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الحساسية الغذائية للروبيان : دراسة وبائية ومناعية وجزيئية في محافظة البصرة جنوب العراق == Food allergy of shrimp : Epidemiological,Immunological and Molecular Study inBasra Province, Southern of Iraq

Author name: نور جاسم علي جودة
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Life Science
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A total of 210 human venous blood samples were collected from Basrah province ( 190 randomly collected from people living in different regions of Basrah province , 10 blood samples from people who did not have a history of shrimp consumption or dealing with it used as negative control group, anther 10 samples of people who are sensitive to shrimp used as a positive control group). The samples were serologically tested by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) to estimate the distribution of total and specificIgE in the sera of studied individuals . Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed to detect the HLA - DQB1*02 , *0302 , *0305 allels. The immunological study included the preparation of two types of Metapenaeus affinis allergens which are the raw allergens and the boiled allergens used in Indirect ELISA test to determin shrimp food allergies by serodiagnosis , while Direct ELISA test was used to estimate the distribution of total IgE by quantitative serological methods in the sera of studied samples. the concentration of protein in antigens extracts was estimated, the protein concentration in the boiled shrimp extract was less than its concentration in the raw extract.The results of direct ELISA test demonstrated a decrease in the level of total IgE antibodies in most of the studied samples , the level of IgE <100 recorded a significant high rate 98.4% which is more than the level of IgE > 100 which recorded apercentage of 1.6% and there was a significant difference between them. The Indirect ELISA test results revealed that the total percentage of IgE distribution of the raw and boiled shrimp antigens were 57.8% and 74.2% respectively and there was a significant difference between males and females .However , the difference was not significant between the age groups P>0.05.The molecular study was conducted to detect the presence of some alleles HLADQB1* 02, *0302, *0305 gene in the blood samples by using PCR . The current study showed that the association of the presence of these alleles and the level of total immunoglobulin is highly significant.Also the current study showed that a high significant difference was found between the positive samples to the studied alleles and the seropositive and seronegative results of raw and boild shrimp allergen specific IgE based on Indirect ELISA (P≤0.01).The results of PCR showed a high frequency ratio of HLADQB1 * 0302 97.2% in allergic patients of shrimp boild allergen and 56.9% in allergic patients of shrimp raw allergen .Also the current study showed a very high frequency ratio of HLADQB1 *0305 98.2% in the individuals who showed positive results for the raw allergen and recorded 65.2%. in the individuals who showed positive results for the boild allergen ,while HLADQB1*02 showed in one sample of studied samples which recorded positive results to raw and boild allergens of shrimp .The current study demonstrated also that the alleles frequency in some of studied samples which are seronegative by Indirect ELISA test , HLADQB1*0302 was 30.9% in raw antigens, while in the negative boild sample was not observed . HLADQB1*0305 was 1.23% in serongative of raw allergen and 16.32% in boild allergen. However, HLADQB1*02 was notobserved in seronagative to raw and boild shrimp allergen.

دراسة انتشار الديدان الحلقية وبعض الاحياء القاعية المتواجدة معها في منطقة القرنة / شمال محافظة البصرة

Author name: نور الهدى وليد عبد الرضا
Supervisor name: صبيح هليل المياح | مرتضى يوسف
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology - Invertebrates
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: درست اللافقريات القاعية المائية الكبيرة لنهر الفرات وشط العرب واختيرت ثلاث محطات للدراسة تقع المحطة الاولى تقع على نهر الفرات بينما تقع المحطة الثانية بعد نقطة التقاء نهري دجلة والفرات بحوالي 2 كيلو متر في حين تقع المحطة الثالثة بعد التقاء شط العرب ونهر الغميج. جمعت العينات شهريا ابتداء من تموز2013 - ولغاية حزيران2014 - بواقع ثلاث مكررات من كل محطة. تم خلال الدراسة الحالية قياس بعض العوامل للبيئة المائية (درجة حرارة الماء والملوحة والاس الهيدروجيني والاوكسجين المذاب) اذ تراوحت درجة الحرارة بين 32 ̊م و18.4 ̊م وتراوحت الملوحة بين 3.8 - 1.9 جزء بالالف والاس الهيدروجيني بين 8.13 - 6.96 والاوكسجين المذاب بين 16 - 7.6 ملغرام/لتر. درست ايضا بعض العوامل الخاصة بالقاع (نسجة القاع والاس الهيدروجني والملوحة والكالسيوم والفسفور والنتروجين والبوتاسيوم والمادة العضوية) وجد ان نسجة القاع كانت غرينية طينية مزيجية في المحطة الاولى بينما كانت غرينية في المحطة الثانية وغرينية مزيجية في المحطة الثالثة, وتباينت عوامل القاع الاخرى بين محطات الدراسة الثلاثة اذ تراوحت معدلات قيم الاس الهيدروجيني بين 7.55 و7.24 والملوحة بين 5.3 3.2 جزء بالالف والنتروجين 150 - 42 جزء بالمليون (ppm) والفسفور 53.3 - 29.8 جزء بالمليون والبوتاسيوم بين 346 - 226 جزء بالمليون والكالسيوم 986.6 - 480 جزء بالمليون والمادة العضوية 48 - 10 % . سجلت خلال الدراسة ثلاث مجاميع من اللافقريات القاعية ظهرت في محطات الدراسة جميعها وهي النواعم بطنية القدم Gastropoda والديدان الحلقيةAnnelida والحشراتInsecta , اذ سجلت 25 و16 و20 من المراتب التصنيفية في المحطات الثلاثة على التوالي, وسجلت 4 انواع من النواعم ومرتبة واحدة من الحشرات في كل من المحطات الثلاثة اما الديدان الحلقية فسجل منها 20 و11 و15 نوعا في المحطات الثلاثة على التوالي. وسجلت خلال الدراسة الانواع Potamothrix hammoniensis ( Michaelsen,1901) وPotamothrix bavaricus (Öschmann,1913) وPsammoryctides moravicus (Hrabe, 1934) من مجموعة ديدان النايدد الانبوبية وNais stolci (Hrabe,1981) وParainais frici Hrabe, 1941 من مجموعة النايدد لاول مره في جنوب العراق عموما بينما يسجل النوعين Nais raviensis Stephenson,1941 وHomochaeta lactea (Cernosvitov,1937) من مجموعة النايدد لاول مره في العراق. جمعت خلال فترة الدراسة 4497 عينة من اللافقريات القاعية (1692 و1169 و1636من محطات الدراسة الثلاثة على التوالي) مثلت الديدان قليلة الاهلاب نسبا كلية عالية في المحطات جميعها 90.6) % و85.2 % و87% على التوالي) اما ادنى النسب فكانت لعديدة الاهلاب وبلغت 0.15 % و0.2 % سجلت في المحطتين الاولى والثالثة على التوالي. ضمن مجموعة بطنية القدم اخذ النوع Melanoides tuberculata اعلى النسب (55.2 % و43.7 % و30.4 % سجلت في محطات الدراسة الثلاثة على التوالي) اما النسبة الاقل فبلغت 9.7 % وسجلت للقوقع Physa acuta في المحطة الثانية. فيما يتعلق بمجموعة الديدان الانبوبية وجد النوع Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri بنسب كلية بلغت 96.9 % في المحطة الاولى و98.6 % في كل من المحطتين الثانية والثالثة اما النسبة الاقل فبلغت 0.1 % وسجلت للنوع Tubifex tubifex في المحطة الاولى و0.2 % و0.5 % وسجلت للنوع P. moravicus في المحطتين الثانية والثالثة على التوالي. اما اعلى النسب بالنسبة للانواع العائده لمجموعة النايدد فبلغت 34 % و78.3 % وسجلت للنوع N. stolci في المحطة الاولى والثالثة على التوالي واما في المحطة الثانية فوجدت الدودة Pristinella sima بنسبة 30 % , اما النسبة الاقل من بين جميع المحطات فسجلت لكل من النوعين Pristina aequiseta وDero nivea وبلغت 0.8 % . درست الكثافة الشهرية للانواع المسجلة خلال الدراسة وبلغت اعلى القيم 5082 و2058 و5430 فرد/م2 في محطات الدراسة الثلاثة على التوالي وجميعها سجلت للنوع L. hoffmeisteri , اما ادنى القيم فبلغت 11فرد/م2 وسجلت في جميع المحطات لعدد من الانواع. درست ايضا النسبة المئوية لتكرار لظهور الانواع ووجد ان النوع L. hoffmesteria هو النوع الوحيد الذي ظهر خلال جميع الاشهر وفي جميع محطات الدراسة, كما ظهر باعلى نسبة تكرار (%100) في جميع اشهر الدراسة في المحطتين الثانية والثالثة ولثمانية اشهر في المحطة الاولى اما نسبة التكرار الاقل فبلغت 33 % وسجلت لجميع المحطات ولعدد من الانواع. قورنت المحطات احصائيا من حيث عوامل الحرارة والملوحة وpH والاوكسجين المذاب وكذلك كثافات النواعم وقليلة الاهلاب وعدد الانواع, ولم تسجل فروق معنوية سوى الاوكسجين المذاب الذي اختلف معنويا بين المحطتين الاولى والثانية من جهة والثالثة من جهة اخرى. اما فيما يتعلق بتحليل الارتباط فقد وجد ان معدل الحرارة ارتبط ايجابا مع كل من معدل الاس الهيدروجيني (r = 0.679) ومعدل الملوحة (r = 0.350 ). من جهة اخرى ارتبط معدل الملوحة ايجابا مع معدل كثافة النواعم (r = 0.331) وارتبطت الحرارة سلبا مع كل من عدد الانواع الكلية المسجلة (r = - 0.361) وكثافة قليلة الاهلاب الكلية. وارتبط عدد الانواع الكلية بشكل موجب مع كثافة قليلة الاهلاب الكلية (0.395 r=). | Aquatic macro - benthic invertebrate of the Euphrates and the Shatt al - Arab Rivers were investigated for the period from July 2013 until June 2014. Three stations were selected to execute the study the former is located in the Euphrates River, while the second is situated about two kilometers apart from the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates. The third station, however, is located after the confluence of the Shatt al - Arab River with Ghamaj canal. Three replicate samples were collected from each station. some environmental factors were measured ( i.e. water temperature , salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen ) water temperature ranged between 18.4ºC to 32º C during January and May respectively, salinity ranged from (1.9 - 3.8) ppt. during October and May respectively, pH between 6.96 - 8.13 during December, March and April respectively, dissolved oxygen between (7.6 - 16) mg/L during July and September respectively Some other factors concerning the bottom and substrate were also studied namely, bottom texture, pH, salinity, calcium, phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium and organic matter. The study found that the bottom texture was silty clay in station1 while silty in the second and silty mixture in the third station. Other bottom components varied between the three stations. However, pH ranged between 7.24 and 7.55, salinity between (3.2 - 5.3) ppt. Nitrogen from 42 - 150 ppm, PO4 (29.8 - 53.3) ppm, potassium (226 - 346) ppm and Ca+2 from 480 - 986.6 ppm., and organic matter from (10 - 21)%. Three categories of benthic invertebrates were encountered in the studied stations i.e. Gastropoda, Annelida and Insecta, as 25, 16 and 20 taxonomical orders of each respectively. four molluscan species and one order of insects in each of the three stations, while annelida a total of 20 , 11 and 15 species were found in the three stations respectively . the following species were collected during the study Potamothrix hammoniensis (Michaelsen, 1901), Potamothrix bavaricus (Öschmann, 1913) and Psammoryctides moravicus (Hrabe, 1934) of a group of worms Naadd tube and Nais stolci (Hrabe, 1981) and Parainais frici Hrabe, 1941 from Naadd group for the first once in southern Iraq, while generally registers types Nais raviensis Stephenson, 1941 and Homochaeta lactea (Cernosvitov, 1937) of Naadd group for the first time in Iraq. a total of 4497 specimens of benthic invertebrates were collected during the study period (i.e. 1692, 1169 and 1636 from three stations respectively) oligochaetes formed a high proportions in all stations (90.6, 85.2 and 87 %, respectively) and the lowest percentage was for polychaetes amounted to 0.15% and 0.2 % recorded in the first and third stations respectively . out of gastropods Melanoides tuberculata formed the highest proportions ( 55.2 % and 43.7 % and 30.4 % recorded in the three study stations respectively ), but the lowest ratio was 9.7% recorded for the snail Physa acuta in station 2. With respect to tube worm’s group Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri was dominant proportions accounted for 96.9 % in station 1 and 98.6 % in other stations. However, the lowest proportion (0.1 %) was recorded for Tubifex tubifex in station1 and 0.2 % and 0.5% recorded for the species P. moravicus in the stations 2 and 3 respectively. The highest species proportions belong to the group Naididae amounted to 34% and 78.3 % recorded for the species N. stolci in stations 1 and 3 respectively, while in the station2 the worm Pristinella sima was found by 30%. The lowest proportion among all stations was recorded for Pristina aequiseta and Dero nivea amounted to 0.8%. Monthly density of the species recorded during the study was calculated and reached the highest values of 5082, 2058 and 5430 individual / m 2 in the three investigated stations respectively , all recorded for the species L. hoffmeisteri, the lowest value, however, was 11 individual / m 2 were recorded in all the stations for a number of species. Percentage frequency for the species was also studied and found that the species L. hoffmesteria is the only one that occurred during all months in all study stations, as shown by the highest percentage of recurrence (100%) in all months in the stations 2 and 3 , and just eight months in stations1. the lowest frequency (33%) recorded for all stations for a number of species. Stations statistically compared concerning temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen, as well as densities of molluscs, oligochaetes and the number of species. Significant differences were not found except with dissolved oxygen, which differed significantly between the first and second stations on the one hand and the third on the other hand. Regarding correlation it has been found that mean temperature was positively associated with both pH (r = 0.679) and the mean of salinity (r = 0.350). On the other hand, mean salinity was positively associated with molluscs density (r = 0.331) and temperature was negatively associated(r = - 0.361) with both the number of total species recorded and density of oligochaetes . The total number of species was positively associated with oligochaetes density (r=0.395).

