقترح الحلول اللازمة لها قسمنا هذه الاطروحة الى ثلاثة فصول تسبقها مقدمة ، تناولنا في الفصل الاول ماهية جب العقوبة وكان في مبحثين الاول لمفهوم جب العقوبة ، اما الثاني فتم تكريسه للاطار الفلسفي لجب العقوبة . اما الفصل الثاني فتناولنا فيه متطلبات جب العقوبة بين القوانين الوضعية والشريعة الاسلامية وكان على مبحثين الاول للمتطلبات المشتركة بين فقهاء الشريعة الاسلامية والقوانين الوضعية ، اما المبحث الثاني فعرجنا فيه على المتطلبات الخاصة بالقوانين الوضعية ، اما الفصل الثالث فتم تخصيصه للصعوبات الناجمة عن تطبيق الجب في القوانين الوضعية وكان في مبحثين ايضا الاول للصعوبات الموضوعية ، اما الثاني فكان تحت عنوان الصعوبات المتعلقة بالتنفيذ ، وختمت الاطروحة بخاتمة بينا فيها اهم الاستنتاجات والمقترحات التي توصلنا اليها خلال البحث . | Intercom divine positive legislation attempting to limit multiple means crimes perhaps most notably sanctions against offenders whoever commits an act or omission is an offence in of Islamic or secular legislation deserves punishment in that sharia law or legislation is when many crimes the person many deserts because all crime matched last penalty aimed mainly to reform the offender and returned a useful member of the society barn ., to say that penalty goal is reform on the one hand and that of every hand penalty offence may lead to a kind of contradiction because multiple offender penalties . Without achieving the goal of sanctions , especially in the lmight go for his ago case of multiple death of sanctions or penalties involving deprivation of liberty because it created the Islamic scholars and authors of legislation pose a number of solutions to get rid of the accumulation of penalties that a moderation and graduation of these solutions turn to introduce the most a crime penalty or limit penalties of freedom or have some other some penalties.Hence the idea of research began in a substantive solutions to the multiplicity of sanctions unless it (prohibit sentence), show the importance of research on this topic by the existing legal gapes in the legislative processors on one hand and Islamic scholars do not agree on the joints of the subject on the other hand , it seems that brief texts by ordinances to address the issue of severing the punishment is that generated these gaps are not competent authority statements prohibit as the legislation did not address mountain rang does include one or more of that, some laws did not indicate the fate of the death penalty in what if l met with penalties of deprivation of liberty , and what is the impact of regulations that prevent execution - such as a moratorium on sanctions - prohibit and no further ordinances addressing anticompetitive regulations impact complete sentences - such as forgiveness and conditional - prohibit .So take these legal gaps and propose solutions we divide these three chapters , preceded by an introduction in the first chapter of what we have and was in the first two sections to publicize the second sentence must have been devoted to the philosophical framework for severing the penalty chapter Ill where we need punishment requirements between positive law and Islamic law and was on the first two sections of the common requirements between scholars of Islamic law and positive law and the second topic which addressed the requirements of positive law , chapter Ill is allocated to the difficulties arising from the application of prohibit in positive law and in the first two sections also had substantive difficulties with the second was titled implementation difficulties and sealed these in the final where the most important conclusions and suggestion we show reached through research

الجرائم الماسة بالطرق العامة : دراسة مقارنـــة == Crimes against public roads Comparative study

Author name: صفاء سالم عناد الخزعلي
Supervisor name: محمد اسماعيل ابراهيم المعموري
