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تاثير اضافة الموننسين في معامل الهضم ومعايير الكرش والصفات الانتاجية للحملان العرابية == Effect of Adding Monensin on Digestion coefficient , Rumen Parameters and Productive Traits and of Arabi Lambs

Author name: رشيد حميد عبد الله العايدي
Supervisor name: عماد فلاح حسن الجاسم | هناء علي جبار الغالبي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was undertaken in the Field of Animal of the Faculty of Agriculture in Basra University for the period from 1/11/2015 to 10/2/2016. The study included the growth and digestion experiments. The digestion trail included 12 Arabi lambs ranging in age between 5 - 6 months with a mean weight 21 kg were randomly divided into three groups of four animals for each treatment. Ration submitted on the basis of the 3% of body weight, their quantities to be modified on the basis of the new weight of each group every two weeks. .Ration was provided twice daily, in the morning at 8 a.m. and in the evening at 4 pm. Amount of feed and the remaining was calculated daily for the purpose of calculating the amount of feed consumption. At the beginning of the experiment lambs were introduced for adaptation period of 10 days and then weighed, the registration of primary weight as initial weight. The first studied ration was considered as control (without any addition). The second ration was control added to monensin by 100 mg/kg. The third ration was control added to monensin by 200 mg/kg. The results obtained can be summarized as follows : 1 - Final weight was significantly affected by adding monensin with the superiority of the second treatment when adding monensin at a level of 100 mg/kg dry material which were recorded a 33.36 kg, while those of the first and the third groups, which registered 28.61 and 29.20 kg respectively. As for the overall growth rate second treatment exceeded (11.33 kg) significantly (P<0.05) first and third groups (4.75 and 6.01 Kg respectively).2 - The largest amount of feed consumption on the basis of dry matter was shown by second group (65.24 kg), followed by the control,Bwhich reached 60.37 kg. Feed consumption declined (P<0.05) with anincrease in the proportion of monensin until it reached a value of 56.25 kg showed by third treatment, which differed significantly (P<0.05) from the first treatment (control) and second treatment.3 - The best feed conversion efficiency of the diet recorded by the lambs of second treatment (6.97 kg dry matter consumed/ kg weight gain) which was mathematically less than that of control group (12.71 kg dry matter consumed/ kg weight gain), while it differed significantly from that of the third treatment (9.36 kg dry matter consumed/ kg weight gain).4 - The superiority (P<0.05) of the digestion rate of dry matter of the third treatment lambs (66.25 %) in comparison with those of second and first groups (58.52 and 57.02% respectively). While there was a significant fall (P<0.05) in protein digestibility (32.59%) of the third treatment in comparison with 51.27 and 56.15% of the first and second group respectively. There were no significant differences in the average digestibility of fat fibers of the three treatments.5 - A significant fall (P<0.05) in the value of the pH of rumen fluid of lambs received 200 mg monensin/kg dry matter which stood at 6.15 compared with the control group and the second group which reached 6.46 and 6.50 respectively.6 - The lack of significant differences in the number of total bacteria and cellulolytic bacteria of lambs in all treatments regardless of the level of the monensin.7 - Significant decrease in methane and ammonia concentrations in rumen fluid due to adding 100 and 200 mg of monensin (15.19, 14.86 and 12.19 l methane/day and 103.30, 92.75 and 89.45 mg ammonia/l for control, 100 and 200 mg monensin respectively).8 - The lack of significant differences in the mean value of blood glucose, total protein, cholesterol and triglycerides of different treatments.9 - The existence of significant differences (P<0.05) between the second treatment and the others in the average hot carcass weight (17.26 kg) in comparison with 13.12 and 15.29 kg of the first and third treatment respectively.10 - The superiority of thigh and loin cuts weight (P<0.05) of the 2nd treatment (5800, 2136.6 gm) over the mean of control and 3rd treatment (4550.0 and 4630 gm of thigh and 1476.6 and 1735.0 gm of loin respectively).11 - There were no significant differences in the mean of internal organs weight and heart, kidney, pelvic and abdominal fat weights among all treatments, 12 - Significant differences were exist in the mean of carcass length and chest depth of lambs of 3rd treatment (73.0 cm and 26.33 cm) in comparison with those of second and control group (66.33, 61.33 cm carcass length and 25.75, 21.00 cm chest depth).

اثر اضافة الكبريت الزراعي واليوريا والسوبر فوسفات في نشاط انزيمي اليوريز والفوسفاتيز وحاصل الذرة البيضاء Sorghum bicolor L. == Effect of Agricultural Sulfur , Urea and TSP application on the activity Of Urease phosphatase and yield of (Sorghum bicolor L. )

Author name: رشاد عادل عمران الزبيدي
Supervisor name: هيفاء جاسم حسين التميمي | عبد الزهرة طه ظاهر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water - Fertility
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تقييم مستوى التلوث العضوي وتاثيره في تنوع الطحالب الخيطية القاعية واصابة الاسماك بمجذافية الاقدام في ثلاث محطات في محافظة البصرة، العراق == Evaluation of organic pollution level and its effect on diversity of the filamentous benthic algae and fishes infected with copepods from three stations in Basrah province, Iraq

Author name: رشاد عبد الزهرة احمد
Supervisor name: ازهار علي عبد الله الصابونجي | خالدة سالم النعيم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Three Stations were selected based on its pollution level, first station was (Ashar chanel N : 30 º 31 13.31, E : 47º 50 13.63) the second station was (Shatt Al Arab N : 30 º 30 0. 29, E : 47º 51 36.31) and the third station was (Qurna N : 31 º 0 12. 79, E : 47º 26 37.11). Samples of waters, fish and sediments were collected monthly, collection of these samples started from Nov. 2013 till Oct. 2014 during the ebb time, group of physical and chemical variables had been measured like air and water, temperature, salinity, electrical conductivity, light penetration, pH, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, Total alkalinity (TA), Total hardness (TH), reactive nitrite, nitrate and phosphate, chlorophyll a in water, total organic carbon (TOC) in sediments, Soil texture was identified for each station through knowing the ratios of its components. Also, through the current study banthic algae were identified in areas of intertidal area, the parasitic copepod on fish also identified as biological indicator for the pollution at the selected stations.The study revealed that the air temperature varied between (17.5 - 43.2)Co while water temperature varied between (12 - 31) Co, the salinity varied between (0.57 - 4.16) ‰, while the electrical conductivity ranged between (0.9 - 6.5) mellisemince/ cm, while light penetration values were varied between (17 - 90) cm, pH values varied between (7.2 - 8.5), dissolved oxygen values were ranged between (3.5 - 11.2) mg/ l, while the biological oxygen demand varied between (1.2 - 9) mg/ l, value of TA and TH were varied between (81 - 190) mg/ l and (822 - 2123) mg/ l, respectively. The current study also recorded the concentrations of nutrients, that the values of nitrates and reactive nitrites ranged between (0.1 - 2.71) μg N - NO2/ l, (12.11 - 42.1) μg N - NO3/ l, respectively, while the reactive phosphate valuesbwere ranged between (1.31 - 9.98) μg P - PO4/ l, on the other hand the value of chlorophyll a were from (8.12 - 20.13) mg/ l.It was recorded in the current study a recognizable raise in values of total organic carbon (TOC) in the first station due to its highly exposed to the organic pollutants in comparison with the second and the third station, the values of (TOC) varied between (15.33 - 45.63)%, (4.4 - 22)%, (9.02 - 44.6)% for the three stations respectively.The current study demonstrated that the prevalence of green algae, all over study time in the second and the third station like (Cladophora fract, C. glomerata, Enteromorpha intestinalis, Schizomeris liblenii) also it was nocied that the Rhizoclonium crassipellitum was available more in the second station than the first and the third station, due to that the second station was featured with less contamination with organic materials. Some of the blue - green algae like (Lyngbya Birgei, L. major, Oscillatoria, amoena O. tenuis) showed prevealance in the first station because of the abundance of the organic pollutants, the red algae Compsopogon coeruleus, was recorded at three stations, the highest percentage was in the third station, the lowest percentage was recorded in the first station. It was also found in current study based on using algae as biological indicator for pollution, which prepared by Palmer. The first station was highly polluted with organic matter in comparison with other two stations, due to abundant of species which used as organic indicator of pollution. Results reavaled monthly variations in total number of benthic filamentous algea, which increased during two periods (Bimodel). Values of diversity ranged from 0.626 in station two to 2.15 in station two.The monthly variations in Organic Pollution Index (OPI) were different between three stations and ranged (25.54 - 48.72), (4.52 - 38.9), (15.14 - c28.69), in three stations respectively. The highest value 48.72 (Poor) was recorded in Ashar chanal at August and the lowest value 4.52 (Good) in Shatt Al - Arab river at December.Aquatic systems are affected by a variety of anthropogenic activities that decrease water quality through the introduction of organic pollutants. To investigate the relationship between fish parasite communities and water quality, copepods parasites were examined in 856 specimens of the fishes (Acanthobrama marmid, Acanthopagrus arabicus, Alburnus mossulensis, Carasobarbus luteus, Carassius auratus, Chelon subviridis, Coptodon zillii, Cyprinus carpio, Garra variabilis, Gambusia halbrooki, Leuciscus vorax, Liza abu, Luciobarbus subquincunciatus, Luciobarbus xanthopteru, Nematalosa nasus, Oreochromis aureus, Poecilia latipinna, Silurus triostegus, Tenualosa ilisha), sampled in three sites in the Basrah Province, Quran site (unpolluted), the Shatt Al - Arab (moderately polluted) and Al - Asher canal site (polluted). Six species of copepods, Ergasilus rostralis, E. mosulensis, E. ogawai, Ergasilus sp, Lernaea cyprinacea and Mugilicola kabatai were found in unpolluted site, and four species of copepods, E. rostralis, E. mosulensis and Lernaea cyprinacea were found in moderately polluted site, but the distribution of copepods was limited to the polluted site (Ergasilus rostralis, E. mosulensis and Lernaea cyprinacea). The variability of the calculated infection indices (prevalence and mean intensity) are affected by the pollution levels of the water. The unpolluted site had the highest species and the highest overall parasite abundance values.

دراسة استعمال الكايتوسان المستخلص من قشور الروبيان كمادة لازالة بعض الملوثات من محلولها المائي == Studying using extracted chitosan from shrimp shell is excellent as for removing the pollutants from the water their solutions

Author name: رسول عقيل عبد العظيم الخاقاني
Supervisor name: منير عبود جاسم الطائي | علي حسين عبد الكريم العامري
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The current study aimed to find simple, cheap and successful methods to remove copper (II), lead (II) iron (II) and zinc (II) from their solutions by using chitosan prepared from shrimp shell (Penaeus semisulcatus) via deacetylation of chitin during four hours with sodium hydroxide solution. The yield of chitosan was about 16.4%. Chitosan contained 6.7% moisture, 0.75 ash and 2.84 protein. Deacetylation degree for chitosan recorded (74,88%)Values of viscosity, density, molecular weight, refractive index and wave length of chitosan where(86.22 centipoise, 0.98 g/cm3, 852 k Da, 1.332 and 320 nm), respectively. Functional properties, fat binding and water holding, for the mentioned compound were estimated by using ten categories of commercial oils (sun flower, thyme, olive, almond, fenugreek, pumpkin, flax, parsley, saffron and sesame). High binding was recorded with pumpkin oil, 618% and low binding was with sesame oil 437.84%Capacity of chitosan to absorbe water was 628.96% After measuring the deflection of X - rays, three peaks were recorded, angles of incidence for two of them were at (2ɵ=10)°,(2ɵ=23)° and Sharp peak at (2ɵ=20 Diagram of thermogravimetric analysis of chitosan showed presence of three phases of pyrolysis, first at 300°C, second stage starts directly at 360°C. Optimum conditions of chitosan for adsorption and its ability for adsorption to remove Pb (II), Fe (II), Cu (II) and Zn (II) ions from water solutions were studied. Good results recorded at pH=7, while Fe (II) was adsorbed at pH=4, ability of adsorption increased with weight of adsorbent, also temperature influenced the adsorption process, good results recorded at 50°C. while zinc was at 40°C. Also found that time required to reach equilibrium was 30 min, except iron was 40 min agitation speed was 200 rpm /min, best concentration for adsorb studied metals was 1000 ppm. Destaning of methylene blue from its water solution was studied, and it was found thatIIadsorption influenced by several conditions. Results showed that best contact time, pH, concentration, temperature, and agitation speed was 30 min, 8, 100 ppm, 50°C, and 200 rpm/min, respectively. It was noticed that adsorption capacity increased with increasing the adsorbent material, so, the adsorption capacity and its percentage were 4.772 ppm and 95.458%, respectively. In addition, an experiment was carried out to treat tap water with chitosan, about 0.4 g, to remove heavy metals. Results showed that lead represented the highest efficient adsorption, 81.176%, while less adsorption was found for iron,16.326%. In the other side, when 0.6 g of chitosan was used, lead represented the highest adsorption percentage, 90.588% and the lowest percentage of adsorption found in iron 20.408% at pH=7.62. Also chitosan was added with amount 0.6 g at pH=6, as a result the percentage of the adsorption was (95.94, 91.30, 75.82 and 25.51) %, respectively for lead, copper, zinc and iron, respectively, and this indicates the possibility of using chitosan to removecontaminant metals.

تقييم الاداء الانتاجي والفسلجي لطيور السمان الياباني المغذاة على مستويات مختلفة من زيت وبذور وثمار الحنظل المحلي == Evaluation of Productive ,Performance Physiological of Japanese Quail Fed Different Levels of Oil, Seeds and Fruits of Local Bitter Melon ( Citrullus Colocynthis

Author name: رسول عبد علي عباس الصبيحاوي
Supervisor name: ربيعة جدوع عباس
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Tow experiment were conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with different levels of seed, fruits meal, oil and their combination of bitter melon(Citrullus Colocynthis) on productive, physiological and immunological peformance of Japanese quail. The first experiment was carried out at the Quail farm, College of Agriculture, University of Basra from 1/11/2015 to 26/12/2015. A total of 288 unsexed one day old quail chicks were used in this study from private hatchery which located on the Omara City Road . The rate of weight was 8g / chick.At14 days were randomly distributed on 24 cages (12 chick/cage) ,with three replicate for each treatment in a Complete Randomized Design(CRD) and the treatments were as follows : T1 Basal diet without any addition(Control). T2, T3 : Basal diet supplemented with%1.5,%3 bitter melon seed powder. T4, T5 : Basal diet supplemented with %1.5,%3 bitter melon seed oil. T6, T7 : Basal diet supplemented with %1.5,%3 bitter melon fruit powder. T8 : Basal diet supplemented a mixture of seeds, fruit and oil at level of %1 each.The results showed : 1. The chemical analysis of bitter melon composition reveled that fruit containing the highest percentage of protein (%29.87) ,fat (%6.33),ash (%12.08)and crude fiber (%16.06) as compared to seeds which higher inavailable carbohydrate (%62.35) and metabolisable energy value(3243.58Kcal/Kg).2. Significant differences (P≤0.05) between the experimental treatments in average final body weight (8wks) and weight gains at 5 - 6 and 2 - 8weeks of Japanese quail.3. No significant differences were revealed in the amount of feed consumption at 5 - 6 weeks of age, whereas there were significant differences(P≤0.05) at the other remaining experimental periods.4. No significant differences were observed in feed conversion ratio during the period 4 - 5 weeks of age, whereas there were significant differences(p≤0.05) at 3 - 2,3 - 4,5 - 6,6 - 7,7 - 8 and 2 - 8 weeks of age .5. There was significant increase (p≤0.05) in carcass weight, dressing percentage, relative Wight of thigh in T4 and T5 which recorded theSummary الخلاصةhighest percent as compared to control. There was no significant differences observed in relative weight of gizzard and heart, while there was significant decrease in relative weight of liver in T4,T5,T6,T7 and T8 and in amount of abominate fat in all supplemented diet as compared to control.6. No significant differences on relative weight and length of ileum relative weight of duodenum and jejunum, while there was significant differences(p≤0.05) on relative weight and length of duodenum, jejunum and in the gastrointitian at tract.7. There was no any case of mortality recorded between the experimental treatment at all time of study.8. There was significant increase (p≤0.05) in proactive, economic index and in protein efficiency ratio in all supplemented treatment as compared with control.9. No significant effects in bursa of fabricius gland index while there was significant differences in the relative weight of spleen.10. There was significant decrease (p≤0.05) in total bacteria and E.coli bacteria count, while there was significant improvement (p≤0.05) in the number of lactic acid bacteria in the treatment T5,T4,T3 and T8 as compared to control.11. There was significant increase (P ≤0.05) in the number of RBC and WBC cells in T5,while there was significant differences in RBC number in treatment T2,T3,T6,T7 and T8 also in WBC number in T6,T7 and T8 and in PCV in T2,T3,T6,T7 and whereas T6,T7 andT8 recorded the lowest Hb concentration as compared to decrease in H/L ratio as compared to control.12. Significant improvement (P≤0.05) concerning in the serum biochemical parameter , which included glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride, while there was significant decreased in total protein concentration as compared to control.Summary الخلاصةThe second experiment was carried out at the Quail Farm, College of Agriculture, University of Basra from 2/1/2016 to 30/1/2016 . A total of 168 laying quail, average weight185.33 (g), were randomly distributed on 24 cages(7 hens/cage)with three replicates for each treatment in a Complete Random Design ( CRD) .Hens in each treatments received the same experimental diets as described in first experiment .The results showed the following : 1. There was no significant differences in the amount of feed consumption in treatment T2and T3 ,where as ,there was significant decrees (P ≤0.05) in feed intake in all the period in comparison with control.2. There was significant improvement (P ≤0.05) in the feed conversion ratio in treatment which contain seed, fruit, oil and their combnation as compared to control.3. significant differences(P ≤0.05)were revealed in egg production %, egg mass at 0 - 1,1 - 2 and 1 - 4 weeks, as well as in the relative weight of egg shell, yolk, albumen and yolk to albumen ratio and in shell thickness4. There was significant improvement in egg weight at 0 - 4 weeks in supplemented treatment as compared to control.5. No significant differences were observed among treatment in egg width ,yolk index and egg shape index ,while there was significant differences(P≤0.05)in egg length, yolk diameter and height, and in albumen diameter and height .