دراسات تصنيفية وحياتية ووبائية للمثقوبات المتطفلة في الجهاز التنفسي للطيور المائية في اهوار محافظة ذي قار == Taxonomic,Biological and Epidemiological Studies of Trematodes Parasitic in the Respiratory System of Some Aquatic Birds in Marshes of Thi - Qar province/Iraq

Author name: نثيلة رشيد حميد الكسار
Supervisor name: صبيح هليل المياح | باسم هاشم عبد الله
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Parasites
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A total of 420 aquatic birds belonging to four species( Chettusia leucura , Himantopus himantopus, Gallinula chloropus and Fulica atrawere collected in the current study during the period between December 2012 to November 2013 fisolated from Al - Chibayish marshes , eastern of Thi Qar province. Digenetic trematode, Haematotrephus nittanyense was isolated from H. himantopus and C. leucura. Prevalence in those birds were 20.7% , 2.2% respectively. Mean intensity of infection 1.7 , 1.2 respectively. Digenetic trematode , Haematotrephus chengi was found in C.leucura, the Prevalence of infection was 20.7% . These two trematodes were recorded for the first time in Iraqi birds . 2.6% of Ch. leucura were infected with Digenetic trematode , Uvitellina iraquensi , mean intensity of infection was 2.7 . Digenetic trematode , Cyclocoelum mutabile Cyclocoelum mutabile was isolated from F. atra and G. chloropus birds . Prevalence in those birds were 21.2% ,10% respectively. Mean intensity of infection 3 , 3 . Digenetic trematode , Cyclocoelum microstomum was found in 20% of G. chloropus birds and in 15% of F. atra , mean intensity of infection 2.8 , 1.8 respectively.The current study revealed that , most eggs of H. nittanyense , H. chengi and U. iraquensis hatch within the uteri of worms while embryonated eggs of C. mutabile and C. microstomum shed from mature worms hatch within few hours after being placed in water. The mean number of eggs differed between species. Hatching of C. mutabile and C. microstomum eggs did not occur at 12°C . Egg hatching rate of C. mutabile differed from eggs hatching rate of C. microstomum at all temperatures . Temperatures, salinity and acidification of water affectedthe rate of hatching of C. mutabile and C. microstomum eggs , and the results varied between two different species . Storing eggs of C. mutabile and C. microstomum at (0,4)°C for ( 1 - 8) weeks failed to hatch . Storing eggs of C. mutabile and C. microstomum at (7,10,12)°C for (1 - 8) weeks had no effect on hatching success or on eggs hatching rate.A biological study of the miracidia of trematodes which were isolated in the current study showed that , the survivorship and longevity of miracidia were differed among the different species . Temperature, salinity and acidification of water affected the survivorship and longevity of miracidia . Storing eggs of all species at (7,10,12)°C for eight weeks had no effect on survivorship and longevity of their miracidia. The study revealed that , the miracidia of all species were infective to Radix auricularia and Physa acuta snails , but R. auricularia snails more sensitive to infection . The infectivity of the miracidia of all species to R. auricularia and P. acuta snails varied according to the species of these trematodes . Infection rate of R. auricularia snails with the miracidia of all species , mean intensity of infection and the metacercariae output varied according to species of these trematodes, temperature , miracidial density as well as size of snails. Miracidia hatching from eggs stored for 1 - 8 weeks at 7°C not differed in their infectivity to snail. The miracidia of all species hatching from eggs stored for (0 - 8) weeks at 7°C differed in their infectivity to snail according to the species of these trematodes. Age and density of H. chengi miracidia affected the infection rate of R. auricularia snails as well as affected the mean intensity of infection . H. chengi infection had no effect on mortality rate of R. auricularia and P. acuta snails.The results showed that there were differences between the various stages included in the life cycle of the five species of Cyclocoelidae family isolated in the current study . The time required for production and development of these stages varied according to their species, as well as these larval stages were differed among the species in their shapes , sizes and in the product number of them .The current study revealed that , metacercariae of the trematodes which were isolated in the current study fed separately to Gallus domesticus and Anas platyrhynchos failed to produce an infection , although the influence of C. leucura bile on metacercariae of H. nittanyense , H. chengi and U. iraquensis varied according to the species of these trematodes but bile of C. leucura plays a role in increasing excysted juveniles ratios , reduction the time required for excysting and increasing the time of juveniles activity compared with a bile of G. domesticus .In the current study. H. nittanyense showed a clear seasonal cycle of infection in local aquatic birds , H. himantopus ,while the study exposed a clear seasonal cycle of H. chengi infection in local aquatic birds C. leucura . Isolation of U. iraquensis in different periods during the current study from local aquatic birds, C. leucura may refer to its ability to complete its life cycle in a study area. Isolation of C. mutabile from migratory bird at arrival time to the study area may refer to new infections that carried by these migratory birds from their breeding grounds . Abundance of sensitive snails and suitable temperatures in a study area at arrival time of these birds may help this trematode to complete its life cycle in this area thus new infections emerged later and these infections may carry by microstomum isolated from migratory birds only at the arrival time to the study area may refer to new infections that carried by these migratory birds from their breeding grounds as well as this may indicate an inability to complete the life cycle of this trematode in this area.

حياتية القوقع الدخيل Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck, 1822 في شط العرب - محافظة البصرة == Biological of the Invasive Snail Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck, 1822

Author name: نادية جعفر كاظم البغدادي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Life Science
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study was concerned with some biological aspects of the invasive snail Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck, 1822) and for this purpose, monthly samples from Shatt Al - Arab banks in the area of Al - Salhia were collected during the period from October 2014 to September 2015. The study included the monthly variations in the density of snail , its egg masses and the population sizes. In the laboratory, the study included many aspects, these are the relationships between female weight with some measurements of its egg masses, embryonic development duration, hatching percentages under different temperatures, food consumption, salt acclimatization, growth under combined effect of salinity and temperature, effect of food type on growth of newly hatched snails and examine samples of snail to detect the infection with parasites if present. The density of the snail was ranged from four to 13 ind. /m2 recorded during January - February 2015 and October 2014 respectively, while the mean density of egg masses was from two to nine egg mass / m2 recorded during April 2015 and October 2014. The statistical analysis showed that the temperature had positive correlated with density of each of snails and its egg masses. On the otherhand, there are positive correlation between the density of each snail and its egg masses. The snails, which had been collected during the study period, were 19 - 68 mm in length, these measurements were classifying into five size classes. The size class 35 - 45 mm was dominanted for nine months, compared with the size class 55 - 65 mm that had less occurrence.The diameter of eggs varied from 2.5 - 4 mm. The 25°C is the most suitable temperature to get a high percentage of hatching and a short period of embryonic development. There was no significant correlation between the weight of the female and the number of its egg masses.The feeding experiment showed that the amount of food consumed lettuce mild during the study period 30 days by one individual ranged from 3 - 29g. The results of the acclimatization was referred to the ability of all size classes' snails to tolerate the low salinity 2.5 psu with 100% survival percentage, while the snails of size classes at least 10 mm and 10 - 25mm were able to tolerate the salinity of 11psu with 10% and 50% respectivly survival.There are variable effects of the combination of temperature and salinity on growth of newly hatched snails for 9 weeks experiment, these effects were reflected on the weight, length and width, and the highest of these measurements were recorded for snails of 2.5 psu - 27°C combination, while the lowest one was recorded in 7.5 psu - 10°C. The lowest survival percentage was 5% recorded for the individuals of 7.5 psu - 27 and 32°C, compared with 90% of distil water - 17°C. On the other hand, the optimum growth was in 2.5 psu all temperatures, while the optimum growth was in all salinities, and temperature of 27°C.The experimental study of five types of food fresh celery, fresh lettuce, fish food, mixed food and animal protein)on growth of newly hatched snails for 9 weeks. Showed that the mean weight, length and width of snails were depending on the food type. The mixed food gave significant increase in growth 382.1 mg weight, 10.10mm length and7.58mm width compared with the other types of food.The highest survival percentage 95% was recorded for the snails fed on celery, lettuce and fish food. The present study on the snail P. canaliculata does not record any infection by the larvae of parasites

دراسة المسببات الميكروبية الشائعة للاسهال لدى الاطفال دون خمس سنوات من العمر وتوصيف عاثية الامعاء

Author name: مروة محمود يعقوب
Supervisor name: كوثر هواز مهدي | حيدر عبد الحسين مكلف
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The purpose of present study was to detection of Rotavirus A and Escherichia Coli from diarrhea cases in children, and characterization of E.coli phag, in addition to study some of factors that influence on Diarrhea.Stool samples were collected between 15/11/2014 and 1/4/2015 from children 0 to 59 months of age who were hospitalized in Basra hospital for women and children, Basra/Iraq. A total of 300 children with acute gastroenteritis were enrolled, including 199 males and 101 females.In this study among children with Diarrhea was 93/300 (31%) Rotavirus positive cases by Immunochromatographic (IC) test as monoinfection (1.66%), coinfection (26.34%), and mixing infections (3%). Out of 50 IC positives fecal samples were tested using electronic microscope, 50(100%) were found positive. A total of 80 stools were examined for Rotavirus using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The overall agreement was 68/80(85%).Furthermore, regardless of the types of infection, monoinfection or coinfection or mixing, Bacteria was isolated, including; 277/300 (92.33%) children had infections with Escherichia coli, 39/300 (13%) cases with Salmonella spp., While, Shigella spp. was reported in 12/300 (4.01%) samples. The identification of bacterial pathogens was later confirmed by Api 20 Enterobacteraceae system. Also parasitic causes were found in 6/300 (2%) samples.Overall, this study recorded 182 /300 (60.66%) of monoinfection cases including; 5 /300 (1.66%) with Rotavirus, 163 /300 (54.33%) with Escherichia coli, 6 /300 (2%) with Salmonella spp., 2 /300 (0.67%) with Shigella spp., 3 /300 (1%) with Entamoeba histolytica, 3 /300 (1%) with Giardia lamblia. Coinfection with another microorganism was observed in 109/300 (36.34%) cases, coinfection with Rotavirus and Escherichia coli were the most common and occurred in 75/300 (25%) cases.Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed on Muller Hinton agar against five different antibiotics to 30 isolates of E. coli. The antibiotic resistance/susceptibility profile of E. coli isolates revealed that most of the isolates were resistant to three tested antibiotics (Trimethoprim, Ampicillin and Doxycyclin). The phage ɸEC - MH1 was isolation successfully from sewage. The phage titer was determined by serial dilution (10 - 1 to 10 - 9) of the sample by counting the number of plaque forming units (p.f.u.) for each dilution.Results revealed that dilution factor 10 - 2 was the best countable number of plaques. The statistical analysis was significantly decrease P≤ 0.05 in phage titer at the temperature 50C° and 65C° during different times comparing with phage titer at the temperature 37C°. Effects of chloroform on phage titer during different times were completely inactivated comparing with saline environments. Furthermore, regarding some clinical information; the present study showed that 66.33% of the males were more susceptible to the infection with highly significant (P<0.001) than females (33.67%). Mean age (mean ± standard deviation) of all positive cases was 11.02±12.3 months, and the age periods between (0 - 5) and (6 - 11) were significantly prone to the infection.Also, all cases were complained with diarrhea (100%), fever (82.34%), Vomiting (43%) then dehydration (2.67%). In addition, all positive cases become increased in December (32%) and city center (81%). This study showed positive cases increase (69%) of children with artificial feeding

قابلية بعض الطحالب الخضر - المزرقة المعزولة من بعض المسطحات المائية في محافظة البصرة / جنوب العراق على انتاج السموم == Capability of some blue - green algae isolated from some water bodies in AL - Basrah Governorate / Southern Iraq to the production of toxins