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: تعد الطرق العامة مرفقا هاما للدولة ، ويشكل الاعتداء عليها جريمة تضر المجتمع والدولة ، اذ اولى المشرع اهتماما خاصا بها من خلال النص على العديد من الجزاءات التي تفرض على مرتكبي هذه الاعتداءات، الا انه لم يرد تعريف للجريمة في اغلب تشريعات الدول وانما اكتفت بتحديد الافعال التي تعد جرائم وبيان العقوبات المخصصة لها ، وكذلك حددت انواع هذه الجرائم الماسة بهذه الطرق من حيث الجسامة الى جناية وجنحه ومخالفة ، وحدد المشرع العراقي في قانون العقوبات رقم (111) لسنة 1969 المعدل ، والقوانين الخاصة الافعال التي تقع على الطرق العامة وتعتبر جرائم ، اذ نجده يعرف الطرق العامة بانها الممر المبلط او غير المبلط المخصص لمرور المركبات ويلاحظ ان قانون الطرق العامة العراقي يشمل الطرق العامة الرئيسة بين المدن والجسور على اختلاف انواعها الواقعة داخل حدود امانة بغداد والبلديات وخارجها ، ويتكون الطريق العام وفقا للقانون العراقي من عدة انواع منها الطريق السريع والطريق الرئيس والطريق الثانوي وغيرها، ولا تاتي الجرائم الماسة بالطرق العامة من حيث الجسامة على وتيرة واحدة فهي تاتي بوصفها من الجنايات او من الجنح او من المخالفات، وقد تناولنا عدة تطبيقات على الجرائم الماسة بالطرق العامة في التشريعات الجنائية ، وهي جريمة تخريب الطرق العامة والتي تنجم عنها اثار خطيرة اذ من شانها شل عمل الدولة ، وقد يكون الهدف من جريمة الطرق العامة ارهابيا او سياسيا او اقتصاديا مما يزيد الخطر على الطرق العامة ، فذهب المشرع الجنائي الى توفير الحماية لها بوصفها مصلحة جديرة بالحماية، وتناولنا جريمة سرقة مستلزمات الطرق العامة التي تكمن اهمية دراستها في مدى ماتمثله الطرق العامة من اهمية بالنسبة للدولة بشكل عام وللمجتمع بشكل خاص ، فتهتم الدولة بانشاء الطرق العامة وتمدها بكافة المستلزمات الضرورية للاستفادة من الطرق العامة ، وكذلك تناولنا بعض الجرائم الماسة بالطرق العامة في التشريعات الجزائية الخاصة ، وهي جريمة التجاوز بالبناء على محرمات الطرق العامة وجريمة الاضرار بالطرق العامة، وقد توصلنا في نهاية الدراسة الى جملة من الاستنتاجات والمقترحات ،فوضعنا تعريف للجرائم الماسة بالطرق العامة بانها الافعال التي تمس بالطرق المملوكة للدولة والمخصصة للمنفعة العامة والتي جرمها القانون ووضع لها عقابا، وجريمة تخريب الطرق العامة تتحقق بالفعل الذي يسبب الدمار الكلي او الجزئي الذي يلحق بالطرق العامة باستعمال المتفجرات او القنابل اليدوية او باي طريقة اخرى تؤدي الى اتلاف الطريق او تعطيله او الحاق القدر البليغ به سواء شمل الدمار الطريق العام بصورة كلية او جزئية، واقترحنا تعديل نص المادة (11) من قانون الطرق العامة لتكون بالشكل الاتي : ( يعاقب...اولا - الحق ضررا بالطرق العامة من شانه عرقلة السير والمرور ، ثانيا - ارتكب اي فعل يشكل خطورة على مستعمل الطريق | The public roads are an important annex to the state. The attack is a crime that harms society and the state. The legislator has paid special attention to them by stipulating many of the penalties imposed on the perpetrators. However, The Penal Code No. (111) for the year 1969 amending the Penal Code, and the special laws that are applicable to public roads and are considered crimes, as we find it, Know the ways It is noted that the Iraqi Highway Law includes the main public roads between the cities and bridges of different types located within the borders of the Municipality of Baghdad and the municipalities and beyond. The general road is formed according to the Iraqi law of several types including the highway, the main road and the road Secondary and other, and crimes are not serious in general ways in terms of gravity at a single pace they come as a crime or delicts or irregularities, and we have dealt with several applications on crimes harmful to public methods in criminal legislation, The public roads, which have serious effects, can paralyze the work of the state. The crime of public roads may be terrorist, political or economic. This would increase the danger to public roads. The criminal law is intended to protect it as a worthy interest. The public roads that are important to study in the extent of public roads are of importance to the state in general and to society in particular. The state commits itself to the construction of public roads and supplies them with all the necessary necessities to benefit from public roads. And we have reached a conclusion of the study to a number of conclusions and proposals. We have defined the crimes that are harmful to the public roads as acts that affect the state - owned and public - interest methods that have been criminalized by law and punishable, And the crime of vandalism of public roads is actually achieved, which causes the total or partial destruction of public roads by means of explosives, grenades or in any other manner that leads to the destruction of the road, its disruption or the apprehension thereof, Or in whole or in part, and we proposed to amend the text of Article (11) of the General Roads Law to be as follows : (((Punishable ... First - damage to public roads would obstruct traffic and traffic, and II - committed any act that is dangerous to the user of the road

دور المجني عليه في المسؤولية الجنائية : دراسة مقارنة == The Role of The Victim in The Criminal Responsibility : Comparison Study

Author name: صادق يوسف خلف الياسري
Supervisor name: عمار تركي عطية الحسيني