تاثير التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر في بعض الصفات الانتاجية والفسلجية لطائر السمان الياباني (Coturnix japonica) == The effect of early quantitative feed restiction on Some Productive and Physiological Traits of Japanese Quail(Coturnix japonica)

Author name: رسول حسن خلاطي السراي
Supervisor name: رياض كاظم موسى
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Management
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت الدراسة في حقل السمان/كلية الزراعة/جامعة البصرة للمدة من 1/11/2015 لغاية 12/1/2016 وذلك لمعرفة تاثير التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر(28 - 7) يوما في بعض الصفات الانتاجية والفسلجية لطائر السمان وخلال مدتين، المدة الاولى الممتدة من عمر (7 - 42) يوما استخدم فيها (300) فرخ بعمر يوم واحد وزعت عشوائيا على خمسة معاملات وبواقع ثلاث مكررات(20) فرخا لكل مكرر . اما المدة الثانية (المدة الانتاجية) استمرت (30) يوما بعد عمر البلوغ الجنسي ، استخدم فيها(180) طائر لكل معاملة (36) طائر وبواقع (8 اناث + 4 ذكور) لكل مكرر ، وعلى النحو التالي : .1المعاملة الاولى : السيطرة (تغذيه حره) .2. المعاملة الثانية : تقنين غذائي بنسبه 10% من التغذية الحرة ..3 المعاملة الثالثة : تقنين غذائي بنسبه 20% من التغذية الحرة . .4المعاملة الرابعة : تقنين غذائي بنسبه 30% من التغذية الحرة ..5 المعاملة الخامسة : تقنين غذائي بنسبه 40% من التغذية الحرة .اشارت نتائج الدراسة الى ما يلي : .1وجود تاثير معنوي (p≤ 0.05) للتقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر في بعض الصفات الانتاجية حيث تفوقت معاملة التغذية الحرة في معدلات وزن الجسم لغاية عمر (5)اسابيع والزيادة الوزنية لغاية الفترة (4 - 3)اسبوع وفي كمية العلف المستهلكة لغاية عمر (6)اسابيع وكمية العلف المستهلكة التراكمية. .2وجود تاثير معنوي (p≤ 0.05) للتقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر في معامل التحويل الغذائي للطيور حيث ظهر تحسن معنوي في هذه الصفة في المعاملة التي قدم لها العلف المقنن بنسبة (40)%من التغذية الحرة مقارنة بالمعاملات التجريبية الاخرى لغاية الاسبوع الرابع ، بينما سجلت معاملة التقنين الغذائي (20)% من التغذية الحرة افضل كفاءة تحويل للاسبوع ( 5،6 ) وفي كفاءة التحويل التراكمية وفي مقياس دليل الاداء . .3وجود تاثير معنوي للتقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر في ذبائح الطيور فقد سجلت معاملة التغذية الحرة وفي كلا الجنسين اعلى فرق معنوي في نسبة التصافي والاوزان النسبية لقطعية الصدر والكبد ، بينما لم يكن هناك فروق معنوية بين معاملات التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر ومعاملة السيطرة في الاوزان النسبية للفخذ , القلب , القانصة وفي كلا الجنسين ونسبة الهلاكات الكلية . .4وجود تاثير معنوي (p≤ 0.05) لنظام التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر على صفات الدم الخلوية للطيور عند عمر (42) يوما حيث سجل اعلى معدل لخلايا الدم الحمر, تركيز الهيموغلوبين وحجم خلايا الدم المرصوصة في دم الطيور المرباة تحت تاثير نظام التغذية الحرة مقارنة بالمعاملات التجريبية الاخرى ولكلا الجنسين ، بينما لم يتاثر عدد كريات الدم البيض ونسبة الخلايا المتغايرة الى اللمفية بتاثير نظام التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر وفي كلا الجنسين . .5 سجلت معاملة التغذية الحرة اعلى فرق معنوي في تركيز البروتين الكلي والالبومين والكلوبيولين في مصل دم ذكور واناث السمان مقارنة بالمعاملات التجريبية الاخرى ، بينما لم يتاثر تركيز الكلوكوز والكولستيرول وحامض اليوريك في مصل دم الطيور باستخدام التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر ولكلا الجنسين وعند عمر (42)يوما . .6عدم وجود فروق معنوية بين معاملات التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر ومعاملة السيطرة في تركيز البروتينات الدهنية العالية الكثافة , البروتينات الدهنية واطئة الكثافة , الكلسيريدات الثلاثية في مصل دم الطيور ولكلا الجنسين وعند عمر (42)يوما. .7وجود تاثير معنوي (p≤0.05) للتقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر على العمر والوزن عند البلوغ الجنسي للذكور ، حيث سجلت معاملة التغذية الحرة بلوغ جنسي مبكر ، اما معاملة الطيور المقنن غذائها بنسبة (40)% من التغذية الحرة قد سجلت اقل معدل وزن الجسم عند البلوغ الجنسي في الذكور ، بينما لم يكن هناك فروق معنوية بين معاملات التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر ومعاملة السيطرة في العمر والوزن عند البلوغ الجنسي للاناث . .8عدم وجود فروق معنوية بين معاملات التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر ومعاملة السيطرة في كمية العلف المستهلكة التراكمي ومعدل وزن البيض التراكمي ومعدل وزن اول بيضة خلال الفترة الانتاجية(30)يوما. .9وجود تحسن معنوي (p≤ 0.05) في كفاءة التحويل الغذائي لمعاملة الطيور المقنن غذائها بنسبة (20)% من التغذية الحرة مقارنة بالمعاملات التجريبية الاخرى ..10 سجلت معاملة الطيور المقنن غذائها بنسبة (20)%من التغذية الحرة تفوقا معنويا (p≤ 0.05) في عدد البيض التراكمي ونسبة انتاج البيض التراكمي وكتلة البيض التراكمي خلال الفترة الانتاجية(30)يوما مقارنة بالمعاملات التجريبية الاخرى . | This study was conducted at quail Farm / Agriculture Collage/ University of Basra from 1/11/2015 to 12/1/2016. The aim of study was to investigated the effect of early quantitative feed restriction (7 - 28)days at the some production and physiological traits of quail during two periods the first from (7 - 42) day used (300) one day old chicks, were randomly disterbuted to five treatments , three replicates (20 chicks for each replicate). Second period (30) days after sexual maturity treatment (180) chicks were used (36) chicks for each treatment (8 female + 4 male) From each replicate follows : 1. First treatment : Control adlibitum feeding .2. second treatment : Restriction feeding 10% from control .3. Third treatment : Restriction feeding 20% from control .4. Fourth treatment : Restriction feeding 30% from control .5. Fivth treatment : Restriction feeding 40% from control .The results of study as follow : 1. There was significantly (p≤0.05) proceeding for the early quantitative feed restriction of some productive traits, adlibtum feeding treatment have better live body weight until (5) weeks age , weekly body weight gain until (4 - 3) week age , feed intake and cumulative feed intake compared with feed restrction treatments . 2. There was a significantly (P≤0.05) effect of early quantitative restriction feeding on feed conversion ratio , significant improvement showed in treatment reared under (40)% restriction feed from control until (4)weeks age compared with other experimental treatments , while treatment reared under (20)% restriction feed from control recorded best feed conversion ratio on (5 , 6)weeks age and cumulative feed conversion ratio and performance Index .3. Significantly increase (P≤0.05) on carcasse of male and femal on dressing percentage and the relative weight of breast and liver for both sexes , while no significant difference between the early quantitative restriction feed treatment and the control in relative weight of thigh , heart , gizzard and mortality . 4. There was significant (P≤0.05) effect at early quantitative restriction feed on cellular blood characteristics, adlibitum feeding treatment have better RBC, Hb, PCV% compared with other experimental treatments , for both sexes while the WBC, H/L ratio don’t effected with early quantitative restriction feed for both sexes . 5. significant increase (P≤0.05) in total protein albumin and globulin concentration in the blood serum of both sexes quail reared under adlibitum feeding system compared with other expermantal treatments while glucose , cholesterol and uric acid concentration in blood serum for both sexes no affected by feeding system at (42)day age . 6. No significant difference between early quantitative feed restriction and control treatment on HDL , LDL and Triglyceridc concentration in blood serum for both sexes at (42) day age .7. There was significant (P≤0.05) effect for early quantitative feed restriction in age and weight at sexual maturity for male , adlibitum feeding treatment recorded early sexual maturity age, while restriction feed (40)%from control recorded better body weight at sexual maturity, there for no significant difference between early quantitative restriction feed treatments and control in age and weight of femal at sexual maturity . 8. No significant difference between early quantitative restriction feed treatment and control in cumulative feed intake , cumulative egg weight rate and first egg weight during production period (30) days .9. significant (P≤0.05) improvement in feed conversion showed on (20)% early restriction feed from adlibitum feeding compared with other expermintal treatments during production period (30) days . 10. significant(p ≤0.05) improvement in cumulative number of egg , cumulative egg production rate and cumulative egg mass recorded in (20)% restriction feed from control compared with other expermintal treatments during production period (30) days

تحضير بعض المستخلصات النباتية وتشخيص مركباتها الفعالة ودراسة تاثيرها على الصفات النوعية لاقراص اللحم البقري المخزنة بالتبريد والتجميد == Preparation of Some Plant Extracts and Identification of it¸s Active Compounds and Study the Effect on Quality Characteristics of Beef Patties During Refrigerated and Frozen Storage

Author name: رسل علي عدنان العذاري
Supervisor name: البشر حميد جابر الموسوي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الدراسة تحضير مستخلصات مائية وكحولية لكل من الزنجبيل Zingiber officinale والفلفل الاسود Piper nigrum والقرفة Cinnamomum verum والقرنفل Eugenia caryophyllata والكركم Curcuma longa ثم تم دراسة فعاليتها المضادة للاكسدة والقوة الاختزالية واقتناص بيروكسيد الهيدروجين وقابليتها على ربط ايون الحديدوز، اذ اعطت المستخلصات المائية فعالية مضادة للاكسدة اعلى مقارنة من المستخلصات الكحولية عدا القرنفل لذلك تم تشخيص المركبات الفعالة في هذه المستخلصات بواسطة جهاز كروماتوغرافيا الغاز المتصل بمطياف الكتلة ((GC - MS Sepctrometry Mass/ Gas Chromatography ادخلت المستخلصات المائية بتراكيز 0.05% و0.1% و0.15% في اقراص اللحم البقري وخزنت بالتبريد ( 4±1) م لمدة 12 يوما تم خلالها متابعة الصفات الكيميائية التي شملت قيمة البيروكسيد وحامض الثايوباربتيورك ونسبة الاحماض الدهنية الحرة والصفات الفيزيائية التي شملت قابلية حمل الماء والرقم الهيدروجيني، ونسب صبغة المايوغلوبين والاوكسي مايوغلوبين والميتامايوغلوبين للمدد 0 و4 و8 و12 يوما وقد اعطى تركيز 0.15% افضل النتائج لذلك تم ادخاله في اقراص اللحم المفروم وخزنت بالتجميد لمدة 100 يوم وثم متابعة التغيرات الكيميائية والفيزيائية المذكورة اعلاه للمدد 1 و10 و40 و60 و80 و100 يوم وقد كانت نتائج الدراسة كالاتي : 1 - احتوت المستخلصات المحضرة على عدد من المركبات الفعالة التي تفاوتت نسبها بحسب نوع المستخلص، فقد احتوى مستخلص الزنجبيل على مركب Gingerol بنسبة 60.47% وـمـــــــــــــــــــــركب Piperine بنسبة 57.25% في الفلفل الاسود ومركب Cinnamic acid بنسبة54.54% في القرفة ومركب Caryophllene بنسبة 25.81% في القرنفل ومركب 3 - Decen - 5 - one بنسبة 14.50% في الكركم.2 - اعطت مستخلصات الزنجبيل والفلفل الاسود والقرفة والقرنفل والكركم فعالية مضادة للاكسدة بلغت 84.24% و56.0% للزنجبيل و83.2% و57.6% للفلفل الاسود و85.3% و59.6% للقرفة و63.2% و88.4% للقرنفل و72.9% و48.0% للكركم والقوة الاختزالية بلغت 88.6% و102.64% للزنجبيل و88.18% و109.77% للفلفل الاسود و113.4% و113.39% للقرفة و81.05% و114.09% للقرنفل و83.7% و102.29% للكركم وربط ايون الحديدوز بلغت 88.5% و71.37% للزنجبيل و93.41% و61.37% للفلفل الاسود و89.65% و63.7% للقرفة و70.8% و94.22% للقرنفل و79.91% و55.3% للكركم واقتناص جذر بيروكسيد الهيدروجين بلغت 88.73% و65.33% للزنجبيل و86.22% و69.76% للفلفل الاسود و90.5% و63.86% للقرفة و56.44% و89.0% للقرنفل و74.81% و52.7% للكركم للمستخلصات المائية والكحولية على التوالي.3 - انخفضت قيم كل من قيمة البيروكسيد(PV) Peroxide Value وحامض الثايوباربتيورك Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) ونسبة الاحماض الدهنية الحرة (FFA) Free Fatty Acids معنويا(P<0.01) في اقراص اللحم المفروم المعامل بالمستخلصات النباتية المحضرة مقارنة بعينة السيطرة وكانت اقل قيم لهذه المؤشرات عند معاملة اقراص اللحم البقري بمستخلص القرفة، اذ بلغت 42.0 ملي مكافئ/كغم و35.0 ملغم مالون الديهايد/كغم و26.0% ثم مستخلص الزنجبيل 47.0 و38.0 و29.0 ثم مستخلص الفلفل الاسود 56.0 و41.0 و30.0 ثم مستخلص الكركم 57.0 و41.0 و32.0 واخيرا مستخلص القرنفل 59.0 و0.46 و37.0 اما في عينة السيطرة فقد بلغت 61.0 و51.0 و41.0 لكل من رقم البيروكسيد وحامض الثايوباربتيورك ونسبة الاحماض الدهنية الحرة على التوالي كما تاثرت هذه المؤشرات معنويا(P<0.01) عند الخزن سواء بالتبريد او التجميد، اذ ارتفعت قيم كل من رقم البيروكسيد وحامض الثايوباربيتيورك ونسبة الاحماض الدهنية الحرة بتقدم مدة الخزن ولكن هذا الارتفاع كان اقل مقارنة مع عينة السيطرة.4 - لوحظ انخفاض معنوي (P<0.01) في قيم الرقم الهيدروجيني لاقراص اللحم البقري المعاملة بالمستخلصات مقارنة بعينة السيطرة ولكنها ارتفعت بتقدم مدة الخزن سواء بالتبريد او التجميد كما لوحظ ارتفاعا معنويا (P<0.01) في قابلية حمل الماء (WHC) Water Holding Capacity لاقراص اللحم المعاملة بالمستخلصات مقارنة مع عينة السيطرة اذ بلغت اعلى WHC عند المعاملة بمستخلص القرفة للتركيز 0.15% 15.1 مل في نهاية مدة الخزن بالتبريد والتجميد. 5 - لوحظ انخفاض معنوي((P<0.01 في تكوين صبغة الميتامايوغلوبين في اقراص اللحم المعاملة بالمستخلصات النباتية مقارنة مع عينة السيطرة وازدادت نسبة الصبغة معنويا(P<0.01) بتقدم مدة الخزن سواء بالتبريد او التجميد ولكن هذه الزيادة كانت واضحة جدا في عينة السيطرة، اذ وصلت بعد 12 يوما من الخزن بالتبريد الى 68.35% و33.%65 بعد 100 يوم من التجميد اما بالنسبة لصبغة المايوغلوبين والاوكسي مايوغلوبين فقد لوحظ ان الانخفاض فيها نسبتيهما كان اقل مقارنة مع عينة السيطرة خلال مدة الخزن بالتبريد والتجميد.6 - اظهرت النتائج ان هناك انخفاضا معنويا(P<0.01) في نسبة الفقد بالوزن اثناء التذويب ونسبة الفقد بالوزن اثناء الطبخ ونسبة الانكماش في اقراص اللحم المعاملة بالمستخلصات النباتية مقارنة مع معاملة السيطرة ولكنها ارتفعت معنويا ((p<0.01 باستمرار مدة الخزن بالتجميد وكان الارتفاع عند المعاملة بالمستخلصات اقل بالمقارنة مع عينة السيطرة كما لوحظ ارتفاع معنوي (P<0.01) في نسبة حاصل الطبخ لاقراص اللحم البقري المعاملة بالمستخلصات مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة وانخفضت تدريجيا بتقدم مدة الخزن بالتجميد.7 - اظهرت النتائج ان اضافة المستخلصات الى اقراص اللحم البقري ادت الى تحسين صفاتها الحسية التي شملت اللون والنكهة والطراوة والعصيرية والقبول العام مقارنة مع عينة السيطرة ، وقد تفوق مستخلص القرفة في الحفاظ على الصفات الحسية لاقراص اللحم لغاية انتهاء مدة الخزن بالتجميد البالغة 100 يوم. | The study included preparation of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of plants included Zingiber officinale , Piper nigrum ,Cinnamomum verum , Eugenia caryophyllata and Curcuma longa. Antoxidant activity, reducing power chelating ions and scavening hydrogen proxide were assessed. Aqueous extracts were the highest antioxidant activiy comparing with alcoholic extracts except clove. Bioactive compounds of these extracts were identified by Gas Chromatography Mass Sepectrometer GC/MS. Aqueous extracts were used in three concentration 0.05% , 0.1% and 0.15% in beef patties and stored under(4±1)Cº for 12 days and thiobarbituric acid and free fatty acid, Physical properties included water holding capacity, pH , hmyoglobin, oxymyoglobin and metmyoglobin pigments were assessed. Concentration 0.15% was the best their for it used in beef patties and stored in freezing for 100 days during this period the chemical indicators and physical properties were studied. The resultus showed : 1 - All extracts containing many bioactive compounds differented in their percentage. Ginger contained Gingerol , %60.47 Black piper contained Piperine 57.25% , Cinnamon contained Cinnamic acid 54.54% ,Clove contained Caryophllene 25.81% and Turmeric contained 3 - Decen - 5 - one .%14.50 2 - All aqueous and alcoholic extracts exhibited antioxidant activity as following ginger 84.24% , 56.0% , Black piper 83.2% , 57.6% , Cinnamon 85.3% ,59.6%, Clove 63.2% , 88.4% and Turmeric 72.9% , 48.0% , Reducing Power as following ginger 88.6%, 102.64%, Black piper 88.81%, 109.77%, Cinnamon 113.4%, 113.39% , Clove 81.05%, 114.09% , Turmeric 83.7%, 102.29% , Chelating ferrous Ion as following ginger 88.5%, 71.37%, Black piper 93.41%, 61.37%, Cinnamon 89.65%, 63.7%, Clove 70.8% , 94.22%, Turmeric 79.91%, 55.3%, Hydrogen Peroxid Scavenging as folloing ginger 88.73% , 65.33%, Black piper 86.22%, 69.76%, Cinnamon 90.5%, 63.86% , Clove 56.44% , 89.0%, Turmeric 74.81% , 52.70% respectively.3 - Significant decrease (P<0.01) in peroxide value , thiobarbituric acid and free fatty acid percentage in beef patties treated with plant extracts compared with control the results showed that the lowest value was in Cinnamon extract 0.42, 0.35, 0.26% then Ginger extract 0.47 , 0.38 , 0.29 , Black piper 0.56 , 0.47 , 0.30 , Turmeric 0.57 , 0.41 , 0.32% , Clove 0.59 , 0.46 , 0.36% and this indicators increased during refrigerated and frozen storage but this increase was lowest in beef patties treated with plant extract compared with control.4 - Values of pH were significantly (P<0.01) decresed in all treated beef patties compared with control but it incrcased duning the storage periode. The result showed that their is significantly (P<0.01) increased in WHC, cinnamon extract exhibit the highest value in the end of freezing storage. 5 - There is significant decrease (P<0.01) in metmyoglobin formation in beef patties treated with plant extracts compared with control and also noticed thein is decrease in percentage of myoglobin and oxymyoglobin was lower that control during storage.6 - There is asignificant decrese (P<0.01) in pecentages of thawing loss , Cooking loss and shrinkage in treated beef patties compared with control but these percentages increased during storage period in control highest treated patties. Significant increased (P<0.01) in cooking yield for treated beef patties compared with control but decresed during frozen storage.7 - The results showed that addition of plant extracts to the beef patties improved sensory characteristics (Color , Flavor, Tendernees , Juicness and overal acceptability) compared with control and the highest significant effect in improving patties characteristics to the end of frozen storage 100 days was to cinnamon extracts