Author name: مروة عبد الكريم عبيد
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: plant - aquatic life
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الدراسة الحالية تشخيص وعزل وتنقية واكثار ثمانية انواع تابعة لثمانية اجناس من الطحالب الخضر - المزرقة من بعض المسطحات المائية لمحافظة البصرة جنوب العراق والتي تمثلت بكل من شط العرب ونهر العشار ونهر الخندق وهي كل من الانواع Merismopedia glauca وMicrocystis flos - aqueوNostoc commune وOscillatoria pseudogeminata واربعة منها عدت كتسجيل اول في العراق وتمثلت بكل من الانواع Lyngbya rubida وPseudanabaena limnetica وPhormidium laysanense وStigonema informe وقد شخصت قابليتها على انتاج كل من السم العصبي Anatoxin - a والسموم الكبدية Microcystins كما ونوعا لاول مرة محليا وعالميا. تم قياس منحنى النمو للانواع المعزولة والمنقاة بعد تنميتها في الوسط الزرعي السائل Chu - 10 كما قيس كل من ثابت النمو(k)Growth constant والذي بلغ 0.195 و0.197 و0.246 و0.25 و0.278 و0.29 و0.528 وزمن تكاثر الجيل (G)Generation time بلغ 1.543 و1.527 و1.223 و1.204 و1.082 و1.037 و0.570 يوم لانواع الطحالب M. glauca وM. flos - aque وP. limnetica وPh. laysanense وO. pseudogeminata وL. rubida وN. commune على التوالي. نقي السم العصبي Anatoxin - a والسموم الكبدية Microcystins من انواع الطحالب الخضر - المزرقة المعزولة والمنقاة خلال الدراسة الحالية وشخص كما ونوعا بواسطة تقنية الامتزاز المناعـــــي المرتبــــــــط بالانزيــــــم Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) وقـــد حددت تراكيز السم العصبي المنقــى من الانواع M. flos - aque وN. commune وL. rubida وS. informe وPh. Laysanense وO. pseudogeminata وM. glauca وP. limnetica والتي بلغت 0.357 و0.511 و0.598 و0.635 و0.705 و1.119 و1.156 و1.179مايكروغرام/ لتــــر علــــى الترتيب , اما فيما يخص قابليــة الانـــواع على انتاج السموم الكبدية فقد بلغت 0.973 و6.128 و1.309 و1.753 و6.209 و3.855 و1.733 و3.701 مايكروغرام/لتر على الترتيب . اوضح اختبار طيف الاشعة فوق البنفسجية امتلاك السم العصبي Anatoxin - a المنقى قمة امتصاص واحدة عند الطول الموجي 226 نانومتر, وكذلك اظهرت السموم الكبدية المنقاة قمة امتصاص واحدة عند الطول الموجي 240 نانومتر , كما بين اختبار طيف الاشعة تحت الحمراء احتواء كلا النوعين من السموم على معظم المجاميع الفعالة المكونة للسموم القياسية لها. حددت الجرعة نصف القاتلة (LD50) Lethal dose concentration للكتل الحية للانواع الثمانية تجاه يرقات الحيوان اللافقري القشري Artemia salina وقد اظهرت النتائج ان للطحالب المعزولة والمنقاة سميـــة عالية بدرجات متفاوتة تجاه يرقات الحيوان القشري وان الانواع المنتجة للسم العصبي Anatoxin - a وبتراكيز عالية كانت الاكثر سمية لليرقات مقارنة بالانواع الاخرى المنقاة خلال الدراسة ، اذ بلغت نصف الجرع القاتلة لها 29.183 و30.66 و30.716 و33.466 و34.566 و35.866 و36.933 و37.8 مليغرام/مليلتر لكل من الطحالب P.limnetica وM. glauca وO. pseudogeminata وS.informe وPh. Laysanense وN. commune وL.rubida وM.flos - aque على الترتيب . كما حددت الجرعة نصف القاتلة (LD50) للسم العصبـــيAnatoxin - a المنقى من الطحلب الاخضر المزرق P.limnetica تجاه يرقات الحيوان اللافقري القشري A. salina والتي بلغت 0.498 مايكروغرام/لتر ، وحددت ايضا الجرعة نصف القاتلة للسموم الكبدية Microcystins المنقاة من الطحلب الاخضر المزرق Ph. Laysanense والتي بلغت 2.59 مايكروغرام/لتر . درست التاثيرات النسجية للسم العصبي Anatoxin - a المنقى من الطحلب الاخضر المزرق السام P. limnetica لاول مرة محليا وعالميا على دماغ الفئران المختبرية البيضاء نوع Mus musculus L تحت تراكيز واطئة من السم العصبي هي 0.5 و1 مايكروغرام/لتر لفترة تعرض امتدت لخمسة عشر يوما وقد لوحظ ازدياد التاثيرات بازدياد التركيز, وقد اظهرت نتائج الفحص المجهري عند التركيز 0.5 مايكروغرام/لتر بداية حدوث كل من حالة التفجي Vacuolation والتنخر Necrosis في منطقة المادة البيضاء White matter بالاضافة الى تغلظ انوية الخلايا المساعدة Karyopyknosis وبداية احتقان الاوعية الدموية Congestion واضمحلال النسيج الطلائي المبطن لها , كما اظهر الفحص حدوث انكماش Shrinkage للخلايا العصبية المكونة لمنطقة المادة الرمادية Gray matter فضلا عن حدوث انحسارا في سمكها مقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة وقد ازدادت التاثيرات بازدياد التركيز الى 1مايكروغرام/لتر فقد لوحظ اضافة الى التاثيرات السابقة اضمحلال كبير في سمك المادة الرمادية وقلة نسبة الخلايا العصبية فيها مع ازدياد حالات الانكماش ، اضافة الى اضمحلال الخلايا المساعدة واختفاء الخلايا الاندوثيلية المبطنة للاوعية الدموية وانتفاخ بعضها وحدوث التوسع Dilation والاحتقان بشكل اكبر , كما لوحـــظ انه وبارتفاع التركــــيز ازدياد حالة التفجـــي وظهور المادة البيضاء بشكل اسفنجي Spongiform shape وازداد التنخر وظهور حالات فرط التصبغ Hyperpigmentation لسايتوبلازم الخلايا بازدياد التركيز مقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة. كما سجلت بعض التاثيرات السلوكية للسم العصبي Anatoxin - a على الفئران المختبرية اثناء فترات الحقن بالسم العصبي تمثلت بفقدان الوزن اذ وجد انخفاضا معنويا p≤0.05 في معدل اوزان الفئران المعاملة بالسم بعد خمسة عشر يوما لكلا التركيزين مقارنة مع فئران مجموعة السيطرة بالاضافة لحدوث فقدان البصر(العمى) وتساقط الشعر بشكل واضح بعد (7 - (10ايام من الحقن . | The current study included the identification, isolation, purification and cultivation of eight species belonging to eight genus of blue - green algae from some of the water bodies of Basrah Governorate/ Southern Iraq,These included Shatt al - Arab river, Al - Ashar and Al - kandak River. The algal species included Merismopedia glauca, Microcystis flos - aque, Nostoc commune , Oscillatoria pseudogeminata, Four of them were first recorded in Iraq : Lyngbya rubida, Pseudanabaena limnetica, Phormidium laysanense and Stigonema informe. Their ability to produce both anatoxin - a and microcystins was quantified and qualified determined for the first time locally and globally.The growth curve of isolated and purified species was measured after their development in the Chu - 10 liquid medium as measured the growth constant(k) which reached to 0.195, 0.197, 0.246, 0.25, 0.278, 0.29 and 0.528, and the generation time(G) which reach to 1.543, 1.527 and 1.223, 1.204, 1.082, 1.037 and 0.570 hour for the algal species M. glauca, M. flos - aque , P. limnetica, Ph. laysanense, O. pseudogeminata, L. rubida and N. commune , respectively. Neurotoxin (Anatoxin - a) and hepatotoxin (Microcystin) was purified from the blue - green algal species isolated and purified during the current study and quantified and qualitatively by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The concentration of purified neurotoxin has been identified as algae M. flos - aque, N. commune , L. rubida, S. informe, L. laysanense, O. pseudogeminata, M. glauca and P.limnetica, which were 0.357, 0.511, 0.598, 0.635, 0.705, 1.119, 1.156 and 1.179 μg/L respectively, While concerning the ability of the species to produce hepatotoxin (Microcystins) it has reached 0.973, 6.128, 1.309, 1.753, 6.209, 3.855, 1.733 and 3.701 µ/L respectively.The Ultraviolet spectrum test showed that the neurotoxin ( Anatoxin - a) had a single absorbance peak at a wavelength of 226 nm , and also the purified hepatotoxin (MCs) showed single absorbance peak at wavelength 240 nm. The infrared spectrum test showed that both types of toxins were present on most of the active constituents or active groups of their standard toxins.The half lethal dose concentration (LD50) of the biomass of the eight species of blue - green algae was determined towards the animal crustacean invertebrates larvae Artemia salina. The results showed that the algal species had high toxicity towards the crustacean animal larvae and that the algae that produce the anatoxin - a at higher concentrations compared to other algae in this study was the most toxic to the larvae as the LD50 reached 29.183, 30.66, 30.716, 33.466, 34.566, 35.866, 36.933 and 37.8 mg / mL for the algae P. limnetica, O. pseudogeminata, M. glauca and S .informe, L. Laysanense, N. commune , L.rubida and M. flos - aque respectively. The half lethal dose concentration (LD50) of neurotoxin(Anatoxin - a) purified from blue - green alga P. malimnica against the larvae of Artemia salina, which reached 0.498 μg/L, while the half - lethal dose concentration reach to 2.59 μg/L for purified hepatotoxin (Microcystin) from the blue - green alga Ph. Laysanense The histopathological effects of neurotoxin anatoxin - a purified from P. limnetica for the first time locally and globally on the brain of white mice type Mus muscules L. were studied under low concentrations of neurotoxin (Anatoxin - a) 0.5 and 1 μg / L for a 15 - day exposure period and increased effects were observed with increased concentration. The results of the microscopic examination at concentration 5µg/L showed begin of occurrence vacuolation ,necrosis in white matter in addition of karyopiknosis of glial cells nuclei, and the beginning of congestion of blood vessel and the decay of the epithelial tissue lining the blood vessel. As demonstrated by the examination the begin of occurrence shrinkage of neuron constituent of the gray matter area as well as less thickness of the gray matter compared with control group . The effects were increased with an increase in concentration to 1 μg/L. In addition to the previous effects, there was a significant deterioration in the thickness of the gray matter and the low percentage of neurons with increasing shrinkage in addition to decay of glial cells in white matter and disappearance or swelling of endothelial cells lining the blood vessel and the expansion dilation , greater congestion , vacuolation and appearance of white matter in spongiform shape, addition to increased necrosis, and hyperpigmentation compared to the control group.Some of the behavioral effects of anatoxin - a were recorded on laboratory mice during periods of injection of neurotoxin represented by weight loss. A significant decrease under probability level p ≤ 0.05 was observed in the weight of mice treated with both concentrations of toxin after 15 days compared with mice in control group , In addition to the loss of sight (blindness) and hair loss thick after 7 - 10 days of injection

السيطرة الاحيائية واللااحيائية على نمو الفطر Aspergillus flavus والتعبير الجيني للجينين aflDو aflR وانتاج الافلاتوكسين B1 == Biotic and Abiotic Control on Aspergillus flavus Growth, aflD and aflR Expression and Aflatoxin B1 Production

Author name: لبيد عبد الله نجم السعد
Supervisor name: عدنان عيسى البدران | سامي عبد الرضا الجميلي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Fifteen isolates of Aspergillus flavus (AFL1 - AFL15) were isolated from multiple sources included soil, compost, seeds, fruits, feed and air. The isolates were identified morphologically then confirmed by molecular techniques. Only thirteen isolates were confirmed positively (AFL1 - AFL5 and AFL8 - AFL15) while two of them were not. A phylogenetic analysis was made which revealed that the isolates grouped according to their source of isolation. The aflR profile and phenotypic AFB1 production confirmed that all thirteen isolates posses the ability to produce AFB1 with significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) among them. Growth rate profile was performed under 30ºC which showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) among isolates. According to the above tests, A.flavus AFL14 was selected to be the experimental isolate for the rest of experiments in this study. Comparing to A.flavus NRRL3357 type strain, the impact of temperature, water activity aw and isolate factors was examined to determine the limits and optimum ecological conditions of growth of A.flavus AFL14. The results displayed that the best growth rate was (7.217 mm/day) at 0.98 aw where the lowest was (4.069 mm/day) at 0.9 aw with no growth at 0.85 aw while the impact of temperature demonstrated by outweigh of growth rate at 35ºC (6.201 mm/day) followed by 30ºC (5.272 mm/day) which exceeded 25ºC and 40ºC (4.604 and 4.051 mm/day), respectively.Bacillus subtilis (isolates : BSS1, BSS2, BSS3, BSS4 and BSW) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (isolates : PFMst and PFDL) were elected to be used as biocontrol agents. All the isolates were passed the biochemical identification tests moreover, BSS4 and BSW isolates of B.subtilis and PFMst and PFDL isolates of P.fluorescens were confirmed molecularly which used later in all biocontrol experiments in this study. The ability ofbiocontrol agents to inhibit fungal growth was investigated and the resultsshowed significant inhibition impact represented by significant outweighof B. subtilis BSS4 (99%) on the rest of B. subtilis isolates followed by P.fluorescense PFDL and PFMst (92.29 and 86.19) %, respectively, with nosignificant differences (P ≤ 0.05) among them. The extra - cellular abilityof biocontrol agents to degrade AFB1 showed a high degradation abilityIpreformed by B. subtilis BSS4, BSW isolates and P. fluorescence PFMst,PFDL isolates (100, 100, 97.805 and 97.396%), respectively. Thedegradation residues administrated to rats to determine their effect onbiosystems, the blood parameters showed a significant reduction ofWBC, HB, RBC, and P.C.V while there was a significant increase inUrea, Glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT) Glutamic oxaloacetictransaminase (GOT) and MCV in AF+DMSO treatment comparing tothe negative and positive control. Water activity and biocontrol factorswere examined to control aflD and aflR expression and phenotypic AFB1production. When the experiment held using Nutrient Agar medium, asignificant inhibition of aflD and aflR expression (P=0.000 and 0.003),respectively performed by BSW at 0.94 aw comparing to 0.98 aw whileno significant inhibition was observed in the rest of the treatments. Allbiocontrol agents revealed high significant reduction of aflD and aflRexpression (P≤0.001) in each water activity level separately whichconfirmed by HPLC results. The phenotypic results showed that 0.94 awexceeded 0.98 aw in AFB1 reduction (2011 and 4280 ng/gm),respectively which agreed with gene expression results. When MaizeMeal Agar used as a medium, aflD expression presented a highsignificant increase at 0.98 aw relating to the NM level of each individualtreatment (P= 0.000 - 0.03) except PFDL+AFL14 which showed nosignificant aflD expression between both levels. aflR expression revealeda high significant reduction (P= 0. 000) caused by 0.98 PFDL+AFL14and 0.98 BSW+AFL14, respectively, while no significant differenceswere observed in the rest of the treatments or control. The HPLC resultsdisplayed a high significant reduction of AFB1 at 0.98 aw (8447 ng/gm)compared to (219000 ng/gm) at NM aw. The biocontrol agents caused ahigh significant reduction for both aflD and aflR expression (P=0. 000 - 0.043) under each individual water activity level while, HPLC resultsshowed non significant low reduction to the AFB1 performed by BSS4and BSW (25160 and 44790 ng/gm), respectively, followed by asignificant increase in AFB1 amount caused by PFMst and PFDL(267600 and 184100 ng/gm), respectively

دراسة بيئية لبعض العناصر الثقيلة في مياه نهر الفرات عند مدينة الناصرية وقابلية مراكمتها من قبل بعض الطحالب الخضر المزرقة ونبات الشمبلان مختبريا == Ecological Study of Some Heavy Metals on The Euphrates river Water at Nassiriyah City and The Ability of Accumulation by Some Blue green Algae and Ceratophyllum demersum L. in the Laboratory