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: It became clear to us through this study to understand the phenomenon of criminal and stand on the causes, not only on the study of the behavior of the offender and his willingness innate social composition of the commission of the crime stop, but one must look at the victim and the extent of his role in the crime committed against him, as the study showed that the victim it contributes in some way to the creation of the idea of the crime or facilitate the offender, for example, we noticed that in the case of legitimate defense contributes to the victim in the emergence of the danger spot illegal toward the defender (attacker), forcing the latter to repel that threat and thus a crime, and we also find in the case of a serious provocation to the offender and caused by the victim, as is the case in a crime caught in the act of adultery, as it leads to a state of anger and intense emotion to the offender stricture freedom of choice leading to the commission of the crime, and there are quite a fraction of the crimes contributes to the victim in the occurrence, has part of it was clarified in this study.The study of the role of the victim in the criminal responsibility was not limited to the area of criminality, but also included the role of the victim in the estimation of the sentence, through a more severe punishment on the offender for some reason the availability recipe especially the victim, or the existence of a relationship linking the perpetrator to the victim, the legislator believes is inappropriate to turn a blind eye about it, because it discloses (shows) the gravity of the crime and the seriousness of the offender and the victim at other times reduces punishment for the perpetrator or stop into force, the desire of the Criminal legislator to maintain and strengthen the family's interest.And also in the field estimate punishment, this study provides a list of criminal legislator of victim Ctmaliyn who are more likely than others to fall victim to a crime, and therefore the legislature to intervene to protect them and provide them with protection criminal.In the end of this study, we had many recommendations and results .One of these results is that the victim plays a role in allowancing some of the criminal acts in the case of legitimate Right, The danger posed by the victim is described as current and illegal in addition of the inability of the defender to take over the public authority to repel that danger then the defender's action is necessary and therefore the right of legitimate is being available here. But the act of the defender must be commensurate with the act of aggression; otherwise, it would become a transgressor of the right. By the way, one of our recommendations in this study, we suggest that the Iraqi legislature make the review on the Article 422of the Iraqi Penal Code,by using the term (Child) instead of juvenile, Even children under the nine age

المسؤولية الجزائية عن الدعاية التجارية الكاذبة : دراسة مقارنة == The Criminal Responsibility for The False Commercial Advertisements comparable study

Author name: امنة كاظم سعدون
Supervisor name: عقيل عزيز عودة
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: العراق هو احد دول الاقتصاد الحر الذي يقوم على المنافسة الحرة في اسواق الانتاج والخدمات ، واذا كان السوق في المفهوم الاقتصادي ، لقاء العرض بالطلب فان الدعاية التجارية هي التي تخلق السوق ، ومن باب اولى توسع دائرة السوق نفسهوالا سوق بلا دعاية ، والاخيرة يعنى بها عبارة عن مجموعة من الاجراءات الفنية التي تقوم بها مؤسسة ما ببثها من اجل الحصول على الزبائن ، او زيادة عددهم ، او الحفاظ عليهم وبذلك فان للدعاية التجارية غرضين هما تحفيز المستهلك للاقبال على شراء السلع والخدمات والثاني هو خلق منافسة بين السلع والخدمات المشابهة . وبذلك فان الدعاية التجارية وفق المفهوم المتقدم لا تشكل خطورة على الواقع الاقتصادي وعلى العكس من ذلك فهي تتبوا مكانة هامة في تسويق المنتجات مما يعود بالنفع على المنتجين والموزعين وبالتالي تساعدهم في تحقيق الارباح ومن جانب اخر فانها تساعد المستهلك للتعرف على المنتجات في ظل تعدد وتنوع تلك المنتجات ، ولكن اساليب المنافسة التجارية المستخدمة من قبل منتجي السلعة الواحدة تدفع البعض منهم الى اللجوء لشتى الوسائل قد تكون مشروعة او غير مشروعة وذلك من اجل زيادة عملية الشراء من قبل مستهلكي السلع التي ينتجوها بحيث ضاع مفهوم الكسب المشروع والتعاون على ماينفع الناس وطغت الاهواء الجامحة والسعي الى الربح السريع وغير المشروع اضرارا بجمهور المستهلكين ، مما يستدعي وضع ضوابط قانونية محكمة لمنع تزايد هذه الظاهرة ، ولكن يجب