العلاقة بين بعض العناصر الثقيلة وانتاجية الهائمات النباتية والكتلة الحية لبعض النباتات المائية السائدة في مناطق مختارة من شط العرب / جنوب العراق == Impact Of Some Heavy Metals On Qualitative And Quantitative Of Producer Organisms In Shatt Al - Arab River

Author name: رجاء عبد الكاظم حنف
Supervisor name: عبد العزيز محمود عبد الله | صالح عبد القادر العيسى
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسة لمعرفة اثر بعض العناصر الثقيلة ( النحاس والرصاص والمنغنيز والخارصين والكوبلت ) على انتاجية الهائمات النباتية وبعض النباتات المائية فضلا عن قياس تراكيز تلك العناصر في المياه والرواسب في شط العرب للفترة الممتدة من كانون الثاني 2014 لغاية كانون الثاني 2015 . تم انتخاب اربع محطات ، تقع المحطة الاولى في منطقة الشرش والثانية في السندباد والثالثة في الصالحية والرابعة في منطقة العامية بالقرب من ميناء ابي فلوس في محافظة البصرة . اختيرت ثلاثة انواع من النباتات المائية السائدة في تلك المحطات الشمبلان Ceratophullum demersum والقصب Phragmites australis ونبات بربين الماء Bacopa moniera وحددت الكتلة الحية الهوائية لتلك الانواع . كما درست الهائمات النباتية كموانوعا ، وتم قياس دليل التنوع ودليل سمبسون (السيادة) ودليل التشابه للهائمات النباتية والنباتات المائية . كما قيست بعض العوامل الفيزيائية والكيميائية لمحطات الدراسة المختارة .تراوحت درجة حرارة الماء بين 10.1 و33.9 ºم، وانحصرت قيم الاس الهيدروجيني بين 7.6 و8.6 ، وتراوحت قيم الملوحة بين 0.9 و7.8 جزء بالالف ، وتراوحت قيم الاوكسجين الذائب بين 5.9 و16.9 ملغم/لتر، بلغت قيم المواد الصلبة الذائبة الكلية بين714 الى 4282.8 ملغم/لتر ،وتراوحت قيم القاعدية الكلية بين 87 - 391 ملغم كاربونات الكالسيوم /لتر، وقد سجلت العسرة الكلية قيم تراوحت بين 214 و596 ملغم كاربونات الكالسيوم /لتر. سجلت تراكيز النتريت والنترات قيم تراوحت بين 0.07 - 1.01 و5.64 - 19.63 مايكغم ذرة نيتروجين/لتر على التوالي ، وبلغت قيم الفوسفات بين 0.17 - 3.72 مايكغم ذرة فسفور/لتر كان تركيز النحاس والرصاص والمنغنيز والخارصين والكوبلت الكلي في الماء 3.22 - 53.99 و7.11 - 120.06 و3.09 - 49.05 و23.24 - 1130.35 و42.54 - 257.00 مايكغم/لتر على التوالي .تراوحت قيم المادة العضوية المتمثلة بالكاربون العضوي الكلي بين 27.8 - 119.2 و28.2 - 128.04 و28.4 - 176.9 و26.3 - 127.14 ملغم/غم وزن جاف لمحطات الشرش والسندباد والصالحية والعامية على التوالي . بلغ تركيز عناصر النحاس والرصاص والمنغنيز والخارصين والكوبلت في الرواسب بين 7.02 - 55.16 و18.16 - 165.11 و101.40 - 616.16 و19.34 - 469.12 و98.19 - 463.76 مايكغم/غم وزن جاف على التوالي ، وقيم دليل التجمع الجيولوجي بحدود (1.11 - - 0.62) و(1.17 - 1.56 ) و( - 2.10 - - 1.65) و(0.35 - 0.54 ) و( 2.56 - 2.87) للعناصر السابقة على التوالي ، مما يشير الى ان رواسب محطات الدراسة غير ملوثة بالنحاس والمنغنيز وغير ملوثة الى متوسطة التلوث بالرصاص والخارصين ومتوسطة الى شديدة التلوث بالكوبلت . اظهرت نتائج الدراسة الحالية سيادة انواع الهائمات النباتية التي تعود لصنف الطحالب الدايتومية (العصوية) Bacillariophyceae، تلتها الطحالب الخضر - المزرقة Cyanophyceae ، ثم الطحالب الخضر Chlorophyceae واخيرا الطحالب اليوغلينية Euglenophyceae في محطات الدراسة كافة ولجميع الاشهر . سجلت محطة الشرش 36 نوع تعود الى 31 جنس، وسجلت محطة السندباد 46 نوع تعود الى 38 جنس،بينما سجلت محطة الصالحية 48 نوع تعود الى 39 جنس ، اما محطة العامية فقد سجلت 30 نوع تعود الى 26 جنس .سجل تركيز الكلوروفيل في محطات الدراسة الشرش والسندباد والصالحية والعامية 0.12 - 2.65 و0.21 - 3.10 و0.31 - 3.89 و0.11 - 2.10 ملغم/لتر على التوالي ، اما تركيز العناصر الثقيلة (النحاس والرصاص والمنغنيز والخارصين والكوبلت) في الهائمات النباتية فقد كان11.55 - 48.26 و18.84 - 97.22 و139.80 - 659.01 و77.14 - 477.36 و43.55 - 216.02 مايكغم /غم وزن جاف على التوالي.تراوحت قيم الكتلة الحية الهوائية للنباتات المائية المدروسة بين 5.34 - 199.52 و34.45 - 465.77 و22.90 - 98.23 غم/م2 لنباتات الشمبلان C. demersum والقصب P. australis وبربين الماء B. monniera على التوالي ، وبلغ مدى تركيز العناصر الثقيلة (النحاس والرصاص والمنغنيز والخارصين والكوبلت) في نبات الشمبلان 1.04 - 88.53 و2.14 - 66.36 و36.05 - 1466.04 و56.56 - 197.14 و23.07 - 216.75 مايكغم/غم وزن جاف للعناصر على التوالي . وفي نبات القصب تراوحت تراكيز العناصر الثقيلة بين 6.17 - 66.34 و1.19 - 66.50 و32.76 - 467.02 و23.78 - 176.32 و7.11 - 98.11 مايكغم/غم وزن جاف على التوالي ، اما في نبات بربين الماء فقد كانت التراكيز 0.44 - 56.15 و0.81 - 67.04 و12.56 - 99.15 و33.34 - 116.55 و0.14 - 10.44 مايكغم /غم وزن جاف على التوالي . بلغت معدلات معامل التركيز الحيوي لمحطة الشرش في نبات الشمبلان 2.03 و1.22 و35.00 و1.25 و0.72 لعناصر النحاس والرصاص والمنغنيز والخارصين والكوبلت على التوالي ، بينما في نبات القصب كانت المعدلات 1.60 و1.05 و14.36 و0.83 و0.36 لنفس العناصر على التوالي . اما نبات بربين الماء فقد كانت معدلات معامل التركيز الحيوي تبلغ 0.57 و0.92 و4.47 و0.71 و0.01 للعناصر المدروسة على التوالي ، وقد بلغت المعدلات في الهائمات النباتية 3.08 و2.58 و79.51 و1.29 و0.57 لنفس العناصر على التوالي ولنفس المحطة . بينما بلغت معدلات معامل التركيز الحيوي في محطة السندباد لعناصر النحاس والرصاص والمنغنيز والخارصين والكوبلت لنبات الشمبلان 3.01 و1.19 و39.16 و1.61 و0.90 على التوالي ، ولنبات القصب 2.02 و0.89 و12.99 و0.94 و0.36 ولنبات بربين الماء 0.94 و0.80 و4.00 و0.85 و0.02 لنفس العناصر على التوالي ، اما في الهائمات النباتية في نفس المحطة فقد كانت معدلات معامل التركيز الحيوي 2.93 و2.65 و67.13 و1.64 و0.58 للعناصر المدروسة على التوالي . وفي محطة الصالحية سجلت معدلات معامل التركيز الحيوي لتلك العناصر في نبات الشمبلات 2.27 و1.23 و46.11 و1.31 و0.92 على التوالي ، وفي نبات القصب 1.97 و0.96 و15.76 و0.87 و0.41 على التوالي ، اما في نبات بربين الماء فقد كانت المعدلات 0.85 و0.95 و4.61 و0.69 و0.64 للعناصر على التوالي ، وقد كانت في الهائمات النباتية لنفس المحطة 2.07 و2.64 و63.71 و1.24 و0.72 للعناصر المدروسة على التوالي . اما في محطة العامية فقد كانت معدلات معامل التركيز الحيوي للعناصر الثقيلة المدروسة في نبات الشمبلان 2.11 و1.34 و25.67 و1.08 و0.70 على التوالي ، ولنبات القصب 1.91 و1.20 و16.21 و0.86 و0.43 على التوالي ، وفي نبات بربين الماء 0.95 و0.85 و7.34 و0.78 و0.03 على التوالي ، اما في الهائمات النباتية فقد كانت 2.98 و1.77 و117.96 و1.26 و0.92 للعناصر المدروسة على التوالي . بينت النتائج ان نبات الشمبلان هو الاكثر تركيز للعناصر وان عنصر المنغنيز هو العنصر المتميز بمعدل التراكم الاعلى ، كما بينت ان الهائمات النباتية اكثر مراكمة للعناصر الثقيلة من النباتات المائية . | The study was conducted to determind the effect of some heavy metals (Cu , Pb , Mn , Zu and Co) on productivity of phytoplankton and aquatic plants , as well as measurred their concentrations in water and sediments of Shatt Al - Arab river for a period from January 2014 to January 2015 . Four stautas were sellected from Shatt Al - Arab river , Frist (Al - Sharresh) , Second (Al - Sendibad Island) ,Third (Al - Salehia) , and Forth (Al - Ameia Region) near Abu - Floos port. Three types of dominanted aquatic plants were selected from these stations, Ceratophyllum demersum, Phragmites australis and Bacoba monniera .The areial biomass of aquatic plants and the quantitative , qualtitative and chlorophyl a of phytoplankton were determind . some of diversity indices for phytoplankton and aquatic plants were measured . Also some physical and chemical properties were measured for selected study stations .Water temperature was ranged between 10.1 - 33.9 Cº, pH 7.6 - 8.6 , salinity 0.9 - 7.8 ppt , DO ranged between 5.9 - 16.9 ml/L , TDS ranged between 714 - 4282.8 ml/L . The alkalinity showed values ranged between 87 - 391 ml CaCO3/L . The total hardness was record values between 214 - 596 ml CaCO3/L .. The investigated study showed nitrite and Nitrate values 0.07 - 1.01 and 5.64 - 19. 63 µg n/L respectively , phosphorus concentration ranged from 0.08 - 4.59 µg P - PO4 - 3/L . The concentration of Cu, Pb , Mn, Zn and Co in water ranged between 3.22 - 53.99 , 7.11 - 120.06 , 3.09 - 49.05 , 23.24 - 1130.35 and 42.54 - 257.00 µg/L respectively.TOC values in sediments were ranged 27.8 - 119.2 , 28.2 - 128.08 , 28.4 - 176.9 and 26.3 - 127.14 µg/gm dry wet for four station respectively . The concentrations of heavy metals Cu, Pb , Mn, Zn and Co in sedements ranged 7.02 - 55.16 , 18.16 - 165.11 , 101.40 - 616.16 , 19.34 - 469.12 and 98.19 - 463.76 µg/gm dry wet respectively .The values of Igeo index were ranged between - 0.26_ - 0.62 , - 1.17_ 1.56 , - 2.10_ - 1.65 , 0.35_ 0.54 , 2.56_ 2.87 for the heavy metals respectively.The present study was showed that the dominant types of phytoplankton belong to class Bacillariophyceae , followed Cyanophyceae , then Chlorophyceae and last Euglenophyceae to all station and through all monthes . Al - Sharresh station was recored 44 species belong to 28 genus , and Al - Sendibad Island was recorded 54 species belong to 35 genus , while Al - Salehia station recorded 60 species belong to 37 genus , and Al - Ameia station was rcorded 35 species belong to 24 genus . The concentration of chlorophyll values were recorded in the four stations 0.12 - 2.65 , 0.21 - 3.10 , 0.31 - 3.89 , 0.11 - 10.2 ml/L. respectively, and the concentraions of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Mn, Zn and Co) in phytoplankton were ranged betwen 11.55 - 48.26 , 18.84 - 97.22 , 139.80 - 659.01 , 77.14 - 477.36 and 43.55 - 216.02 µg/gm dry wet respectively. The biomass of aquatic plants were ranged between 5.35 - 199.52 , 34.45 - 465.77 , 22.90 - 98.23 gm/m2 for C. demersum , P. australis and B. monniera respectively. The concentration of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Mn, Zn and Co) in C. demersum were 1.04 - 88.53 , 2.14 - 66.36 , 36.05 - 1466.04 , 56.56 - 197.14 and 23.07 - 216.75 µg/gm dry wet for the Cu, Pb , Mn, Zn and Co respectively, and in P. australis were 6.17 - 66.34 , 1.19 - 66.50 , 32.76 - 467.02 , 23.78 - 176.32 and 7.11 - 98.11 µg/gm dry wet respectively , while in B. monniera were 0.44 - 56.15 , 0.81 - 67.04 , 12.56 - 99.15 , 33.34 - 116.55 and 0.04 - 10.44 µg/gm dry wet respectively. Averges of BCF in the C. demersum were 2.03 , 1.22 , 35.00 , 1.25 and 0.72 for Cu, Pb , Mn, Zn and Co respectively , while in P. australis were 1.60 , 1.05 , 14.36 , 0.83 and 0.36 respectively , and in B. monniera were 0.57 , 0.92 , 4.47 , 0.71 and 0.01 for heavy metals respectively , and in the phytoplankton the ranges were 3.08 , 2.58 , 79.51 , 1.29 , 0.57 respectively. The results showed that the aquatic plant C. demersum was most concentration for heavy metals and Mn was more accumulation , and showed that phytoplankton was more accumulation to heavy metals than aquatic plants.