Author name: عبد الوهاب ريسان عيال العبادي
Supervisor name: احمد محسن عذبي | اقبال جاسم الاسدي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: plant - aquatic life
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The diversity of phytoplankton were studied and some physical and chemical environmental factors are (Temperature of air and water , pH , electrical conductivity , salinity , dissolved oxygen , alkalinity , hardness and nutrients) of four locations on Euphrates river water at Nassiriyah city in Thi Qar governorate . The first location lies north - west of Nassiriyah city at Al - Sharif region , whereas the second location lies in Al - Mustafaweia region , and the third location lies in Al - Majzarah region , and finally the fourth location lies in Al - Fadlyia city . Samples of water were collected from January to December of the same year of 2014 .The concentrations of some heavy metals are (lead , cobalt and cadmium ) were estimated , in addition to limitation of the efficiency of some algal species and Ceratophyllum demersum L. in bioremediation of their elements on the river water and a limitation of the accumulation sites of the heavy metals on the cells of the algal and plant by using the scanning electron microscope - x - ray . The results revealed clearly a variation on monthly , quarterly and locations of the number properties of the physical and chemical that were studied , the temperature of water ranged between 11.5cہ - 43.6c ہ and air ranged between 15.5cہ - 44.9 cہ , the high temperature at the second location was recorded .The high value of pH 8.62 in the forth locations at April was recorded and the low 7.2 in the third location at July . The concentrations of electrical conductivity were ranged between 3308 - 5773 μs / cm , whereas the concentrations of salinity ranged between 2.11 - 3.69 gm / l , the high concentration on the third location at February was recorded , and the low on the first location at April was recorded , while the concentrations of the dissolved oxygen ranged between 5.40 - 11.70 mg / l , the high concentration on the first location at February was recorded , whereas the low concentration on the third location at August was recorded , also the alkalinity concentrations ranged between 13 - 250 mg / l , the high concentration on the fourth location at March and the low concentration on the third location at July was recorded . From the results , it was show that , the river water was hardship , the hardness concentrations ranged between 850 - 1610 mg / l , the high concentrationaon the third location at January , and the low on the second location at May was recorded .While the concentrations of the nutrients , as nitrate and phosphate , the nitrate concentrations ranged between 13.6 - 41.5 mg / l , the high concentration on the third location at February and the low concentration on the first location at July , whereas the phosphates concentration ranged between 0.83 - 1092 mg / l , the high concentration on the third location on first location at April.Also the diversity of phytoplankton had been studied that were present in water of the river, There were diagnosis 198 species distributed between six classes , the dominance to the Bacillariophyceae as 90 species which belonged to 19 genus were recorded and at the percentage 45.45% of the total numbers of species recorded , followed by the Chlorophyceae 46 species which belonged to 25 genus and at the percentage 23.23% of the total species were that were recorded , followed by Cyanophyceae algae 46 species which were belonged to 15 genus and at the percentage 23.23% and algae of the Euglenophyceae had eight species which were belonged to three genus record and at the percentage 4.04% , with regard to the algae of Xanthophyceae had recorded five types at there belonged to three genus and at the percentage 2.52% and finally the algae of Chrysophyceae which was recorded three types belonged to the same genus , which collectively represent the percentage 1.51% .The study also experienced a record for species of phytoplankton at the first time in Iraq , which were five belonged to four classes , one of them was belonged to Chlorophyceae algae (Trochiscia granulate Prescott.) and the others to the Euglenophyceae(Phacus pyrum (Ehrenb.) Stein and Trachelomonas simillis Stokes) and one species for Chrysophyceae(Mallomonas elliptica (Kisselew) Conrad)and Xanthophyceae algae (Peroniella planctonica G.M.Smith).The concentration of some heavy metals (lead , cobalt and cadmium) in water of the locations was studied by using the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer , the results were showing that , the concentrations of lead ranged between 4.58 - 29.0 μg / l , as record the high concentration on third location at August and the low on the first location at December , while the concentrations of cobalt were ranged between 4.60 - 23.0 μg / l , as record low concentration was on the first location at December ,bwhile the high concentration on the third location at August , cadmium concentrations ranged between 0.84 - 14.63 μg / l , the low concentration 0.84 μg / l recorded in the first location at December , while the high concentration 14.63 μg/ l in the third location at June .The study included too . a laboratory experiments to demonstrates the efficiency of some species of algae and Ceratophyllum demersum L. on the bioremediation of pollutants in the river water . The results indicates that , there was an increase on the percentage of the removal of elements with the increasing concentrations of elements that were added to water aquarium , reaching the low percentage of biological remove of the lead 95.2% at the treatment 50 mg / l and at the time period 10 days , whereas the biological remove of the high percentage 99.2% at the same treatment during the time period 40 days.As for the cobalt element , the results showing that , there were a gradual increases of the proportion of the removal with the increasing concentrations of cobalt that were added to the water aquarium , and reached to 94.2% at the treatment 50 mg / l at the time period 10 days , whereas the percent for the removal 98.56% at the time period 40 days at the same treatment , whereas the percentage of the vital removing of the element cadmium by the water plant Ceratophyllum demersum was increases in removing from the water aquarium that was 92.6% at the treatment 50 mg / l at the time period 10days , whereas it was 97.40% at the same treatment .As for the algae it had been isolated and diagnoses , the were four species of , blue - greens (Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz. , Nostoc linckia(Roth) Bornet and Thuret , Oscillatoria amoena(ktz.) Gomont and Hapalosiphon aureus West and West , samples were collected from the Euphrates river water on the studied locations . It was purified and propagation of these species on the laboratory for a single culture cell , unialgal culture and axenic culture to test their ability to remove and accumulation of the heavy metals from water. These species of algae were treated salt solution of heavy metals are lead , cobalt and cadmium both in privates and at different concentrations 0.10 , 0.25 , 0.50 , 1.00 and 2.00 mg / l for a period of two weeks . H.aureus was accumulated more of lead 1.724 μg / gm at the treatment 2.00 mg / l , followed by O.amoena which accumulated 1.638 μg / gm and N.linckia accumulatedc1.621 μg / gm and finally M.aeruginosa accumulated 1.579 μg / gm at the same treatment , but when adding the salt solution of cobalt nitrate , the alga O.amoena was accumulated more of cobalt element 1.726 μg / gm at the treatment is 2.00 mg / l , followed by H.aureus as accumulated 1.638 μg / gm , and was N.linckia accumulated 1.535 μg / gm , followed by M.aeruginosa 1.428 μg / gm at the same treatment . When are using the solution of the salt cadmium acetate , the N.linckia was accumulated more of cadmium 1.08 μg / gm , followed by H.aureus which was accumulated 0.63 μg / gm and finally O.amoena accumulated the percentage was reached 0.59 μg / gm at the same treatment .The study was included too the a limitation sites and accumulation of heavy metals within the plant cells and algae that were studied by using technology of scanning electron microscope - x - ray and the use of reagent X - ray EDX with SE2 .The results were showing that , The locations which accumulated heavy elements was in the cytoplasm of the cell . On the above of the foregoing the Ceratophyllum demersum L. showing high efficiency of accumulation of heavy elements inside the cells as compared with the studied algae , the efficiency and ability to increase of the accumulation increases by added of elements and by the increases period of exposure , also algae were revealed a capabilit

حساسية وخصوصية تقنية تفاعل السلسلة المتبلمرة Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR وبعض الطرق المصلية في الكشف عن الاصابت بطفيلي Toxoplasma gondii في النساء المجهضات وازواجهن == Sensitivity and specificity of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Technique and some Serological methods in the detection of the infection with parasite Toxoplasma gondii in women with recurrent miscarriage and their husban

Author name: فيحاء نوري عبد الحسن
Supervisor name: صبيح هليل المياح | شيماء جبار ريسان
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Life Science
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Atotal of 300 blood samples were collected from abortifacients women and their husbands who consalted Al Sadr Teaching Hospital in Maysan province and private laboratories in Basra during the period from July 2015 to October 2015, In the same time 50 samples of uninfected males and femals were collected and used as a control groupAtotal of 300 blood samples were collected from abortifacients women and their husbands who consalted Al Sadr Teaching Hospital in Maysan province and private laboratories in Basra during the period from July 2015 to October 2015, In the same time 50 samples of uninfected males and femals were collected and used as a control group . The examination by Enzyme Linked Fluorescent Assay (ELFA) demonstrated that 160 (53.3%) of these samples were positive for toxoplasmosis , at rate of 53.3% , IgG antibody recorded an increase in percentage comparing with IgM and IgG + IgM together , IgG antibody recorded increase in the 138 samples at rate % In PCR technique two genes B1 and Tghsp70 were used to diagnose the same samples for the first time in Iraq and showed highest sensitivity (90.7%) . However age group 31 - 35 years recorded a high percentage of infection (90.5%) . The sensitivity of LAT test for detection of the toxoplasmosis was 80% , ELFA test recorded sensitivity 53.3% and PCR 90.7% with specificity were 60%, 53,3% and 70.7% respectively . Also the concentration of heat shock protein HSP70 in abortifacients of women and their husbands has been estimated , according to concentrations of 20, 40, 80, 160 and 320(ng/ml).II SummaryWhen examined used by ( LAT) test the results showed that males differ fromfemales with a significant difference P≤0.05 , the rate of males were 70% in theconcentration 160ng/ml , But it was observed that women with recurrent abortion, had higher rate 30.8% with high significant difference at the level of probabilityP≤0.01 in the concentration 80ng/ml , compared with males . The results of theage groups showed had highest levels of heat shock protein HSP70 were in theage group (>40) years at rate 66.7% in a concentration 320ng/ml and with highsignificant difference P≤0.01 compared with other age groups, While the agegroup (20 - 25) years had higher rate 11.4% in concentration 20ng/ml comparedwith other age groups , also the age group (26 - 30) years had higher rate 23.3%and 56.7% in concentrations of 80ng/ml and 160ng/ml respectively comparedwith other age groups.The results of estimated heat shock protein for the samples examined by ELFAtest showed that husbands were different from their wives and had higherrate75% with high significant difference P≤0.01 in concentration 160ng/ml .While the ratio of females were 37.5% in the concentration 320ng/ml higher thanthe males with a significant difference P≤0.05 , Also the result showed highsignificant difference P≤0.01 in concentration 160ng/ml and 320ng/ml betweenthe age groups , the age group (35 - 31) years had higher rate 66.7% inconcentration 160ng/ml and the age group (>40) years in concentration320ng/ml had higher rate 66.7%.As well the results of estimated heat shock protein HSP70 of the samplestested by PCR assay in the current study showed a significant difference P≤0.05between males and females , while the ratio of males at rate 59.4% higher thanthe ratio of women in a concentration 160ng/ml , but the rate of women understudy in concentrations 40ng/ml and 80ng/ml were at rate 11.8% and 27.2% ,respectively higher than the males with high significant difference P≤0.0 , onthe other hand no significant difference showed in this study between males andfemales in concentrations 20ng/ml and 320ng/ml , but the results showed thatage group (>40) years had higher rate 66.7% in the concentration 160ng/mlcompared with other age groups . While the age groups (20 - 25) years had higherrate 22.9% in concentration 80ng/ml compared with other age groups . So theage group (36 - 40) years had higher rate 14.3% in concentration 20ng/mlcompared with other age groups .Ministry of Higher Education University of Basrah Sensitivity and specificity of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Technique and some

دراسة الطفرات الوراثية في جيني TPO وTSHR في محافظة البصرة

Author name: فله عبد الستار
Supervisor name: فائزة عبد الوهاب احمد | اسعد يحيى عايد
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Plant - Genetics
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Considered the thyroid glands task Deaf which produces important hormones are Tri iodothyrosine T3 and Thyroxin T4 and is responsible for their production a number of genes that encode the enzymes and proteins and the occurrence of any defect in this gene lead to the emergence of disorders of the thyroid work, including the case of palaces and fragments in hyperthyroid through the emergence of different pathological symptoms that indicate the occurrence of one of the cases studied in this research gland disorders at the level of molecular genetics .The study included only females were collected blood samples from 70 patients divided into 35 blood samples of the state of palaces and 35 blood samples for the case of the bulk in hyperthyroid deaf and diabetes endocrine centers of hospitals and ports Fayhaa year and Qurna, as well as from laboratory d. Nizar Mahfouz and represented a group of patients and 20 blood samples from healthy people represented as a set of control and that during the period from April to September 2013. But has been working on a sample of 70 patients (35 blood samples by the state of palaces and 35 blood samples for the case of the bulk gland) to add to the 20 blood samples of control and ages of the two groups and the healthy range (12 - 60 years).DNA was extracted DNA of two and three encoded amplified regions (8, 9 and 14) for the TPO gene and encoded region tenth TSHR gene PCR technology after it was diagnosed and analysis of mutations using the method for Sequences .The results showed the presence of two types of changes in the TPO and TSHR genes , two polymorphism (SNP) and Mutation, in gene156TPO study found hereditary forms c.1117G> T, A372S and c.1194G> C, S398T in the two groups of patients and healthy and not they relate to the occurrence patients palaces gland activity, as the study diagnosed 12 Novel Mutation in exon 8 in 21 patients hypothyroidism as compared to control (who did not appear to have any kind of mutations diagnosed) and that all mutations diagnosed are mutations bitmap compensatory (substitution) the type of guarantee or Transtion Transversion depending on the nature of the base mutant, five of the mutations are Missense Mutation in 11 infected condition limitations are as follows c.949A>G,M317V , c.1064G>A,R355H, c.1277C>G,A425G , c.1063C>A,R355S and c.1207C>A,L402M and seven silent mutation in 10 patients hypothyroidism c.1062G>A,A354A , c.1050C>A,L350L , c.843C>A,A281A , c.1101G>A,V367V, c.1143C>T,I381I , c.1071G>A,R357R and c.2406C>T,D802D , While the results did not show any difference in the analysis of the genetic sequence of the two exons 9 and 14 at comparable with the genetic sequence of the control group. In this study suggests that there may be a correlation between the occurrence of mutations in a gene TPO and the state hypothyroidism . The results of the current study showed that the gene TSHR has an impact in both cases, and shortcomings in fragments in the activity of the gland where the study found three types of polymorphism (SNP) of the two of them Non - Synonymous type c.2181G> C, E727D and c.1489G> C, A496P and shape The last of the silent type genetic c.1377G> A, A459A, as the results showed that the two forms hereditary c.2181G> C and c.1489G> A have no correlation to happen disorders and are globally registered the shape genetic c.1489G> C, A496P did not score previously has current study for the first time and may have a link to happen one of the disorders depending on the genetic predisposition of the individual . I found the157current study, seven Novel Mutation in exon 10 distributed to five mutations among patients hypothyroidism as compared to control (who did not appear to have any kind of mutations diagnosed) and that all the mutations diagnosed are mutations bitmap compensatory (substitutive Substitution) to ensure the kind of Transtion or Transversion depending on the nature of the base mutant 'three mutations are Missense Mutation in 3 people with the status of the palaces and the proportion of each mutation them (20%) are as follows c.1330 T>C , Y444H ; c.1424 T>C ,L475P and c.1435 T>C , S479P and two silent mutation in patients hypothyriodism c.1338 G>A, L446L and c.2300 G>A , Untranscrib , While the results recorded and there is only Tafrtin in the case of the bulk in hyperthyroid by (5.71%), one Missense mutation (c.1832 C> A, P610Q) and the other is silent (Silent) (c.2103 C> A, R701R). The present study indicated that the probability of the occurrence of the disease mutations link through the site mutations in specific areas to link hormone catalyst and the interaction between the Receptor and the unity of secondary alpha (G - protein). Results of the current study also showed that mutations identical and disparate factors have an impact on events in the case of deficiencies, genetic gland activity in the TPO and TSHR through defect events and constructed partially or wholly in the function of the protein encoded by genes TPO and TSHR

عزل وتشخيص مركب ايضي ثانوي جديد لكل من الفطرين Fusarium Trichoderma harzianum وsolani المعزولين من السواحل الرسوبية في محافظة البصرة وتقييم فعاليتهما الحياتية == Isolation and Identification of Novel Metabolic Compound From Both Fusarium solani and Trichoderma harzianum Isolated From Sedimentary Coast of Al - Basrah City and Estimate their Activity