الملاحظة بان الدعاية حتى وان تضمنت معلومات هدفها التاثير النفسي والتهويل والاثارة والمبالغة فانها برمتها لاترقى الى مستوى عدم المشروعية من الناحية القانونية ، لان ابراز محاسن المنتجات ومزاياها دون التطرق الى السلبيات والتشويق النفسي المخالف للحقيقة والواقع ، هو امر طبيعي طالما ان الهدف من الاعلان التجاري هو ترغيب المستهلك ودفعه لشراء المواد المعلن عنها ، وان البطاقة الاعلامية وجدت اصلا لبيان المخاطر التي تنتج عن هذه السلع ، ولكن اذا تضمنت تلك الدعاية من المعلومات المضللة والكاذبة او غير الواضحة عن حقيقية السلعة فان مثل هذه الظروف تدفع المستهلك الوقوع في غلط الذي يلحق به ضررا كبيرا . ولما كان التشريع يعكس واقع المجتمع الاقتصادي والاجتماعي والمفروض انه يواكب التطورات التي تطرا على المجتمع ، لذلك برزت الحاجة الملحة الى وجود قانون يوفر الحماية اللازمة للمستهلك من الدعاية التجارية الكاذبة ، وتجسيدا لذلك صدر قانون حماية المستهلك 2العراقي رقم (1) لسنة 2010 ولكن مع هذا فانه تبين لنا مدى قصوره في معالجة جريمة الدعاية الكاذبة حيث ان النصوص القانونية الواردة في هذا القانون لم تكن كافية لمعالجة التجاوزات والمخالفات العديدة التي ترتكب في يومنا هذا ، من خلال اساليب الخداع المتطورة التي تمارس فيها الدعاية فاننا نلاحظ اهمية وجود نص قانوني موحد وشامل ينظم ويعالج الدعاية التجارية ويحدد الجرائم التي يمكن ان ترتكب من خلالها . وفي ضوء ماتقدم فقد تم تقسيم هذه الرسالة والموسومة بـ ( المسؤولية الجزائية عن الدعاية التجارية الكاذبة ) الى ثلاثة فصول : تناولنا في الفصل الاول دراسة الاطار النظري للدعاية التجارية الكاذبة في مبحثين وبينا فيه مفهوم الدعاية التجارية الكاذبة وتعريفهواخلصنا الى انها مجموعة من الادعاءات والبيانات المخالفة للحقيقة التي تقوم بها بعض الشركات المنتجة وغير المنتجة ببثها او كتابتها سواء تم ذلك بالاعلان التجاري او بالبطاقة الاعلامية .كما عرضنا لاطار القانوني لجريمة الدعاية الكاذبة من حيث الاساس القانوني لتجريمهواتمييزها عما يشابهها .وتكلمنا في الفصل الثاني عن الاحكام الموضوعية والاجرائية التي تحكم جريمة الدعاية التجارية الكاذبة ، وبحثنا فيها الركن المادي والمعنوي للجريمة ثم تطرقنا الى الشروع والمساهمة فيها ، ثم عرضنا الى اهم الاحكام الاجرائية التي تتميز بها هذه الجريمة .واستعرضنا في الفصل الثالث اهم الاثار لهذه المسؤولية من حيث نطاقها من حيث الاشخاص والجزاء المترتب عليها ، وذلك على مبحثين ، فتطرقنا في المبحث الاول حدود هذه المسؤولية من حيث الاشخاص التي تشمل ( المعلن ، المنتج ، المحترف ، الناقل ) وكذلك تناولنا موضوع المسؤولية الجنائية عن فعل الغير في جريمة الدعاية التجارية الكاذبة وامكانية مسائلة الشخص المعنوي عنها . ثم انتقلنا الى اهم اثر يترتب على هذه المسؤولية وهو الجزاء وقسمنا الجزاء الى العقوبات والتدابير الاحترازية ، بحيث تشمل العقوبات الاصلية والتكميلية اما التدابير فتناولنا منها ماهو متعلق بهذه الجريمة .اخيرا بخاتمة هذه الرسالة ضمناها اهم الاستنتاجات التي توصلنا اليها ، وخلصنا الى المقترحات التي يمكن الاخذ بها في هذا المجال لاسيما دعوتنا للمشرع العراقي الى ان يخصص فصل مستقل لجريمة الدعاية التجارية الكاذبة يتناولها من حيث صورهواعناصرهوااركانهواالجزاءات المترتبة عليها . | As a matter of fact, Iraq is really considered as one of the free economic countries which relied upon the free competition in the markets of production and services. If we may pin down markets in the economic conception, as the meeting of supply and demand, therefore, the commercial advertisement will be the cause that creates markets. So it is best to enlarge the market circle itself, as there is no market without advertisement. And advertisement now means as a bunch of the technical procedures in which a corporation may spread on for having customers or increasing their numbers or keeping them up . Therefore, a commercial advertisement has two purposes; firstly, to motivate consumers to buy merchandises and services, and secondly to create competition amid merchandises and similar services. Thus, commercial advertisement, according to the recent conception , it does not represent a risk on the economical reality. And contrarily , it does have an important position in marketing productive merchandise. And that will bring about and advantage to the makers and distributors. And will help them to achieve profits in one hand. And on another hand it will help consumer to recognize the productions under various number and type of these productions. Probably sometimes, the ways of the commercial competition used by the makers of one stuff may impel some to use various kinds of ways whether it is be legal or illegal. In order to increase the purchase operation by merchandise consumers which they do produce. So, in this way that may cause to lose the concept of the legal trading and cooperation for what