بعض الاستجابات الفسلجية لتغير الملوحة في سمكة البلطي الازرقOreochromis aureus (Steindacher, 1864) == Some Physiological Responses of Blue Tilapia Oreochromis aureus (Steindacher,1864) to Salinity Changes

Author name: رافع عبد الكريم فارس
Supervisor name: سمية محمد احمد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) was used to investigate the effect of salinity on Osmoregulation and growth. One hundred ninety fish were collected from Al - Sweeb River / Qurna. Acclimation on laboratory conditions was done for 24 days. The abrupt salinity transfer experiment was done using the following salinities : 1.5, 5,10,15,20,25 and 30 g/l during 96 h. Survival rate was calculated and reached to 90% in salinity 20 g/l , while it decrease to 0% in salinity 25 g/l. LC50 was calculated and was 20.44 g/l. Gradual salinity increase was conducted and was shown that survival rate increased to 80% in salinity 30 g/l, while it was 0% in salinity 35 g/l. Growth experiment was conducted for 120 days using the following salinities : 1.5, 5,12g/l. the results showed that food intake decrease to 18%, 37%, 43% with increasing salinity to 5, 12 and 20 g/l (respectively) comparing with the control. The role of gut and muscles in water and ionic regulation, chloride cell aggregation in gills and operculum, oxygen consumption rate, energy usage was also studied during salinity acclimation.The results showed that water content decreased in the muscles to 80.1%, 79.58% during salinity increasing to 5 and 12g/l (respectively) comparing with the control. While the water content in the gut increased to 90.4% and 91.44% with increasing salinity to 5 and 12 g/l (respectively) comparing with the control (83.05%). Ionic content also affected with increasing salinity to 5 and 12 g/l , as Na+ concentration in the muscles increased to 30.33, 38.18 m Mol /kg tissue water (respectively) comparing with the control (19.14 m Mol/kg tissue water). While in the gut, Na+ increased to 34.02 and 42.26 m Mol/kg tissue water (respectively) comparing with the control (18.04 m Mol/kg tissue water). K+ concentration in the muscles also increased to 59.23 and 60.23 m Mol/kg tissue water when salinity increased to 5 and 12 g/l (respectively) comparing with the control (49.3 m Mol/kg tissue water). While in the gut ,K+ concentration increased to 68.61 m Mol/kg tissue water with increasing salinity to 5 g/l and decreased to 57.30 m Mol/kg tissue water in salinity 12 g/l ,comparing with the control.bWith increasing salinity, the percentage of chloride cells in the gill epithelia increased to 7.5% and 9.39% with increasing salinity to 5 and 12 g/l (respectively) comparing with the control (5.7%). In the Opercular epithelia the percentage of chloride cells also increased to 3.33% and 4.04% with increasing salinity to 5 and 12g/l (respectively) comparing with the control (3.07%).After 24 hours of salinity increasing to 5, 12 and 20 g/l, the rate and percentage of oxygen consumption increase to 267.71 mg/kg/h (17%), 306.38 mg/kg/h (34%) and 404.21 mg/kg/h (77%) (Respectively), comparing with the control (228.57 mg/kg/l). The increase in oxygen consumption rate was coincide with increasing in the rate and percentage of energy usage to 0.90 Kcal/kg/h (16%), 1.03 kcal/kg/h (33%) and 1.36 Kcal/kg/h (77%) with increasing salinity to 5, 12 and 20 g/l (respectively) comparing with the control (0.77 Kcal/kg/h).Food intake after four days of increasing salinity decreased to 2.27, 1.73 and 1.58 g/100 g fish when salinity increase to 5, 12 and 20 g/l, comparing with the control (2.76 g/ 100 g fish ).The results of the growth experiment after 120 days of transfer to higher salinities (5 and 12 g/l) showed that the growth rate was affected largely with salinity and temperature, as the weight of fish declined during the first 10 weeks when water temperature was ranged between 24 - 30o c , while significant increase in fish weight was recorded with increasing water temperature to above 30o c.The results of chemical compositions of the whole body at the end of the growth experiment showed a decrease in the fat and protein content with increasing salinity. This may be explained as the fish depend on body storage of protein and fat as

علاقة بعض الخصائص البيئية بطبيعة غذاء اسماك الشلك Leuciscus vorax والحمري Carasobarbus luteus والجري Silurus triostegus في النهايات السفلى لنهر الفرات == Relation of some ecological characteristics with food habits of three fish species (Leuciscus vorax; Carasobarbus luteus and Silurus triostegus (at lower reaches of Euphrates River

Author name: خلود عبد علي حسن المنسي
Supervisor name: صادق علي حسين | جبار خطار عبد الحسن
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: انجزت دراسة بيئية وحياتية على اساس شهري للمدة من كانون الاول 2013 الى تشرين الثاني 2014. وتهدف لدراسة العادات الغذائية لثلاثة انواع من الاسماك متواجدة في القاطع الجنوبي من نهر الفرات وهي الجري Silurus triostegusوالشلك Aspius (Leuciscus) vorax والحمري Barbus (Carassobarbus) luteus عند منطقة المدينة ضمن خط عرض"53 .41 ′57°30 شمال "18.81′°47 عرضا. لمعرفة مدى تاثير بعض العوامل البيئية اللاحياتية على هذه الخاصية الحياتية المهمة. واعتمدت ثلاث طرق لتحليل مكونات الغذاء المتناول من قبل الانواع الثلاثة وهي الطريقة الحجمية volumetric والطريقة العددية numerical وطريقة تكرار الوجودfrequency of occurrence. وكانت اعلى قيمة لدرجة حرارة الماء 33م˚ واوطئها 10.5م˚ اما قيم نفاذ الضوء فتباينت اذ كانت اعلى القيم 67 سم وادناها 15 سم. وكانت اعلى القيم للاس الهيدروجيني 8.6 وادناها 7.7. وتراوحت الملوحة بين1.4 و2.8 جزء بالالف. وحسب التوزيع التكراري للاطوال والاوزان للمصيد لانواع الدراسة الثلاث وحسبت نسب المساهمة الشهرية للانواع والاحجام. اذ اصطيد اصغر فرد لسمكة الجري بطول كلي 340 ملم ووزن كلي 238غم في شباط واب وتشرين الاول. واكبر فرد في تموز وكان طوله الكلي850 ملم ووزنه 3675غم. واستحصلت اصغر سمكة شلك في حزيران وكان طولها الكلي 110ملم ووزنها الكلي8 غم واكبر سمكة455 ملم اصطيدت في كانون الثاني وكان وزنها 1064غم. واستحصل اصغر فرد من سمكة الحمري في نيسان بطول 65 ملم ووزنه 5غم واصطيد اكبر فرد (280 ملم) في تموز ووزنه257غم. حسبت التغيرات الشهرية في نشاط التغذية وشدة التغذية لانواع الدراسة وكانت اعلاها خلال اشهر الربيع والصيف وادناها في اشهر الشتاء اذ كان اعلى نشاط في ( ايار) للجري والشلك اما للحمري فكان في نيسان وايار وحزيران. وكانت اعلى درجة لشدة التغذية في حزيران للجري والشلك اما للحمري فسجلت في تشرين الاول. وسجلت اعلى النسب للمعد الفارغة في اشهر الشتاء وادناها في الصيف والربيع. اذ وجد ان هناك علاقة طردية بين درجات حرارة الماء ودليل الامتلاء ونشاط التغذية للانواع الثلاثة. واظهرت النتائج استمرار الانواع في التغذي على مدار العام بالرغم من تدني كمياتها مع انخفاض درجات الحرارة. وحللت محتويات المعد باستخدام طرق التحليل الثلاث الحجمية والعددية وتكرار الوجود ولتجاوز مساوئ كل طريقة تحليل اعتمد دليل الاهمية النسبي للغذاء المتناول للانواع الثلاثة فكانت الاسماك هي الاعلى اهمية في غذاء الجري فتراوحت نسبها بين 97 - 100% تلتها القشريات والنباتات المائية. وجاءت الاسماك بالمقدمة كذلك في غذاء الشلك فتراوحت نسبها بين 74.9 - 99.6% تلتها القشريات والحشرات، اما النواعم فكانت ضئيلة الاهمية. وكانت النباتات هي الاكثر اهمية في غذاء الحمري (49.3 - 99%), جاءت بعدها القشريات والحشرات المائية ( 0 - 20.2%)، تلتها النواعم (0 - 16.3%), والاسماك (0 - 10.1%)، والطحالب (0 - 5.7%). واظهرت النتائج ان سمكة الجري مفترسة تتغذى بشكل رئيس على الاسماك والقشريات. اما الشلك كان لحمي التغذية لكنه اكثر تنوع في المحتويات الغذائية اذ احتوت القناة الهضمية على الاسماك والقشريات والنواعم والحشرات المائية. واستنتجت الدراسة ان اسماك الحمري قارته اعتمدت في غذائها على ست مكونات غذائية وجاءت النباتات المائية بالمقدمة تلتها باقي المكونات من طحالب وحشرات مائية وقشريات ونواعم واسماك لكنها تميل بالاساس الى الغذاء النباتي اكثر من ذو المصدر الحيواني. وتناولت الدراسة اختلاف طبيعة التغذية في الاحجام المختلفة من انواع الدراسة وانتخب حجمين للجري اكثر من 450 ملم ودون 450 ملم وحجمين للشلك والحمري اكثر من 200 ملم ودون 200 ملم. اظهرت النتائج تباين طفيف بين المكونات الغذائية للاحجام المختلفة لانواع الاسماك الثلاث خلال اشهر الدراسة. وبينت الدراسة وجود تداخل غذائي بين نوعي الاسماك لحمية التغذية (الجري والشلك) اذ بلغ (0.88). وكان التداخل الغذائي ضعيف ومتماثل بين اسماك الجري والحمري(0.2) واسماك الشلك والحمري( 0.2). | An ecolo - biological study was accomplished on a monthly basis for the period from December 2013 to November 2014. It aims to study the food habits of three fish species coexisting in the southern sector of the Euphrates River, namely the cat fish (jerry) Siluru striostegus, cyprind fishes (shilling) Aspius vorax and (himri) Barbus luteus within an area at Mudayna district situated between the latitude of " 53 . 41 '57 ° 30 North " and 18.81' ° 47 south . The study aimed to find out the extent of the impact of some abiotic environmental factors on this vital biological aspect . Three analytical methods was adopted to analyze food components ingested by the three investigated species, i.e. volumetric, numerical and frequency of occurrence methods.The highest value of water temperature was 33˚ C and the lowest ( 10.5 c˚ ). Light penetration varied among periods as the highest of 67 cm and a minimum of 15 cm . The highest pH value was 8.6 and the lowest 7.7 . Salinity ranged between 1.4 and 2.8 ppt . Lengths and weights frequency distributions of the catch of the three investigated species were also their calculated and monthly contribution of species and sizes were calculated. The youngest individual of jerry was of 340 mm total length (T.L) and a total weight (T.W) of 238g collected in February, August and October.The largest encountered in July with total length of 850 mm and a weight of 3675 g.The smallest shillig specimens was obtained in June of 110 mm T.L and of 8 g T.W. and the biggest of 455 mmT.L collected in January and was weighing 1064 g . The youngest member of himri ( 65 mm, 5 g) encountered in April, while the largest ( 280 mm, 257 g) collected in July . monthly changes in feeding activity and feeding intensity of the studied species were calculated, the highest recorded during the spring and summer months and the lowest in the winter. The highest activity, however, was in May for jerry and shillig, whereas for himri was in April, May and June . The highest degree of food intensity for jerry was in June and in October for shillig and himri.The highest percentages of empty stomachs was recorded in the winter months and the lowest in summer and spring. It was found that there is a correlation between water temperatures (jerry : r=0.301, shilling : r=0.111, himri : r=0.397) and fullness index and feeding activity of the three species. Results showed the continuation of the species in feeding throughout the year in spite of the decline in the food quantity with low temperatures. Stomachs contents were investigated by using the three methods of analyses. volumetric, numerical and the frequency of occurrence in order to overcome the disadvantages of each method. Index of relative importance was adopted to calculate the relative importance of each food item of the three species. Fish were of the highest importance food item in the diet of jerry which ranged between (97 - 100%) and followed by crustaceans and aquatic plants. Fishes also came first in shilling diet ranged between 74.9 - 99.6% followed by crustaceans and insects, while mollusca was insignificant in the diet.Aquatic plants were of the most importance in himri diet (49.3 - 99%) followed by crustaceans and aquatic insects (18 - 20 %) mollusca (0 - 16.3%) fish (0 - 10.1%) and algae (0 - 5.7%) . Results showed that jerry was a predator feeding mainly on fish and crustaceans. whereas shillig was carnivore but it's diet was more diverse as its alimentary canal contained fish, crustaceans, aquatic insects mollusca. The study also concluded that himri was omnivore as relied on six food components where aquatic plants came first, followed by the rest of the categories, namely algae, aquatic insects, crustaceans, fish and molluscs, but they tend mainly to consume vegetation more than diet of animal source.The study also examined the difference in food habits nature of various sizes of the studied species.Two sizes were elected for jerry i.e. of more than 450 mm and less than 450 mm. Two sizes of shillig and himri were also chosen, namely more than 200 mm and below 200 mm . Results showed a slight discrepancy infood items among the different sizes of the investigated species of fish. The study showed diet overlap between the two carnivore species ( jerry and shillig ) , amounting to ( 0.88 ) . Diet overlap was low and symmetric between jerry and himri (0.2 ) on one hand and shillig and himri (0.2 )on the other

تشخيص ومكافحة الادغال النامية في حقول الحنطة . (L (Triticum aestivumوتاثير ذلك في صفات النمو والحاصل والبروتين == Identification and control of weeds grown in wheat fields (Triticum asetivum L.) and their effect on growth , yield and protein

