Author name:
رؤى وحيد عبد الحسين السعدي
Supervisor name:
صالح جعيول جويعد السراي
Abstract:
The studies have led to different roles in the political, economic and social aspects have been filled a wide space in modern historical , and central importance in many countries of the world, to the importance of the individual in the formation of society. This type of study is fraught with many difficulties for different opinions about this character, or because of personal interest or sectarian and partisan differences. We tried to be cautious, and we stick to objectivity, for fear of slipping into bias , according to our understanding of the specificity of this approach, we chose the subject of the thesis (The political role of Abdel Halim Khaddam in Syria 1932 - 1989). This personality has become a political reality in Syria, the emergence of the personality was from the field of law to administrative affairs as governor of the cities of Hama then Konitra and Damascus. He became minister of economy and foreign trade, then became foreign minister until he became vice president of the republic. Through his position he was able to create historical events and was an engine for its operations. He has left a significant impact on Syria's political history, because he was the second man after President Hafez al - Assad, and played a role in moving Syrian foreign policy for the benefit of his country and other countries.In his life there were several stations and experiments that succeeded in most of them and he failed in a few of them. This thesis answers a number of questions that have come to our mind, as is Abdul Halim's character worthy to study? How he grew up and learned? What are the most important characteristics of his character fixed and changing? What is his role at the political and economic levels, before he becomes prime minister and foreign minister? What are his achievements in the field of foreign policy? What is his political role in the Lebanese civil war? What are the most prominent projects he put forward at the beginning of the war? Where his role in the conference Riyadh, Cairo and Beit Din?. We will try to answer these and other questions In this study, the study divided into an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion that included the main findings of the study.The first chapter focused on (The upgrowth of Abdul Halim Khaddam and his political activity), the first section deal with his education, how did he go from the bottom of the social stair to the top and how he entered to field of policy and administration. The second section highlighted on his administration of the Ministry of Economy and Foreign Trade, and his achievements as well as his participation in the coup in 1970.The second chapter under title (Abdel Halim Khaddam's policy towards Arab political events 1971 - 1975) , the first section deal with the position of Abdel Halim Khaddam from the march of Syrian - Egyptian relations between 1970 - 1972 and his role in achieving the most important agreement between the two countries , formation of the Union of Arab Republics and preparation for the liberation battle. The second section studied the relations between Syria and Jordan in 1971 , and the position of Abdel Halim Khaddam about works, positions and events that happened in it. Third section deal with Abdel Halim Khaddam's position on the Arab - Israeli conflict between 1973 - 1974, and his initiative in the war of October 1973. And his position about the transformations in Arab - Israeli conflict in 1973 - 1974 , and all conventions and conferences that held to resolve this conflict. The fourth section concentrate on movements of Abdul Halim Khaddam to face the Sinai agreement in 1975 between Egypt and Israel, and the steps that taken to prevent the isolation of Syria, and then closer relations with other countries after Egypt became outside the circle of the Arab - Israeli conflict. Chapter three discuss the subject of (Abdel Halim Khaddam's role in the Lebanese civil war between 1975 - 1978) in tow sections , the first deal with position of Abdel Halim Khaddam about political developments on the Lebanese area in 1975 - 1976, he succeed in stopping the fighting and preventing the division of Lebanon in 1976 , and his efforts in preparing the political reform document (Constitutional Document) , which put an end to the fighting. And his position on the deterioration of the military situation in Lebanon, and his role of Syrian military intervention in Lebanon in 1976, confrontation to the Camp David Agreement and its repercussions on the Lebanese arena in 1978 and its impact on the Syrian presence in Lebanon. In this section, discussed his role in the conference of Beit Al - Deen in 1978 for end the war in Lebanon, he was a representative of Syria at the conference. Chapter fourth highlighted on the (Syria's foreign policy between 1979 - 1989 and the role of Abdel Halim Khaddam in it), this chapter divided in tow sections , the first talked about the Syrian - Iranian alliance, and the pivotal role of Abdel Halim Khaddam in it in 1979 - 1989. As well as the mediation of Abdul Halim Khaddam to reduce the conflict between Iran and the Gulf states in the years 1982 - 1988, and his position about the Syrian - Iranian alliance in Lebanon between (1982 - 1989). The second part (Abdel Halim Khaddam and the Lebanese civil war between 1981 - 1989) , it studied the activities of Abdel Halim Khaddam in the face of the battle of Zahle and the 1981 missiles crisis, Abdel Halim's proceedings in the face of the agreement of 17 May 1983, his role in National Dialogue Conference in Geneva and Lausanne (1983 - 1984) ; he represented his country and presented new ideas for the success of the conference, then deal with the Syrian - Lebanese negotiations since 1986 until the end of the Lebanese civil war and his role in it.He shared his friend Hafez al - Assad in party work and made essential changes to get out from the isolation, and became in 1970 as a field of conflict between members of Al - Baath party for liquidation of accounts and personal interests, it was an old conflict that began after the setback of June 1967, that led to coup by Hafez al - Assad, Abdel Halim Khaddam and other members of the party, which was considered a corrective movement, Abdul Halim Khaddam was the second man and the spokesman for Hafez al - Assad , he was a distinguished man and a master of plans and its architect. Abdel Halim Khaddam presented an idea for the collection of the warring militias by signing of the tripartite agreement in 1985 for a comprehensive solution to the war. He was able to affect on the political militias, and they agreed to conclude an agreement, but the opposition of the Lebanese Front with some parties caused the cancellation , as a result, Lebanese - Syrian relations deteriorated, after long negotiations between the two sides they reached to a national reconciliation document in 1989 under the supervision of Abdel Halim Khaddam, this document is a mini - image of the tripartite agreement document that prepared by Abdul Halim Khaddam and adopted in the Taif Agreement 1989 to end the civil war in Lebanon. Abdel Halim Khaddam was bold to solve the crisis in Lebanon, he was clear in his active role to make Syria responsible for resolving the Lebanese crisis, in order to prevent Israel from achieving its objectives in Lebanon at the expense of Syria.We can say that Abdel Halim Khaddam was a prominent Arab nationalist and political character, he managed by his diplomatic style to make Syria be at the forefront of confrontation, and keep the danger away from Syria by holding alliances, and his transfers among countries have raise Syria's standing, America was afraid of Syria and considered it a difficult figure in its calculation.
