Author name:
حيدر رضا محمد سعيد
Supervisor name:
نهلة مجيد الصقال | عبد الكريم يحيى السامرائي
Abstract:
Osteoporosis is a systemic disease of the skeleton that characterized by low bone mass and alteration in micro - architecture of bone tissue, which leads to an increase in brittleness with the ensuing predisposition of bone fracture. Global statistics show that women are more exposed to this disease than men and in particular at menopause. Like osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is also greatly related to aging populations, and causes substantial morbidity and in some cases mortality. Diabetes mellitus could affect skeletal system and bone metabolism through multiple pathways and it has been considered as a major risk factor of osteoporosis.Objective : The aim of the study is to evaluate the usefulness of osteocalcin (OC), insulin - like growth factor I (IGF - 1) and bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women with type2 diabetes mellitus with or without osteoporosis and to compare the results of them with that of healthy control, in addition on studying role in the pathochemistry of osteoporosis and their validation as biomarkers of osteoporosis.Subjects & Methods : The study was performed during December 2013 to April 2014. Subjects were selected from outpatients attended National Diabetic Center (NDC)/ AL - Mustansiriyhiah University.Eighty - six (86) postmenopausal women aging (50 - 72) were included in this study. Subjects were divided into three group (I) included (25) healthy postmenopausal women without osteoporosis and diabetes mellitus (controls), Group (II) included (30) diabetic postmenopausal women without osteoporosis, Group (III) included (31) diabetic postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.Osteoporosis was diagnosed by measuring bone mineral density (BMD) by Dual energy X - ray absorptiometry (DXA). Also the levels of Fasting blood glucose (FBG), Calcium and phosphorus alkaline phosphatase (ALP) by spectrophotometer were measured in addition to measuring HbA1c level by NycoCard device using boronate assay affinity. While serum osteocalcin was measured using (ELISA) technique and IGF - 1 was measured using immunoradiometric assay. patients with malignant diseases, hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, osteomalacia, renal and hepatic diseases were excluded in addition to patients with chronic treatment with antiacids, estrogen, adrenal or anabolic steroids, anticonvulsants and anti - coagulants. Meanwhile, we ensured that all patients are not alcohol addiction and not smokers (passive & active).ResultsBone mineral density (BMD) was lower significantly in diabetic type II postmenopausal women with osteoporosis compared to diabetic type II postmenopausal women without osteoporosis and control group (0.68±0.04 g/cm2) , ( 0.87±0.03 g/cm2) , (0.89 ± 0.04 g/cm2), (P<0.001) respectively.The mean serum OC was lower significantly in diabetic type II postmenopausal women with osteoporosis group compared to diabetic type II postmenopausal women without osteoporosis group and control group (22.3±5.92 ng/ml), (27.2±5.96ng/ml), (27.3 ±3.49ng/ml) (P<0.001) respectively. Also the mean serum IGF - 1 was lower significantly in diabetic type II postmenopausal women with osteoporosis group compared to diabetic type II postmenopausal women without osteoporosis group and control group (46.6±8.41ng/ml), (65±8.48ng/ml), (88.2 ± 9.91ng/ml) (P<0.001) respectively.The mean of Fasting Blood Glucose was higher significantly in diabetic type II postmenopausal women with osteoporosis group compared to diabetic type II postmenopausal women without osteoporosis group, and control group (204.4±15.29 mg/dl), (187.2±13.45 mg/dl) , (93 ± 7.79 mg/dl) (P<0.001) respectively.The mean HbA1c was higher significantly in diabetic type II postmenopausal women with osteoporosis group compared to diabetic type II postmenopausal women without osteoporosis group, and control group (8±0.5), (7.5±0.53), (5.2 ± 0.33), (P<0.001) respectively.Also results showed no significant change in levels of calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase in the serum of diabetic type II postmenopausal women with osteoporosis group, compared to diabetic type II postmenopausal women without osteoporosis group and control group.There was a significant positively correlation between BMD with serum osteocalcin (r=0.43, P<0.001) and a strong positively significant correlation between BMD with serum IGF - 1(r=0.706, P<0.001). Also there was a significant negative correlation between BMD with HbA1c ( r= - 0.339, P=0.001), FBG(r= - 0.457, P<0.005) and Age (r= - 0.466, P<0.001).Also there was a positively significant correlation between serum osteocalcin with IGF - 1 (r= 0.34,p=0.007) and serum osteocalcin with BMD (r=0.43, P<0.001).Simultaneously there was a positively significant correlation between serum IGF - 1 and ostocalcin (r=0.34,p=0.007) and a positively significant correlation between serum IGF - 1 and BMD( (r=0.706, P<0.001). Also there was a negatively significant correlation between serum IGF - 1 with HbA1c (r= - 0.332,p=0.009), FBG(r= - 0.345,p=0.005) and Age (r= - 0.496, P<0.001).Conculsion Assessing the circulating levels of osteocalin and IGF - 1 may provide very useful information to diagnose or predict osteoporosis in Type 2 diabetic postmenopausal women.