Author name: خضير قاسم خضير الحداد
Supervisor name: علي فرهود ناصر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted at a private field in AL - qurna site about (65) Km north of Basrah city during winter season of 2013 - 2014 in clay loam soil to study the effect of weed control methods grown in wheat fields on growth , yield characters and protein. by use three herbicides (Chevalier ,Topic and Lintur) and use two wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) (IPA - 99 and Abu - Graib). The experiment included 12 treatment came from the combination between treatments weed control and wheat cultivars .A Split - plot was used in randomized complete block design with three replicates. the main plots included wheat cultivars , while Sub - plots included treatments control.Results of the study showed that the use of Chevalier herbicide led to a significant reduction of the Broad leaves weeds reached (9.81gm m2) compared to the untreated which gave highest ratio (61.69 gm m2), and gave best inhibition ratio of weeds Broad reached (83.96%), it also excelled in giving the highest ratio for each of the number of tillers (613.67 mˉ2) , number of spikes (551.30 mˉ2) , weight of 1000 seeds ( 33.42 gm ), seed yield ( 5.70 ton hˉ¹ ) and biological yield (15.81 ton hˉ¹ ). While )Topic+Lintur( treatment herbicide was superior in plant height (89.88 cm ) , flag leaf area ( 32.98 cm2 ), spike length ( 11.57 cm ), number of seeds per spike(60.33) , harvesting index (36.06) , protein content (14.13%) and protein yield (797.98 kgm hˉ¹). and led to reduction of the dry weight of Narrow leaves weeds reached (1.77 gm m2 ) compared to the untreated which gave highest ratio (12.11 gm m2) and gave best inhibition ratio of weeds Narrow reached (84.48%).Results showed a variance among cultivars in it's characteristics .As the Abu - Graib cultivar was superior in weeds competition and gave less dry weight of weeds Narrow leaves which were (4.02 gm2), gave less dry weight of weeds Broad leaves which were (22.87 gm2 ). and gave best ratio of plant height (90.57cm ), number of tillers (622.78 mˉ2), number of spikes (572.80 mˉ2) , weight of 1000 seeds ( 32.67 gm ), seed yield ( 5.56 ton hˉ¹) , biological yield (15.33 ton hˉ¹), harvesting index(36.18 %) and protein yield (721.78 kgm hˉ¹). Either IPA - 99 cultivar was superior in gave best ratio of flage leaf area (32.46 cm 2), spike length ( 11.44 cm ), number of seeds per spike (60.73) and protein content ( 13.55% ).AbstractBThere were an interaction between treatments control and wheat cultivars in all characteristics except the spike length , number of seeds per spike , protein content and protein yield . Results of the study showed that the use of the spray (Topic +Lintur) herbicides with Abu - Graib cultivar give the highest ratio of seed yield (6.10 ton hˉ¹) and protein yield (829.66 kgm hˉ¹)

تاثير مسافة الزراعة والمعاملة بالمحفز الحيوي Bio Health والسماد العضوي Vit.Org في نمو وحاصلي البذور والزيت الطيار لنبات الينسون Pimpinella anisum L. ودور مستخلصاته في تثبيط بعض ممرضات تعفن الجذور == Effect of plant spacing , Spraying with BioHealth and Vit.Org in Growth, Seeds yield and volatile Oil of Pimpinella anisum l. and the inhibitory role of its extracts against the growth of some root rot pathogens

Author name: حيدر جواد كاظم الجنابي
Supervisor name: عصام حسين علي الدوغجي | ونر نعمة مهدي الجابري
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تاثير الشعير المنبت وبذور الكتان والالمازة كاغذية وظيفية في حفظ اقراص اللحم المفروم المخزن بالتبريد والتجميد == Effect of germinated barley ,Flaxseed and jerusalum artichoke as Functional foods in Keeping minced meat storage Cooling and Freezing

Author name: حوراء حامد شاكر علي الطفيلي
Supervisor name: اميرة كاظم ناصر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The aim of present study was to add some functional foods included germinated barley , flax seed and Jerusalum artichoke to minced meat . two experiments were done , the first used 5,10 and 15 % concentrations of plants to the meat and preserved under 4 c° . chemical tests were measured which included free fatty acid percent , peroxide number and cholesterol , the physical teste was cooking lost percent . Microbial tests included total loacterial number , psychiophless Drganoleptic teste included colour , falvor , tenderness , guciness and total acceptance . The best concentoate from first lexperimant was chosen to intiate the second experiment . storing temperature of - 18° c was used for three months . chemical tests included free fatty acid % , peroxide number , thiobarbutaric TBA, cholesterol , total thyrosin ,non - protein thyrosin and protein thyrosin , total dissolved nitrogen , non - protein nitrogen and protein nitrogen . physical tests included total free liquid , cooking loss % and hydrogenic number . Organdeptic test included color , flavor , tenderness , juinceness and total acceptance . The results can be summarized as follow : Summary ]b[1 - Significant (p<0.05) decrease in free fatty acid % of meat treated with studied plants of the nineth day of germinated barley and tenth dayof flaxseed and Jerusalum artichoke the 7th day from preservation because highest contamination2 - Significant (p<0.05) decrease in peroxide number of meat samples treated with all plants in comparison with contor Which recorded 3.76 melimequavtent/Kg fat on the 7th day of preservation and was discarded because of contamination , oxidation and hydrolysis . peroxidenumber of other treatments were 2.38, 2.36 and 2.33 meq/kg of germinated barley ,flaxseed and Jerusalum artichoke respectively on 6th3 - Adding plants to the meat resulted in significant decreae in total bacteria number and psychiophless in comparison with contant which was discarded on the 7th day while treated groups shoused standard characteristics till the 9th day of preservation germinated barley and the 10th day,flaxseed and Jerusalum artichoke4 - An increase (p<0.05) in hydrogegnic number was observed for all treatments except control group.5 - There was significant (p<0.05) decrease in free liquid of all treatments in comparism with control free liquid of and control was 28.31 ml when stored at frozen temperatureSummary ]c[6 - There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in cooking loss of treated groups as storage period increases in comparison with control7 - There was significant (p<0.05) increase in total nitrogen% of treated groups in comparison with control group.8 - All treated groups showed significant (p<0.05) total value of Tyrosine/Trptophan , non - protein T/T and protein T/T in comparison with control group.9 - A significant (p<0.05) decrease in meat cholesterol concentration of groups treated with different plants in comparison with control when meat cooling and freezing.10 - Results have showed that samples treated with flaxseed and Jerusalum artichoke reveated better organoleptic traits ( color, flavor , tenderness , guciencss and total acceptance in comparison with control group

استخدام بعض المرشحات في خفض الملوحة والبورون في مياه شط العرب وابار جنوب البصرة لاستعمالها في ري نبات الطماطة Lycoperscion esculentum Mill == Using of Some Filters in Dercreasing Water Salinity and Boron Toxicity of Satt Al - Arab River and Basrah Southern Wells and Reuse of Tomato Plant (Lycoperscion esculentum Mill) Irrigation

Author name: حنان عبد الوهاب سعيد الحكيم
Supervisor name: هيفاء جاسم حسين التميمي | نجلة جبر محمد الاميري
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Thirteen water sample of Shatt Al - Arab river and its tributaries were collected starting with Madania at (north of Basrah ending with Al - Fao south of Basrah) according to the following areas (Medania , Gurna , Sharesh, Deyar/ near paper plan, Hartha (near thermal electric station), Garmat Ali (Basrah university), Tenoma/Sahehia , near teaching hospital, Abul - Khaseeb /Hamdan, Abul - Khaseebl Abu - Floose, Sebha, Al - Dora, and Al - Fao. Fifteen well's water sample were collected from Al - Zubair , Al - Berjesia and Safwan during Dec.2014. Chemical and physical properties of water samples were conducted (ECiw), soluble ions (calcium, mangnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulphate, carbonate, bicarbonate, boron, and nitrate), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total hardness. After water sample properties determination, they were classified to three classes according to electrical conductivity (1 - 4, 4 - 8, and 8 - 12) dSm - 1 , and three classes of boron concentrations (< 0.7, 0.7 - 3.0, and > 3.0) mg L - 1 . For the purpore of study of studies filter efficiency, two type of filter were used, mineral filter (sand, charcoal, porcelin, and cement klint dust) and organic filters (rice hust ash, barley straw, sawdust, plam leaf, and poultry rnanure). Two experiments were conducted, one of them laboratory experiment in soil science and water resources laboratories /College of Agriculture /University of Basrah) other was biological experiment in wooden canopy to achieve the objectives of the study.Nine type of mineral and organic types of filters were selected for studying their efficiencies in decreasing water salinity and boron toxicity of Shatt Al - Arab river and Wells, after passing water through them. Chemical and physical properties of water were determined after passing water through filters and water quality was calculated. A number ofBcriteria and international standards were used for evaluation water quality after and before passing through filters.For studying the efficiency of water treatment by the most efficient filters according to laboratory experiment results were rice husk ash, cement klint dust, sand, and control treatment. Biological experiment was conducted by using plastic pots with capacity of20 kg soil according to factorial experiment with three replicates for each treatment with 24 empirical units (2×3×3) (soil * No. of filters * replicates) besides control treatment and six classes of water to be 144 empirical units. Two soils were used one of them from Agricultural field of Agricultural Research Station, and the other from Garmat Ali field during agricultural season 2014 - 2015. Mineral fertilizers were used with rates, 320 Kg N ha - 1as urea (46 % N) with two doses, phosohate fertilizer was applied at rate 90 kg P ha - 1 as concentrated supper phosphate (20.21 % P), potassium at rate of 120 kg K ha - 1 as potassium sulfate (43 % K) one dose at planting. Peatmose fertilizer was applied at rate 2% for all treatment mixing with soils. For getting erough water for irrigation, plastic coloumns wereduplicated in their dimentions for studied filters. Shatt Al - Arab and wells water were passed through most efficient filter besides sand filter separately with equal quantities. Water was collected after one minute to conform the properties of laboratory experiment.Tomato plants (Lycopersiconesculintium M.)were planted on 22/9/2014 and irrigated with water treated with filters besides control treatment at field capacity (20 % for Berjesia Research Station soil) and (30 % for Garmat Ali soil). Leaching requirement was calculated for each treatment. After 176 days, plants were harvested with space 2 cm from soil surface avoiding contamination. Tomato plants were fractionated into three parts, roots, shoots, and fruits. Dry matter of roots and shoot wasBCcalculated. Boron concentrion of (roots, shoots and fruits) was determined. Fruits yied of tomato was calculated. Electrical conductivity and available boron of residual soils in pots were determined after tomato plants growth Period.Results obtained could be summarized as : 1. Adoption of rice husk ash and cemenentklint dust in treatment of Shatt Al - Arab and wells water because of their high efficiency in decreasing boron concentration and water salinity and reuse for tomato plant irrigation and Plants irrigated with water treated with rice husk ash were surpassed over other plants in dry matter and yield, and gave lowest boron concentration in tomato plant tissues for all parts roots, shoots, and fruits. Same treatment gave the lowest concentration residual boron in soil and lowest value of soil salinity as compared with water treated with cementklint dust filter and sand filter besides control treatment.2. loamy sand soil was surpassed over clay loam soil in dry matter and yield of tomato and lowest concentration of boron in their tissues, while clay loam soil was surpassed over loam sand soil in residual boron concentration and soil salinity.3. Results indicated that there were significant differences between type of filters and soil texture in dry matter, yild , boron concentration in roots , shoots, and fruits of tomato plants. Residual boron concentration and soil salinity.4. Results indicated that there was no boron contamination in both studied soils treated with water of Shatt Al - Arab and wells treated with two filters (rice husk ash and cementklint dust)

تاثير بعض معاملات السيطرة الطبيعية قبل الحصاد وبعده في تحسين الصفات النوعية والقابلية الخزنية لثمار نخيل التمر Phoenix dactylifera L. صنفي البرحي والبريم == EFFECT some pre and post - harvest natural control treatments on improving the qualitative characteristics and storage ability of date palm fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L. ) cvs. Barhi and Bream

Author name: حمزة عباس حمزة عباس
Supervisor name: عباس مهدي جاسم | ضياء احمد طعين
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Research were divided into two experiments, field and storage , field experiment was conducted in private orchard at Abu - Alkhasib south of Basrah . Date palm fruits( Phoenix dactylifera L.) cvs. Barhi and Bream were used during the growing seasons 2014 and 2015. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of spraying chitosan at the concentrations of 0% , 1% , 2% on yield and some physical , chemical and physiological characteristics of fruits. The experiment included 9 trees for both cvs. Complete Randomized Block Design was used with three replicates . The results were analyzed by the analysis of variance of factorial experiment and mean values were compared using the Revised Least Significant Difference Test at 0.05 probability level. The results of study showed significant effect of spraying chitosan at the concentrations of 2% on the most of the studied parameters (fresh weight , size of fruit , yield , water content, total acidity ,tannin and pectin) in addition to delay the ripening and respiration rate of fruits for both cvs. Untreated fruits retain the highest percentage of total soluble solids , total sugars , reducing sugars and total protein. Invertase and cellulase activities decreased in fruits treated with chitosan as compared with untreated fruits which recorded the highest activity of invertase and cellulase for both cvs.Storage experiment was conducted in Al - Moussawi dates factory situated at Abu - Al - Khaseb District , Basrah Governorate to study the effect of some pre and post harvest natural control treatments in improving the qualitative characteristics and storage ability of date palm fruits cvs. Barhi and Bream. Fruits that treated with chitosan at the concentrations of (0, 1, 2) % were harvested in the early morning and carried to Al - Moussawi dates factory. Then every one of the three parts divided into five groups ,the first was treated with ultraviolet light (UV) at the concentration of 1KGY for periods of (0, 5, 10) minutes ,while the second group were treated with (1 - MCP) at the concentration of ( 0,0.5,1) ppm for 24 hour at 0 ºc .third was treated with ozone (O3) at the concentration of 5 ppm for the periods of (0, 0.5, 1) hour ,while the fourth group were soaked in chitosan at the concentrations of ( 0,1,2) % , the fifth were without treatment .Fruits were packed in plastic bags.Both of the two parts were stored at two storage temperatures (room temperature 25±2ºc and freezing temperature - 10±2ºc for three weeks and six months respectively . Storage characteristics were studied before andBduring storage and at the end of storage period . the results can be summarized as follow : 1 - spraying chitosan at the concentrations of 2% in the field reduced the percentage of deteriorated fruit , ripening process, TSS , total and reducing sugars and increased the percentage of water content, sucrose and total acidity in addition to elongation the desirable color of fruits and keeping good flavor and taste for Barhi and Bream fruits until the end of storage period at - 10±2ºc and 25±2ºc for the both of growing seasons 2014 and 2015 .2 - Treating with ultraviolet light (UV) for 5 minutes reduced percentage of decay for Barhi ,whereas fuel west percentage of Bream fruits decay was in fruits treated wish ozone for 1hour for both growing seasons .3 - Treating with (1 - MCP) at the concentration of (1) ppm reduced the progress of ripening and total sugars and increased water content, sucrose and total acidity in addition to elongation the desirable color of fruits and keeping good flavor and taste for Barhi and Bream fruits up to the end of storage period at - 10±2ºc for the both of growing seasons .4 - The percentage of decay of fruits , ripening progress, loss in weight , TSS , total and reducing sugars increased whereas the percentage of water contents, sucrose and acidity decreased with increment of storage period for both cultivars and seasons at 25±2ºc and - 10±2ºc.5 - The interaction between field treatments and storage treatments had significant effect on percentage of fruits decay. Fruits sprayed with chitosan at the concentrations of 2% in the field and treated with ultraviolet light (UV) for the periods of 10 minutes had the lowest percentage of fruits decay for both growing seasons .6 - The interaction between spraying chitosan and storage period significantly effected on studied parameters . Fruits sprayed with 2% chitosan in the field were superior in keeping water content and delaying ripening process but they had the lowest TSS , total and reducing sugar at the end of storage period at 25±2ºc and - 10±2ºc compared with untreated fruit for both cultivars and seasons .7 - The interaction between storage treatments and storage period significantly effected on studied parameters. Fruits treated with (1 - MCP) at the concentration of (1) ppm were the best in keeping water content and delaying ripening process but they had the lowest TSS , total and reducing sugar at the end of storage period at 25±2ºc and - 10±2ºc compared with untreated fruit for both cultivars and seasons .C8 - The interaction among field treatments, storage treatments and storage period had significant effect on percentage of fruits decay. Fruits sprayed with chitosan at the concentrations of 2% in the field and treated with ultraviolet light (UV) for the periods of 10 minutes had the lowest percentage of fruits decay , at the end of storage period at - 10±2ºc for both cultivars and seasons .9 - Gel electrophoresis for protein showed that in Barhi and Bream fruits treated with pre and post harvest natural control treatments and stored at - 10±2ºc , the process of gene expression has occurred , since there was a number of bands , which differed both in number as well in their position on the gel , depending on treatments and cultivar . There was very clear differences between treatments in the number , position and the timing of the appearance of the protein bands for both cvs. during which Bream fruits treated with chitosan recorded the highest number of bands ( seven bands).