Author name: فردوس نوري جعفر
Supervisor name: محمد لطيف علي | نيران جاسم الصالحي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Fungi
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: with the interest of medical and pharmaceutical uses of the natural products from marine fungi , thirty species of fungi belong to ninteen genus were isolated and identified from sea coast sediment of Al - Faw and Al - Seeba .The fungi Acremonium strictium , Geotricum candidum, Fusarium solani ,F.oxysporum , Penicilium sp. ,Trichoderma harzianum exhibited high inhibition activity toward growth of two reference strains of bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC25922) and Staphylococcus aureus (NCtC 6571). The six selected fungi were grown in liquid culture media PDB at 25°C for two weeks ethyl acetate was used to extract the active compounds from thefermentation liquid media while ethanol was used to extract the active compounds from fungal mycelia .The crud extracts (fermentation and mycelium ) showed different inhibition activity against the pathogenic bacteria , Proteus mirabilis , S. aureus, isolates E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Klebsella pneumoniae. and pathoginic yeastes Candida albicans, C.tropicals,Cryptococcus neoformans and dermatophytic fungi Trichophyton verrucosum and Microsporium canis . The results revealed that the fermental fungi extracts has more inhibition activity than mycelial fungal extracts.The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fungal crude extracts were determined against gram positive and gram negative bacteria and pathogenic yeasts and fungi . antagonisum between studied fungi were evaluated , and the fungus T.harzianum has been the more antagonistic effect against other fungi. The toxicity of the fungal crude extracts were tested by using of human RBC at different concentration the result of this experiment showed that all extracts are non toxic except F.oxysporum extract.From all the above results the both F.solni and T.harzianum extracts showed higher activities ,thus these two extracts chosen for further studies. The anticancer activity of both extracts were studied against Hela cell line and the anticancer activity appeared at 250 Mg/ml and 62.5Mg/ml respectivily. The antioxidant activity of extracts were examined by three different methods ,B - carotene ,hydrogen peroxide scavenger and ferrus ion reduction , the results of three methods showed that both fungal extracts have antioxidant behaviours and the T.harzianum extract had more antioxident activity than F.solani extract and the antioxidant activity of both fungal extracts were increased as the concentration of the extracts increase.An optimization of the fungal growth and bioactivity of both fungi were conducted, by using different Nitrogen sources ( Asparagine , Yeast extract , peptone , Ammonium chloride , Sodium nitrate , Ammonium sulphate ) and carbon sources ( Maltose , Galactose , Glucose , Dextrose , Sucrose ,xylose and Starch ) the results elucidated that yeast extract was the best for growth of both fungi on solid and liquid media and high inhibition activity appear with T.harzianum against bacteria isolates , the carbon source starchenriched the growth of F.solani with more activity in inhibition the bacterial growth while the sucrose give high enrichment to the growth of T.harzianum in solid and liquid media with high activity toward bacterial growth. The study also indicates that the beast temperature and pH which gives the higher activity and growth 25°C and pH6 . The effect of different concentration of salinity were studied as well (1%,2%,3%,4%,5%,6% NaCl)and 2% showed the best concentration .The activity of two studied fungal extracts were superior than commercial antibiotic toward bacterial isolates .Preliminary qualitative chemical tests were carried out on the extracts and their chemical nature were identified .TLC technique were used and the chemical analysis showed that F.solani extract consist of two components with constant Rf values, the components marked as A1 and A2 . A1 shows higher activity against bacterial strains while T.harzianum extract consist of one component.The chemical structures of the isolated compound were

التشخيص المظهري والتغاير الوراثي لذباب القرعيات Dacus frontalis Becker ,1922 في محافظتي البصرة وميسان == Morphological identification and genetic variation of cucurbit fly Dacus frontalis Becker ,1922 in Basrah and Missan provinces

Author name: فاطمة قاسم حمدان
Supervisor name: فائزة عبد الوهاب احمد
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Life Science
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study is identified (morphologic and molecular )for the population of cucurbit fly which is a destructive pest of cucumber ,honey melon and cantaloupe in Basrah and Missan .Sample were collected from different region from Basrah province including Qurna , Safwan , Zubair , Khor Al - Zubair . Al - Misharah , Kumate , Kalat Salih, Ali Al - Garbi in Missan province for the period October ,2014 till September 2015.Result of the identification study showed there is only one species infect cucurbits which is Dacus frontalis Becker ,1922,family Tephritidae ,Order Diptera in all studied regions. This species was classified according to femur color of the middle leg ,its color is orange at the apical half with dark black spot at the basal part of the antenna with the presence of basal diagonal line underneath the scutum behind the thorax. female were characterized by the presence of ovipositor at the end of the abdomen and male characterized by present s one line of hair at the third of the abdomen ring .For the sensitivity of the insect fly cucurbits towards our fruits of cucurbits (cucumber and water melon represented by the number of eggs laid down by the female as it appeared no significant difference in the number of eggs laid down by the female in the provinces of Basra, Maysan and was the highest rate of lay eggs on the fruits of cucumbers choice of six eggs and a difference of moral on water option, which amounted to one egg.Molecular study show the kit equipped Bioneer company and named Genomic DNA Extraction kit was highly efficient in DNA Extraction it was later used in the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA - Polymerase Chain Reaction which is one of the methods used in molecular identification .Used four primers for different sequence s. and electrophoresis results shows multiplied bands of different molecular weight for four different primers for both females and males .The number and molecular weight of bands was calculated manually comparative with DNA marker or ladder then used the number of bands in the following equation to find the genetic similarity and genetic distance between the different districts each primer for males and females .To find genetic similarity used the equation : Sfy=2Nfy/Nf+ Ny and to findgenetic distance used the equation : GD fy=1 - SfyAt the level of first primer for females it was less value of genetic distance is zero and this is evidence that one species and highest value of genetic distance is 0.9 on the second level of the primer for females it was less value of genetic distance is 0.2 and highest value of genetic distance is one at the third primer for females it was less value of genetic distance is 0.3 and highest value of genetic distance is one but the fourth primer for females it was less value of genetic distance is 0.3 and highest value of genetic distance is one .For males at the level of first primer of males it was less value of genetic distance is zero and highest value is 0.8 but the second primer of males it was the less value for genetic distance is 0.8 and on the level of genetic distance is zero on the level of third primer for males it was value of genetic distance is zero and highest value is 0.8 and fourth of males it was the less value of genetic distance is zero and highest value of genetic distance is 0.8

دراسة تصنيفية وبيئية لبعض انواع عائلة ذباب الخيل Diptera : Tabanidae ودورها في نقل طفيلي Trypanosoma evansi في محافظة البصرة

Author name: علاء ناظم حاتم علي
Supervisor name: ضياء خليف كريم
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology - Insects
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تقدير بعض العوامل البيئية والبكتريولوجية لمياه الصرف الصحي في محافظة البصرة / العراق == Assessment of some environmental and bacteriological factors of Wastewater in Basra Province, Iraq

Author name: سهى محمد علي محمد سعيد المظفر
Supervisor name: منال محمد اكبر | ميثم ايوب عبد القادر
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Life Science
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت الدراسة الحالية لمعرفة تاثير مياه الصرف الصحي على المحتوى البكتيري في محطة حمدان لمعالجة مياه الصرف الصحي /البصرة حيث تستلم المحطة مياه المجاري المنقولة عبر شبكة من الانابيب التي تستلم مياه المجاري من50% من مناطق مدينة البصرة. اختبرت ثلاث مواقع لاخذ العينات هي المحطة الاولى حوض التجميع الخارجي والمحطة الثانية حوض الترسيب الابتدائي اما المحطة الثالثة فهي المياه الخارجة من المحطة والتي تصب في شط البصرة.وشملت الدراسة ايضا قياس بعض الخصائص الفيزيائية والكيميائية لمياه المجاري وهي (الاس الهيدروجيني pH ودرجة الحرارة Temperature والملوحة Salinity والمتطلب الحيوي للاوكسجين BOD5 والفوسفات والمواد الصلبة العالقة الكلية TSS والمواد الصلبة الذائبة الكلية TDS والنتريت NO2 والنترات NO3) خلال الفترة من كانون الاول2014/ ولغاية ايار2015/.ويتضح من نتائج هذه الدراسة ان المتطلب الحيوي للاوكسجين BOD5 هو عامل مهم وله علاقة باعداد البكتريا الكلية الموجودة في مياه الصرف الصحي.كما شملت حساب كثافة المجاميع البكتيرية المتواجدة في مياه المحطات.ولحساب العدد الكلي للمستعمرات البكتيرية اخذت عينات مياه الصرف الصحي وزرعت على اوساط عامة وانتخابية وتفريقية مختلفة استخدم وسط الاكار المغذي Nutrient Agarكما واستخدم وسط المانيتول الملحي الانتخابي Mannitol Salt Agarلعزل المكورات العنقودية الذهبية Staphylococcusaureus ووسط اكار الماكونكي MacConkey Agar لعزل بكتريا القولون البرازية Escherichiacoli ووسط AgarXLD الانتخابي التفريقي (Xylose lysine deoxycholate Agar ) لعزل انواع البكتريا التابعة لجنس السالمونيلا Salmonella.تم ايضا دراسة حساسية العزلات تجاه المضادات الحيوية باستخدام طريقة الانتشار عبر الاقراص Disc Diffusion Test حسب طريقة كربي باور Kirby Bauer Method. ان دراسة حساسية عزلات E. coli توصلت الى ان العزلات البكتيرية ابدت نسب مقاومة عالية لاغلب المضادات الحيوية المختبرة في هذه الدراسة ، كذلك ابدت المكورات العنقودية الذهبية مقاومة عالية لاغلب المضادات الحيوية في حين كانت حساسة لكل من كلورامفينيكول (C) وسيبروفلوكساسين (CIP) ونورفلوكساسين (NOR) وكانامايسين (K). كانت عزلات السالمونيلا متباينة في حساسيتها تجاه المضادات الحيوية المختبرة في هذه الدراسة لكن ابدت عدم مقاومة او مقاومة واطئة للمضاد الحيوي CIP وNOR . ابدت المجاميع البكتيرية المختلفة قيد الدراسة انماط مقاومة مختلفة تجاه المضادات الحيوية اذ ابدت انماط مقاومة مختلفة. وكذلك ابدت العزلات البكتيرية المعزولة من مياه الصرف الصحي مستويات مختلفة من التحمل لتراكيز المعادن الثقيلة ،فيما يخص عزلات E. coliابدت العزلات مستوى عال من التحمل للنيكل بلغ 64% من العزلات كان MIC لها 4mg/Lوللكادميوم فان نسبة 93% من العزلات كان MICلها 0.8mg/L. اما بالنسبة للمكورات العنقودية الذهبية فان 89% من العزلات كان MIC لها 2mg/L لعنصر النيكلوبالنسبة للكادميوم فان 33% من العزلات كان MIC لها 0.4mg/L .وبالنسبة للسالمونيلا كان تحمل 100% من العزلات لعنصر النيكل هو عند 2mg/L في حين كان 50% من العزلات MIC لها 4mg/L كحد اقصى لعنصر الكادميوم. | The present study has been conducted to detect the effect of different parameters of sewage on microbial content at Hammdan for wastewater treatment in Basra city. The station receive sewage transported via net of pipes from different parts of Basra city .Three sites in the station for taking samples ,the first site is the external collection basin, the second site is primary sedimentation basin, the third site is water output that carry the water after treatment to flow at Shatt al Basra. Some characteristics of sewage were measured, these include pH, Temperature, Salinity, BOD5, TDS, TSS, Phosphate, NO2 and NO3 from period December/2014 to May/2015. In this study it is clear that BOD5 is an important factor related to total bacterial count in sewage. The bacteriological study of sewage has been done including measurement of total count of bacteria isolation and counting of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp. From different stations selective media is used for isolation including Nutrient Agar , MacConkey Agar , Mannitol salt Agar and XLD Agar . The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates towards selected antibiotics have been studied using disc diffusion test. In the present study E. coli isolates showed high percentage of resistance to most of antibiotics. Staphylococcus aureus also showed high percentage resistance to most of antibiotics studied and found susceptibility to Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin and Kanamycin. Variable suceptibility to tested antibiotics in the present study has been shown by Salmonella spp., Salmonella spp. were susceptible or show low resistance to Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin .Different Antibiotics Resistance Profiles has been shown by different bacteria groups studies. The bacterial isolates from sewage in this study have shown different levels of tolerance to different heavy metals (Nickel and Cadmium). E. coli tolerate high concentration for Nickel (%64) and for Cadmium (%93). High tolerance level for Cadmium has been shown for Salmonella spp (%50).

خصائص خمائر البيئة النهرية لمحافظة البصرة وقابلية بعضها على المعالجة الحيوية للعناصر الثقيلة والهيدروكربونات النفطية == Characterization of yeasts in river habitat in Basrah Province and an ability of some of them for Bioremediation of the heavy metals and oil hydro carbonate

Author name: سناء قاسم بدر
Supervisor name: باسل عبد الزهرة عباس
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تقييم حالة النباتات المائية الغاطسة في بعض مناطق هور شرق الحمار وشط العرب جنوبي العراق باستخدام بعض دلائل التنوع الاحيائي == Assessment of the Status of Submerged Aquatic Plants in Some Areas of East Hammar Marsh and Shatt Al - Arab River Southern Iraq Using Some Biodiversity Indices

Author name: سما عباس عبد المجيد الزيدي
Supervisor name: دنيا علي حسين العباوي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Aquatic Environment
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was conducted to assess the state of submerged aquatic plants in some areas of East Hammar marsh and Shatt al - Arab River, as measured by some of the chemical and physical properties of water and sediment in six stations, three of which are located in East Hammar marsh (Nagara, Sallal and Almshab) and the other three are located in the Shatt al - Arab (the island Muhammadiyah, Salhiya and Mhella). Environmental surveys of submerged aquatic plants were done and registered their presence, their vegetation cover and biomass as well as the biodiversity indices (diversity and evenness, and dominance) for 12 months from October 2015 until September 2016.The air temperature in the East Hammar marsh ranged between 19 - 45.3 C, water temperature 14.3 - 32.4C , transparency between 20 - 100cm , Turbidity between 20.9 - 65.3 NTU, depth of 50 - 160 cm and dissolved oxygen between 5.4 - 6.9 mg / L, pH between 7.6 - 8.6 , electrical conductivity between 3.8 - 12.5 mS / cm, nitrates between102.23 - 549.64 μg/L, effective phosphorus between 4.15 - 9.6 μg/L . As for the Shatt al - Arab River values ranged : air temperature between 18 - 48 C , water temperature was between 14.2 - 32.3 , Transparency between 23 - 90 cm, turbidity between 12.8 - 68.3 NTU , depth of 60 - 200 cm , dissolved oxygen between 5.4 - 7.9 mg / L , pH between 7.5 - 8.51 , electrical conductivity between 2.8 - 12.4 mS / cm , nitrates between 106.17 - 569.42 μg/L, effective phosphorus between 4.93 - 9.13 μg /L .BpH and electrical conductivity values of the sediments in the Shatt al - Arab and East Hammar marsh were reached 7.7 - 8.3 and 1.08 - 2.91 mS / cm and 7.5 - 8.4 and 1.12 to 3.05 mS / cm respectively, effective phosphorus values in sediment ranged in sediment of East Hammar marsh between 5.69 - 42.51μg/L, While in Shatt al - Arab fluctuated between 5.12 - 40.3 μg/L, and the value of the organic matter in the Shatt al - Arab were 5.6 to 14.5%, while in the East Hammar marsh reached 7.4 - 15%. The sediments are similar texture in the Shatt al - Arab and East Hammar marsh (Silty clay).The presence of three species were recorded in the Shatt al - Arab River included Potamogeton crispus , Potamogeton pectinatus and Potamogeton perfoliatus, while five species in the East Hammar marsh Ceratophyllum demersum, Myriophyllun spicatum , Potamogeton crispus , Potamogeton pectinatus and Potamogeton perfoliatus.As calculated biodiversity evidence was that East Hammar marsh was more diverse than the Shatt al - Arab, while dominancy was clear in the Shatt al - Arab, compared with East Hammar marsh.This study showed that the sudden rise in salinity values as well as increased nutrients led to degradation of water quality, which was reflected on the presence and vegetation cover of submerged aquatic plants as well as biodiversity resulting from the presence of Tilapia and other fish that use submerged aquatic plants as food as well as the human factor.