benefits people, and the extreme desires are overwhelmed and the seeking for fast and illegal profit do harm customers. Thus, it demands to put the finger of arbitrary legal regulations to hold back increasing such phenomena. There has to be in mind that advertisement , even it includes information of the psychological effect, intimidation and exaggeration and suspension, it does not reach an illegal level at the law side. Because showing the productions, advantages and traits, without touching upon the disadvantages and psychological suspension will not be fit properly with facts and reality. It is really a natural matter as long as the reason for commercial advertisement is headed to motivate consumers and egg them on to buy the merchandise advertised about. The informative card is already created for defining the risks that may be produced by this merchandise . but if it includes untrue and deceivable or unclear information about the merchandise reality, so in such circumstances may let fall in mistake which do extreme harm. As the legalization does reflect the economical and social society state. And it is supposedly to catch up with the development which took place to society, so indeed the constant necessity to be such a law will provide the required protection to consumers against untrue commercial advertisement. For embodiment such a law, it has been issued for Iraqi consumer protection, No 1 in 2010. But despite that, it is really be noticed by us its inability in healing the crime of untrue advertisements. As the legal texts mentioned in this law, were not fit enough to fix up the various misbehaviors and misconducts which have been committed in our present time. That done through the developed deceiving ways which have been practicing such advertisements . Thus, we notice the importance of presenting a comprehensive and unified legal text which organizes and healing the commercial advertisement ,as well as identifies the crimes that may be committed .In reverence to what has been mentioned, this thesis titled(The Criminal Responsibility for The False Commercial Advertisements) has been divided we highlight the concept of the untrue commercial advertisement and identifies and concludes that it is a bunch of claims and unreal data to reality in which some of producing or non - companies do spread or writes down what is done via the commercial advertisement or informative into three chapters : in the first chapter we dealt with studying the theoretical framework to the untrue commercial advertisements in two researches. In it card. A well as, we did refer to a legal framework against the untrue advertisement crime according to the legal foundation to incriminate and distinguish it from what is similar to. In the second chapter we talked about the punitive and objective regulations which dominate the untrue advertisement crimes. And in it, we searched the immaterial and material pillar for crime, then we touch upon to attempt and taking part in it . later we worded up to the most important punitive rules which are distinguished by this crime. In the third chapter we took up the most important tracks of this responsibility according to its scope to individuals and the required punition for it. That done in two researches; in the first research we touched upon the limits of this responsibility, according to individuals who are included ( advertiser, producer, professional, transfer). Then we dealt with the punitive responsibility subject on indirect person action in the crime of untrue commercial advertisement and the possibility of holding to account the artificial personality . Later we shifted into the most important track which may impose over such responsibility ,i.e. punition. Then we divided punition into preventive penalties and due process, including complementary and original penalties. As for due process we dealt with what belonged to this crime.Lastly at the end of this thesis ,we include in it, the most conclusions we reach to, and resulted to the suggestions that may be taken in this field. Specifically out calling upon for the Iraqi project to keep an independent chapter for the untrue commercial crime that is dealt with according to its pictures, elements, pillars and punitive that caused by

جرائم الشغب : دراسة مقارنة == Crimes of Riot Comparative study

Author name: علي حسن عبد الصاحب
Supervisor name: محمد علي عبد الرضا عفلوك السلمان