استعمال قشور بيض المائدة في ازالة بعض الصبغات والايونات المعدنية من محاليلها المائية وامكانية تطبيقها في بعض الانظمة الغذائية والصناعية == Usage egg shells of table’s egg in removing some dues and metal ions from it,s aqueaus solutions and possibility application in some food and industrial systems

Author name: حسنين نجم عبود السوداني
Supervisor name: علي حسين عبد الكريم العامري | خديجة صادق جعفر الحسيني
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In the current study was used eggshell chicken eggs components (internal membranes only, eggshell without membranes and non - activated eggshell with internal membranes and activated eggshell with membranes by concentrated sulfuric acid) as natural adsorbent vital materials to removed organic dyes such as methylene blue, methyl orange dye and metal ions such as lead, copper, cadmium and zinc from their water solutions, and then used as clearifing materials to removed turbidity from apple juice considering and removed metal ions from municipal waters, The results of chemical composition for eggshell showed that increased on percentage of moisture, protein and fat for internal membranes reaching to (3.100, 58.85 and 1.834) % respectively comparison with eggshell without membranes which reaching to )1.813, 0.984 and 0.301) % respectively and on eggshell with internal membranes were (2.198,4.810 and 0.513) % respectively, while there was increased on percentage of ash on eggshell without membranes and eggshell with internal membranes reaching to (96.451 and 94.780)% respectively comparison with internal membranes was 26.200 %, metal ions in ash estimated, It also the percentage of calcium, potassium, magnesium , iron, copper, zinc and manganese in internal membranes reaching to (23.30, 7.20, 8.42, 3.00, Nil, 1.14 and 0.14) % respectively, for the eggshell without membranes (29.80, 8.80, 8.65, 0.11, 1.77, 0.40 and 0.01) % respectively, and for the eggshell with internal membranes (28.70, 6.90, 8.64, 1.86, Nil, 0.04 and 0.58) % respectively.Study of infrared (FTIR) for components was observed absorption bands that related to many active groups such as group (OH - ) and a (NH)it were ( 3423.66,32987.28 and 3423.65) cm - 1 centralized on internal eggshell with internal membranes and (C - H) , (C - H, C = O) , (CH2, CH3) and (C - C, C - O) which were (2983.88, 2879.72, 1799.58, 1643.35 and 1797.66) cm - 1 respectively centralized on eggshell without membranes and eggshell with active internal membranes.Also when examination using diffraction X - ray technique, results indicated the finding a number of peaks vary in intensity and location, but being in similar sharp peaks and this shows the possession of eggshells microcrystalline structure. conducted aAAbstractstudy using Microscope electronic scanning, results showed the eggshells components do have a porous surface as well as her crystalline that making it an effective and well suited material to linked with a material to be removed.Factors affecting on the adsorption of dyes and ions were studied, Ability of internal membranes, eggshell without membranes and non - activated eggshell internal membranes to remove of methylene blue dye was Studied. the results showed that the best conditions for the adsorption was to be the initial concentration of the dye was (10) ppm for the non - activated eggshell with the membrane and (5) ppm for internal membranes and eggshell without membranes in size (50)ml ,the degree of heat (20) C and (pH = 8) for the eggshell without membranes and non - activated eggshell with membrane and (pH=6) for the membranes only, also the time to contact (60) min for each of the membranes only and non - activated eggshell with membrane and (45) min for eggshell without membranes, also showed a positive relationship between the percentage of the speed of adsorption of the dye with the increased weight of adsorbent material and reached the highest percentage when using the internal membranes, eggshell without membranes and eggshell with internal membranes (94.240, 97.680 and 97.170) % respectively, when the weight (1.25) g.Ability of eggshell with internal membranes activated by concentrated sulfuric acid (1 : 1) to removed methyl orange dye was studied, the results showed that the best conditions for the process of adsorption was to be the time of the contact (20) min, temperature (30) C, primary and concentration (25) ppm in size (50) ml and the weight of adsorbent material (0.5) g, The percentage of removal decreases with increasing pH and the highest percentage for the removal was reaching to 50.30 % when (pH = 2) and the lowest percentage of removing was 37.50 % when (pH = 8).Removal of divalent ions (Cu+2,Cd+2,Pb+2,Zn+2) by eggshells components and the best component used as material for removing (Pb+ 2, Cu+ 2) ions was eggshell without membranes. But the best component to removed (Zn+ 2,Cd+ 2) ions was the inner membrane, and that the best conditions for adsorption was to have weight of adsorbent material (1) g and the degree of temperature (60) C for copper and cadmium and (80) C for lead and zincBAbstractand the initial concentration of the dye was (20, 40, 100 and 100) ppm for zinc, lead, copper and cadmium respectively, and the contact time (60) min for (Cd+ 2,Pb+ 2) and (40) min for (Cu+2 , Zn+ 2) also (pH = 4) for lead and (pH = 8) for (zinc, copper and cadmium), it was observed that the increased in contact time helps to increased the speed of the removal process ions, as found the time to reach equilibrium for lead and cadmium was when (60) min and percentage of removing them (99.38, 81.86) % respectively, and for copper and zinc was reached to (99.76, 99.24) % respectively, at the time (40 ) min and solution volume (50) ml. When study of the isotherms adsorption. The study showed that the adsorption to methyl orange dye by eggshells with non - activated internal membranes was submitted to Gliese,s classification because the isotherms take shape (S) as well as submitted to the equation Langmuir apparently at (pH = 7) within the range of concentrations of the dye (10 - 30) ppm and the degree of temperature (30) C and time of (30) min and the weight (1) g. For the methylene blue dye ,the adsorption by internal membranes powder was submitted to the form (L) of Gliese,s classification, but adsorbed it by using eggshell without membranes and non - activated eggshell with the membrane was submitted to the shape (S) as well as the adsorption submitted to equation Langmuir apparently at (pH = 8) for powders of eggshells without membranes and the non - activated eggshell with membrane and at (pH = 6) for internal membranes when contact time was (30) min, degree of heat (35) C , weight (0.5) g and the size (50) ml within the range of concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20) ppm.The results showed that the adsorption of ions was submitted to equation Langmuir because it's had shape (S) at (pH=8) for (Cu+2, Zn+2) ions and at (pH=4) for (Pb+2) ion. And the size of molecules of powder of adsorption material was (500) μm and speed of mixing was (200) rpm except( Cd+2) apparently .A study was conducted to identify their ability to bleaching natural apple juice using peels components, and founded that the best material was non - activated eggshell with internal membranes, the natural apple juice was treated with weight of (0.25) g, as that the turbidity dropped from 2.625 % to 1.101 %, and total soluble solids decreased from 13 % to 10.1 % , andCAbstractpH raised from (pH = 3.9) to (pH = 4.6) .Also sensory evaluation of the juice as results showed superiority of the juice plant material clarification and receiving a degree (8.768) compared to juice untreated who got the degree evaluate (6.37). This demonstrates the efficiency of bleaching material in improving the qualities of natural juice.Also study was conducted to determine the efficiency of the components in the removal of ions from municipal water, and it founded that the best component was eggshell without inner membrane, and the percentage of removal of 100 % of the lead an cooper for tow weighit (0.5 and 1) g respectively and for eggshell with the inner membrane weighit (2) g for tow ions, but for zinc the highest removal percentage up (95~ 97) % for all eggshell component, and better weight was (0.5) g ,the best time to contact (40) min and best degree of heat (80) C, this shows the efficiency of the eggshell with the internal membranes to removal of ions from polluted waters.D

تاثير اضافة الزيوت النباتية كمصادر للاحماض الدهنية (الاوميغا) الى العليقة في الاداء الانتاجي والفسلجي لفروج اللحم

Author name: حسن هادي حسين سبع
Supervisor name: جعفر محمد جاسم عبد الله عبد المنعم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was conducted at poultry farm , Animal Resources Department, College of Agriculture , University of Basra from 14/11/2014 to 18/12/2014 to investigate the effect of adding vegetable oils as sources of essential fatty acids (FA) omega in diet on productive and physiological performance of broiler chickens. A total of 270 unsexed chicks of Ross 308 strain aged one day were used in this study from private hatchery which located on the Al - Zubair city road .The rate of weight was 40gram/chick. Chicks distributedrandomly to nine treatments with three replicates per treatment and by 10 chicks embryos for each replicates based on complete random design (CRD) and the treatments were as follows : (T1) basal diet without any addition (control). (T2 and T3) adding 1and 2% flaxseed oil as source of FA omega/3. (T4 and T5) adding 1and 2% sunflower oil as source of FA omega/6. (T6 and T7) adding 1and 2% olive oil as source of FA omega/9. (T8 and T9) adding 1and 2% mix oils as sources of FA omega 3,6 and 9.The results pointed : - 1 - There was significant increase (P<0.05) in the final live body weight and daily weight gain in all treatments provided with vegetable oils compared to the control .2 - There was significant decrease (P<0.05)in the amount of feed consumed in groups of broiler feeding on 1 and 2% vegetable oils .3 - There was significant improvement (P<0.05) in the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in treatments which contain vegetable oils in their diets.4 - There were significant improvement (P<0.05) in digestibility of protein, fat and dry matter in treatments added 1 and 2 % vegetable oils.5 - No significant difference in mortality percent age between groups, whil e there wasn't any case of death in T4 ,T6 ,T7 , and T8 . 6 - There were significant increase (P<0.05) in production coefficient and performance index and significant improvement (P<0.05) in the economical cost in all groups treated with vegetable oils.7 - There were significant increase (P<0.05) in protein coefficient percent and in amount of abdominal fat and it’s percentage to the body weight in all treatments contain vegetable oils in their diets.8 - No significant effects in addition vegetable oils on dressing percentage and relative rate of breast, wings and neck , while there were significant increase (P<0.05) in relative rate of back comparison with control and significant difference (P<0.05) in relative weight of thigh between all groups.9 - No significant influenced of adding vegetable oils on relative rate ofpancreas. while there were significant difference (P<0.05) on relative rate of heart , liver and gizzard between all treatments.10 - There was significant increase (P<0.05)in number of red blood cells (RBC) for all groups provided with vegetable oils and significant improvement (P<0.05) in WBC , PCV and Hb in T3 , T4,T5, T6 and T9. 11 - No significant influenced of using vegetable oils on albumin, globulin and glucose , but significant decrease (P<0.05) were revealed in concentration of cholesterol and tri glycerid to all groups provided with vegetable oils and significant difference (P<0.05) in value of total protein , high and low density cholesterol and uric acid between all groups.12 - No significant effects on immunological traits ( fabricia gland weight, it's index and spleen) between all groups of broiler .13 - No significant difference in sense traits(color, tenderness, flavor and juiciness) of cuts of breast and thigh between all groups, but there was significant improvement (P<0.05) in trait of overall acceptability to cuts of thigh in T9, T8, T6, T5 and T4 .14 - The level of linoleic acid, linolenic acid and PUFA were increased significantly (P<0.05) in fatty acids composition of abdominal fat and significant reduce (P<0.05) in (SFA) in treatments of the study compared to control.15 - There were significant increase (P<0.05) in level of linolenic acid (C18 : 3) in T2 and T3 which provided with 1 and 2% flaxseed oil and in percent of (MUFA) in T6 (1% olive oil) and there was significant difference(P<0.05) in level of FA composition of blood serum between all treatments.

تصميم وتصنيع وتقيم اداء جهاز لازالة الكولسترول والدهون من اللحوم المفرومة == Designing , Manufacturing and Performance evalution a Device for removal cholesterol and fats from the minced meats

Author name: حسن هادي مهدي الربيعي
Supervisor name: اسعد رحمان سعيد الحلفي | منير عبود جاسم الطائي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A device to remove cholesterol and fats from minced meat by using supercritical CO2 has been designed and manufactured . This device removes cholesterol and part of the fat from the meat and operates by static and dynamic methods . This device consists of a pump run by compressed air that increases CO2 pressure to supercritical pressure , and from a CO2 cylinder size 20 kg . It also consists of three units : the first unit separates cholesterol and fat from the meat , the second unit separates cholesterol and part of the fat from supercritical CO2 , and the third unit absorbs cholesterol only by using Calcium carbonate . Other Components of the device are the cooling unit, heating unit, pressure and temperature gauges and control valves distributed among the parts of the device , in addition to the safety valve .The parameter of the device performance such as pressure, temperature, time, density, viscosity, solubility, compression coefficient and diffusion coefficient were measured , and cholesterol percentages in fresh minced meat were calculated before and after supercritical CO2 treatment in both the static and dynamic methods . Moreover, the chemical , micrological , and sensory characteristics and the storage period of samples which undergo the pressure, temperature, and time conditions have been measured as well is studying the economical quality of the manufactured device .The results have shown the following : 1. The maximum time to get the supercritical pressure for CO2 75,85,and 95 bar by using a pressure increasing pump was 35,40,55 minutes respectively.2. The density of supercritical CO2 increased by increasing the pressure, and decreased with high temperatures . The highest value was 667.525 kg\ m3 at 95 bar pressure and a temperature of 35 Celsius.3. The viscosity of supercritical CO2 increased by increasing the pressure and decreased with high temperatures . The highest value get 52.71×10 - 6 Pa. sec. at 95 bar pressure and a temperature of 35 Celsius.b4. The compression coefficient of supercritical CO2 increased at high temperature and decreased by increasing pressure. The highest value was 0.6607 at 75bar pressure and a temperature of 55 Celsius .5. A new equation has been suggested to calculate the solubility of cholesterol in the supercritical CO2 where the time factor has been considered. This solubility reached 0.17803505 and 0.14450794 g. L - 1 by using the static and dynamic methods respectively at 95 bar pressure , a temperature of 35 Celsius, and 80 minute hold time .6. The diffusion coefficient of cholesterol in supercritical CO2 increased at high temperature and decreased by increasing pressure . The highest value were 3.12107 × 10 - 9 and 9.36322 ×10 - 9 m2. sec - 1 by using the static and dynamic methods respectively at 95 bar pressure , a temperature of 35 Celsius, and 80 minute hold time .7. The highest loss ratio of fat and cholesterol by using supercritical CO2 were 92.72 and 61.96 % for fat and 87.10 and 70.69% for cholesterol respectively by using the static and dynamic methods at 95 bar pressure , a temperature of 35 Celsius, and 80 minute hold time .8. The percentages of moisture, protein, fat , ash , and carbohydrate in fresh meat samples untreated with supercritical CO2 were 74.43, 19.1, 4.48, 1.21,0.78 % respectively, while in fresh meat samples which have been treated with supercritical CO2 have reached 72.50, 22.68, 1.56, 2.4,0.86 % and 71.67, 24.41, 0.4, 2.6 , 0.92 % by using dynamic and static methods respectively . The cholesterol loss ratios of samples treated with supercritical CO2 were 72.28 and 89% by using the dynamic and static methods respectively at 95 bar pressure , a temperature of 35 Celsius, and 80 minute hold time.9. The values of peroxide of a meat chilled samples untreated with supercritical CO2 have increased from 6.22 Mlamkavi \ kg of fat in fresh meat to 9.45 Mlamkavi \ kg of fat after 12 days of freezing period storage. The values of peroxide of frozen meat samples treated with supercritical CO2 , on the other hand ,have slightly increased from 3.46 Mlamkavi \ kg of fat (before storage) to 4.1 Mlamkavi \ kg of fat (after storage) and from 0.76 Mlamkavi \ kg of fat (before storage) to 1.1 Mlamkavi \ kg of fat (after storage) using the dynamic and static methods respectively at the same period of storage and the same temperature.10. The microbiological tests result of meat treated with supercritical CO2 have shown that there were no colonies can be counted in the total countof bacteria, coliform bacteria, gold aurous, and yeasts and molds. The detection has shown a negative value about the existence of Salmonella.11. The results sensory evaluation of barker made by meat that is treated with supercritical CO2 have shown that the dynamic method samples are may accepted among experienced arbitrators followed by the static method samples at 95 bar pressure , a temperature of 35 Celsius, and 80 minute hold time .12. the maximum production value of the manufactured device was 10kg/day of cholesterol - free meat and the part of fat ,and that it is economical

التوصيف الجزيئي والتعبير الجيني لجين بروتينات الصدمة (الحرارية 00 hsp70) في السائل المنوي لثيران الهولشتاين العراقية والكباش العرابية == Molecular Characterization and Gene Expression of Heat Shock Protein 70 (hsp70) Gene in the Semen of Iraqi Holstein Bulls and Arabi Rams