تاثير هرمون الثايروكسين على بعض المعايير الوظيفية للدم وبعض الجينات المنظمة لتمايز النسيج العظمي في الفئران المختبريةmusculus L. Mus. == Effect of Thyroxine hormone on some of physiological parameters of blood and some regular genes of bone differentiation in Laboratory Mice Mus musculus L.

Author name: سلمى سعيد عباس
Supervisor name: سامي جبر المالكي | علي عبد اللطيف العلي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology - Physiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت الدراسة الحالية لمعرفة تاثير هرمون الثايروكسين على تمايز العظم وبعض المعايير الفسلجية والتي شملت المعايير الدموية والهرمونات المحرضة للقند واوزان واطوال الاجنة واوزان المواليد في الفئران المختبرية البيضاء Mus musculus L.,اذ قسمت اناث الفئران المختبرية في الدراسة الحالية على مجموعتين هما : المجموعة الاولى الرئيسية : لدراسة تاثير هرمون الثايروكسين L.Thyroxine hormone على المعايير الدموية للاناث الحوامل وغير الحوامل وعلى تمايز العظم في الاجنة(باستخدام طريقة تحضير المقاطع النسجية الاعتيادية للاجنة والطريقة الجزيئية باستخلاص المادة الوراثية (RNA) من الاجنة وباستخدام تقنية النسخ العكسي RT - PCR والبلمرة الكمية qRT - PCR ومعرفة تاثيره على اوزان المواليد والاجنة, وتالفت من 90 انثى بالغة بعمر(10 - 12)اسبوع وقسمت على مجموعتين ثانوية ,و هي مجموعة السيطرة والتي حقنت حيواناتها بـ 0.1 مل من المحلول الفسيولوجي0.9% ولمدة 10 ايام متتالية.بينما المجموعة المعاملة حقنت حيواناتها بـ0.1 مل من هرمون الثايروكسين وبجرعة مقدارها 0.5 ملغم /كغم/يوم ولمدة 10 ايام يوميا بعدها شرحت 5 اناث من كلا المجموعتين ,و زوجت 40 انثى المتبقية ولكلا المجموعتين مع الاستمرار بالحقن لحين تشريح الاناث واستخراج الاجنة خلال فترات عمرية متباينة (9و10و11و12و13و14و15) يوم.اما المجموعة الثانية الرئيسية خصصت لدراسة تاثير هرمون الثايروكسين على الهرمونات المحرضة للقند وهرمونات الدرقية وانزيم Alkaline phosphatase.وتتالف من 15 انثى وقسمت على ثلاث مجاميع ثانوية تضم كل منها (5) اناث, وهذه المجاميع هي : مجموعة السيطرة وحقنت بـ0.1 مل من المحلول الفسيولوجي 0.9%.ومجموعة المعاملة الاولى وحقنت بـ0.1 مل من محلول هرمون الثايروكسين وبجرعة 0.5 ملغ/كغم/يوميا ولمدة 15 يوم للاناث العذارى قبل التزاوج.ومجموعة المعاملة الثانية حقنت بـ0.1 مل من محلول هرمون الثايروكسين وبجرعة 0.5 ملغ/كغم/يوميا ولمدة 30 يوم . اظهرت نتائج الدراسة الحالية ان المعايير الدموية قد تباينت قيمها خلال الفترات الزمنية وللمجموعات ضمن المدى الطبيعي عدا في حالات قليلة ,اذ وجد هناك انخفاض معنوي في اعداد خلايا الدم البيض والخلايا الحبيبية والخلايا الوحيدة والخلايا اللمفية والنسب المئوية للخلايا الحبيبية والوحيدة واللمفية واعداد كريات الدم الحمر,وكذلك قيم مستوى كمية الهيموكلوبينHb والنسب المئوية لحجم الدم المضغوط PCV(HCT)% ومعدل كمية الهيموكلوبين MCHومعدل تركيز الهيموكلوبينMCHC ومعدل حجم كريات الدم الحمرMCV والصفيحات الدموية PLT في فترات متباينة من الحمل للمجموعة المعاملة مقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة. وبينت النتائج وجود زيادة معنوية في خلايا الدم البيض والخلايا الحبيبية والخلايا الوحيدة والخلايا اللمفية والنسب المئوية للخلايا الحبيبية والوحيدة واللمفية, ومعدل تركيز الهيموكلوبينMCHC والنسبة المئوية لحجم الدم المضغوط %HCT ومعدل حجم كريات الدم الحمر MCVو الصفيحات الدميةPLT في مدد متباينة من الحمل للمجموعة المعاملة مقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة. وسجلت نتائج الدراسة الحالية حصول ارتفاع معنوي في قيم هرموني T4,T3في الحيوانات المعاملة مع انخفاض معنوي في تركيز هرمون TSHفي الاناث المعاملة مقارنة مع السيطرة,و اوضحت النتائج ايضا انخفاضا معنويا في مستوى الهرمون اللوتيني LH وهرمون الحليب وللمجموعتين(15و30) يوم وزيادة معنوية في الهرمون المحفز للجريبات FSHللمجموعة الثانية(30 يوما) ,مقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة, ولايوجد تاثير معنوي لهرمون الثايروكسين على هرمون الشحمون الخصوي ولنفس الفترتين مقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة, وحصلت زيادة معنوية في مستوى انزيم الفوسفاتيز القاعدي بعد 30 يوما من الحقن بهرمون الثايروكسين مقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة ,وحصول انخفاض في اوزان الاجنة بعمر 15يوما والمواليد للاناث المعاملة مقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة , وبينت الدراسة زيادة معنوية في اطوال الاجنة المعاملة بعمر 9 و10و11و15يوما مقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة. اما الدراسة النسجية فقد بينت ان الهيكل العظمي في الاجنة بعمر 9و10و11 يوما عبارة عن بداءات اعضاء تتكون من نسيج ميزنكيمي,ولم تسجل الدراسة النسجية وجود فرق بين مجموعة السيطرة والمعاملة في تمايز العظم .وظهرت بداية التعظم الغشائي والغضروفي في الاجنة بعمر12يوما ,اذ لوحظ بداية تمايز الخلايا الميزنكيمية الى ارومات عظمية,مع وجود القليل من المادة البينية الشبيهة بالعظم بين الارومات العظمية في منطقة الفك السفلي قرب غضروف ميكل ,والفك العلوي والعظم الحنكي واللامي وغضاريف الاضلاع ,اما في الاجنة بعمر13 و14و15يوما فقد ازدادت عمليات تمايز العظم بنوعية ,فاضافة الى النمو الذي حصل في العظام السابقة في تكوينها فقد ظهرت عظام جديدة في مناطق اخرى من هيكل الجنين تمثلت بعظام الصفيحة القاعدية والفخذ وحزام الكتف وحزام الحوض والاضلاع ,اما النتائج الجزيئية الخاصة بتمايز النسيج العظمي في اجنة الفئران المختبرية فقد اشارت الى التعبير الجيني لبعض جينات النسيج العظمي وتشمل Runx2وOSX وOsteo(OSC) وSialo(BSP) والتي بلغت ذروتها في مرحلة (13) يوم. ان لهرمون الثايروكسين تاثير على التعبير الجيني لبعض الجينات التي ترتبط مع التمايز النسجي للعظم اذ يؤدي هذا الى التغير في التعبير الجيني زيادة احيانا وانخفاضا خلال المدد العمرية المختلفة للاجنة .نستنتج من الدراسة الحالية ان زيادة مستوى هرمون الثايروكسين يسبب اضطراب في المعايير الدموية والتعبير الجيني لجينات العظم وانخفاض مستوى الهرمونات المحرضة للقند (LH وProlactin) وزيادة مستوى الهرمون المحفز للجريبات, وتعد هذه الدراسة الاولى على مستوى جامعة البصرة | the present study was performed to know the effect of thyroxine hormone on differentiation of bone tissue and some of physiological parameters, which included blood parameters and Gonadotropine hormones and Weights and Lengths and birth weight of mus musculus L.the females are divided into two groups ;the main first group which included 90 adult females (10 - 12)week, that subjected to study effect of thyroxine hormone on blood parameters of pregnant , nonpregnant females ,and bone differentiation of embryos (by using tissue sections method and molecular technique by RT PCR , and qRT PCR), and also known it is effect on weight of fetus and newborns; this group was also subdivided into two secondary subgroup : - control group ; was injected with 0.1 ml of normal saline (0.9%) for 10 consecutive days ,and treated group; was injected with 0.1 ml of thyroxine hormone (0.5mg/kg/day) for 10 consecutive days ,after that, 5 females from both groups were anatomized,while 40 females were mated of the both groups with continuous of injection until the females were subjected to anatomical practices and then the the embryo were taken during varied peroids (9,10,11,12,13,14,15) day. The main second group which included 15 females ,was selected to study the effect of thyroxine hormone on ;sexual hormone ,thyroid hormone and alkaline phosphatase . this group was divided into another 3 subgroups,one regarded as control group which ; was injected with 0.1 ml of normal saline (0.9%) for 15 consecutive days.and second the first treated group (T1) ; was injected with 0.1 ml of thyroxine hormone (0.5mg/kg/day) for 15 consecutive days ,and without mating of the females,and the second treated group ; (T2);was injected with 0.1 ml of thyroxine hormone (0.5mg/kg/day) for 30 consecutive days and also without mating of the females. Results of the present study were shown that the blood parameters were varied in value between periods and groups (decreasing and increasing among normal value ) with exception in few cases , significant decrease of W.B.C , the granular cells ,monocytes, lymphocytes ,lymphocytes percentage ,granulocytes percentage and monocytes percentage during different periods of pregnancy in the treated animals compared with control , and was decreased RBC ,Hb ,HCT percentage ,MCH ,MHCH ,MCV, and PLT in varied periods , and we noticed a significant increase in WBC ,granular cells ,monocytes ,lymphocytes , granulocytes percentage , monocytes percentage , MCHC ,HCT percentage,MCV, and PLT in varied periods of pregnancy in the treated animals compared with control. Our study was exhibited significant increase in levels of T3 and T4 hormones of the treated animals compared with control, with significant decrease in TSH of treated animals , also significant decrease in LH and prolactin H and for groups(15 and 30 days) ,and significant increasing in FSH of second group (30 day) ,when compared with the control , and there was no effect of thyroxine on TEST H level and for 2 periods(15 and 30) , significant increasing in alkaline pho after 30 days from injection with TH H , decreased of body weight of embryos (15 days) and newborns of the treated females ,the current study showed significant increase of lengths of treated embryos (9,10,11,15 days). The histological study was explained the skeletal tissue ossification of embryos during (9,10,11)day post gestation was primitive organs of mesenchymal tissue and The histological study was not show asignificant differences of bone differentiation between treated and control groups,and intramemberaneous ossification was appeared of embryos at 12 days ,in this stage the begining of differentiation of mesenchyme cells was appeared into osteoblast , with a little of matrix like bone between osteoblasts in Mandible near the meckle cartilage , Maxilla, Palatine,and Hyoid, and endochondral ossification as in Ribs, where in embryos (13,14,and 15) The bone differentiation processes were increased of bone (the intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification),in addition to the growth of previously formed bones,also new bones were appeared in different areas in embryo skeleton like Basal plate,femur,Scapula girdle , pelvis girdle and the Ribs . In other hand, the molecular results of bone differentiation in embryo ,were exhibited peak of expression of some of the genes of bone tissue (Runx2 ,OSX, Osteo(OSC) ,and Sialo(BSP) ) at 13 days of embryo age, also the thyroxine hormone was effected in expression of some the bone genes that included disturbanceas like increasing of expression during peroids and decreasing in other peroids of embryos life. We concluded from the present study that the increase of thyroxine hormone level caused disturbances of blood parameters and gene expression of the bone genes & decreasing of the level of LH & prolactin hormones and increase the level of FSH. This is the first study on the Basrah University

تقييم فعالية عقاري Nandrolone decanuate وAlbendazole للاصابات المختلفة بداء الاكياس العدرية في الفئران المختبرية سلالة Balb/c == Evaluate the effectiveness of a drug Nandrolone decanuate and Albendazole for injuries the different infections by hydatid cysts in mice Balb/c