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Riot is considered as an uncivilized phenomenon which affects immensely government's capabilities and resources; moreover it threatens the security and safety of society. Also, riot crimes are deemed to be one of the serious social troubles which endangers security and stability of a State, and widely spread out terror and panic among people, especially during the social peace periods.This study tackles the topic of (riot crimes) as riot is considered a phenomenon that has grown in many countries and has become an approach pursued by masses and riot planners. They believe that riot crimes could achieve their goals whether they were political, social of economic.Man is under practicing behaviors under influence of motives which are ones of human behavior characteristics. Motives are defined as powers or internal psychological energies that direct and coordinate behaviors of an individual during the times of responding to attitudes and other influences surrounding him.The traditional riot crimes did not cause serious social effects to this extent, as the case nowadays, and perhaps the modern patterns and methods, or mass ones as well in committing some riot crimes, along with revolution of telecommunications and information and satellite TV channels have made news of such crimes arrive at an extraordinary speed at the door of each house. The lack of data, information and statistics may make such crimes be not sufficiently cared for.Security is considered as one of the State fundamentals, without which a State will not be existed properly where chaos and instability will be dominant. Then, such chaotic situation will affect the State economic, social and political conditions. As it is well - known the main security duty at any society is to protect properties, families, State and society from any manifestation of corruption. This means, as to the State public properties, to make available protection against acts of material and moral sabotage.The study consists of two chapters. The first chapter is devoted to discussing the concept of riot. A definition of the riot and its essence were stated. As to the second chapter, it discusses substantive provisions of the riot offenses. Some samples of crimes, penalty responsibilities of riot crimes, whether it comes from individuals participating in gatherings, demonstrations or penalty responsibility on those calling for such gatherings or demonstrations, are given

النموذج القانوني للقاعدة الاجرائية الجزائية == The Legal base for the Penalty Procedural Rule

Author name: شاكر نوري اسماعيل
Supervisor name: كاظم عبد الله حسين الشمري
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The rules of criminal law have been found as to protect the rights and benefits as needed by any society and the violation of such rights considered the violation of the society security and its stability. This could be done through the rules of criminalization and punishment that could specifies the project through banned behaviors that should be taken into consideration by the society. This could be known as a tasking within these rules and specifying the part that should be applied against the person who violates that behavior. This part is considered as an essential element by which the rules are completed . The state should not apply such element , even though he acknowledges the crime , it ( the state ) should do that through the lawsuit that could be determined by the specialized authority until the issuance of a judgment and that is organized by the penalties procedural rules through which it could search for the availability of terms of such tasking in rules of criminalization and punishment and to show to what extent it could apply the penalty . It is the means by which the rules are to be applied . The rules of law and punishment remain still without the interference of the penalties procedural rules , its goal is to get to the truth for the state 's requirements in the punishment without violating the rights of individuals and their freedoms . It aims to fulfill the balance between the two oppositions, the first one is for the benefit of the society to know the reality and to punish the one who violates the security by committing the crime and the other one is for the benefit of the individuals in their freedoms . This could be carried out by specifying guarantees imposed on the