Author name: حسن نعمة حبيب السنيسل
Supervisor name: عماد فلاح حسن | بسام ياسين خضير
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Livestock
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was conducted at the Animal Farm of College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, (longitude 47.7433690, latitude 30.5627250 north of Basrah), and the fields of Artificial Insemination Center in Abu Ghraib, the General Company for Livestock Services (longitude 44.1922070, latitude 33.3095550 northwest of Baghdad), during the winter season for the months November, December 2015 and January 2016, and the summer season for the months April, May and June, 2016. To achieve all the study requirements, the laboratories work at the Laboratory physiology, Molecular Genetics Laboratory, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah; the Central Research Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Basrah; the Criminal Laboratory Department of Investigation, Criminal Evidence Directorate, Basrah Governorate Police; as well as laboratories of the Abu Ghraib, Artificial Insemination Center; in addition to the First BASE Laboratories, Laboratory in Selangor Malaysia, were used. The study included two experiments : The first experiment : This experiment was designed to detect the genetic polymorphism of hsp70 gene in the semen of Bulls, their relationship to certain physical and chemical semen characteristics, the level of gene expression in the season winter and summer, and the evaluation of the bulls by finding the breeding value of certain traits in the fresh and frozen semen of the Iraqi Holstein Bulls, back to the Artificial Insemination Center / Abu Ghraib / Baghdad, 30 bulls were used in this experiment.Second Experience : This experiment was designed to detect the genetic polymorphism of hsp70 genes in the semen of Rams, their relationship with some physical and chemical semen characteristics, the level of gene expression in the season winter and summer, and the evaluation of the rams by finding the breeding value of some traits in the fresh and frozen semen of local Arabi rams, back to the Agricultural Research Station / College of Agriculture / University of Basrah, 20 Rams were used in this experiment.Results of the study : I. The first experiment : 1) After DNA extracted, the quantity and purity of the DNA were determined by the Nano drop device, the purity ratio was 1.8. A Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) carried out, the amplification product was approximately 1926bp. Nucleotide Sequence analysis was done to detect polymorphism and compared with the genotypes of the hsp70 gene in the Gene Bank. There are three Genotypes of hsp70 gene were obtained in bulls : : The Genotype A, this genotype is the closest to heat shock protein hsp70 gene in the Holstein bulls in Gene Bank. This polymorphism was exposed to be genetic mutations at position No. 6, the Nucleotide (C < G), No. 174 (C < G), No. 282 (A< G) and position No. 1339 (T < C). All mutations are silent that did not encodingto any new amino acid, (16 Bulls).B : The Genotype B, the nucleotides were substituted at different positions, position No.114 (G < A), No. 174 (C < G), No. 282 (A < G), No. 1339 (T < C),No.1451 (C < A), No.1590 (A < G), No. 1695 (C < T) and position No. 1719 (G<T), these genetic mutations are all silent except the mutation at the position No.1451 is a missense mutation, encoding for new amino acid, (6 Bulls).C : The Genotype C , the nucleotides were substituted at different positions, position No. 114 (G < A), No. 174 (C < G), No. 282 (A < G) No.1339 (T < C),No. 1590 (A <G), No. 1695 (C <T) and position No. 1719 (G <T), all mutationsare silent, ( 8 bulls).2) The results of the Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA) of hsp70 gene in the bulls showed that the convergence ratio of A, B and C were 99.73%, 99.51% and 99.56%, respectively, with the same gene in the Holstein bulls recorded in Gene Bank. The MSA results also showed that the B genotype gave the lowest ratio to the studied genotypes, followed by the C genotype and the A genotype, which showed the highest approximation with the genotypes studied in the Gene Bank for the Holstein bulls, sheep, goats, pigs and humans.3) Genotype B, has shown significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the C genotype and A genotype in all physical semen characteristics studied, it gave the highest rate of mass and individual motility, the highest percentage of live sperm and thelowest rate of abnormalities, both in fresh and frozen semen in a period of onemonth and two months freezing and in both seasons of the study.4) Genotype B showed Significantly higher (P < 0.05) towards the C and A genotypes in all chemical semen characteristics studied, It gave the highest percentage of the Acrosome integrities and gave the lowest level of concentration of enzymes ALT, AST and ALP in the frozen semen and freezing periods in a month and two months and in both seasons of the study.5 ) After RNA extraction, synthesise of cDNA and carry out Quantitative Realtime PCR (qRT - PCR) analysis, genotype B showed Significantly higher (P < 0.05) than genotype C and A in the level of gene expression of heat shock protein hsp70 gene in the summer season.) The bulls belong to genotype B were superior in the valuation on the basis of the breeding value of motility, live sperm and the abnormalities in the fresh and frozen semen for a month and two months followed by the C than A.II. Second Experience : 1) After DNA extracted, the quantity and purity of the DNA were determined by the Nano drop device, the purity ratio was 1.8. A PCR carried out and the amplification product was in approximately 1926bp, bands were visualized by gel electrophoresis. Nucleotide sequence analysis was done to detect polymorphism compared to that of the hsp70 gene in the Gene Bank. There are two genotypes ofhsp70 gene were obtained in rams : A : The A genotype, showed no match with other nucleotides sequence of other group neither heat shock protein hsp70 gene in Gene Bank, the nucleotide in position 1308, the nucleotide T was substituted by C (T < C), a silent genetic mutation that did not encoding a new amino acid, (10 rams).B : The B genotype, in comparison with the A genotype , the Nucleotide C was substituted with G (C <G), a missense genetic mutation that resulted from change the amino acid encoding at the site 514, a genetic mutation not previously recorded in rams except in inese sheep. In addition, nucleotide G was substituted by nucleotide A (G < A) in the position 1524, a silent genetic mutation (10 rams).2) The results of the (MSA) of hsp70 gene in the rams showed that the ratio of Aand B genotypes were 99.89% and 99.84% respectively with the same gene inrams in the Gene Bank. The MSA of the genotype B gave the lowest ratio to thesame gene in sheep, Holstein bulls, goat, pig and human3) The genotype B Significantly higher (P <0.05) than the genotype A in allPhysical semen characteristics studied, it showed the highest rate of mass andindividual motility and the highest percentage of live sperm and the lowest rate ofabnormalities, in fresh and frozen semen in a period of a month and two monthsfreezing and in both seasons of the study.4) The genotype B Significantly higher (P <0.05) than the genotype A inall chemical semen characteristics, it showed the highest percentage of theAcrosome integrities, and showed the lowest level of concentration of enzymesALT, AST and ALP in the frozen semen and freezing periods of month and twomonths and in both seasons of the study.

تحضير اغشية قابلة للاكل من قشور الروبيان وتوصيفها واستعمالها في اطالة حفظ الجبن الابيض الطري العراقي == Preparation of Edible Film from Shrimp shell and it Characterization and use it in extending Iraqi Soft Cheese shelf life

Author name: حسن كاظم علي الكناني
Supervisor name: علي خضير جابر الركابي | علاء جبار عبد ال منهل
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Prepared types of Chitosan designated as (A,B,C,D) that prepared from chitin the extracted from shrimp shells Penaeus semisulcatus by treatment chemical different. Different this types the physiochemical characteristics, using in Preparation edible film form simple and Composite with whey proteins. Properties edible film physical and chemical barrier and were studied, there use it in extending Iraqi Soft Cheese shelf life .The results showed studying contain chemical of shrimp shells high parentage moisture and protein and ash 65.77% and 34.25% and 37.48% respectively while parentage chitin 20.11% and fat 8.16%.Analyze composition chemical the chitin of parentage moisture 5.8% and protein 3.2% and ash 3.3% and fat 2%.Give chitosan A high the yield 15.01% while decrease for types other B,C,D 14.23,13.3,11.18% respectively. Composition chemical the types of chitosan A,B,C,D , high parentage moisture and ash and fat for chitosan A comparing types other(11.6%,1.75%,0.95%) respectively and were types B(9.28%,1.15%,0.76%) and C(7.55%,0.78%,0.54%) and D(6.13%,0.43%,0.36).Showed of chitosan D high parentage Degree of Deacetylation 85.16% while (62.51,75.82,80.12)% for chitosan B,C,D respectively. Molecular weight decrease for chitosan D 897 kDa and increase for types chitosan other was high for chitosan A 1753 kDa. It was observed that a relationship is existed between physiochemical and functional characteristics for each type of chitosan.The nitrogen content , solubility, water and fat binding capacity increased with higher rate of Deacetylation Offset by a decrease in molecular weight and viscosity. Showed chitosan D high rate nitrogen 7.22% and solubility 95.16% some shown high value for water binding capacity 700% was lower for chitosan A 581% some give chitosan D high for fat binding capacity compared by types other was higher with ricinus oil 665% andgive rate different with almond oil and flower sun oil and Olive oil(621,551,526)% respectively. Decrease viscosity for chitosan D 62.84 centipoise while was (78.99,88.45,98.73) centipoises for chitosan A,B,C respectively. Showed of chitosan activity inhibitory for bacteria gram negative higher positive was rate inhibitory for bacteria E.coli وsp.Pseudomonas و%100 and %88 and %100 and %100 at concentrations 1250 and 2500 um/m respectively while rate inhibitory for bacteria gram positive Staphylococcus aureus وcereus Bacillus وBacillus subtilis %95.51 and %100 and %79.21 and %78.7 and %91.54 and %9.53 at concentrations 1250 and 2500 um/m respectively. Show the results cycle chitosan in inhibitory growth mulds of increase rate inhibitory with increase concentration was at concentration 2500 um/m 67.71% and 51.89% for muld Penicillium .sp and Aspergillus niger respectively. Shown higher activity antioxidation at concentration10 um/m from chitosan 72.85% compared for activity antioxidation industrial 78.89%. Preparation films simple from chitosan type B,C,D while eliminating treatment A characterized with self - standing, transparent, tasteless and odorless, clear, homogenous, bendable, glossy and flexible. Increase film thickness chitosan B compared by chitosan D,C 0.044,0.046, 0.048 mm respectively at concentration 1% and glycerol by rate 30%. Shown higher value for tensile strength for chitosan B reach 46.55 Mega Pascal lower was for chiosan D reach 34.19 Mega Pascal and decrease tensile strength with increase concentration the glycerol. Give chitosan D higher percentage elongation at break 22.44% lower was for chitosan B reach in 18.71% increase percentage elongation at break with increase concentration the glycerol .Range rate Solubility of simple chitosan film in water between higher Solubility for treatment D 17.24% and lower for treatment B 10.51% and increase Solubility with increase concentration the glycerol. Range Water vapour permeability between 10..32 - 13.59 gm· mm/m2 h .k Pascal. Composite films It is easy to be removed from the mold. Thefilm were fine texture and the transparent of the films was lowered and it has taken the color of whey protein. increasing tensile strength composite films with whey protein with increased whey protein concentration from 0.5 - 1% with reached 22.34 - 26.73 Mega Pascal while the decrease percentage elongation of composite films with increased whey protein concentration from 0.5 - 2% reach 21.45 - 15.31%. Range The percentage of water solubility was for composite films 21.15 - 36.37% and increase Water vapour permeability for Composite films with increased whey protein concentration from 14.71 - 26.65 gm.mm m²/ h. k Pascal . Shown results Coating of Soft cheese by films chitosan the simple(T3) and compound (T4) activity in percentage lost moisture decreased during time storage14 day on heat 5 - 7C excellent treatment (T3) in treatment (T4) percentage lost moisture decreased 36.50% and 32.03% respectively . Increase rate protein in Soft cheese and all treatments during storage 19.83 and 19.69 and 19.28 and 19.71% for treatments T1,T2,T3,T4 respectively. Decrease in PH during time storage 5.45,5.50,5.65,5.60 for treatments T1,T2,T3,T4 respectively. Get increase in rate in soluble nitrogen to total nitrogen for treatments T1,T2,T3,T4 reached 4.97,4.94,3.02,3.14% after weeks from storage. Decreased of peroxide value by cheese coated by films chitosan simple and coated compared cheeses uncoated. Total bacterial counts were generally higher in uncoated cheese in comparison with cheese samples coated with chitosan. Bacterial total numbers in treated samples of Soft cheese were decreased with an approximate average of 1 - 2 log CFU/g in comparison with uncoated Soft cheese. And decreased average of Psychrophilic , proteolytic ,lipolytic , coliform bacteria in coated cheese of all treatments in comparison with uncoated Soft cheese and too molds were decreased in average numbers coated cheese of all treatments in comparison with uncoated Soft cheese. .The results of examination revealed no Staphylococcus aureus growth of this group. The results showed the sensoryevolution of samples : coated and non - coated, the high value was observed in pieces cheeses coated , because it get the high evaluation sensory from where (color , outside appearance, body and texture, taste and flavor) degree from the judges as compared with non - coated pieces.

استجابة نبات الذرة الصفراءZea mays L. للتلقيح ببكتريا الازوتوباك Azotobacter chroococcum في التربة المعاملة بالمادة العضوية ومستويات من النتروجين == RESPONSE OF CORN (Zea mays L.) TO INOCULATION WITH (Azotobacter chroococcum )IN SOIL TREATED WITH ORGANIC MATTER AND NITROGEN

Author name: حسن علي طاهر الهلالي
Supervisor name: عبد الزهرة طه ظاهر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Soil Sciences And Water Resources
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Twelve isolates of Azotobacter as free nitrogen fixing bacteria were isolated from rhizosphere of different plants and soils in (Thi - Qar and Basrah province) ,two strains were brought from (Thi - Qar university - College of Sciences) and one strain was brought from Ministry of Agriculture ( imported from Italy), all strains were diagnosed by studying biochemical , microscopical and morphological characteristcs .strains (A1,A21and AB) gave maximam efficiency of nitrogen fixation then were used for inoculanting seeds of corn.Agricultural experiment was carried out during spring season 2014 in research station of College of Agriculture - Basrah University in loam soil using CRD design with three replicates to study response of corn for inoculation with Azotobacter intergraded with organic fertilizer (0, 30) ton hectar - 1 and nitrogen fertilizer levels(0,80,120and160) kg N hectar - 1of which represented of (0,50,75,100)% of recommended completed of nitrogen fertilizer(160)kg N hectar - 1.After tow months of growing ,plants were scythed .then dried and estimated : heigh plant, length of root , dry weigh for plant and root, (N,P,K) uptake in plant and root , number of Azotobacter, total residual nitrogen in soil polts.Results obtained from this study : - 1 - A1 locally isolate showed superiority over the rest used isolates in height plants , length root,dry weight of plant and root, (N) uptake in vegetative part in corn and soil total nitrogen residual percentage 18.3%,56.1%,13.6%,64.4%, 56.9% respectively compared with control.2 - Use treatment(A1N2M1) lead to increase height plants , length root,dry weight of plant and root, (N) uptake in vegetative part in corn, number of Azotobacter and soil total nitrogen residual 3 - A21 strain showed superiority over the rest used strains in phosphorus and potash uptake of vegetative part percentage 62.6% and 61.2% respectively.4 - Treatment(A21N2M1) excelled significantlly in phosphorus and potash uptake of vegetative and root of plant .5 - Inculation whith three isolates and adding organic matter (singular or mixed) lead to significant increase all characteristcs studied.