Author name: سعيد فاضل مناتي الحمداني
Supervisor name: مسلم عبد الرحمن محمد
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Parasites
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تبنت الدراسة الحالية استعمال طرق مختلفة لاحداث الاصابة برؤيسات الاولية Protoscolex المستخرجة من الطور اليرقي ( الاكياس العدرية ) لطفيلي Echinococcus granulosus وهذه الطرق هي الحقن الوريدي والجنبي وتحت الجلد وكذلك عن طريق الغشاء البريتوني . اظهرت الدراسة حدوث الاصابة وتطور الاكياس العدرية في كل الطرق اعلاه . كذلك تم استعمال طريقة الحقن في اللفائفي والتجريع عن طريق الفم لكن لم تظهر الاصابة المستخدمة بهذه الطرق اي تطور للاكياس العدرية في حيواتات التجربة . كذلك حقن 650 رؤيس اولي في جميع طرق الحقن وتبين حدوث الاصابة في نفس مواقع الحقن بطريقة الحقن تحت الجلد والحقن الجنبي وعن طريق الغشاء البريتوني. ولكن طريقة الحقن الوريدي اظهرت حدوث الاصابة وتطور الاكياس العدرية في اماكن مختلفة من جسم الحيوان المختبري ويكون الكيس العدري متموضعا بين نسيج العضو المصاب في حين الحقن عن طريق الجنب وتحت الجلد والغشاء البريتوني يكون الاكياس العدرية المتطورة ملتصقة على سطح العضو المصاب . كذلك اثبتت الدراسة وجود اختلاف في الوان الاكياس العدرية المتكونه وحسب طريقة الحقن. استـــــعمل في هذه الدراســــــــة عقار Albendazole وعــــــقار Nandrolone decanuate كعقارات علاجات للاصابة المستعملة وتبين ان لها تاثير ادى الى موت الرؤيسات الاولية بتقدم فترة الاصابة واثبتت الدراسة ان عقار Nandrolone اكثر كفاءة من عقار البندازول وذلك من خلال الاختلافات في النسبة المئوية لموت الرؤيسات الاولية وكذلك بسبب هذا العقارشوه في شكل الرؤيسات وطريقة ابعاجها اذ كان الانبعاج الى الخارج في حين كان الانبعاج الى الداخل في الاصابات المعالجة بعقار البندازول . | The present study showed various methods for the infection by the protoscolex obtained from the larval phase of the Echinococcus granulosus . which involved the venus,pleural,subcutaneous and peritoneal injection . In all injection method 650 protoscolex were injected ,It was found that no infection happen in the same location to the injection which resulted by the subcutaneous,pleural and pretonal injections. On the contrary to thatresulted by venous injection in wich the injection occurred in varoes sites of the lab animals body ,and the hydatid cysts were pervasine with in the diseased infected organ tissues. Wile that resulted by pertonial ,subcutaneous and hered the surface of the organ. The colors of the hydrated cysts were also varied according to the infection methods.Albendazole and Nandrolone were used as treatments against the induced infections and it was found that Nandrolone was more efficient than albendazole,That was observed by the rates of the protoscolex caused by the action of the drugs and desmorphorphology and invagination outward while in albendazole was inward

دراسة مقارنة لتاثير هرمون النمو في عضلات وCyprinus مناسل سمكتي الكارب الاعتيادي والبلطي احمر البطن carpio (L. 1758) Tilapia zillii (Gervais, 1848 == A Comparative Study to the Effect of Growth Hormone on Muscles and Gonads of Carp Cyprinus carpio (L. 1758) and Tilapia Tilapia zillii (Gervais, 1848)

Author name: سعد محمد صالح عبد الصمد
Supervisor name: عقيل جميل منصور | عبد الكريم طاهر يسر
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Life Science
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In the present study, the effect of human growth hormone on the muscles and gonads of common carp Cyprinus carpio (L. 1758) and red belly tilapia Tilapia zillii (Gervais, 1848) was studied by : - 1 - Studying the effect of human growth hormone on the growth of the two studied species by intraperitoneal (IP) injection of three replicates of control with 120 μg of normal saline / g Body weight and two doses (low and high) with 60 and 120 μg of human growth hormone / g Body weight respectively for both species, then changes were followed up in each treatment after every two weeks of injection by : - a - Pursue histological changes in the muscular tissue by using Cell Profiler software for the first time in Iraq. b - Pursue changes in chemical components ratios of body muscles.c - Measuring of specific growth rate and length - weight relationship for fishes.2 - Studying of human growth hormone effect on the gonads of fishes (adult males and females) with 60 males for each species and a same number of females, all of them injected either with low or high dose with 60 or 120 μg of human growth hormone / g Body weight respectively for both species or with 120 μg of normal saline / g Body weight in fishes of control. This experiment had achieved in a month.3 - Knowing the direct effect of human growth hormone on the follicles by implementing an in vitro experiment with the follicles of carp which implanted in basic salt solution (BBS) then growth hormone was added to the test tubes with two concentrations 5 μg/ ml and 10 μg/ ml, the control follicles were implanted in normal saline. The results of the study revealed that the maximum rate of percentages of the muscle fibers with area less than 314 μm2 for region R1(Dorsal side) was 88.29 % in carp in high dose treatment after the eighth week of injection, while it was 88.00 % for tilapia in high dose treatment after the eighth week of injection, too.In the region R2 (in tail) the maximum rate of percentages of muscle fibers with area less than 314 μm2 was recorded after the eighth week from the beginning of injection was 73.3553 % for carp in high dose treatment and 85.935% for tilapia in high dose treatment.The results showed that 1.00984 and 1.000074 were the highest and the lowest values of condition factor for carp respectively. For tilapia those were 1.009993 and 1.000151 the highest and the lowest values of it respectively.The rate of specific growth rate for length was 0.3616 and 0.44866 cm/day% for carp and tilapia respectively. While the specific growth rates for weight were higher than the comparable one for length and were 1.3489 g/day% for carp and 1.6085 g/day% for tilapia.The results exhibited that the rates of protein percentages for both species in the all treatments in general tend to be higher with progressing of experimental time. Muscle water content percentage rate varied with difference of dose and experimental time. The maximum rate of fat percentage in both species was in control treatment after two weeks of hormone administration.The highest rate of carp male Gonadosomatic index was 6.55% in high dose treatment after the third week of injection, as for tilapia males was 6.103% in low dose treatment after the third week of injection, while the lowest value for this index was recorded after the first week of injection in high dose treatment which as 2.81 and 2.89% for carp and tilapia respectively. For females the highest rate of Gonadosomatic index was in high dose treatment after the third week of injection for both species which was 11.001 and 6.0624% for carp and tilapia respectively. As for the lowest rate of carp female Gonadosomatic index was recorded in control treatment after the first week of injection it was 5.54%, while the lowest rate of this index for tilapia females was 2.99% in low dose treatment after the first week of injection.In the experiment of direct effect of this hormone on the follicles of carp it was found that the highest value of polarization index was 4.12 which recorded in high dose treatment after 48 hours of incubation while it reached the lowest value which was 3.031 in high dose treatment after 24 hours ofincubation.

دراسة تشخيصية مظهرية وجزيئية للشريطيات المتطفلة على نورس مستدق المنقار Larus genei والكرسوع Himantopus himantopus شمال محافظة البصرة == Diagnostic, Morphological and Molecular Studies on some cestodes parasitized on Larus genei and Himantopus himantopus , North of Basrah province

Author name: سحر محمد علي محمد سعيد المظفر
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Life Science
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: During the period from August 2015 to July 2016, fifty three aquatic birds of Larus genei (slender - billed Gull) family Laridae and 52 of Himantopus himantopus family Recurvirostridae were collected from Al - masehab marsh north of Basrah Province.The current study was focused on these two birds due to its economic importance to the local people of the study area. These two birds were found infected with 10 species of cestodes. Echinocotyle longirostris and Infula burhini were recorded for the first time in Iraq. Larus genei was considered as a new host of Wardium fusa.The isolated cestodes were described and compared with other recorded species at different parts of Iraq and the world.The percentage and the mean intensity of infection of these 10 species of cestodes were counted monthly and seasonly together with single, double and trible infection during the whole year. The main percentage infection was reached to 95.2% and the main intensity was 13.49. In L. genei the percentage and mean intensity were 90.5% and 15.4 recepectively, while for H. himantopus were 100% and 11.8 recpectively. In L. genei the high percentage infection was found in August 2015 and September , November, and December 2016, and during March, April, May, June and July for H. himantopus. A significant difference was recorded between the percentage and the mean intensity of infection.Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique with random 6 primers was used to distinguish between Infula burhini and Acoleus vaginatus wich isolated from the bird H. himantopus due to the morphological similarities.The Scanning Electron Microscope (Pharmacy College, Basrah University) was used to photograph the scolex of A. vaginatus and I. burhini.

تشخيص وحياتية حشرة مع تصنيف الديدان الخيطية المتطفلة عليهافي محافظة ميسان == Diagnosis and life cycle insect Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (L.) with a taxonomy parasitic nematodes in the province of Missan

Author name: سجى عماد نعيم الساعدي
Supervisor name: باسم هاشم عبد الله | ضياء خليف كريم
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: It was collected 318 mole cricket insects randomly from four regions in Missan including AL Kahala district by 191 insects, AL Mishraah by 62 insects, Kalat Salih by 61 insects and New Hay AL Hussein ( Centre of the city) by four insects. The period was from September 2013 to August 2014. It was diagnosed one species of mole crickets which is G. gryllotalpa decended from Gryllotalpidae families because of its essential charact ristics such as the general form of the insect, shape of the wings and legs, and its site and colour. In addition, there is a large lobe in the front legs of the insect and there one two species of veins in the front wings of the male used to attract females for mating. The life cycle of the insect was studied in the laboratory. Itstransformation is characterized by being imperfect progress, on egg, then a nymph and then an adult. The female lays about 100 eggs oval - shaped and grey in a room in the soil. The period of preegg - laying is approximately 100 days and the percentage of hatchling is 74% . The females remain alive after one day egg - laying is completed while the males remain 13 days after egg - laying. The eggs hatch into nymphs which pass stages of life development andit takes 115 day - Newly hatched nymphs are transparent and grey, its length is 10 mm with antennas and small cerci which are without wings. Wings begin to appear in the sixth stage of life. Then nymphs develop into brown adults with a large filled body. Its length is about 40 mm and all parts of the insect continues to grow in proportion to the size of the insect.After examining these insect, it showed that they are infected with seven species of nematode parasites. They are Binema ornate, Binema korsakowi, Binema anulinervus, Cameronia triovata, Cameronia multiovata, Mirzaiella asiatica, Grylophilla skrjabini. The Prevalence of those nematodes are 18%, 13%, 1%, 2%, 1.0%, 22% and 25.6% respectively. while the mean intensity of infection was 1.5, 1.6, 3.5, 4.5, 8, 1.5,2.15 respectively.Four of these species of nematodes were considered as new record in Iraq, These are : Binema anulinervus : Most important feature in the shape of the high - tail and long that look like a flagella.Mirzaiella asiatica : Featuring male this form of the parasite by the short and broad and meandering tail. The female is characterized by a length of the muscle of the esophagus and the existence of the tapes curled at his side. Cameronia triovata : The most important feature of this parasite egg shaped oval that is flat from one side. C. multiovata : What also distinguishes this form of the parasite is a large and long oval egg.Nematodes were a taxonomically quoited and illustrated.The species B. ornate and G. skrjabini appear repeatedly over 10 months followed by the parasite B. korsakowi for eight months then followed by M. asiatica for seven months, as for the parasites B. anulinervus, C. triovata, C. multiovata for two months

دراسة مظهرية وجزيئية بتقنية RAPD لبعض الاصناف الغيبانية لنخيل التمر في البصرة == Morphological and Molecular Study by RAPD Technique for Some Un Known (Ghaibany)Cultivars date - palme In Basrah

Author name: زينب شعلان عبد الرزاق علي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Life Science
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت الدراسة الحالية اثناء الموسم الزراعي للعام 2015م على احد عشر صنفا بذريا (غيباني) لنخيل التمر Phoenix dactylifera L. النامية في البصرة وهي اصناف جديدة تسجل لاول مرة, درست ثمان وعشرون صفة من صفات النمو الخضري, وست وعشرون صفة من الصفات الثمرية كما. درست صفات البذور, فتبين ان الاصناف المدروسة اختلفت في الخواص الخضرية والثمرية, اذ اظهرت الدراسة ان كلا الصنفين نبوي والصنف نجمة تميزا بشكل التاج الشبه منفتح في حين كانت الاصناف الباقية مضمومة التاج. وكذلك انفرد الصنف نجمة عن باقي الاصناف بلون الاوراق الاخضر الشمعي. وتراوح معدل طول الورقة من 2.68 م في صنف الوردية الى 4.35م في الصنف نمروشة, كما تراوح معدل طول منطقة الاشواك من 56 سم في صنف دكلة عبد الى 160سم في الصنف ام اللسين. وتباينت الاصناف في معدل عدد الاشواك فكان ما بين 18 شوكة في الصنف وردية الى 47 شوكة في الصنف ام اللسين. واختلفت الاصناف بنمط ترتيب الاشواك على المحور الوسطي فقد انفرد الصنف برماني بنمط توزيع الاشواك الثنائي وامتاز الصنف وردية بالنمط المفرد الثنائي في حين كان النمط المفرد هو السائد في الاصناف الباقية, واتضح من الدراسة ان النسبة المئوية لطول منطقة الاشواك الى طول الورقة الكلي هي من الصفات التي تتسم بالثبات دونا عن باقي الصفات الخضرية. اما بالنسبة للخواص الثمرية فقد تراوح معدل طول العرجون للاصناف المدروسة مابين 66 سم في الصنف رحماني الى 152سم في الصنف برماني والذي يعد من العراجين الطويلة, وانفرد الصنف دكلة داود بلون العرجون الاصفر المائل للوردي اما الصنفين برماني ونجمة فقد كان لون العراجين فيهما اخضر في حين كان لون العراجين في الصنفين وردية ونبوي اصفر يميل للاخضرار واصفر في باقي الاصناف. اما الخواص الفيزيائية المدروسة للثمار فقد سجل الصنف دكل داود اقل المعدلات في حجم الثمرة في مرحلتي الخلال والتمر والتي كانت 5سم3 و2.6سم3 على التوالي, وامتاز الصنف الزريجي بكبر حجم ثماره لكلا المرحلتين الخلال والتمر 17سم3 و10.24سم3 على التوالي, وتبين ان طعم الخلال في الاصناف وردية ودكلة عبد والصنف رحماني والصنف زريجي عفصي اما الاصناف الباقية فهي حلوة المذاق. وامتاز الصنف نجمة بكونه مبكر جدا في موعد النضج وكانت الاصناف الباقية مبكرة النضج في حين كان الصنف برماني متوسط النضج, وامتازت اصناف الدراسة بكون التمور فيها طرية القوام عدا الصنف رحماني الذي كان قوام التمر فيه شبه جاف. واستخدمت الدراسة برنامج التحليل الالي لتحليل المكونات الرئيسة للثمار في مرحلة الخلال, فتبين ان الاصناف انقسمت بمجموعتين وحسب التقارب في البيانات المغذاة للبرنامج فانعزل الصنف الزريجي بمجموعة مستقلة لكون بياناته متفردة, اما المجموعة الثانية فقد توزعت الاصناف فيها الى تحت مجموعة, صغرى ضمت الاصناف دكلة داود ونجمة واقترب منهما الصنف وردية, اما الاصناف الباقية فتوزعت هي الاخرى بتحت مجموعتين. استخدمت الدراسة الجزيئية تقانة PCR RAPD لتثبيت البصمة الوراثية للاصناف المدروسة ولكشف الارتباط الوراثي بينها, وجرى باختبار عشرة بادئات عشوائية من مجموعة OPA وبادئان من مجموعة OPB. تم تحليل نواتج التفاعلات للبادئات مع Genomic DNA الاصناف كافة وكل على حده لتحديد مدى كفات البادئ فكانت النتيجة ان اربعة من البادئات ( OPA0.2 وOPA0.3 وOPA0.5 وOPA0.6) نجحت في كشف التباين بين الاصناف المدروسة, وبينت نتائج التحليل العنقودي للنواتج التفاعلات للبادئات ان الاصناف توزعت بمجموعتين, صغرى ضمت كل من الاصناف زريجي ونمروشة والصنف ام اللسين ومجموعة كبرى ضمت الاصناف الباقية, وقد توزعت فيها الاصناف الى تحت مجموعة ثانوية. مما يشير الى الاصول المشتركة, وبينت الدراسة امكانية انتخاب اصناف بذرية تمتاز بخصائص ثمرية جيدة وتكثيرها لدعم الاقتصاد الوطني. | This study was performed during agronomic season in 2015 on 11 cultivars (ghaibany) Phoenix dactylifera L. that grow in basrah, and these cultivars are new recorder. Twenty eight characteristics of vegetative growth were studied, seed characteristics were studied also. It was concluded that the studied cultivars varied in there vegetative and fruit qualities. The study showed that both cv Nabawy and cv Najma distinguished by semi - opened crown but the other cultivars had closed crown . In addition, cv Najma marked by waxen green leaves. The rate of leaf length ranged from 2.68 m in. cv Wardiah to 4.35m in cv Nammrosha. besides the length of spine area ranged from 56 cm in cv Deglat Abd cultivars to 160 cm in cv Am - Ellsian. The cultivars also varied in the rate of spine number which was 18 in cv Wardiah an 47 in cv Am - Ellsian. The cultivars differed in the style of spine arrangement on rachis since cv Bermany distinguished by the dual style of spine arrangement, while in cv Wardiah marked by single dual style, however the single style was prevalent in other cultivars. The study clarified that the percentage between spine area to the total length of the leaf was one of qualities that characterized by stability that differed from other vegetative characteristics. As for fruit characteristics, the length of peduncle of cultivars concerned ranged from 66 in cv Rahmany cultivars to 152 in Bermany and that was regarded long peduncle. cv Deglat Dawood marked by colour of peduncle which was yellow look like rosy, whereas cv Bermany and cv Najma the colour of their peduncle were yellow look like green and yellow in the rest. As for physical characteristics of studied fruit, cv Deglat Dawood recorded the lowest rates in the volume of fruit during the phases of khalal and dates, the volume was 5 c.m and 2.6 c.m respectively, cv Zraigai distinguished by the bigness of the volume of the fruit for both phases of khalal and date 17c.m and 10.24 c.m. The taste of khalal in the cultivars of cv Deglat Abd, cv Wardiah, Rahmany, cv Zreigai was tannic while the taste of other cultivars were sweet. cv Najma cultivars distinguished by being so early in maturity, the other cultivars were early in maturity but cv Bermany was middle in maturity. The dates of studied cultivars were soft except cv Rahmany that was semi - dry. The study used a program of automatic analysis to analyze the main components of fruit in khalal phases the, it became clear that the cultivars divided into two groups according to the convergence data that fed to the program. cv Zraigai cultivars was isolated in independent group because its data were unique, but the second group ,cultivars in which were classified in small group included cultivars of cv Deglat Dawood and cv Najma and cv Wardiah approached to this group. The other cultivars classified into two groups.The molecular study used P C R RAPD technique to fix genetic print of studied cultivars and to discover the genetic link among them. Ten of random primers of OPA group were tested and two of OPB were tested too. The products of reaction of primers were analyzed Genomic DNA for cultivars totally and individually; to determine the efficiency of primer the results was that for of primers succeeded in discovering the variation among cultivars concerned. The result of cluster analysis of reaction products of primers showed that the cultivars divided into two groups : small group included cv Zairgai, cv Nammrosha and cv Am - Ellsian cultivars, and big group contained the other cultivars in which cultivars distributed into secondary group and that refer to the common origin. The study showed the ability of electing and increasing Ghaibany cultivars that marked by good characteristics to support national economy