state ; If the punishment be applied on an innocent person , then the effect will be larger on the society than the felon person . The violation of the penalties procedural rules is considered as a violation for the principle of the procedural rules.The law includes rules of penalty procedural bases , these rules are of different types, some of them are specified by the boards and devicesBundertaking the practicing of activities that control the crimes and the devices practicing the activities undertake the formation of these boards and to determine its specializations, this could be called as " Judicial organization" . Of these rules , are means that control the work of the boards and having the authority to take procedures and to show the main elements as to take permitted procedures, taking into consideration the search for the criminals and to collect evidences to investigate with the accused. This could be known as strict penalty procedural rules.As a result of the strict penalty procedural rules included by the law of penalty trials rules , the rules have been known in the light of its goals and they are considered as rules that place sufficient procedures to uncover the reality , to fulfill the criminal justice and to determine the judicial bodies specializing into applying these rules .The procedural rules are to organize the means of the social reaction before the crime and its committers through a set of procedures carried out by the specialized bodies . The rules are to follow up the crime committing and continuing until the issuance of judgment for that. Despite that, the criminal procedures start before the crime take place and they ( procedures) are surrounded with legal guarantees owing to the discovery of crime evidences and to place the person under accusation and permitted to take investigation procedures to confront him ( the accused).Thus , this subject has been taken into consideration for uncovering the philosophical bases of penalty procedural bases and to indicate its rules for securing these different benefits. This could be one by shedding the light on the procedural legal texts concerning with this subject and to indicate to the weak and strong points , then to explain things that impede these texts , entailing the Iraqi judiciary stance and jurisprudence opinions over unsettled matters with scientific legal method within the law of Iraqi penalty trails rules , No. 23 for the year 1971 and comparative procedural laws.Despite of what has been written about the penalty procedural rules , but they ( the rules ) have not sufficiently taken into consideration by the jurisprudence , legislation and judiciary in Iraq. .CFor these reasons, I have found myself to be motivated to write about this subject and I wish that this study will brings benefit to all.By analyzing the texts of penalty trails rules law , we have found that there are many defects in the procedural rules , thus it is necessitated to analyze the procedural rules and its bases and it should address the defects through indicating to the bases that should be taken into consideration within these rules .In our research , we focus on the general philosophical bases of penalty procedural rules and to know the total rules without discussing in details its subject matter , its procedural rules . In have depended on the comparative method for explaining the legal connection with the procedural rules. This could be carried out by comparing of what has been mentioned in the laws and jurisprudent writings , along with the stance of Iraqi judiciary from that ,as to indicate to the weak and strong points in the law of Iraqi penalty procedural rules , using analytical method in the legal texts and judiciary decisions.I have found that to get all sides of this subject , it should divide this research into two researches , the first one is about the penalty procedural rules that includes two chapters , the first one carries the title ( what is the penalty procedural rules ? and the second chapter will be under the title " The analysis of penalty procedural rules", while the second research comes with the title " The legal construction of penalty procedural base" that includes two chapters , the first one is under the title " The reverent benefit in the penalty procedural base, while the second chapter is about " the legal formation for the penalty procedural Rule"
1 ... 13 14 15 16 17 ... 28