تاثير بعض مضادات الاكسدة ومدة الخزن في الصفات النوعية والقابلية الخزنية لثمار الموز Musa spp. == Effect of Antioxidants and Duration of Storage on Quality Characteristics and Storage Ability of Banana Fruits Musa spp

Author name: حسن عبد الامير علي المايح
Supervisor name: عباس مهدي جاسم | ايمان عبد العالي السريح
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Studies were conducted at the private cold storage for ripening and maturation of Banana in Al - Basrah province to study the effect of two Antioxidant types (Citric acid and Ascorbic acid) and stages of maturing on fruits on organoleptic , quality and improvement storage ability of banana fruits (Musa spp.) var. Rosa at different storage periods.The study included two separate experiments to study the effect of different concentrations of antioxidants on Banana fruits during maturing and ripening stages , the fruits treated by three concentrations of Ascorbic and Citric acids in addition to the control treatment at different storage periods. A factorial experiments by using Completely Randomized Design (C.R.D.) with three replicates (21 fruit/replicate) and the comparison was done using least significant difference at 5% level for analyses the results of maturing study. Results can be summarized as follows : - First Experiment : 1 - The 300 ppm concentration of Ascorbic and Citric acids treatments and duration storage 7 days and their interaction significantly improved the taste and color of peels.2 - The 100 ppm concentration of Ascorbic and Citric acids and duration storage 14 days caused highest loss of weight. While the control treatment for 7 days gave highest average of weight loss.3 - The treatment of 100 ppm concentration of Ascorbic acid and duration storage 14 days were superior in T.S.S. While the interaction treatment of 300 ppm ascorbic acid and 14 days were significant in same characteristic.4 - The two treatments 300 ppm concentration of citric and ascorbic acids delayed color development of fruit peel and gave highest erage of total a and b Chlorophylls and carotene. As for duration storage 14 days was significantly decrease to amount of total , a andb Chlorophylls but the duration storage 7 days was significantly increased fruits peels from carotene. While (300 ppm from citric acid for 7 days) gave highest average of total chlorophyll and treatment (100 ppm from citric acid for 7 days) significantly increasedchlorophyll b. While the treatment (300 ppm from ascorbic acid for 14 days) was significantly increase to carotene.5 - The 300 ppm concentration of ascorbic and citric acid treatments and storage duration 7 days were superior in total reducing , non reduced sugars , and carbohydrates. While, it was significantly decrease in the percentage of starch. As for interaction treatmentsbetween (200 and 300 ppm from ascorbic acid for 14 days) gave superiority in percentage of total sugars , reduced and total carbohydrates and decreased percentage of starch. While non reduced sugars at the control treatment and storage duration 7 daysgave significantly superiority in it. Second Experiment : 1 - The 300 ppm concentration of ascorbic acid with storage duration 14 days and their interaction gave superiority in organoleptic characteristics.2 - The 300 ppm concentration from ascorbic and citric acids were significantly decrease in average of weight loss. As for storage duration period of 21 days caused highest of weight loss. The control treatment with 21 days gave significant superiority in weight loss.3 - The 300 ppm concentration of ascorbic and citric acids with storage duration 21 days and their interaction gave highest percentage of T.S.S.4 - The 300 ppm concentration of ascorbic acid gave highest average of total chlorophyll and carotene while the 100 ppm concentration of ascorbic acid gave highest average for chlorophyll a and b. While storage duration 7 days gave significantly superiority in total chlorophyll and chlorophyll b. As for storage duration 21 days gave significantly superiority in chlorophyll a and carotene. As for interaction treatment (300 ppm from citric acid for 7 days) gavehighest average for total chlorophyll. While control treatment for 7 days gave significantly superiority in for chlorophyll a and b , and the treatment (300 ppm from ascorbic acid for 21 days) gave significantly superiority in content of fruits from carotene.5 - The 200 and 300 ppm concentrations from ascorbic and citric acids with storage duration 21 days and interaction its caused superiority in percentage of total sugars and reduced and decreased percentage of starch and non reducing sugars. The treatment (100 ppm of ascorbic acid for 7 days) gave significant increase in percentage of total carbohydrates.

ستراتيجية تكاثر نوعين من الاسماك الغضروفية في المياه البحرية العراقية == Reproductive strategy of two cartilaginous species from Iraqi marine water

Author name: جنان حسن جاسم اللامي
Supervisor name: ساجد سعد حسن النور | امجد كاظم رسن
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Investigation of the reproductive strategies of Arabian carpetshark Chiloscyllium arabicum (Gubanov, 1980) and Arabian whipray Himantura randalli (Last, Manjaji - Matsumoto et Moor, 2012) were conducted in Iraqi marine water from January, 2014 to December, 2014. A total of 365 Arabian carpetshark (200 female and 165 male) with total length ranged from 141 - 750 mm and 321 Arabian whipray (176 female and 145 male) with disk width ranged from 70 - 429 mm were cached. Trawling nets of Bahith Ship (owned by Marine Science Center) or other fishing boats were used to cached these fishes.Sex ratios of these fishes were investigated during study period. The cycle of gonad maturation was followed - up throughout the period of investigation by defining stages based on colour, shape and size of gonads. Fecundity was estimated and spawning period detected depending on gonado somatic index (GSI), hepato somatic index (HIS), histological study and sonar inspection.The length frequency distribution of Arabian carpetshark was dominated by group of 300 - 399 mm that appeared in all months except October. Smallest fish (142 mm, 20 g) was during October and biggest fish (750 mm, 1668.5 g) during June. The length - weight relationship was represented by the following equations : Male W= 0.000007 ×L 2.88Female W= 0.000005 × L 2.93 Both Sex W= 0.000006 × L 2.91Values of HSI was differ depending on the maturing conditions of males and females, where highest value (11.906) of HSI for females was recorded at October and lowest value (6.908) was recorded at June, while highest value (12.5) of HSI for males recorded at January and lowest value (9.14) recorded at March. There were negative correlation between oil ratioof liver and maturing condition of females, while in males this relation was not clear.Distinguishing of sex was carried out according to presence or absence of claspers. Smallest matured female was 421 ml in total length and 785.23 g in weight, while smallest matured male was 401 in total length and 693.14 in weight. Females were dominant on males during all months except February, August and November with equal sex ratio during March, while overall sex ratio was 1 : 1.26 toward females.The cycle of gonad maturation was divided into three stages : immature, maturing and mature for males and females. Linear relationship was found between total length (TL) and clasper length (x) and it was represented by following equation : TL=211.3479 + 0.013883 x X, with significant (P<0.05) correlation (r= 0.899) between them.The GSI values were different during study period, where highest values (8.84 and 7.93) for females recorded during April and May respectively and lowest value (0.73) during June, while highest value (6.74) for males recorded during March and lowest value (0.66) during May. Monthly differences in GSI especially for females refers that spawning period extended from May to June. This result supported by the results of frequency occurrence of germ cells. Results appeared that ovary of Arabian carpetshark contain 44 - 52 eggs with diameters between 22 - 48 mm. Depending on histological inspection of gonads, spermatocytes cells for males are divided into eight maturing stages, while spermatocytes cells for females into four maturing stages.Disk width (DW) frequency showed fife groups for Arabian whipray with dominant of 300 - 399 mm group that appeared in all months except October, while group of 200 - 299 mm was appeared in all months. Group of0 - 99 mm appeared in July and August, so it was concluded that reproduction occurred in July. Smallest fish (70 mm, 20 g) was cached during July and biggest fish (490 mm, 3834 g) was cached during June. Relationships between disk width and weight were as follow : Male W= 0.00031 x DW2.59 Female W= 0.0031 x DW2.31 Both Sex W= 0.0006 x W2.4HSI differed according to maturing conditions of males and females, where highest value (11.85) for females recorded during January and lowest value (6.04) recorded during June, while highest value (11.66) for males recorded during November and lowest value (7.48) recorded at March. There were negative correlations between gonad weight and liver weight of females and also between oil ratio of liver and maturing condition of females.Smallest matured female was 115 ml in disk width and 1936 g in weight, while smallest matured male was 355 in disk width and 1249 g in weight. Sex ratio was differ from the ratio of 1 : 1 during different months and at reproduction period the ratio of females was 64.5% and of males 35.5%, while the ratio was 50% for each sex after reproduction period at August. Females were dominant on males during all months except September and December and overall sex ratio was 1 : 1.26 toward females.Maturing cycle were divided into three stages : immature, maturing and mature for males and females. For males the dividing depending on morphological characteristics (length, size and colour) of claspers. Linear relationship was found between disk width and clasper length (x) and it was represented by following equation : DW=92.4133 +0.2233 x X .GSI showed differences throughout study period for both sexes. The highest value (8.63) for females recorded during June and lowest value (0.81) during July, while highest value (7.59) for males recorded duringJanuary and lowest value (0.97) during March. It was concluded, according to GSI especially for females, that birthing occurred between June and July.Number of eggs in the Arabian whipray ovary was ranged between 10 - 35 eggs and diameters between 5 - 28 mm, while the uterus contain 2 - 5 embryos that surrounded by strong covers and there wasn’t any placenta intelligence between embryos and female, so this fish considered as Ovoviviparous. Depending on histological inspections of gonads, spermatocytes were divided into seven maturing stages, while oocytes into four maturing stages.

تاثير محسنات التربة والتناوب في ميه الري مختلفة الملوحة في بعض خصائص التربة وانتاجية محصول الذرة الصفراء Zea mays L. باستعمال منظومة الري بالتنقيط == Effect of Soil Conditioners and Alternative Irrigation Water with Different Salinity on Some Soil Properties and Productivity of Corn Zea mays L. By Using Drip System

Author name: جمعة عبد الزهرة نافع الحلفي
Supervisor name: داخل راضي نديوي | صلاح مهدي سلطان
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study is conducted in the field of the college of agriculture / Basrah university site / Karmat Ali during spring season of 2015 where the soil texture of the field is clay and classified as a fine mixed , calcareous , hyberthermic , typic , torrifluvent .The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of irrigation water treatment and their interaction with soil conditioners application by using drip irrigation system on some physical and chemical properties of the soil and water use efficiency and its impact on some growth parameters and productivity of maize crop ( fital varity, Holland origin,(Zea mays L.).Two factors are used : four different irrigation waters and two types of soil conditioners . Irrigation water treatments included four ones : high saline water (7.5 - 8.0 dS m - 1) , mixing water ( 4.5 - 5 dS m - 1) , alternative water ( irrigation with high saline water followed by low saline one ) during the period of growth season and low saline water( 3.5 - 4.0 dSm - 1 ) . Irrigation process is applied according to evaporation pan ( class A) measurements with addition to 20% of water as leaching requirements . As to the second factor , it consists of two conditioners : compost and polymer where the first one is at two levels 1% , 2% and the second one is at two levels 0.01% , 0.02% in addition to control treatment .The experiment treatments are distributed into three replicates by using factorial experiment conducted in a randomized complete block design ( RCBD ). The planting is achieved in 20/03/2015 . At the end of the experiment are collected soil samples from the experiment location for studying some physical and chemical properties of studied soil for the depth 0 - 10 cm , 10 - 20 cm , 20 - 30 cm and a distance 0,15,30 cm from the emitter . During the experiment are used piezometers connected to the water supply pipe of each experimental unit together with water gauges for measuring water discharge in each irrigation period . And the results are as follows : 1.The results showed a significant decrease in the values of bulk density soil resistance for penetration whereas there is an increase in mean weight diameter by using low saline irrigation water , alternative waterBhigh saline irrigation water followed by low saline irrigation one ) , and mixing water in contract with high saline irrigation water. While concerning the impact of soil conditioners on the soil properties above , where the use of the compost at two levels 1% , 2% and polymer at 0.01% , 0.02% lead to significant decrease the values of bulk densityand soil resistance for penetration but there is an increase in mean weight diameter value .2. The results showed that there is an increase in the values of saturated hydraulic conductivity , accumulative infiltration , infiltration average and basic infiltration average by application compost and polymer in the studied levels , whereas usage high saline irrigation water leads to a reduction in these values above. But application alternative , mixing , and low saline irrigation water lead to an increase in all soil properties as mentioned above respectively as contrast with usage high saline irrigation water.3. The results revealed that a higher weight moisture content was close to the emitters and is decreased far away from emitters horizontally and vertically for all treatments . On the other hand , the moisture content increases by application compost at 1% , 2% and polymer at 0.01% . 0.02% where was as an average 29.83% , 31.43% , 28.76% , 29.22% respectively .Through this context , moisture content decreases significantly by application low saline irrigation water and increases significantly by the use of alternative , mixing , and high saline irrigation water where was as an average 27.48% , 28.76% , 30.06% , 31.04% respectively .4. The results showed that addition of the compost as a conditioner at 1% , 2% levels and the polymer at 0.01% , 0.02% ones leads to decrease in the values of soil salinity close to the emitters in contrast with control treatment where they were 6.49 , 5.86 , 7.13 , 6.80 dSm - 1 respectively. In addition , the results showed that there is a higher salt accumulation on usage high saline irrigation water where was7.84 dSm - 1 as contrast with mixing , alternative , and low saline irrigation water were they were 7.07 , 6.58 , 5.83 dSm - 1 respectively.5. The results revealed that there is a significant increase of the plant height of maize , fresh weight , dry weight , and the productivity by application compost and polymer with the increase of their levels . More growth parameters as mentioned above increased by usage mixing , alternative , andClow saline irrigation water as contrast with application of high saline irrigation water respectively .6.The results showed that there is a significant increase of water use efficiency values of the plant by application compost at two levels 1% , 2% and polymer at 0.01% , 0.02% where the values were 0.81, 0.88 , 0.71 , 0.75 Kg ha - 1 m - 3 respectively. However, water use efficiency values increased significantly by usage mixing , alternative and low saline water treatment where they were 0.74 , 0.80 , 0.85 Kg ha - 1 m - 3 respectively as contrast with high saline irrigation water treatment where it was 0.66 Kg ha - 1 m - 3 . In short the higher water use efficiency was on low saline irrigation water treatment, whereas the lower value was on application high saline irrigation water one .7.The results revealed that there is a possibility for the application of alternative irrigation ( by using high saline water followed by low saline water ) , taking into consideration the usage of compost 2% without any great effect on physical and chemical soil properties and plant growth with save 50% of low saline water .8.The results showed that there is a possibility for representing water infiltration results as an accumulative infiltration and infiltration average according to Philip's equation ,( 1957) with high significant limiting factor and determining the values of Philip's equation constants . In this context , the results showed that water infiltration increased with the rising of conditioner level and decreased with the low conditioner one .

تاثير خف الثمار والرش بسماد الجاتون والتداخل بينهما في بعض الصفات النوعية والانتاجية لنخيل التمر Phoenix dactylifera L. صنف الحلاوي == Effect thinning of the fruits and spray fertilizer gaton and overlap between them in some quality and productivity characteristics of date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. CV. Hillawi

Author name: جاسم محمد ضمد عبود البزوني
Supervisor name: ابتهاج حنظل التميمي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This Study was conducted in one of the orchards civil in Al - bradaah area in the province of Basra to the growing season 2014 on the date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. CV. Hillawi in order to study the effect of spraying fertilizer Gaton (seaweed extract) and concentrations (0, 2.5 0.5 ml) . L - 1 after inoculation and hold process sock both types manual Spikelet flowering (25% and 40%) of the number Spikelet flowering after inoculation and chemical thinning benzyl adenine (growth regulator) and concentrations (100 and 200) mg . L - 1 in addition to treatment comparison (no thinning), was carried out spraying the total vegetative and fruiting date palm of Gaton and benzyl adenine after inoculation two payments for the first five weeks and the second after ten weeks of the date of vaccination and the overlap between them in the physical and chemical characteristics and physiological and productivity of the date palm class Hillawi, which was Gaton factor with three levels and thinning five levels. Used Factorial Experiment According to Randomized Complete Block Design ( RCBD) with three replicates per treatment were compared according to the test averages less significant difference average (RLSD) at the level of probability (0.05). The results were as follows : - Results showed superiority of treatment overlap to spray in Gaton (5 ml . L - 1) and thinning benzyl adenine (200 mg . L - 1) significant superiority in fruit weight and gave the highest averages in terms of (7.55 and 7.05 and 6.450) g of the stages of Khalal and Ritab and Date on the relay and the weight of the seed reaching (1.380 and 1.290 and 1.280) g of the stages of Khalal and Ritab and Date on the relay and the weight of stromal layer where was (6.170 and 5.760 and 5.170) g of the stages of Khalal and Ritab and Date on the relay and also outperformed significantly in size and the length and diameter of the fruit and gave the highest averages reaching (7.60 cm 3 and 3.83 cm and 2.11 cm) on the relay to the stage of Khalal, (7.10 cm 3 and 3.86 cm and 2.00 cm) on the relay to the stage of Ritab, (6.56 cm 3 and 3.89 cm and 1.96 cm) on the relay to the stage of Date compared to transactions other under study. The results also showed superiority ofBtreatment overlap to spray in Gaton (5 ml . L - 1) and thinning manual (removal of 40% of the floral Spikelet) superior moral in chemical characteristics (T.S.S college faculty and sugars and shorthand) and gave the highest averages for the stages of Khalal and Ritab and Date of (51.08 and 63.52 and 56.01%) on the relay to the stage of Khalal, (62.51 and 72.12 and 65.12%) on the relay to the stage of Ritab, (72.51 and 84.47 and 79.81%) on the relay to the stage of Dates, as results showed a decrease in the chemical characteristics (sucrose and the element nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) for the same treatment of overlap (5 ml Gaton .L - 1 + 40% removal of Spikelet floral) and gave less averages reaching (7.51 and 0.72 and 0.69 and 0.095%) on the relay to the stage of Khalal, (7.00 and 0.54 and 0.51 and 0.072) % on the relay to the stage of Ritab, (4.66 and 0.39 and 0.39 and 0.060%) on the relay to the stage of Date. The results also indicated for the treatment of overlap to spray in Gaton (5 ml \ L) and manual thinning (removing 40% of the Spikelet floral) a decrease in physiological traits (breathing) rate of speed, where the average rate of respiration rate of speed (130.19 mg CO2 . Kgm - 1.saah) The average ratio maturity and moral superiority that showed the rate of (75.80%). The results showed there outweigh the moral to spray Gaton(5 ml . L - 1) and thinning benzyl adenine (200 mg . L - 1) in the qualities of productivity (average bunch weight of Yield the total for Palm), also outperformed the treatment of overlap to spray in Gaton (5 ml . L - 1) and thinning benzyl adenine (200 mg . L - 1) the rate of bunch weight and Yield the total gave the highest averages in terms of (13.33 and 66.67 kg) on the relay
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