دراسة تصنيفية وحياتية للفطريات الناقصة الملونة في البصرة == Taxonomical and Biological study of Dematiaceous imperfect - fungi in Basrah

Author name: زينب خلف عبد الله
Supervisor name: توفيق محمد محسن
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Fungi
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: During this study 23 species belong to 10 genera of imperfect fungi were isolated from different natural sources ( plants, soil , and ari) from Basrah govermanete using different isolation methods.Among the isolated fungi the genus Alternaria was selected to identify its species by using the morphological characteristis by light microscopy and Scaning Electron in Microscope (SEM) and verified by molecular and chemical methods. Eight species of Alternaria were identified namely; A.alternata (isolate1 and 2) A.chlamydospora A.citri, A.raphani , A.longipes , A.infectoria A.tenuissima and A.chrysanthemi based on light microscope examination.Taxonomic relegation of these species were confirmed by SEM image. SEM revealed that there was differences in the conidial wall ornamentation .The molecular analysis using PCR depending on the loci ITS1, and ITS4 700bp which confirmed the morphological identification of most of species namely A.alternata (isolate 1 and 2) , A.chlamydospora , A.longipes , A.infectroia and A.tenuissima. However , A.citri was related to A.alternata, A.raphani was belonged to A.infectoria and A.chrysanthemi is belonging to A.lolii. Nevertheless ,by using the loci OPA1 - 3 there was no variation among the species of Alternaria ,this is may be due to the inadequate method applied.The genetic variation of 36 isolates of A.alternata was studied using 9 - primers by RAPD - PCR technique. All primes gave an amplification of DNA for all the fungal isolates. Among the primers OPC08 exhibited a highest efficacy reaching 235 total bands .In the present study the antibacterial activity of fungal crude extract was tested. It appeared that the extract exhibit an antibacterial bioactivity against E.coli , S.aureus , S.epidermidis and S.saprophyticus.However, the extract of A.alternata (isolate 1 and 2) showed an inhibition growth against all the tested bacterial strains. This study was also revealed that the fungal filtrates of Alternaria species possessed various chemical compounds. However, there were differences in the chemical composition among the fungal filtrates.The results showed that Alternaria species ( A.alternata isolate 1 and 2, A.chlamydospora A.citri, A.raphani , A.longipes) were capable to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles, when the fungal filtrate were treated with AgNO3 solution after72 hrs incubation .Silver nanoparticles synthesis was checked by the change of colour from yellow to brown and confirmed by Uv - vis spectrophotometry at wave length (420, 440 nm). SEM image showed that the silver nanoparticles with spherical shape and size ranged between (20 - 72nm). Aconclusion can be derived that application of SEM,chemical analysis of fungi extracts ,molecular analysis and the silver nanoparticles characteristics are useful in the taxonomy of fungi to solve the overlapping of the morphological identification .Taxonomic key were prposed for the species of the genes Alternaria based on the morphology , chemical compound with the fungal extracts and size of silver nanoparticles synthesized by fungi .Melanin pigment identify by TEM microscope and it appeare like dark drop inside the cell .

دراسة المايكوبلازما المصاحبة لحالات العقم في الرجال في محافظة البصرة == Study of Mycoplasma associated with men infertility in Basrah province

Author name: زهراء كاتب جمعة
Supervisor name: غيداء جاسم عبد النبي الغزاوي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Life Science
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study aimed current was to determine the role of Mycoplasma in men infertility in Basrah province . A100 seminal fluid specimens were collected from men who were admitted to infertility center in Basrah province from 1/10/2015 to 31/5/2016 .Besides 50 semen specimens were collected from those who determine fertility men as control group. Samples then were cultured on Monophasic - Diphasic - Culture - Setup(MDCS) to isolation Mycoplasma then the samples were cultured on Blood agar, MacConkey agar and Chocolate agar to isolation bacteria other than Mycoplasma .The isolated Mycoplasma from 48 cases were concluded five species : Ureaplasma urealyticum 38% ; Mycoplasma hominis 21%;Mycoplasma genitalium 15% ; Mycoplasma pirum 15% and Mycoplasma fermentans 11% . Where the last two species are first recorded in Iraq from semen.This Study also recorded that the patients of 30 - 39 years old were of high infertility rate and Mycoplasma infection percentage.High the percentage of a single infection was related to U. urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis .By using the double Vitek 2 system 22 other bacterial species were diagnosed from seminal fluid. some of these species were first recorded in Iraq and represented types next : Staphylococcus haemolyticus ,,Enterococcus faecalis Staphylococcus hominis , Staphylococcus warneri ,Kocuria rosea , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Kocuria kristinae ,Granulicatella elegans , Vibrio cholera , Aeromonas salmonicida ,Enterococcus faecium , Morganella morganii, Enterobacter cloacae ,Alcaligenes faecalis , Staphylococcus xylosus , Micrococcus lutes ,Granulicatella adiacens, Kocuria varians,And the most exhibited and isolated bacterial species was of Staphylococcus haemolyticus.Mycoplasma infection were noticed in patients who were suffering from other diseases like varicose 18.75% and diabetes 8.33% and bladder nerve pressure 4.16% .In this study the primary infertility was 82% included 39 cases infected with Mycoplasma , while for the secondary infertility 18% nine cases were infected with Mycoplasma .High infection rate of Mycoplasma 69.23% was recorded in patients who underwent a varicose other Surgery compare with the other patients.Mycoplasma infection for the five species was clear quantity and quality in semen analysis for infertile men was less than control group .Where the semen volume was very small and the sperms count was effect on also the sperm morphology and activity (mobility) were affected by Mycoplasma infection . Pus cells and RBC. Were appeared in semen.This study also , confirmed that there is a 7% of semen from infertile men , was free from bacterial infection.

بعض الجوانب الحياتية للروبيان الدخيل والروبيان Macrobrachium nipponense (De Haan,1849) من Metapenaeus affinis (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) بعض المواقع المائية في محافظة البصرة == Some Biological aspects of the Invasive Shrimp Macrobrachium nipponense (De Haan,1849) and The Shrimp Metapenaeus affinis (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) from some Aquatic sites of the Basrah province

Author name: انوار مالك جبار المالكي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Life Science
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study intended to shed the light on some biological aspects of the invasive oriental river Shrimp Macrobrachium nipponense compared with that of Jinga shrimp Metapenaeus affinis . For this purpose, Monthly samples were collected and chosen from four Aquatic sites was chosen in the Basrah province (one at each of Al - Mashab and Al - Sallal Marshes and two at Al - Garmah River) during the period from July 2015 to June 2016. collection was done by Fishnet pulled by a boat .The Shrimp numbers were calculated during the time unit (ind./hour) .The Water’s temperature and salinity were studied, it ranged from 15 - 33 ͦ c and 2 - 9.1psu respectively. From a total of 3326, individuals were collected during the study period, only 7% were belong to the first shrimp (M. nipponense ) Compared with 93% to the second shrimp( M. affinis ).The number of each species studied shrimps, varied the monthly. The high number of M. nipponense was 38(ind./hour) recorded during July 2015 and June 2016, while the lowest was 2 (ind./hour) recorded during October and November 2015 . For M. affinis The number of individuals ranged between 980(ind./hour) during August 2015 and 29 (ind./hour) during November 2015 .The comparative monthly percentages were high during seven and six months in the marshes sites recorded for first and second shrimp respectively. The monthly variation in percentages of the two species of shrimps was studied, It ranged (for M. affinis) from 98.8% during August 2015 to 56.8% during July 2015 , while for M. nipponense , It ranged from 43.2% during July 2015 to 1.2% during August 2015 .The results of Frequency showed that the highest percent (100%) was recorded in four months for M. nipponense , these are July, October 2015 February and May 2016. While M. affinis was recorded in most months.Summary bThe population sizes for the two species were studied. For the first species( M. nipponense ), the size class 50 - 60mm dominant during all months of the study period, While for the second species (M. affinis), the size classes 40 - 50, 50 - 60, 60 - 70, and 70 - 80 were recorded during all the months for the first shrimp, the highest percent was 47.3% recorded for the size class 70 - 80 mm , While there is no individuals recorded for the size class 10 - 20 mm during all the months except July 2015 for the second shrimps ,the percentage ranged between 41.4% and less than 1% recorded during May 2016 to March 2016 respectively. On the other hand , the total Frequency for M. nipponense ranged from 83.3% to 0% for the size classes 70 - 80 mm and 10 - 20 mm respectively, While for M. affinis was from 100% recorded for the classes 40 - 50, 50 - 60, 60 - 70 and 70 - 80mm to 8.3% for the class .The Length - Length and Length - weight relationships for the two species were studied The results showed positive correlation between the total length and each of cephalothorax length and abdomen length (r= 0.932 and r= 0.945 respectively, P≤0.01 ) for M. nipponense , Also M. affinis , the correlation was positive for the total length and each of cephalothorax length(r= 0.938) and abdomen length (r= 0.971) (P≤0.01 ) . The correlation was positive between the total length and wet weight for each M. nipponense (r= 0.918 P≤0.01) and M. affinis (r= 0.913 P≤0.01).The Statistical analysis for the weight - weight relationships showed positive correlation between dry and wet weight for M. nipponense (r= 0.966, P≤0.01) and M. affinis (r= 0.918 P≤0.01).The correlation between the lengths of the body and the 2nd chela for male & female of M. nipponense (r= 0.909 and r= 0.823 respectively), these values of correlation refer to the continuous growth of the 2nd chela in male even after the adult stage .Summary cThe concentrations of ten heavy and light metals in shells & muscles of the two shrimps were studied. The results showed a significant differences in eight of them (Cadmium, Potassium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Nickel, Zinc and Sodium) . While there is no significant differences recorded for Lead and Cobalt .The study of some biological aspect which concerned with distribution of eggs on pleopods of females of M. nipponense , showed that the highest mean of eggs was 547.3 (38%) carried on the 2nd pleopod while there are fewer means carried on 1st and 3rd pleopods , and no carry eggs (0%)were carried on the 5th pleopod. The Statistical analysis showed that there was significant differences between the eggs carried on 4th and 5th pleopods and each of the rest ones . lengths of pleopod was positively correlated with the number of eggs (r= 0.661, P≤0.01) The weight of ovigerous female was positively correlated with weight of eggs (r= 0.835, P≤0.01) .The combined effects of salinity and temperature on survival of newly hatched larvae (zoea1 and zoea2) of M. nipponense for 24 & 48 hours’ were tested.The highest survival percentage (100%) for zoea1 was recorded in 12 psu salinity in each of 18, 22 and 26 ͦ c ,While the lowest survival (0%) was recorded in distal water in each 30 and 34 ͦ c . the highest survival percentage was recorded in 12 psu salinity in each 18, 22, 26 and 30 ͦ c. While the lowest one recorded in distal water and 34 ͦ c. The Statistical analysis showed that the percentage survival correlates negatively with temperature and positively with salinity each alone. the combined effect of salinity and temperature on survival was positive with percentage ranged between 38 - 56 % .
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