خصائص الشخصية المميزة للمدمنين من غير المدمنين على الكحول
نمط الهوية وعلاقته بمراجعة الحياة لدى كبار السن == Identity Style And Its Relationship To A Review Of Life By The Elderly
Author name:
مروة روضان هاشم
Supervisor name:
سوسن عبد علي السلطاني
Abstract:
يختلف الافراد في مدى فهمهم لحقيقة السلوك، ووعيهم بموضوعية السلوك وقدرتهم على تعديله وتنميته وتطويره من اجل الحصول على الاهداف بطريقة مثلى وبنتائج ايجابية وبهذا فان درجة تفهم الفرد للسلوك ومستوى ادائه يرتبط بقدرته على التوازن بين الخبرات واحداث الحياة التي | Individuals differ in the extent of their understanding of the behavior’s fact, and their awareness of the objectivity of the behavior and their ability to amend and develop it in order to obtain the goals in an optimal way and with positive results. Thus the degree of the individual’s understanding of the behavior and the level of his performance is linked to his ability to balance between experience and life events that always work on the selection of the best, modify the bad and compensate the loss in an effective manner The literature shows that there is a link between human behavior and age experienced by the individual, which is affected by the personal aspects of the individual and what it has of the biological, emotional and cognitive activity (knowledge) with the environmental aspects and the conditions experienced, so the immortal natural fact, which should not be missed by our consciousness and our thinking is the fact of the change and adaptation to this change. There is no living organism that does not change. The change is a life feature and nature.The elderly people are considered a very rich source of experience accumulated over long years and a source of scientific, literary, administrative and productivity of knowledge so we should focus on them and that they should be given the chance to contribute to the path of development and production as long as they are able to give and as long as their health conditions permit, according to their abilities and potentials.When an individual reaches up to the last stage of his life, he will use the identity style, and this pattern is prevalent for him more than other styles thus he checks his life. Through the individual’s checking of using a certain style of the three style of the identity he will have the ability to review the life how the elderly would be able to review his life. Life review is a cognitive and emotional process that occurs at the end of individual’s life and thinking about a return to the past would be through the experiences of his life to integrate separate events. Thus life review process may benefit individuals in the final stages of their lives, as well as it benefits the people of the middle ages.The current research deals with : - 1. measuring the three identity style (assimitative, accommodative, balanced) of the elderly.2. knowing the differences in the identity style and life review according to : A) Gender : - (male - Female).B) Age : - (81 - 71) (70 - 60).C) The occupation status (employee - retired)D) Marital status : - (married - not married - divorced - widower).E) Academic achievement : - (primary - secondary - high school - diploma - Bachelor - higher studies). 3. Measuring life review in the elderly.4. Knowing the correlation between the identity style and life review of the elderly.5. Knowing the extent of the contribution the identity style in the prediction of the life review of the elderly. The researcher, in order to achieve the goals of the current research, adopted (Whitbourn 1987) theory of the identity style and the theory of Butler (Butler, 1963) in life reviewing. In addition, the researcher used a scale developed by (Whitbourn, 1987) to measure identity in the elderly, and the researcher prepared a life review scale based on questions put by the scientist Butler in (1963). The researcher applied the scales for the purpose of analyzing items on (400) elderly employees and retirees aged 60 and older. They were chosen from Baghdad according to the random class sample method. The validity of the construction was also verified by two indicators : the internal consistency and the affirmative factor analysis of the identity style scale, which revealed the existence of three types of identity, and then extracting the exploratory factor analysis of the life review, which showed a general factor. The consistency coefficient of the sub - identity style scale in the reselection method was as follows : The assimitative identity style (0.70), the accommodative identity style (0.72), the balanced identity style (0.71), while the stability coefficient of life review according to Cronbach's Alpha way of the same scales was as follows : The assimitative identity style was (0.75), the accommodative identity style was (0.78), the balanced identity style was (0.77), while the consistency coefficient of life review in the re - test method was (0.82) and Cronbach's Alpha way was (0.85). The researcher then applied the final form of the standards on (400) elderly employees and retirees from several ministries in Baghdad.The research exhibits the following results : 1. The elderly employees and retirees have the assimitative identity style, the accommodative identity style as well as balanced identity style and have a life review as indicated by the search results.2. differences in the identity style according to the demographic variables of the current search.A). There are no differences in the identity style according to sex (male - females(. B) There is a statistically significant difference in the assimitative identity and the accommodative identity style by age. The result showed a function in favor of (81 - 71 (category.C) There is no statistically significant differences in balanced identity style depending on the age variableD) There is a statistically significant difference in the assimitative identity style and the accommodative identity style depending on the variable of the occupational status. The result was in favor of the retired category. - No statistically significant differences in the balanced identity style depending on the occupational status variable. - There are statistically significant differences in the assimitative identity style depending on marital status variable (married - not married, divorced - widower). The result was in favor of the widower category only. - There are statistically significant differences in the accommodative identity style depending on the marital status variable (married - not married - divorced - widower) the result was in favor of (widower and married) category. - No statistically significant differences in balanced identity style depending on the social status variable (married - not - Married - divorced - widower). - No statistically significant differences in the accommodative ,assimitative and balanced identity style according to the academic achievement variable.3. life Review differences where there are no statistically significant differences in life review according to gender, age and occupational status, marital status and educational achievement.4. the statistical processing pointed to a negative i.e. adverse correlation between (the assimitative identity style & accommodative identity style ) in the life review while it showed a positive correlation between ( the balanced identity style and life review by the elderly(. 5. The results of the variance regression analysis show that the assimitative and accommodative identity style contribute adversely to life review. Whereas the balanced identity style contributes positively in the life review. The findings have been interpreted according to the two research theories adopted and the previous studies. The current research presents several recommendations as follows : 1. Activating the role of the psychological and social counseling, especially for the elderly who are always in despair and frustration through the educational programs and teaching them the so - called life skills.2. The social welfare institutions should provide employment opportunities for retirees who have the ability to exercise additional works provided that this work is commensurate with their physical abilities and the stage they are in.The researcher suggested several proposals including : 1. Conducting a similar study of different segments of the identity operations style in the Iraqi society such as the employees in the prime of life, middle - aged business owners, university students, athletes, and university professors. 2. conducting a study of life review with a number of psychological variables such as (life satisfaction - Productivity - the power of the ego - the methods of dealing with life - life management strategy - the search for meaning - and self - esteem).
